SMK Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang.

Additional Mathematics Project Work 2011

Name Class IC Number Teacher

: : : :

Kavin A/L Arunasalam 5S1 950914-05-5243 Pn. Chua Chin Chee

Content

Acknowledgement

The project is the effort of many parties including mine. Without them, this project would have never been finished. First of all, I would like to thank my parents for their support and also my family members who made sure that I didnt get distracted while doing this project. Thanks to their understanding I was able to finish this project with ease. Next I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my dear additional mathematics teacher, Pn. Chua Chin Chee for providing the guidelines and explanation about the process of this project work. Her guidance and co-operation is much appreciated. Not to forget, my friends Kugendran, Muhd Ammar Hafiz, Pravin who were with me during the process of this project. I would also like to thank _________ for helping me to start my project. Her encouragement and guidance has proven to be most helpful. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to those who have helped me directly and indirectly, during the course of this project. Thank you all, once again.

Objecctive

Answers

PART 1 (a)

(b)

Definition :

In geometry a polygon is a flat shape consisting of straight lines that are joined to form a closed chain or circuit. A polygon is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a closed path, composed of a finite sequence of straight line segments (i.e., by a closed polygonal chain). These segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or corners. The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its body. A polygon is a 2dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions.

History :

Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons were known to the ancient Greeks, and the pentagram, a non-convex regular polygon (star polygon), appears on the vase of Aristophonus, Caere, dated to the 7th century B.C.] Nonconvex polygons in general were not systematically studied until the 14th century by Thomas Bradwardine.In 1952, Geoffrey Colin Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex plane, where each real dimension is accompanied by an imaginary one, to create complex polygons.

(c)

Suggested answers to calculate the area of a triangle :

1 base height 2 1 2. Area = a b sin C 2 1. Area = 3. Area = s( s a)( s b)( s c ) , 4. Area = 1 x1 2 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1 where s = 1 (a + b + c) , or the semi-perimeter. 2

5. Using graphical method.

PART 2 (a) Cost = RM 20 300 = RM 6000.

(b)

First method

pm

q m m mm 100 m c Diagram 1

Using cosine rule, cos =

a2 + b2 c2 2ab

1 Area = ab sin 2 o 0 38.2145 44.8137 49.5826 55.7711 57.6881 58.9924 59.7510 59.9901 60 Area (m2 ) 0 2598.15 3092.33 3464.10 3968.63 4130.68 4242.64 4308.42 4329.26 4330.13

p ( m) 50 60 65 70 80 85 90 95 99 100 (c) (d)

q ( m) 150 140 135 130 120 115 110 105 101 100

The herb garden is an equilateral triangle of sides 100 m with a maximum area of 4330.13 m 2 . (i) ( ii) 50 < p < 150, 50 < q < 150 p + q 100

( iii ) The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side. Triangle Inequality Theorem.

PART 3 (a) Quadrilateral

ym xm x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 y 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 75

2x + 2y = 300 m2 x + y = 150 m2 Area = x y Area = x y 1400 2600 3600 4400 5000 5400 5600 5625

The maximum area is 5625 m2. (b) Regular Pentagon 5a = 300 a = 60 t 30 t = 30 tan 54 = 41.2915 m 1 Area = ( 41.2915 60) 5 = 6193.73 m 2 2 tan 54 = (c) A Semicircle a a

a 54o

72o t a 54o

rm

(d) A Circle

2r + r = 300 300 r= 2+ 1 300 2 Area = 2r = 300 = 5347.55m 22+ 150 r= 1 150 2 Area = (2 ) = 7161.97 m 6a = 300 2
a = 50 Area =

rm

(e)

A Regular Hexagon a a 60 a

50 m a

Conclusion: A circle produces a maximum area.

(b)

3 suggested types of herb :

i)

Serai Wangi / Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon nardus )

Lemongrass is native to India and tropical Asia. It is widely used as a herb in Asian cuisine. It has a subtle citrus flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. Lemongrass is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. It is also suitable for poultry, fish, beef, and seafood. It is often used as a tea in African countries such as Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Latin American countries such as Mexico. Lemongrass oil is used as a pesticide and a preservative. Research shows that lemongrass oil has anti-fungal properties.[1]

Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) grows to about 2 meters (about 6.5 feet) and has red base stems. These species are used for the production ofcitronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent in insect sprays and candles, and also in aromatherapy, which is famous in Bintan Island, Indonesia. Therefore it's assumed that its origin is from Indonesia. The principal chemical constituents of citronella, geraniol andcitronellol, are antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants and soaps. Besides oil production, citronella grass is also used for culinary purposes, in tea and as a flavoring. Lemon Grass Oil, used as a pesticide and preservative, is put on the ancient palm-leaf manuscripts found in India as a preservative.

ii)

Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus)

Orthosiphon stamineus is a traditional herb that is widely grown in tropical areas. The two general species, Orthosiphon stamineus"purple" and Orthosiphon stamineus "white" are traditionally used to treat diabetes, kidney and urinary disorders, high blood pressure and bone or muscular pain. Also known as Java tea, it was possibly introduced to the west in the early 20th century. Misai Kucing is popularly consumed as a herbal tea. The brewing of Java tea is similar to that for other teas. It is soaked in hot boiling water for about three minutes, and honey or milk is then added. It can be easily prepared as garden tea from the dried leaves. There are quite a number of commercial products derived from Misai Kucing. Sinensetin is a polyphenol found in O. stamineus

iii)

Mas cotek (Ficus deltoidea)

Mas Cotek is a small perennial herb, growing up to about 2 m tall.[2] The different shapes of the leaves represent different varieties some having a rounded shape and others having an elongated egg shape. The color at the top of the leaf is shining green while underneath, the surface color is golden yellow with black spots in between the leaf veins. Mas Cotek plant species are male and female. The leaves of female species are big and round in shape, while the male species are small, round and long in shape. Mas Cotek plants grow wild in eastern peninsular Malaysia and it is popular among traditional medical practitioners. The trees can be found in the jungle in Kelantan, Terengganu,Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan. It also can be found grew in the oil palm plantation in Perak, Selangor and Johor.

Mas Cotek, also known as "mistletoe fig", has been scientifically researched by various institutions, including University of Malaya, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, the Malaysian Agriculture Research And Development Institute (MARDI). Research results show that Mas Cotek possessestriterpenoids and natural phenols (flavonoids and proanthocyanins, a type of condensed tannins).[citation needed] Traditionally used as a postpartum depression treatment to help in contracting the muscles of the uterus and in the healing of the uterus and vaginal canal, it is also used as a libido booster by both men and women.[1] The leaves of male and female plants are mixed in specific proportions to be taken as an aphrodisiac.[citation needed] Among the traditional practices, Mas Cotek has been used for regulating blood pressure, increasing and recovering sexual desire, womb contraction after delivery, reducing cholesterol, reducing blood sugar level, treatment of migraines, toxin removal, delay menopause, nausea, joints pains, piles pain and improving blood circulation.[citation needed] Mas Cotek products are formulated and sold in the form of extracts, herbal drinks, coffee drinks, capsules, and massage oil.