Beams Department

Issue 4

NEWSLETTER
Editorial
Dear Readers,

May 2012

Inside This Issue

p. 1 Editorial R. Billen p. 2 BE Newsletter Survey Outcome The Editorial Team p. 3 HL-LHC motivations and challenges Riccardo de Maria, BE-ABP-LCU p. 5 Vhicule de service ou priv ? BE-ASR-SU p. 5 Tuning the LHC Marek Gasior, BE-BI-QP p. 7 ACCOR Marc Vanden Eynden, BE-CO-FE p. 8 Safety Column BE Safety Unit p. 9 Management Changes ASR-AS

Next issue
The next issue will be published at the end of August. Contributions for that issue should be received by the middle of August at the latest. Suggestions for contributions are always most welcome: simply contact your Correspondent (see last page).

Heres issue number four of the BE Newsletter, the first one of the exciting year 2012. I suspect that you were all eagerly and impatiently awaiting this copy and I take full responsibility for its lateness. Indeed, prior to this publication, I preferred to launch a survey in order to find out if we are on the right track. For the success of the BE Newsletter, it is important to find its place in our scientific-technical world of communication, where we are already submerged with information. The content has to be sufficiently interesting but complimentary to the existing media. The survey took place last February and I would like to thank all of you for having taken the time to contribute with your replies and suggestions. I admit that I was happily surprised with the outcome, which is positive and encouraging on all aspects. You will find the details further in this newsletter, which are based on the 144 received replies a statistically significant and representative sample . If I would make a convolution of all responses, I would come up with a statement as follows: The average BE Newsletter Reader reads with interest and curiosity about half of each newsletter; he is not concerned about the language issue French or English; he is quite comfortable with the balance of the subjects and the level of complexity of the content, and in addition, he would like to write an article himself!. Based on this, I can only conclude to pursue and go ahead with the publication series. Three issues are planned for 2012, so dont be shy and contact your correspondent to submit your contributions! Ronny Billen Editor, BE Newsletter

The Newsletter does not necessarily reflect the views of the Beams Department The contributions solely reflect the views of their author(s)

BE Newsletter Survey Outcome

This article summarizes the result of the 144 replies on our questionnaire that was launched last February. From the first question, it shows that each of the newsletters is read by the majority of people, with only a minor decrease over the subsequent issues.

Overall, the topics of the articles are scientific, administrative or even very general. The balance is not always obvious, so thats why we asked. The result is quite acceptable as shown in the graph below.

The fact that the authors are given the liberty to write their articles in English or in French is not at all a blocking factor for the readers.

The diversity of the 800+ members of the department is vast, in terms of academic background and professional experience, so the question on complexity was legitimate. Again, our worries seem to be unjustified.

In addition, a fair amount of the articles is read, as most colleagues are curious to know what is going on in other groups (or even in their own ;-).

The most encouraging result was that 56 people (i.e 39%) replied that they would actually like to contribute to the BE Newsletter! It also shows from the constructive comments that the interest is real. We have discussed your suggestions with the correspondents and have retained the feasible ones.
The Editorial Team

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HL-LHC motivations and challenges

The High-Luminosity LHC project (HL-LHC led by Lucio Rossi and Oliver Bruning [1]) is the last incarnation of the plans to extend the LHC discovery potential by about a five-fold increase of the rate of collisions in the ATLAS and CMS detectors. The rate of collisions, and therefore the rate of interesting events that the high energy physicists can study, are proportional to a quantity called luminosity, which depends on the characteristics of the colliding beams and represents the key performance-figure of a collider. The time scale of the upgrade project is set by two main arguments, namely the time to double the statistics and the lifetime of magnets close to the interaction points (IPs), which are essential for the efficiency of the collisions. The HL-LHC project is based on the estimate that one of these two conditions will occur not far after 2020. Hence, a long shutdown, called LS3, is already foreseen in the CERN planning as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Garoby and Malika Meddahi [2] - aims at exactly that) and have to be preserved during the injection, acceleration and collision phase in the LHC ring. However the whole is challenged. The particles of the circulating beam generate strong electromagnetic fields that interact again with the beam and strip clouds of electrons from the walls of the vacuum chamber, leading to instabilities that reduce the number of colliding particles and increase the amount of heat that needs to be extracted to maintain the superconducting state of the magnets. Nevertheless one has to anticipate the future limitations, gain room above ultimate performance and identify the most likely scenarios on which concentrate efforts as exemplified in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. Parameter space of the HL-LHC in terms of bunch intensity and emittance [3]. A complementary way to increase the luminosity is to reduce the volume of the luminous region only, while keeping the same beam current and brightness by focusing the beam with magnetic lenses much more than today. To achieve that one needs to replace the magnets close to the IP by largeraperture magnets in analogy to what one would need for building a more powerful magnifying glass. The analogy with optical systems has been recently pushed forward, transforming this lens in a twostage telescope, thanks to a novel technique (Achromatic Telescopic Squeezing Scheme [4], already tested last year Fig. 3), which allows very compact luminous region by focusing kilometers away from the IP.

Figure 1. Scenario for the evolution of the luminosity, time needed to double the statistical significance and proposed shutdowns. How the luminosity of the LHC can be enhanced? In simple terms this can be achieved by packing more particles in the overlapping volume of the two colliding proton beams (called luminous region). The first strategy is to pack more particles in the same volume, increasing the beam current and the so-called brightness of the beam. Therefore, more intense and brighter beams need to be produced by the LHC injector chain (a companion CERN project the LHC Injector Upgrade - LIU led by Roland

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Figure 3. Optics functions measured in one LHC ring showing the telescopic squeeze in the ATLAS region. The smaller the beam size is at the IP, the larger it becomes at the first focusing magnets and the stronger is the integrated magnetic field gradient needed to bend the particles back to the center of the beam pipe. Most of the R&D effort is to produce new focusing magnets with a larger aperture that are longer or stronger (by using new superconducting materials like Nb3Sn) or both. Not only magnets need to be replaced but all the area has to be redesigned for the increased radiation levels intrinsic to the collision process. The two circulating beams need to be separated by a crossing angle to avoid parasitic collisions and to avoid that the motion of one beam is perturbed by the field of the other one. Unfortunately, the crossing angle reduces the overlap between bunches and therefore the luminosity. While some tradeoffs could be envisaged to find the optimal parameter set, a set of additional devices (crab-cavities), never used in hadron collider, are being designed and prototyped to restore the full overlap between the beams[5]. Organized in pairs, the first one rotates the bunches in the crossing plane at the IP and a second one restores their initial motion in the rest of the machine, as shown in Figure 4.

While the experiments like to observe many collision events, they do not want all of them occurring at once, otherwise it would be very difficult to reconstruct what really happened. If this is acceptable at the present level of luminosity, it becomes a real concern for the upgraded luminosity levels, a factor five higher or more than nominal. In addition the luminosity rapidly decays from the initial peak due to the intrinsic burn off of particles participating to the collisions, as illustrated by the red lines Fig. 5. The upgrade relies then on a mechanism to dynamically compensate the particle burning and maintain the luminosity at a lower initial value: this is called luminosity leveling, and it maximizes the overall number of useful collisions [6].

Figure 5. Luminosity evolution with various leveling scenarios. The list of challenges has not been exhaustive, in fact, many systems - including collimation, machine protection, cryogenics, beam diagnostics, vacuum, powering, civil infrastructures organized in fifteen work packages - are being involved in the final design. Not to mention the detectors themselves, that will undergo major upgrades as well. In conclusion the HL-LHC project aims at making the last years of the lifetime of the LHC as exciting as these first years, by exploiting new technologies and the expertise built on the current machine to increase the rate of interesting events for the physics community. The new set of parameters will potentially allow a peak luminosity of twenty times or so higher than the nominal luminosity of the LHC. The final aim is to allow the LHC to reach 3000 fb-1 of integrated luminosity in the 20-25 year lifetime. The project will span over the next 10 years with a strong effort by the BE, EN and TE departments, in collaboration with twenty institutes in the ERA (European Research Area), USA and Japan expanding the best tradition of the global CERN endeavors.

Figure 4. Effect of the crab cavities on the beam.

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References: [1] L. Rossi LHC Upgrade Options and Plans, in Proceedings of IPAC2011, San Sebastian, Spain; http://cern.ch/HiLumiLHC. [2] R. Garoby, Plans for the upgrade of the LHC injectors, in Proceedings of IPAC2011, San Sebastian, Spain; http://cern.ch/liu-project. [3] O. Bruning, HL-LHC Parameter Space and Scenarios, Proceedings of Chamonix 2012 workshop on LHC Performance. [4] S. Fartoukh, Breaching the Phase I optics limitations for the HL-LHC, Proceedings of Chamonix 2011 workshop on LHC Performance. [5] R. Calaga, Crab Cavity Workshop, Proceedings of Chamonix 2012 workshop on LHC Performance. [6] F. Zimmerman, New ideas, presented at HL-LHC/LIU Joint Workshop. 30 March 2012.
Riccardo De Maria, ABP-SU

At each of the biannual Beam Instrumentation Workshops (BIW) since 1992, the Faraday Cup is awarded for an outstanding contribution to the development of an innovative beam diagnostic instrument of proven workability. This award recognizes and encourages innovative achievements in the field of instrumentation of particle accelerator beams. The winner is selected by the BIW Program Committee from candidates proposed by laboratories from all over the world. The award is sponsored by Bergoz Instrumentation and consists of a diploma and a monetary prize. This year the Faraday Cup went for the third time in its 20 year history to a CERN scientist. After Edward Rossa in 1994 and Andreas Jansson 2002, in 2012 the honour was awarded to Marek Gasior of BE/BI for "High sensitivity tune measurement by direct diode detection":

Vhicule de service ou priv ? (Circulaire administrative N20)

Qui na jamais dcid, faute de voiture CERN disponible, de prendre son propre vhicule pour un dplacement inter-site ? Aprs tout, tout le monde le fait Mais connaissez-vous les rgles en vigueur ? La politique de lorganisation est de favoriser lutilisation des vhicules CERN lors des dplacements professionnels. Lorsque cela nest pas possible et lorsque lutilisation des navettes CERN nest pas une solution adquate, vous avez la possibilit de prendre votre vhicule personnel. Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus, la Circulaire administrative N20 (Utilisation dun vhicule priv lors de dplacements pour les besoins du service) est le document de rfrence. Elle est disponible ici. Le CERN Admin e-guide et sa FAQ sont galement des sources dinformations utiles. Avis aux motards : Par vhicule personnel, la Circulaire administrative N20 entend une voiture, un vlo ou un vlo lectrique. Elle interdit par contre lusage dune moto ou dun scooter pour tout dplacement professionnel. Vous pouvez venir et repartir du CERN moto, mais cest tout !
BE-ASR-SU

Tuning the LHC

In every accelerator the particles are kept inside the vacuum pipe by the field of quadrupolar magnets, forcing the particles to follow sinusoidal motion, so called betatron oscillations, around the ideal trajectory, known as the orbit. The number of periods of these oscillations per turn is called betatron tune. If the tune is an integer number then it means that the particles follow the same trajectory every turn and the amplitude of the betatron oscillations increases resonantly until the particles are lost by hitting the vacuum pipe or other limiting aperture. The same thing can happen if the trajectory repeats every 2 turns (1/2 integer resonance), every 3 turns (1/3 integer resonance), and so on. These resonances generally get weaker the higher the order, but such a crowd of resonances leaves only a small choice for the tune if we want a large accelerator to circulate the beam for long time with small losses. For example, the LHC is designed to collide protons with a betatron tune of 59.31; that is every turn the particles do 59 full betatron oscillation periods (integer tune) plus a further 0.31 of a period (fractional tune). If you want to test your imagination further with more sinusoids, try to imagine that what has just been said about the LHC only concerns the horizontal plane and that the particles also oscillate in the vertical direction with a tune of 64.32. To have even more sinusoids, now consider the fact that in a single LHC nominal bunch there are about 100 billion protons (1011), each following its own sinusoid in both horizontal and vertical planes. Since all protons do not have exactly the same

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energy, in consequence their trajectory sinusoids are also slightly different, as more energetic particles are less deflected by the quadrupoles. The superposition of all 1011 horizontal and vertical sinusoids determines the LHC beam size for one bunch. And now imagine on top of this that there are 1380 bunches colliding in the LHC... As the accelerator tunes are so important, they have to be measured with high accuracy and maintained on their reference values. At the time of writing the LHC design report this task was considered very difficult, as the standard method to measure the tune required significant external excitation to synchronise the motion of individual particles. Otherwise their betatron oscillations appear chaotic to a beam position monitor (BPM), yielding no net signal. The excitation means that the particles follow larger amplitude sinusoids and in consequence, the beam size gets bigger (what is known as emittance growth), lowering the collision rate and increasing the timeto-discovery. For this reason the LHC beams can be excited only up to the micrometre level. The challenge of measuring the LHC tunes was entrusted to the BE-BI-QP section, where a new technique was developed, allowing the observation of very small beam oscillations. The trick used to achieve an unprecedented sensitivity is to pass the short, high amplitude pulses obtained from a beam position monitor to simple diode detectors; similar to those used in old radio receivers. The detectors convert the tiny modulation of the BPM pulses related to beam oscillations into a convenient signal in the audio frequency range. This can then be nicely processed to deliver the tune content. The dominating part of the BPM signal related to the beam intensity, which typically limits the performance reach in other tune measurement techniques, becomes a DC voltage after the detectors. This is easily blocked using a simple capacitor at the detector outputs. The use of diode detectors brings many new advantages to the tune measurement system, which has resulted in an elegant and relatively simple design sensitive to beam oscillations at the nanometre level. It was a big surprise that with the achieved sensitivity it is possible to see the tiny oscillation of LHC beams present even without excitation. Today the LHC Base-Band Tune measurement system based on diode detectors, known as the BBQ system, is mostly used with natural beam oscillations or with very little additional excitation. This provides the input data for the tune feed-back system, which

automatically corrects the strength of the quadrupoles to keep the tunes on their reference values.

LHC BBQ installation and its most important parts: the diode detector and analogue front-end

LHC tunes measured in the control room As a side effect of the LHC BBQ development, today the LEIR, PSB, PS and SPS accelerators all have similar tune measurement systems based on diode detectors. BBQ systems built at CERN are also in use at 5 other laboratories worldwide. Another discovery during the BBQ development was that the natural beam oscillations contain more information than just the tunes and they are nice to listen to! A few samples of beam sound from the early BBQ development days as well as more information on the system can be found at www.cern.ch/gasior/pro/bbq/index.html.
Marek Gasior, BE-BI-QP

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ACCOR
The Accelerator Controls Renovation Project (ACCOR) was initiated in 2009 at the level of the A&T sector in order to re-engineer the control system of the CERN PS Accelerator complex. The objective was two-fold: make the key technical choices required in order to face the obsolescence of the real-time front-end systems (about 450 operational systems based on PowerPC processors running the LynxOS operating system) and rationalize our organization in terms of control system responsibilities. Concerning technical choices, a full evaluation of the operational constraints and of the state-of-the-art embedded technologies was conducted in close partnership with the equipment groups, leading to the signature of major contracts with European hardware manufacturers for a total of about 4 MCHF. This competitive exercise decreased the cost of a typical front-end system by more than 60%! The new technological choices based on VMEBus64x and PICMG1.3 standards running the Linux operating system on Intel multi-core processors will allow us to capitalize on the longterm CERN VMEBus experience while suppressing old vendor-specific dependencies (LynxOS operating system) and performance limitations. The usage of the FESA real-time software framework is being generalized for all front-end systems, offering to all CERN embedded software programmers the benefits of high-level and well supported functionalities compatible with the high-level application software layers. From a management perspective, it was clear in 2009 that CERN could not continue with two Different control system organizational models for the PS complex and for the LHC. Thanks to the close collaboration of all parties at the level of the Controls Coordination Committee (CO3), the LHC model is now being generalized for all Accelerators. If all is clear, one could then question what are the remaining challenges for the ACCOR project? The first challenging aspect concerns the understanding of the operational complexity and dependencies of the legacy systems for which the CERN knowledge is either gone or remain in the head of very few people. Each system, for each Accelerator, required an in-depth analysis of its current architecture and the definition of precise re-engineering plans with all parties involved. BE-CO Machine Controls

Coordinators play here an essential role and ensure a close collaboration with projects like LIU. Last but not least, the forthcoming CERN longshutdown in 2013 (LS1) represents a unique opportunity for the ACCOR project to attain his objective. As many critical operational systems will be re-engineered during LS1, the challenges will be risk contingency, proper planning with the equipment groups, qualification of the new systems and finally, careful re-commissioning with operations. Risks do exist but the excellent level of motivation and collaboration of all parties will help us to control it, bringing the PS Accelerator Complex control system at the same level of performance as the LHC and ready to cope with the numerous challenges in front of us.

Marc Vanden Eynden, BE-CO-FE

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Safety Column
Road Safety

Merci tous davoir particip la Journe Mondiale de la Sant et de la Scurit au Travail !

Yes, we know that you know. You have seen the ads, read the posters Nevertheless it is worth showing it again; just to check that, of course, you always apply these rules.
Driving too fast for the conditions is bad driving: Driving too close to the car in front, passing on the right and failing to signal are widely accepted as examples of bad driving. However, some drivers fail to accept that driving too fast is also poor driving, despite the fact that this is a contributory factor in hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries every year. Consider the consequences of causing an accident due to driving at excessive speed: If you cause an accident you will have to live with the emotional consequences of deaths or injuries caused to others. Dont assume its safe to break the speed limit on rural roads because there is less traffic or an open road ahead: Be aware that there may be unexpected hazards, such as blind bends, vehicles coming out of junctions and animals on the road. Don't make or answer calls when you're driving: All phone calls distract drivers' attention from the road. Do not drive when tired. You can find more tips at http://think.direct.gov.uk/index.html

Thanks to all the participants to the World Day for Safety and Health at Work!

BE Safety Unit

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Management Changes
The request to be informed about the changes in the departmental management, responsibilities and roles came clearly out of the survey. In order to satisfy this request, there will be a recurrent chapter in the BE Newsletter. These are the managerial modifications since this year: New BE Deputy Group Leaders: Marc Tavlet ASR Maurizio Vretenar RF
ABP

Newsletter Contacts
Correspondents: ASR G. Arduini & H. Mainaud Durand E. B. Holzer E. Lienard C.E. Sala

BI

OP RF

CO

M. Draper W. Hfle

New BE Section Leaders: Marc Tavlet ASR-SU (Safety Unit) Jean-Jacques Gras BI-PM (Profile Measurements) Vito Baggiolini CO-DO (DevOps) Carlo Rossi RF-IS (Injector Synchrotrons) Frank Gerigk RF-LRF (Linacs RF) Ed Ciapala RF-SRF (SC RF Cavity Technology)

Design Editor

Copy Editor

L. Van Cauter-Tanner E. Gavriil R. Billen

Editor-In-Chief

The RF Group led by Erk Jensen was fully restructured. We wish these people all the best in their new responsibilities.

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