Efimov

1110 2007 00093

2010-2011


- Efimov?
( Efimov)

3 . :
(,
1/ 2 ),
,
2
( ) (
),

3 , scaling!


- :

:
1 = 2 3
:
= gg ,
>0
:

3

(
, +
)
2
2 1/ 2
Born-Oppenheimer
3 (
Efimov
effect)


: 1 = (1)
:
= |
: 2
:
+ V = |


2 ?

=
2 + 2
= 2

3 || ( )

: 2 = 2
, : Green
Helmholtz


:
= + 3 ,

:
|| = ( ) 3 ( )
: = + 3 , ( )
Green Helmholtz:

, =
4


!
:

!
-: = , =
-:

= 1 +

(2)


:
.= . .+

=

= +

# .
=
# . .
2
=
= ,

, = (, ),

1 = =

2 + 1 cos
=0

2
Schrodinger
( 2 +( 2 2))2 = 0
: ( > ) 0, : V
:

( 2 + 2 )
2

>

= 0 >

+ ()
=0


, (2)
:
1 1

sin

2
+
:

=
=0

1
2 2

2 +

sin +
2

V !!

2 + 1
sin cos



12
,
2

-S , =
V:
2 1
2
+

1 21 = 0 (3)
1
2

22
,
2

-S , =
V:
2 2
2
+

2 22 = 0 (4)
2
2

: = , :
= 0 = 0


(3) 2 (4) 1 ,
, :
1
2
2
1

= 22 12

1 2
0

(5)


12
,
2

-S , =
V=0:
2 1
2
+

1 1 = 0
2

22
,
2

-S , =
V=0:
2 2
2
+

2 2 = 0
2

:
1
2
2
1

= 22 12

1 2
0

(6)


(5) (6)
> = > , :
2
1
1
2

= 22 12

1 2 1 2 (7)
0

1,2 1 = 0,
2 = 0:
1
cot = + 2

1 2 1 2 (8)
0

12

12

0
=
2


- S (
):

1 1
cot = + 2 2
!
2

~10 eV

- S:
0 1
1
1
= sin =
1

cot
+

<0
=
>0

1
=

( )

1
22

 2
(i)
2 , .

: = , =

+1

Schrodinger Hilbert :
( +) =
2
2
2
+ =
=

2
2
2
: = gg
:
2 2
=

 2
:

= , , 1
2 = 1
.

= 2
+ 2

(9)

()
,
:
2
3 = 1

(10)
2
2
+

 2
:
Efimov
( ~ 2 )
,


.
Yamaguchi potential:
1
= 2
(11)
2
+

=
(12)
2

 2
(ii) 1/ 2
:

=
, :
2
2

2 s-.
Schrodinger :
2
2 + 2 = 2 = 2 (13)

: = , ..: = 0 = 0

 2
: =
=
:
1
4

= +
:
2 1

+
+ 2 1 = 0 (14)
2

< 1/4, > 0 ,

!
< 0, > 1/4
,
> 0, < 1/4

 2
> 0 :
||

|| ()
(Modified Bessel functions)

|| ()

.
. r=0 :

sin
log
arg 1 + i
=0
2
=0

0 0
!
: cut off
0

 2
:

:

1
2

+1

arg 1+i

(15)

2

geometric scaling
!
,

ln

 2
:

1 , 2 = 2 ()
=

= 2
=
=

21
2

1
4
2 2

1
4
2 2

+1

+
2 2
+
2
2

0
1
2 1
2

2
0

: =

Langer

1 2
2
2 2

1
2

ln

 3
3
:
1 = 2 = 3 =
1 (
2 3), 2 3
1/ 2 Yamaguchi.
:
=
:

1 2
1 2
1 2
=
1
2
3 + 1 + 2 + 3 (17)
2
2
2

 3
:
= 1 2
1 + 2
= 3
2
1 + 2 + 3
=
2 +
:
1 2 1 2
1
= R
2 + 1 + 2 + 3 (18)

2
:

2
= =
= ,
=
1
2 2
2 + 1

 Born-Oppenheimer

(
)

: .
:
= + + ,

 Born-Oppenheimer
:
, = ;

(19)

; :
+ , =

Schrodinger ( ):
+ =

 3
- :
1 2
+ 1 + 2 ; = ; (20)

1 2
+ 3 + =
(21)

(20) 1 (
:
Hilbert):

1 2 2 + 2

2 + + = |
: = exp

/2

 3
: = 2 ( )
= 2 + 2 1 +

= 2 + 2

2 +

( : [D, 2 + 2
: , = 0

] = 0)

; = ;

= = ()

 3
:

2
2

1 +
+

=1

(22)

2
( (10)):
2
3 = 1

2 + 2
(22)
(10)
Yamaguchi
( 11):
1
= 2
+ 2

 3
:
+
1
+

+
=
+

( 0 0)
,
.

 3
:
1

: = : R

2

:
(24)

 3

:
A
0,5671 0,5671
= +

:
2
= 2

..
( (21) 3

( ) :
cut off
2
1 2
2 =
>

s
!!!


: ,
3

(
).


- Efimov

2

. 3
effective
1/ 2 .
- ,
()
,
effective
.


- : Thomas effect
(
), 0
.
- Thomas
Efimov
2006.

R.K. Bhaduri, A. Chatterjee, B.P. van Zyl, An elementary exposition to the

Effimov Effect, Am. J. Phys. 79 (3) 2011
S.A. Coon, B.R. Holstein, Anomalies in quantum mechanics: The 1/ 2
potential, Am. J. Phys. 70 (5) 2002
H.A. Bethe, Theory of Effective Range in Nuclear Scattering, Phys. Rev. 76
(1) 38-45 (1949)
J.J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics
S.M. Wong, Introductory Nuclear Physics