International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No.

5 ISSN: 1837-7823

Design of 3rd order Butterworth Low Pass Filter Using Two OTA Based Floating Inductance Simulator
Neha Gupta, *K.G Sharma, Tripti Sharma, Prof. B.P Singh Faculty of Engineering & Technology Mody Institute of Technology & Science, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan 332311 wdnehagupta@gmail.com, sharma.kg@gmail.com, tripsha@gmail.com, bpsinghgkp@gmail.com Abstract
Filters designed with the help of passive inductors consume large area and are difficult to fabricate on chip. The performance of passive filters degrades at audio frequencies and the required inductance values calculated from the mathematical expression are very difficult to meet from the market. So, passive components are replaced with active components. In this paper the design of 3rd order butterworth low pass RLC filter using 2-OTA based floating inductor is presented. Filter is electronically tuned by varying the bias current of OTA. The better performance of proposed filter over existing filter is verified through simulations. Keywords: Butterworth filter, Operational Transconductance amplifier, Double Output OTA, Floating Inductor, Grounded Inductor.

1. Introduction
Filters are widely used component in field of communication and signal processing. Filters are classified according to the functions that they are to perform, in terms of ranges of frequencies. We will be dealing with the low-pass filter, which has the property, that low-frequency excitation signal components including direct current are transmitted, while high-frequency components are blocked. The range of low frequencies, which are passed, is called the pass band or the bandwidth of the filter. It extends from =0 to = c rad/sec (fc in Hz). The highest frequency to be transmitted is c, which is also called the cutoff frequency. Frequencies above cutoff are prevented from passing through the filter and they constitute the filter stop band. The ideal low-pass filter response can be approximated by a rational function approximation scheme such as the Butterworth response. Butterworth filter has flat band response and have no ripples in pass band and stop band. Standard values of inductors are not very closely spaced, and it is difficult to find an off-the-shelf unit within 10 percent of any arbitrary value, so adjustable inductors are often used. Tuning these to the required values is time consuming and expensive when producing large quantities of filters. The recent trends [1-2] are to use the Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) to realize the floating inductor design and use in place of the passive ones. The filter has been designed by replacing all the passive inductors in a network with an active device. To achieve this, first a selection is made for the active device used. OTA has been selected [3] as it suits us best for the purpose and its CMOS implementation is described. The OTA can be used as the basic active element for realizing the active floating inductor [4, 5]. In earlier research the design of 3-OTA based floating inductor was presented [6]. This design is modified and a 2-OTA based floating inductor is proposed in earlier work [7]. In this paper 2-OTA based floating inductor is used to design 3rd order butterworth filter. This design is compared with filter designed with 3-OTA based floating inductor and passive filter presented in theory. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2 2-OTA based and 3-OTA based floating inductors are presented. In section 3, 3rd order Butterworth low pass filter design using conventional and proposed designs are presented. Section 4 presents simulation results and the conclusions are drawn in section 5.

2. 2-OTA BASED FLOATING INDUCTOR

Operational transconductance amplifier used for the design of floating inductor is shown in Figure 1(a). The symbolic representations of floating inductors used are shown in Figure 1(b).The design of 2-OTA and 3-OTA based floating inductor are shown in Figure 2(a) and Figure 2(b).

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

Figure 1: Simple CMOS based OTA

Figure 1(b): Symbols for single output OTA and double output OTA used in schematic

Figure 2(a): Conventional 3-OTA based floating inductance Simulator

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

Figure 2(b): 2-OTA based Floating inductance Simulator The conventional inductor incorporates three OTAs, if we replace OTA2 with a double output OTA and remove OTA3 from the design which is shown in Figure 2(b). It will also behave like inductor which is also proved mathematically. This creates fundamental assumption of the proposed design. The inductance of OTA depends upon the grounded capacitor connected between both OTAs and transconductance of OTA. For a particular value of grounded capacitor the inductor is tuned for a range of cut off frequency. So, we can tune the inductor for a particular range of inductance value by changing its grounded capacitor and then by changing bias current we design an inductor of specific value. The mathematical explanation for proposed filter is given below Here the current I1 of OTA1 can be expressed (1) (2) The current I2 of OTA2 can be expressed as (3) The value of VX is put in equation (2) from (1) (4) The value of current I1 in equation (1) is put in equation (4) (5) The load impedance ZL, as IL= I2 (6) Or, Where, Leq = (7) (8)

Where, gm1=gm2=gm as IB1=IB2 27

International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

So, Leq =

Also,

(9)

Combining equation (8) and (9), we infer that the inductance can be electronically tuned by varying the external bias current IB.

3. 3rd order Butterworth filter

Butterworth filter is an all pole filter i.e. it has zeros only at infinity and have maximally flat band response. Figure3 shows the network for 3rd order butterworth filter using RLC circuitry. Here two inductor and two capacitors form the 3rd order network.

Figure 3: 3rd order low pass filter network The active filter is designed by replacing all passive inductors with 3-OTA based floating inductor in Figure4 and 2-OTA based inductor in Figure5. A power supply of 2.5 V is used. This circuit is simulated using BSIM3v3 90nm technology model file.

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

Figure 4: 3rd order low pass Butterworth filter using conventional 3-OTA based floating inductance simulator

Figure 5: Schematic of proposed 3rd Order Butterworth filter using 2-OTA based floating inductance Simulator 29

International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

4. Simulation results of 3rd Order Butterworth Low Pass Filter

The frequency response of 3rd order butterworth low pass filter for L= 8mH is shown in Figure 6. For the accuracy of results, mathematical calculations are done to verify the order of filter by using classical formula of butterworth filter shown in equation (10). a) Determination of (11)

b) Determination of the filter order N At the edge of the stop band = s, the attenuation of the butterworth filter is given by the classical formula for Butterworth filter [8] is: (10) Where Amin = stop band attenuation = ripple factor s = stop band edge frequency p = pass band edge frequency N= order of filter

Thus the order of filter obtained theoretically is 3.So we can say that the designed filter is a 3rd order filter. Table 1: Design parameters for proposed 3rd order Butterworth low pass filter Parameter Source Resistance Grounded Capacitor C1 Grounded Capacitor C2 Capacitor (CL1,CL2) Maximum passband attenuation Amax Stop band edge s Minimum required stopband attenuation, Amin DC Gain Values 1k 26.5pF 25.3pF 100pF 0.5dB 10MHz 78dB 0dB

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

Table 2: Pass band frequency for various values of inductor Pass band frequency ( ) L=10mH L=8mH L=5mH 139.19kHz 158.12kHz 168.5kHz 162kHz 179kHz 225kHz 2MHz 2.5MHz 3MHz

Passive Filter 2-OTA based Filter 3-OTA based Filter

Figure 6: Response of 3rd order Butterworth low pass filter From Table 2, we can infer that the pass band frequency of passive filter is closer to that of proposed 2-OTA based filter, when we take same design parameters for conventional 3-OTA based filter it is showing large deviations from the passive filters cut off frequency. So, 2-OTA based filter is more accurate than 3-OTA based filter. The bias current of OTA is varied from 1mA to 2.5 mA in Table 3 and corresponding cutoff frequency of the 3rd order filter is obtained by simulations. The value of inductance is calculated from the cut off frequency of the filter. Transconductance gm is calculated from equation (9).

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International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Information Security, May 2012 Vol. 3, No. 5 ISSN: 1837-7823

Table 3: 3-dB frequency at different Bias Current (IB) for proposed filter
Bias Current IB(mA) 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3dB frequency (kHz) 146.87 160.68 162 165.32 171.4 178.98 184.62 192.04 198.66 204.53 211.52 215.33 220.03 225.69 226 227.33 Inductance L (mH) Transconductance gm (A/V) experimental 95.34 100.49 101.48 103.82 107.61 112.47 115.97 120.58 124.7 128.41 132.87 135.20 138.27 141.70 141.90 142.70 Transconductance gm (A/V) theoretical 89.76 94.14 98.34 102.34 106.22 109.94 113.54 117.04 120.44 123.74 126.96 130.08 133.14 136.14 139.06 141.94

11 9.82 9.66 9.27 8.63 7.9 7.43 6.875 6.424 6.061 5.667 5.468 5.23 4.978 4.964 4.906

From Table 3 we can observe that on increasing the bias current cut off frequency and transconductance of the filter also increases. The cut off frequency is not changing after 2.3mA bias current. So we can infer that the tuning range for this filter is from 1mA to 2.3mA.

5. Conclusion
In this paper 3rd order Butterworth filter is designed having a pass band frequency of 185.26 kHz and stop band frequency of 10MHz. The proposed filter is compared with the filter designed with passive components and filter designed with 3-OTA based floating inductor on the basis of cut off frequency. It is concluded that the proposed 2-OTA based filter is showing similar response with respect to passive filter and existing 3-OTA based filter has much greater deviations from theoretical filter. So we can infer that the proposed filter is better than conventional filter in terms of 3dB frequency response and better viable option for communication and signal processing applications.

References
[1] R.L. Geiger and E. Sanchez-Sinencio, Active Filter Design Using Operational Transconductance Amplifiers: A Tutorial, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazines, vol. 1, pp. 20-32, Aug. 1985. [2] A. Thanachayanon, CMOS Floating Active Inductor and Its Applications to Bandpass Filter and Oscillator Design ,lEE Proc. Circuits Devices Syst. , vol. 147, lEE, pp.. 42-48,2000. [3] Koomagaew C, Petchmaneelumka W, Riewruja V, OTA based Floating Inductance Simulator, ICCAS-SICE, pp 857-860, Aug. 2009. [4] Kumngem M, Somdunyakanok M, Prommee P, High-Input Impedance Voltage-Mode Multifunction Filter with ThreeInput Single-Output Based on Simple CMOS OTAs , ISCIT, pp 426-431, 2009. [5] Petchmaneelumka W, Simple floating inductance simulators using OTAs, IEEE I2MTC '09. pp 1018-1021, May 2009. [6] Priyanka Soni, B.P. Singh, Monika Bhardwaj. Design of OTA based Floating Inductor, International conference ICDeCOM-11, February 24-25, 2011, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, ISBN 978-1-4244-9189-6, IEEE Explore. [7] Neha Gupta, Meenakshi Suthar, Sapna Singh, Priyanka Soni, Active Filter Design Using Two OTA based Floating Inductance Simulator International Journal of VLSI & Signal Processing Applications, Vol.2,Issue 1, Feb 2012, (47-50), ISSN 2231-3133. [8] L.P Huelsman and P.E. Allen, Introduction to the Theory and Design of Active Filters, McGraw-Hill, New York,2nd edition, 1980.

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