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CEE453UrbanHydrologyandHydraulics
April24,2012(Tue)
UnitV:DesignofHydraulicStructures
Lecture26
RoadsideDitchDesign
PartI
RoadsideDitchDesign
Primaryfunction
tocollectrunofffromthehighwayrightofwayandtributary
areasadjacenttotherightofway,andtotransportthis
accumulatedwatertoanacceptableoutletpoint
Secondaryfunction
todrainthebaseoftheroadwaytopreventsaturationand
lossofsupportforthepavement
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http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_rural/training/fhwasa09024/
RoadsideDitchDesign
Nontraversabledrainageditchescanbesafetyhazard.
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RoadsideDitchDesign
Standardditch
Trapezoidal shapewithadefinedbottomwidthand
sideslopes
A = bJ +zJ
2
P = b +2J z
2
+1
I = b +2Jz
1
b
z
d
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RoadsideDitchDesign
Hydrology
RunoffisfromprimarilyfromoverlandflowRational
method (peakrunoff)
Significantflowcontributionfromoneormoredefined
watercoursesOthermethods (regressionequationfrom
USGS,SCSmethod,HEC)
Hydraulic
Uniformflowassumption:Manningsequationand
Continuityequation
I =
1.49
n
R
23
S
12
= IA
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RoadsideDitchDesign
GeneralSteps
1. Determinethestandardortypicalditchcrosssections.
2. Establishaditchplan,whichshowstheproposedditch
flowpatterns.
3. Determinethegradientstobeusedonallproposed
ditches.
4. Investigatethecapacityofthetypicalditchwiththe
proposedgradientsandenlargeanyditchfoundtobe
inadequate.
5. Determinethelimitsanddegreeofprotectionnecessary
topreventerosionintheditchsystem.
6. Determineanyspecialmeasuresnecessarytoprevent
adverseeffectsatanddownstreamfromditchoutlets
points.
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FREEWAYANDEXPRESSWAYNOMENCLATURE
Figure341.A
(BDE)
RoadsideDitchDesign
1. Determinethestandardortypicalditchcrosssections.
Sideslopesshouldnotexceedtheangleoftherepose.Generallyit
shouldbe3:1orflatterwithoutconsiderationofthestabilityof
thesideslopes.4:1orflatterforthesafety.
Slopessteeperthan2:1willusuallyrequirespecialerosioncontrol
measures.Shoulderwidths:8to10ft outside(moredetailsinthe
tablesinChapter44through50,BDE)
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SampleDitchPlan
Figure9201
(IDOTDrainageManual)
RoadsideDitchDesign
2.Establishaditchplan,whichshowstheproposedditch
flowpatterns.
Todeterminebasedontopography,drainagedivides,flow
directions,etc.
Otherwisesomearbitraryvaluefrom100to200ft canbeused.
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RoadsideDitchDesign
3.Determinethegradients tobeusedonallproposed
ditches.
Tominimizepondingandsiltaccumulation,agradeof0.3%
shouldbeprovided.Between0.4and0.6%isdesirable.
Channelgradientsgreaterthan2%(upto10%)mayrequirethe
useofflexiblelinings.
Theresnoupperlimitonditchgradebutsteepergradewould
causegreaterexpenseforerosioncontrol(riprap,wireenclosed
riprap).
Frequentbreaksinthegradeusuallyreduceearthworkandditch
liningcost.Thedesirabledistancebetweenbreaksinrugged
terrainis100ft andseveralthousandsft forflatland.
RebeccaSchneider
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RoadsideDitchDesign
4.Investigatethecapacity ofthetypicalditchwiththe
proposedgradientsandenlargeanyditchfoundtobe
inadequate.
1) Computethedesigndischargeatthedownstreamendofthesection
ofditch.(50yeardesignstorm)
2) Selectatrialsizefortheditchatthislocation(thestandardditchis
normallyusedinitially),andassignaroughnesscoefficientforthe
finishedsurfaceoftheditch.UseTable9403(IDOTDrainageManual)
fornvalues.
3) Determinethemaximumallowabledepthofflowintheditch.The
dischargeshouldbeconfinedwithintheditchandprovide1
freeboard belowtheshoulderofthehighway.
4) Checkthecapacityofthisditch.
5) Iftheinitialditchistoosmall,selectalargersizeorincreasethe
capacitybyothermeansandreturntostep2).
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RoadsideDitchDesign
4.Exampleproblem ditchcapacity
Given:
Anunlinedtrapezoidalditchwitha2'bottomwidth,2:1sidesandagradientof0.5
percent(0.005ft/ft)isproposedtocarryadischargeof95ft
3
/sec.Themaximum
allowabledepthofflowhasbeensetat2.5ft.
Find:
1.Themaximumcapacityofthisditch.
2.Thebottomwidthwhichshouldbeusedtomeetthedepthofflowlimitation.
1
2
2
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RoadsideDitchDesign
5.Determinethelimitsanddegreeofprotection necessary
topreventerosionintheditchsystem.
10yearasdesignstormfrequencyisusedforditchlining.
(Moredetailsin95ofIDOTDrainageManual)
http://www.interstatelandscaping.com/Page_4.html
6.Determineanyspecialmeasuresnecessarytoprevent
adverseeffectsatanddownstreamfromditchoutlets points.
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Reference
IDOTDrainageManual,Chapter9.RoadsideDitches.
Mays,L.W.,HydraulicDesignHandbook,Chapter13,
HydraulicDesignofDrainageforHighways.
IllinoisBureauofDesignandEnvironmentalManual
(BDE),Chapter34.CrossSectionElements.
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CEE453UrbanHydrologyandHydraulics
April24,2012(Tue)
UnitV:DesignofHydraulicStructures
Lecture26
RoadsideDitchDesign
PartII
4/24/2012
8
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_rural/training/fhwasa09024/
RoadsideDitchDesign ScourDesign
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MaximumVelocityMethod
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Procedure
1. Estimaten
2. DetermineV
max
3. CalculateR fromMannings togiveV=V
max
4. Guess b,calculate y,A
5. Calculate Q=VA
6. IfQQ
design
backto4
7. Estimaterequiredfreeboard
8. Summarizeresultswithdimensionedsketch
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ExampleMaximumvelocity
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.005
Fromtable,n =0.020,Vmax =3.5ft/sec
Solveforb andy thatgivesV=V
max
andQ =30
b =11.8,y =0.63,givingA =8.57
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Forceonbed=ALtan(u)or,forsmallu,ALS
o
Forceperunitbedarea=t
o
=ALS
o
/PL=RS
o
Forwidechannel (R y),t
o
=yS
o
MaximumTractiveForce
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Tractiveforcebottom
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~ yS
o
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0.76yS
o
Tractiveforceonsides
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ResistingForce
Tractiveforce=A
e
t
L
whereA
e
istheexposedareaandt
L
istheunittractiveforceonalevelsurface.
Resistingforce=W
s
tan(o)
whereW
s
isthesubmergedweightando istheangleofrepose.
A
e
t
L
=W
s
tan(o)
or
t
L
=(W
s
/A
e
)tan(o)
Bottom
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ResistingForce
Sides
TractiveForceRatio:
W
s
cos I ( )tan o ( )= W
s
sin I ( ) ( )
2
+ A
e
t
s
( )
2
t
s
=
W
s
A
e
cos I ( )tan o ( )= 1
tan
2
I ( )
tan
2
o ( )
K =
t
ss
t
L
= cos I ( ) 1
tan
2
I ( )
tan
2
o ( )
1
sin
2
I ( )
sin
2
o ( )
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Criticalshear:
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Procedure
1. Estimaten,angleofrepose(o)
2. Estimatechannelsinuosityandcorrectionfactor
3. Assumebottomwidth,b
4. Assumedepthy
5. DetermineR,
6. Determinet=RS
7. Ift >t
max
goto4
8. CalculateQ fromMannings
9. IfQQ
design
backto3
10. Calculatetractiveforceonsidest
S
11. Calculatemaximumpermissibletractiveforceonsidest
smax
12. Ift
S
>t
Smax
goto3
13. Estimaterequiredfreeboard
14. Summarizeresultswithdimensionedsketch
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ExampleMaximumShear
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.005(assumeangleofrepose=25
o)
Fromtable,n =0.020,t
max
=0.15lb/ft
2
Solveforb andy thatgivest = t
max
andQ =30
b =16.01,y =0.53,givingA =9.31,V =3.22
b/y =30sot
Level
yS
o
;t
sides
0.76 yS
o
=0.11lb/ft
2
Permissiblesideshear =0.667;t
max
=0.10lb/ft
2
Sideshear>permissibletrynewsolution
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ExampleMaximumShear
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.005(assumeangleofrepose=25
o)
Fromtable,n =0.020,t
max
=0.15lb/ft
2
;maxsideshear=0.10lb/ft
2
Solveforb andy b =21.22,y =0.45,givingA =10.15ft
2
,V =2.95ft/sec
b/y =47sot
Level
yS
o
=0.13lb/ft
2
;t
sides
0.76yS
o
=0.10lb/ft
2
Permissiblesideshear =0.667;t
max
=0.10lb/ft
2
Thisisgoodsolution
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VegetatedChannels
Resistancen isafunctionofvegetationtype,depth,andvelocity
Usemaximumvelocityapproach
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Procedure
1. Assumen,determinecorrespondingVR
2. Selectpermissiblevelocitycorrespondingtoslope,soil,vegetation
3. CalculateRfrom1&2
4. UsingManningeqn.andn compute
5. Repeatsteps14untilvaluesforVR fromsteps1&4agree
6. DetermineAfromdesignflowandpermissiblevelocity,
7. DeterminechannelproportionsforcalculatedvaluesofA&R
8. AssumedepthandcomputeA&R
9. CalculateV=Q/A
10. ComputeVR
11. Useresultsof10tocomputen fromfigure
12. Usen from11andR from8andManningseqationtocomputeV
13. Comparevelocitiesfrom9and12andrepeatsteps812untilapprox.equal
14. Estimaterequiredfreeboard
15. Summarizeresultswithdimensionedsketch
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
FromMaximumvelocity
Solveforb andy thatgivesV=V
max
andQ =30
b =74,y =0.12,giving
A =8.57,V=3.5ft/sec
FromMaximumshear
t
max
=0.15lb/ft
2
;
maxsideshear=0.10lb/ft
2
b =272,y =0.05,giving
A =14.4,V=2.09ft/sec
t =0.13,t
side
=0.10
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
UseBermudagrasssometimesmowedto2.5,sometimesunmowed
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
UseBermudagrasssometimesmowedto2.5,sometimesunmowed
Maximumvelocity=6.0ft/sec
GivesA=Q/V
max
=5ft
2
StartwithmowedClassDretardance;Guessn=0.05
R =1.01VR =6.06,n =0.033
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
UseBermudagrasssometimesmowedto2.5,sometimesunmowed
Maximumvelocity=6.0ft/sec
GivesA=Q/V
max
=5ft
2
StartwithmowedClassDretardance;Guessn=0.05
R =1.01VR =6.06,n =0.033
R =0.54,VR =3.25,n =0.038
R =0.67,VR =4.02,n =0.036
R =0.62,VR =3.70,n =0.037
R =0.64,VR =3.86,n =0.037
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
z=3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
UseBermudagrassmowedto2.5,V
max
=6.0ft/sec
A=Q/V
max
=5ft
2
;R=0.64
Solvinggives b=6.46ft, y=0.22ft
Check:thisgivesQ =30ft
3
/sec,V =6ft/sec
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
NowsolveforBermudagrassunmowed,retardanceclassB
Becauseunmowed,depthwillbegreater(moreresistance)
Usebottomwidthfrommowed(b=6.46ft)
Guessdepth,solveforA,R, V=Q/A,VR,&n=f(VR)
y =0.20,A=4.26,V =7.04,R =0.55,VR =3.88,n =0.068,Q =12.6CFS
y =0.30,A=8.61,V =3.48,R =1.03,VR =3.59,n =0.070,Q =37.2CFS
y =0.28,A=7.50,V =4.00,R =0.91,VR =3.66,n =0.070,Q =30.0CFS
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ExampleVegetated
b
1
3
Q =30CFS,flowcontainingsolids,ordinaryfirmloamsoil,
slopeS
o
=0.04
Whengrassismowed,willflowaty=0.22ft,V =6.0ft/sec
Whenunmowed,willflowaty =0.28ft,V =4.0ft/sec
Add1.0ftfreeboard,soneedgrasslinedtrapezoidalchannel
1.3ftdeep,bottomwidth=6.5ft,topwidth=14.3ft
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