Problems on Trains

1. km/hr to m/s conversion: 5 a km/hr = a x m/s. 18 2. m/s to km/hr conversion: 18 a m/s = a x km/hr. 5 3. Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance 4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres. 5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length b metres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres. 6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s. 7. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. 8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then: (a + b) The time taken by the trains to cross each other = sec. (u + v) 9. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, then: (a + b) The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = sec. (u - v) 10. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then: (A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

Time and Work

1. Work from Days: 1 If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = . n 2. Days from Work: 1 If A's 1 day's work = , then A can finish the work in n days. n 3. Ratio: If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then: Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1. Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

Profit and Loss

IMPORTANT FACTS Cost Price:

The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain. Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. 2. 3. 4. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.) Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. Gain Percentage: (Gain %) Gain x 100 Gain % = C.P. 5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %) Loss x 100 Loss % = C.P. 6. Selling Price: (S.P.) (100 + Gain %) SP = x C.P 100 7. Selling Price: (S.P.) (100 - Loss %) SP = x C.P. 100 8. Cost Price: (C.P.) 100 C.P. = x S.P. (100 + Gain %) 9. Cost Price: (C.P.) 100 C.P. = x S.P. (100 - Loss %) 10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. 11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. 12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Common Loss and Gain % x Loss % = 2= 2. 10 10 13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain % = Error x 100 (True Value) - (Error) %.

Problems on Ages
Odd Days:

We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days. Leap Year: (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year. Note: A leap year has 366 days. Examples: i. ii. iii. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.

Ordinary Year: The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days. Counting of Odd Days: 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.) 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day. 2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days) 1 leap year has 2 odd days. 3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days. = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 3 odd days. 1 odd day. 0 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1)

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: Day:

Sun Mon Tue . . s.

Wed Thur . s.

Fri Sat . .

Average
Average: Average = Sum of observations Number of observations

Average Speed: Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph. Then, the average speed druing the whole journey is 2xy kmph.

Square Root and Cube Root

Square Root: If x2 = y, we say that the square root of y is x and we write y = x. Thus, 4 = 2, 9 = 3, 196 = 14. Cube Root: The cube root of a given number x is the number whose cube is x. We, denote the cube root of x by x. Thus, 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 2, 343 = 7 x 7 x 7 = 7 etc. Note: 1. xy = x x y 2. x x x y xy = = x = . y

Percentage
Concept of Percentage:

By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%. To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = Thus, 20% = 20 1 = . 100 5 x . 100

a a a To express as a percent: We have, = x 100 b b b %. 1 1 Thus, = x 100 = 25%. 4 4 % Percentage Increase/Decrease: If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is: R x 100 (100 + R) % If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is: R x 100 (100 - R) % Results on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then: 1. Population after n years = P 1 + 2. Population n years ago = Results on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then: 1. Value of the machine after n years = P 1 2. Value of the machine n years ago = R n 100 R n 100

P R 1+ n 100

P R 1n 100 R x 100 (100 + R) %. R x 100 %.

3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by 4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by

Simple Interest
Principal: The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum. Interest: Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest. Simple Interest (S.I.): If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple interest. Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then PxRxT 100 100 x S.I. 100 x S.I. 100 x S.I. (ii). P = ;R= and T = . (i). Simple Intereest =

Compound Interest
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years. When interest is compound Annually: Amount = P 1 + R n 100

When interest is compounded Half-yearly: Amount = P 1 + (R/2) 2n 100

When interest is compounded Quarterly: Amount = P 1 + (R/4) 4n 100

When interest is compounded Annually but time is in fraction, say 3 years. Amount = P 1 + 3x 1 + R 100 100 R

When Rates are different for different years, say R1%, R2%, R3% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd year respectively. Then, Amount = P 1 + R1 1 + R2 1 + R3 .

100

100

100

Present worth of Rs. x due n years hence is given by: x Present Worth = 1+ R . 100

Simplification
BODMAS' Rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out the value of given expression. Here B - Bracket, O - of, D - Division, M - Multiplication, A - Addition and S - Subtraction Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order (), {} and ||. After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order: (i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction. Modulus of a Real Number: Modulus of a real number a is defined as |a| = a, if a > 0 -a, if a < 0

Thus, |5| = 5 and |-5| = -(-5) = 5. Virnaculum (or Bar): When an expression contains Virnaculum, before applying the 'BODMAS' rule, we simplify the expression under the Virnaculum.

Partnership
1. Partnership: When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partners and the deal is known as partnership.

2. Ratio of Divisions of Gains: I. When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among the partners in the ratio of their investments. Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of the year: (A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit) = x : y. II. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain or loss is divided in the ratio of these capitals. Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then, (A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq. 3. Working and Sleeping Partners: A partner who manages the the business is known as a working partner and the one who simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.

Time and Distance

Speed, Time and Distance: Speed = Distance Distance , Time = , Distance = (Speed x Time). Time Speed

km/hr to m/sec conversion: x km/hr = x x 5 m/sec. 18

m/sec to km/hr conversion: x m/sec = x x 18 km/hr. 5

If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the 1 1 the times taken by then to cover the same distance is : or b : a. a b Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy km/hr. x+y