PROJECTWORKFORADDITIONALM T E A HC 2 1 A H M T I S00 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISIONMINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA PROJECT WORK 4STATISTICS N A M E : A B D U L M A J I D B I N A B D AZIZC L A S S : 5 S C I E N C E 1 I C N U M B E R : 9 3 0 2 0 6 0 8 5 6 8 9 S U B J E C T T E A C H E R : S I R R A F H A N B I N AHMAD SEKOLAH MENENGAH RAJA

DR NAZRINSHAHKG GAJAH INTRODUCTION W e s t u d e n t s t a k i n g A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s a r e required to carry out a project work w h i l e w e a r e i n Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division,Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us.Weare to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest.This project can be done in groupso r i n d i v i d u a l l y , a n d I g l a d l y c h o o s e t o d o t h i s individually.Upon completion of the A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s P r o j e c t W o r k , w e a r e t o g a i n v a l u a b l e experiences and able to : Apply and adapt a variety of problemsolving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems Experience classroom environments whichare challenging, interesting and meaningfuland hence improve their thinking skills Experience classroom environments whereknowledge and skills are applied inmeaningful ways in solving real-lifeproblems. Experience classroom environments whereexpressing ones mathematicalthinking,reasoning and communication arehighlyencouragedandexpected Experience classroom environments thatstimulates and enhances effective learning. Acquire effective mathematicalcommunication through oral andwriting,and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematicalideas correctly and precisely Enhance acquisition of mathematicalknowledge and skills through problem-solving in ways that increase interest andconfidence Prepare ourselves for the demand of ourfutureundertakingsandinworkplace Realise that mathematics is an importantand powerful tool in solving real-lifeproblems and hence develop positiveattitudetowardsmathematics Train ourselves not only to be independentlearners but also to collaborate, tocooperate, and to share knowledge in anengagingandhealthyenvironment Use technology especially the ICTappropriately and effectively Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsicvalues of mathematics and to become morecreative and innovativeRealize the importance and the beauty of mathematics APPRECIATION Alhamdullilah,thankyoutoAllahforgivingthewilltomet o c o m p l e t e t h i s A d d i t i o n a l M a t h e m a t i c s project.Secondly, I would like to thank the principle of Sekolah Menengah Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah, Mr. Hj. OmarBinBakar A.M.P,P.P.Tforgivingmethepermissiontodom t iA dto aMt e aisPoetW r .Ilolk t thankmyAdditionalMathematicsteacher,SirRafhanforthe guide and giving useful and important yhs d ii nl ahmtc r jc okas i eo informationfor me to complete this project work. Besides that, I would like to thank my parents for their support ande c ua e e tLsl ,a no rgmn. aty s eilhn st am fin s o r t h e i r h e l p a n d c o o p e r a t i o n i n s e a r c h i n g f o r i f r ai na dc m ltn t ipoetw r . pcat a k o l yre df nomto n o pei ghs r jc ok A B R I E F H I S T O R Y O F STATISTICS B y t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , t h e t e r m " s t a t i s t i c s " designated thes y s t e m a t i c c o l l e c t i o n o f d e m o g r a p h i c a n d e c o n o m i c d a t a b y s t a t e s . I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 t h century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened,then including the discipline concerned with thecollection, summary, and analysis of data. Todaystatisticsiswidely employed in government, business, anda l l t h e s c i e n c e s . E l e c t r o n i c c o m p u t e r s h a v e expedited statistical computation, and have a l l o w e d s t a t i s t i c i a n s t o d e v e l o p " c o m p u t e r - intensive"methods. The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability and statisticalinference, which are used in statistical practice. Therelation between statistics and probability theorydeveloped rather late, however. In the 19th century,statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose i n i t i a l r e s u l t s w e r e f o u n d i n t h e 1 7 t h a n d 1 8 t h centuries, particularly in the analysis of g a m e s o f c h a n c e ( g a m b l i n g ) . B y 1 8 0 0 , a s t r o n o m y u s e d probability models and statistical theories, particularlythe method of least squares, which was invented byLegendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace;following Laplace, probability and statistics have beenin continual development. In the 19th century, socialscientists used statistical reasoning and probabilitymodels to advance the new sciences of experimentalpsychology and sociology; physical scientists used s t a t i s t i c a l r e a s o n i n g a n d p r o b a b i l i t y m o d e l s t o advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statisticalr e a s o n i n g w a s c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f i n d u c t i v e l o g i c a n d t h e s c i e n t i f i c method.S t a t i s t i c s i s n o t a f i e l d o f m a t h e m a t i c s b u t a n autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics,statistics had its origins in public administration andmaintains a special concern with demography and e c o n o m i c s . B e i n g c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e s c i e n t i f i c method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of science; withits emphasis on learning from data and making bestp r e d i c t i o n s , s t a t i s t i c s h a s g r e a t o v e r l a p w i t h t h e d e c i s i o n s c i e n c e a n d microeconomics. With its c o n c e r n s w i t h d a t a , s t a t i s t i c s h a s o v e r l a p w i t h informationscienceandcomputerscience. STATISTICS TODAY D u r i n g t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , t h e c r e a t i o n o f p r e c i s e instruments for agricultural research, p u b l i c h e a l t h concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrialq u a l i t y c o n t r o l , a n d e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l p u r p o s e s ( u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e , e c o n o m e t r y , e t c . ) n e c e s s i t a t e d substantialadvancesinstatisticalpractices.

Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond itsorigins. Individuals and organizations use statistics tou n d e r s t a n d d a t a a n d m a k e i n f o r m e d d e c i s i o n s throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine,business,andotherareas.S t a t i s t i c s i s g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d n o t a s a s u b f i e l d o f mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field.Many universities maintain separate mathematics ands t a t i s t i c s d e p a r t m e n t s . S t a t i s t i c s i s a l s o t a u g h t i n departments as diverse as psychology, education, andpublichealth. PART 1 T h e p r i c e s o f g o o d s s o l d i n s h o p s v a r y from one shop toanother.Shoppers tend to buy goods which arenot only reasonably priced but also give value for their money. You are required to carry out a survey on fourd i f f e r e n t i t e m s b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s i . e . f o o d , d e t e r g e n t a n d stationery.The survey should be done in three different shops. QUESTIONa ) C o l l e c t p i c t u r e s , n e w s p a p e r c u t t i n g s o r p h o t o s o n i t e m s t h a t y o u h a v e c h o s e n . D e s i g n a c o l l a g e t o illustrate the chosen itemsA e nr s: w F O O D S : DETERGENTS: STATIONARY: (b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in Table 1.Since items maybe differently packed,besure to use consistent measurements for each item selected so that comparison can be done easily andaccurately.Ae nr s: w CATEGOR Y ITEMPRICE(RM)KOOPSARJANAKOOPIUIKIOSK PUM F O O D 1 . S E L F - R A I S I N G FLOUR (1000 g)4 . 0 0 3 . 7 0 3 . 6 0 2 . S U G A R ( 1 0 0 0 g ) 2 . 0 0 1 . 9 0 1 . 8 0 3 . B U T T E R ( 2 5 0 g ) 4 . 7 0 4 . 5 0 4 . 3 0 4.EGGS (GRADE A)1 DOZEN5 . 9 0 5 . 5 0 5 . 0 0 T O T A L P R I C E 1 6 . 6 0 1 5 . 6 0 1 4 . 7 0 DETERGEN T1 . S O A P ( 3 B A R S ) 3 . 2 0 3 . 0 0 2 . 8 0 2.LIQUIDDISH WASHER(1000ml)4 . 2 9 3 . 9 0 3 . 2 0 3.CLOTHE SDETERGENT (3KG)1 8 . 9 0 1 7 . 0 0 1 6 . 5 0 4.TOILET CLEANER(500ml)5 . 5 0 5 . 5 0 5 . 5 0 T O T A L P R I C E 3 1 . 8 9 2 9 . 4 0 2 8 . 0 0 STATIONER Y1 . S H A R P E N E R 1 . 5 0 1 . 3 0 1 . 0 0 2.PENCIL (2B) 1DOZEN5 . 0 0 4 . 8 0 4 . 5 0 3 . P E N 1 . 3 0 1 . 2 0 1 . 0 0 4 . E R A S E R 1 . 3 0 1 . 2 0 1 . 1 0 T O T A L P R I C E 9 . 1 0 8 . 5 0 7 . 6 0 G R A N D T O T A L 5 7 . 5 9 5 3 . 5 0 5 0 . 3 0 (c) Create at least two suitable graphicalrepresentations (the use of ICT is encouraged) tocompareandcontrastthepriceoftheitemschosen.A s e: )FOODS nwr1 2)DETERGENT3)STATIONERY( d ) B a s e d o n t h e g r a p h i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t y o u h a v e c o n s t r u c t e d i n P a r t 1 ( c ) , interpret,discuss and draw conclusions.Commentson your findings.Answer:Based on the graphical representation that I haveconstructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there arel a r g e a n d s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g t h e p r i e s o f items in each category between the shops.In the food category, the smallest price difference are of t h o s e s u g a r , w h i l e t h e h i g h e s t i s t h e p r i c e o f eggs.Besides food, detergent also shows a large price difference between its items.Among them ist h e p r i c e o f l i q u i d d i s h w a s h e r a n d c l o t h e s d e t e r g e n t . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , stationery itemsd o e s n ; t h a v e a n y o b v i o u s p r i c e d i f f e r e n c e . T h e graph also show that most of the i t e m s t h a t a r e high priced comes from the KOOP SARJANA, while t h e l o w e s t p r i c e i t e m s c o m e f r m t h e K I O S K PUM.the graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of thedifference among the shops based upon the shopsgrand total.Graph 1(d)(e) Identify an item that has a large price differenceamong the shops. Calculate the mean and standarddeviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest anddiscuss possible reasons for the price difference.Answer: Liquid DishwasherMean = 18.9+17+16.53= 17.47Standard Deviation= = 18.9+17+16.53= 0.97 The large price difference of clothes detergentamong the shops maybe because of the standard of the shop.A high standard shop or supermarket, theitems sold intend to be much more expensive than aregular shop or supermarket.Also, the pricedifference of the items may also due to the quality of the item present.A better quality means a higher price. PART 2 Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds for the school. This year the schoolplans to install air conditioners in the schooll i b r a r y . L a s t y e a r , d u r i n g t h e c a r n i v a l , y o u r class made and sold butter cakes. Because of the popularity of the butter cakes,your classhas decided to carry out the same project for this years carnival.

QUESTION(a ) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would got o p u r c h a s e t h e i n g r e d i e n t s f o r t h e b u t t e r c a k e s . S t a t e a n d d i s c u s s y o u r r e a s o n s f o r purchasingfromtheshopyousuggested.Answer: The Giant Supermarket.This is because the total price of the ingredients from this shop is the lowestfrom the three shops.(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the itemsfound in the Shop/supermarket that you have chosenAnswer: INGREDIEN TQUANTITYPER CAKEPRICE IN THE YEAR2009(RM)PRICE IN THE YEAR2010(RM) SelfRaisingFlour2 5 0 g 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 S u g a r 2 0 0 g 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 6 B u t t e r 2 5 0 g 3 . 3 0 4 . 3 0 E g g s ( G r a d e A)5 eggs(300g)1 . 2 5 2 . 1 0 Table 2( i ) C a l c u l a t e t h e p r i c e i n d e x f o r e a c h o f t h e ingredients in Table 2 for the year 2010 basedon the year 2009Answer : INGREDIENTQUANTIT Y PERCAKEPRICEIN THE YEAR2009(RM)PRICEIN THE YEAR2010(RM)PRICE INDEXFOR THE YEAR2010BASED ON THE YEAR 2009( I )SelfRaisingFlour2 5 0 g 0 . 9 0 0 . 9 0 1 0 0 Sugar2 0 0 g 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 6 1 0 2 . 8 6 Butter2 5 0 g 3 . 3 0 4 . 3 0 1 3 0 . 3 0 Eggs(Grade A)5 eggs(300g)1 . 2 5 2 . 1 0 1 6 8 1.Self-Raising Flour I = 0.90.9 x 100 = 1002.Sugar I = 0.360.35 x 100 = 102.863.Butter I = 4.33.3 x 100 = 130.304.Eggs (Grade A) I = 2.11.25 x 100 = 168 ( i i ) C a l c u l a t e t h e c o m p o s i t e i n d e x f o r m a k i n g a butter cake in the year 2010 based on the year2009.Discuss how you obtained your answers.Answer: To calculate the composite index,weightage isneeded(W), WeightTotal Weight I N G R E D I E N T W E I G H T A G E ( W ) Self-Raising Flour 2501000 = 14 Sugar 2001000 = 15 Butter 2501000 = 14 Eggs (Grade A) 3301000 = 310 Composite Index= 14 + ) 0 1 ( 15 (102.86)+ 14 (130.30)+ 310

(168) 1= 128.54 (iii) In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at RM15.00 each.Suggest a suitable selling pricef o r t h e b u t t e r c a k e i n t h e y e a r 2 0 1 0 . G i v e reasons for your answer.Answer: On 2009,RM 15.00O n 2 0 1 0 , p r i c e = 15 x 1 0 0 = 128.54% x 100 = 128.54 x 15 = 1928.1100 = 19.30 Thus,the suitable price for the butter cake for they e a r 2 0 1 0 i s R M 1 9 . 3 0 . T h e i n c r e a s e i n p r i c e i s also suitable because of the rise in the price of the ingredients.(c)( i ) F i n d o u t f r o m r e l i a b l e s o u r c e h o w t o determine suitableCapacity of air conditioner to be installed based on thevolume/size of a room.Answer:F o r c o m m o n u s a g e , a i r conditioner is rated a c c o r d i n g t o h o r s e p o w e r ( 1 H P ) , w h i c h i s approximately 700W to 1000W of e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r . I t i s s u i t a b l e f o r a r o o m s i z e 1 0 0 0 f t which is around 27m of volume.( i i ) W o r k i n g r o u p t o e s t i m a t e t h e v o l u m e o f your schoolL i b r a r y . E x p l a i n h o w y o u a r r i v e a t y o u r answer.Hence,determine the number of air conditionerswith thea p p r o p r i a t e c a p a c i t y r e q u i r e d f o r y o u r library.Answer:By using a measuring tape,the dimension for thelibrary is:Height = 3.6mW i d t h = 9 . 1 7 m Length = 20.12mVolume of the room = 3.6 x 9.17 x 20.12=664.20m1 unit of air conditioner is for 27mFor 664.20m = 664.2027 = 24.6 That means our school library needs 25 unit of airconditioner( i i i ) I f y o u r c l a s s i n t e n d s t o s p o n s o r o n e a i r conditioner for theSchool library, how many butter cakesmust you sell in order to buy the air conditionerAnswer:1 u n i t o f 1 H P a i r c o n d i t i o n e r = R M 7 0 0 C sf rack=09+03 +43+ oto a e . . 6 . 2.1=RM 7.66S e l l i n g p r i c e = R M 1 9 . 3 0 P r o f i t = 1 9 . 3 0 7 . 6 6 =R 1 . 4 M 16 N u m b e r o f c a k e s = 70011.64 t o b u y 1 u n i t o f = 6 0 . 1 3 a i r c o n d i t i o n e r = 6 0 c a k e s PART 3 A s a c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r f o r t h e c a r n i v a l , y o u a r e required to prepare an estimated budget to organize this years carnival. The committee has to take into thec o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e i n c r e a s e i n e x p e n d i t u r e f r o m t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r d u e t o i n f l a t i o n . T h e p r i c e o f f o o d , transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The costo f g a m e s , p r i z e s a n d d e c o r a t i o n s r e m a i n s t h e s a m e , whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increase by 30%.QUESTION (a) C o m p l e t e T a b l e 3 b a s e d o n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n aboveAnswer: EXPENDITUREAMOUNTIN 2009(RM)AMOUNTIN 2010(RM) F O O D 1 2 0 0 . 0 0 1 3 8 0 . 0 0 G A M E S 5 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 TRANSPORTATION3 0 0 . 0 0 3 4 5 . 0 0 D E C O R A T I O N S 2 0 0 . 0 0 2 0 0 . 0 0 P R I Z E S 6 0 0 . 0 0 6 0 0 . 0 0 T E N T S 8 0 0 . 0 0 9 2 0 . 0 0 MISCELLANEOUS4 0 0 . 0 0 5 2 0 . 0 0 Table 3 (b) C a l c u l a t e t h e c o m p o s i t e i n d e x f o r t h e e s t i m a t e d budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on the year 2009. Comment on your answer.Answer:E X P E N D I T U R E A M O U NT IN2009(RM)AMOUNT IN2010(RM)PRICEINDEX, I I = P1P0 X100% WEIGHTAGE, WFOOD1 2 0 0 . 0 0 1 3 8 0 . 0 0 1 1 5 1 2 GAMES5 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 1

0 0 5 TION3 0 0 . 0 0 3 4 5 . 0 0 1 5 3 DECORATIONS2 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 6 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 6 TENTS8 0 0 . 0 0 9 2 0 . 0 0 1 5 8 MISCELLANEOUS4 0 1 3 0

TRANSPORTA 1 . 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 .

. 0 0 PRIZES6 0

0 4

0 . 0 0 Composite Index

IiWiW = 11512+1005+1153+1002+1006+1158+130(4)12+5+3+2+6+8+4 = 446540 = 111.625 T h e t o t a l p r i c e f o r t h e y e a r 2 0 1 0 i n c r e a s e b y 11.625%.This is becauses o m e p r i c e i n t h e y e a r 2 0 0 9 i n c r e a s e d i n t h e y e a r 2010. (c) T h e c h a n g e i n t h e c o m p o s i t e i n d e x f o r t h e estimate budget for the c a r n i v a l f r o m t h e y e a r 2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the changef r o m t h e y e a r 2 0 1 0 t o t h e y e a r 2 0 1 1 . D e t e r m i n e t h e c o m p o s i t e i n d e x o f t h e b u d g e t f o r t h e y e a r 2011 based on the year 2009.Answer:Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010= 1 1 1 . 6 2 5 Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011= 111.625 20112009 X 100 = 20102009 X 20112009 20112009 = 111.625 X111.625 X 1100 20112009 = 124.60 FURTHEREXPLORATION Index numbers are being used in many different d a i l y s i t u a t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e a i r p o l l u t i o n i n d e x , stock market index, gold index and property index.O b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e i n t e r n e t o r o t h e r reliable sources on the importance of two differenttypes of index number of your choice. Elaborate t h e u s e a n d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e s e i n d e x numbersindailylife. AIR POLLUTION INDEX Air pollution i s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f c h e m i c a l s , particulate matter,or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort tohumans oro t h e r l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s , o r d a m a g e s t h e n a t u r a l environment intotheatmosphere. T h e a t m o s p h e r e i s a c o m p l e x d y n a m i c n a t u r a l g a s e o u s system that ise s s e n t i a l t o s u p p o r t l i f e o n p l a n e t E a r t h . Stratospheric ozonedepletion due to air pollution has long been recognized asa threat toh u m a n h e a l t h a s w e l l a s t o t h e E a r t h ' s ecosystems. The Air Quality Index ( AQI ) (a ls o kn own as th e AirPollutionIndex ( API ) or Pollutant Standard Index ( PSI ) i s a numberusedby government agencies to characterize the quality of the airat a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasinglylarge percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severeadversehealth effects. To compute the AQI requires an air pollutantconcentration from a monitor or model. The function usedto convertf r o m a i r p o l l u t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o A Q I v a r i e s b y pollutant, and isdifferent in different countries. Air quality index values aredividedinto ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and acolor code.Standardized public health advisories are associated witheach AQIr a n g e . A n a g e n c y m i g h t a l s o e n c o u r a g e m e m b e r s o f t h e p u b l i c t o t a k e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r w o r k f r o m h o m e when AQI levels are high. L i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e AQI Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Manycountriesm o n i t o r g r o u n d - l e v e l o z o n e , p a r t i c u l a t e s , s u l p h u r dioxide, carbonmonoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air qualityindices forthesepollutants. C a u s e s o f P o o r A i r Quality The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air emissionsb y f r e s h a i r . S t a g n a n t a i r , o f t e n caused byan anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of winds lets airpollution remain in a local area.

Indices by locationSuKra ot oe h T h e M i n i s t r y o f E n v i r o n m e n t o f S o u t h K o r e a u s e s t h e ComprehensiceAir-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air qualitybased onh e a l t h r i s k o f a i r p o l l u t i o n . T h e i n d e x a i m s t o h e l p t h e public easilyu n d e r s t a n d a i r q u a l i t y l e v e l a n d p r o t e c t t h e h e a l t h o f people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through500, which are divided into six categories. The higher theCAI value, the greater the level of air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the highestistheCAIvalue. My as a li a The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air PollutionIndex. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e.,carbonmonoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) arereportedin PM10particulate matter is reported in g/m.U n l i k e t h e A m e r i c a n A Q I , t h e i n d e x n u m b e r c a n e x c e e d 500. Above5 0 0 , a s t a t e o f e m e r g e n c y i s d e c l a r e d i n t h e r e p o r t i n g area. Usually,t h i s m e a n s t h a t n o n - e s s e n t i a l g o v e r n m e n t s e r v i c e s a r e suspended, andall ports in the affected area closed. There may also be aprohibitionon private sector commercial and industrial activities in thereportingarea excluding the food sector. STOCK MARKET INDEX A c omparison of t ree maj or U. S. st ock indic es: th eNASDAQ C omp osit e, Dow Jon es In dust ria l A v e r a g e , andS&P 500. All three have the same height at March2007. Notice the large dot com spike on the NASDAQ,aresultofthelargenumberoftech.companiesonthatidx ne. A stock market index is a method of measuring a sectiono f t h e s t o c k m a r k e t . M a n y i n d i c e s a r e c i t e d b y n e w s o r f i n a n c i a l s e r v i c e s f i r m s a n d a r e u s e d a s b e n c h m a r k s , t o measuretheperformanceofportfoliossuchasmutualfunds. T psoi dcs y e fn ie Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A'world' or 'global' stock market index includes (typicallylarge) companies without regard for where they aredomiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World andS&PGlobal100.A national index represents the performance of the stockm a r k e t o f a g i v e n n a t i o n a n d b y p r o x y , r e f l e c t s i n v e s t o r sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly quoted market indices are national indices composed of thestocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest stockexchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the JapaneseNikkei225,andtheBritishFTSE100. The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange. T h e D o w J o n e s T o t a l S t o c k M a r k e t I n d e x , a s i t s n a m e implies, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly traded company in the United States, including all U.S.stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but notA D R s ) a n d m o s t t r a d e d o n t h e N A S D A Q a n d A m e r i c a n Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to thefamilyofindicesbylaunchingtheRussellGlobalIndex. More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley BiotechI n d e x , f o r e x a m p l e , c o n s i s t s o f 3 6 A m e r i c a n f i r m s i n t h e biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companieso f a certain size, a certain type of management, or evenmore specialized criteria one index published by L i n u x Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell products and services based on the Linux operating environment. Indexversions Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1] These versions can differ based on how the index componentsa r e w e i g h t e d a n d o n h o w d i v i d e n d s a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r . F o r example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: pricereturn, which only considers the price of the components, totalr e t u r n , w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r d i v i d e n d r e i n v e s t m e n t , a n d n e t total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment afterthe deduction of a withholding tax. As another example, theWilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versionseach: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price,f l o a t - a d j u s t e d t o t a l r e t u r n , f l o a t - a d j u s t e d p r i c e , a n d e q u a l weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-a d j u s t e d , a n d e q u a l w e i g h t v e r s i o n s i s i n h o w i n d e x componentsareweighted. U S E S A N D I M P O R T A N C E O F A I R P O L L U T I O N I N D E X A N D S T O C K MARKET INDEX A s e v e r y o n e c a n s e e , t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n i n d e x i s u s e b y t h e government to measure the quality of air index and to detectany pollutants in our countrys air.This is to ensure the air isclean and safe for us ti inhale.Besides that,an early warningcan be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to getout of our homes.This warning is given based upon readingsand unterpretations of the air index.A s f o r t h e s t o c k m a r k e t i n d e x , i t i s m a i n l y f o r t h e b u s i n e s s e n t r e p r e n e u r s . T h i s t y p e o f i n d e x i s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stockm a r k e t . T h e s t o c k m a r k e t i n d e x i s i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e a countrys economical state sometimes depend on it. CONCLUSION After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs ands o m e p r o b l e m s o l v i n g , I s a w t h a t t h e u s a g e o f s t a t i s t i c s i s important in daily life.It is not just widely used in markets butalso in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the airor the water.Especially in conducting an airpollution survey.Inc o n c l u s i o n , s t a t i s t i c s i s a d a i l y l i f e n e s s e c i t i e s . W i t h o u t i t , s u r v e y s c a n t b e c o n d u c t e d , t h e s t o c k m a r k e t c a n t b e i n t e r p r e t a n d m a n y m o r e . S o , w e s h o u l d b e t h a n k f u l o f t h e people who contribute in the idea of statistics. REFLECTION Adter spending countless hours,days and night to finish this project and also sacrificing my time video games and mangasi n t h i s m i d y e a r h o l i d a y , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t h i n g s t h a t I c a n say...Additional Mathematics...From the day I born...From the day I was able to holding pencil...From the day I start learning...And...From the day I heard your name...I a l w a y s t h o u g h t t h a t y o u w i l l b e m y g r e a t e s t o b s t a c l e a n d rival in excelling in my life...But after countless of hours...Countless of days...Countless of nights...After sacrificing my precious time just for you...Sacrificing my Computer Games...Sacrificing my Video Games...Sacrificing my Facebook...Sacrificing my Internet...Sacrifing my Anime...Sacrificing my Manga...I realized something really important in you...I really love you... You are my real friend... You my partner... You are my soulmate...I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS... of 00 Leave a Comment

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