Communications Reviewer yellow-green TELEVISION Question: The keystone effect produces a square raster- it is a ___ statement.

Answer: false Question: The width of a vertical sync pulse with its serrations includes the time of Answer: six half lines or three lines Question: Sawtooth generator circuits produce the scanning raster, but the sync pulses are needed for Answer: timing Question: 31,500 Hz for the vertical scanning frequency is a ____ assertion. Answer: wrong COLOR TELEVISION: CIRCUITS AND SIGNALS Question: Brightness variations of the picture information are in the ___ signal. Answer: Y or luminance Question: The hue 180 degrees out of phase with red is Answer: cyan Question: Greater peak to peak amplitude of the 3.58 MHZ chrominance signal indicates more _____. Answer: saturation Question: The interfering beat frequency of 920 kHz is between the 3.58 MHz color subcarrier and the Answer: 4.5 MHz intercarrier sounds ECE Board November 2005 Question: The hue of color sync phase is Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

November 2006

Question: ___ signal has color information for 1.3 MHz bandwidth. Answer: I Question: A fully saturated color is mostly white it is a ____ statement. Answer: false Question: The color with the most luminance is Answer: yellow Question: The hue of a color 90 degrees leading sync burst phase is Answer: cyan Question: The average voltage value of the 3.58 MHZ modulated chrominance signal is the Answer: brightness of the color Question: AC video signal drive is varied by the Answer: contrast Question: The input signal for the video amplifier is supplied by the Answer: video amplifier Question: The video amplifier bandwidth in a monochrome receiver is generally Answer: 3.2 MHZ Question: The dc component of the video signal determine the Answer: brightness Question:

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Communications Reviewer What method is used to preserve the dc component? Answer: direct coupling Question: The frequency of the second IF signal when the receiver is tuned to UHF channel 14 is Answer: 4.5 MHz Question: The maximum frequency deviation of the FM associate sound signal is Answer: 25 kHz Question: The ____ is the main source of the receiver noise. Answer: mixer Question: A break in the ____ can cause the symptom of no picture on a clean raster without snow. Answer: IF section Question: A break in the ____ can cause the symptom of no picture but with snow. Answer: antenna circuit Question: A/an ______ is usually out of sync. Answer: overload picture Question: A TV monitor does not have an ____. Answer: RF tuner Question: The standard level of composite video signal for connections between modular units is Answer: 1 Vp-p Question: A ___ voltage supply for the picture tube is included in the TV monitor. Answer: high

November 2006 RASTER CIRCUITS AND SYNC Question: All the sync pulses have ____ amplitude Answer: the same Question: The ____ pulse has the lowest frequency Answer: V sync

Question: The sync separator is a Answer: common emitter amplifier Question: The _____ includes all the sync pulses. Answer: separated sync Question: The input for the V integrator is taken from the ______. Answer: sync separator Question: The separated sync is _____ from the pulses in the composite video signal. Answer: inverted Question: The output from the RC integrator is the voltage across ____. Answer: C Question: A typical time constant for the vertical integrator is ____ Answer: 50 s Question: A single bright line across the center of the screen can be caused by Answer: failure of the oscillator or amplifier or a defect in the coupling circuits or yoke Question: Too much black space at the bottom of the screen can be caused by ____ Answer: Page 2

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Communications Reviewer weak vertical output Question: The _____ on the vertical amplifier affects the height and linearity of the raster. Answer: dc bias Question: The diagonal black bar represents Answer: H scanning Question: _____ control makes the picture stop rolling. Answer: V-hold Question: HAFC or horizontal AFC is a Answer: PLL Question: HAFC is for the Answer: horizontal sync Question: Horizontal flyback is for Answer: high voltage Question: The output stage operates similar to Answer: class C amplifier Question: The ____ system is used in television cameras and other studio equipment to provide the V and H drive signals. It provides excellent interlacing. Answer: gen-lock Question: The whole gen-lock circuit can be contained in _____ dedicated chip. Answer: one Question: The master oscillator operates at Answer: 31.5 kHz Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

November 2006 No ___ hold is used. Answer: vertical Question: For the TV supply, the Tripler is for Answer: high voltage Question: For the TV power supply, the voltage regulator is used for the Answer: line rectifier Question: ___ results in a total loss of the raster since the flyback high voltage depends on the horizontal output. Answer: no horizontal output COLOR TELEVISION RECEIVER CIRCUITS Question: The Y signal produces a ____. Answer: monochrome picture Question: The drive controls are adjusted for ____. Answer: white Question: Color ___ generally does not have a drive control. Answer: red Question: When the blue gun is dead, the monochrome picture and raster will be Answer: yellow Question: A monochrome picture can be produced Answer: without the 3.58 MHZ chroma section Question: An open in the _____ output-adder stage results in a magenta picture. Answer: green Question: Page 3

Communications Reviewer The value of the beat frequency between the associated sound carrier and color subcarrier is Answer: 920 kHz Question: The beat frequency between the associated sound carrier and the picture carrier is ____. Answer: 4.5 MHZ Question: The relative gain for 42.17 MHz in the IF amplifier is Answer: 50 % Question: The bandpass amplifier is tuned to 3.58 MHz with a typical bandwidth of ____. Answer: +/- 0.05 MHz

November 2006 bandpass amplifier, color oscillator, and color killer Question: A fixed phase error in the color oscillator causes Answer: wrong hues Question: The R-Y demodulator fails. Colors ___ and ___ will be missing from the picture Answer: red, cyan Question: The ACC circuit varies the gain of the ____ Answer: first BPA Question: The manual color control varies the amplitude of the _____ chroma signal. Answer: 3.58 MHZ Question: The output from the BPA feed the Answer: demodulators

Question: The ____ control varies the gain of the bandpass amplifier. Answer: color Question: The _____ is on during H flyback time. Answer: burst amplifier Question: A _____ needs two input signals. Answer: synchronous demodulator Question: The _____ provides dc color voltage for the color oscillator. Answer: AFPC circuit Question: The ____ control adjusts for the phase angle for the demodulated color video signals. Answer: tint Question: Circuits that can cause the trouble of no color are Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

Question: The burst amplitude used to determine the Answer: ACC bias Question: The color killer is on the Answer: BPA Question: ____ is used to produce the dc bias from the color killer diode detector. Answer: burst

Question: Color snow or confetti is predominantly ____. Answer: magenta Question: The angle between R-Y and B-Y is Page 4

Communications Reviewer Answer: 90 degrees Question: The bandwidth of the I signal is Answer: 1.3 MHz Question: DC coupling used for the ____ output. Answer: demodulator Question: The crystal ringer is shock-excited by ___. Answer: color burst Question: In an AFPC phase detector, the ____ and ___ cw signals are 90 degrees out of phase. Answer: burst, oscillator Question: The burst separator is ___ during horizontal trace line. Answer: off Question: ______ means that colors drift through the picture. Answer: no color sync Question: The superband channel number just above VHF broadcast channel 13 is Answer: 23 Question: VHF broadcast channel does a TV receiver with a cable converter stay tuned at Answer: 2, 3, or 4 Question: The ___ conductor of coaxial cable serves as a shield. Answer: outer Question: Generally ____ cable is used for the drop line. Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

November 2006 RG-59U Question: Thinner cable has _____ losses. Answer: greater Question: The value of R that was used to terminate Rg-59U coaxial cable for impedance matching is Answer: 75 ohms Question: A line with more C per unit length has a lower ____. Answer: Zo Question: Open ends of transmission line correspond to a _____ resonant circuit. Answer: parallel Question: The value of the VSWR when a cable is terminated in its Zo is Answer: 1.0 Question: Cable losses increases at ____ frequencies. Answer: higher Question: Coaxial cables have ____ losses. Answer: I2R Question: A ___ loss reduces the signal level by onehalf. Answer: 6 dB Question: The _____ of a cable system is the starting point of cable signals. Answer: head-end Question: A ____ is the main line for cable signals. Answer: trunk cable

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Communications Reviewer Question: The insertion loss is ____ than the tap loss for line taps. Answer: lower Question: A ____ is used to match the 75 ohms coaxial cable to the 300 ohms receiver input. Answer: balun Question: The reference level for the dBmV unit is ____. Answer: 1 mV Question: The signal level of 2 mV in dBmV units is Answer: 6 dBmV Question: The signal level of 0.5 mV in dBmV units is __. Answer: -6 dBmV Question: Sync and blanking bars from another channel can be caused by _____. Answer: overload distortion Question: Losses increase with higher _____. Answer: temperature Question: A slope-control circuit increases the amplifier gain for ___-frequency channels. Answer: higher Question: In two-way cable systems, the ____ for downstreams and upstream signals. Answer: same cable Question: The upstream signal is in the band of _____. Answer: 5 to 30 MHz Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

November 2006 The polling signal is in the band of Answer: 107 to 119 MHz Question: The cable converter uses ___ local oscillators. Answer: two Question: The video IF carrier in a cable converter is generally Answer: 612.75 MHz Question: The local oscillator for the up converter operates in the ___ range. Answer: UHF Question: Each cable channel is selected by setting the frequency of the ___ for the up converter. Answer: VCO Question: Wave traps to attenuate premium channels are usually located ___. Answer: in the feed line to each subscriber Question: A scrambled channel usually has a ____ , as evidenced by rolling and diagonal bars. Answer: picture that is out of sync Question: A scrambled channel needs _____ pulses to restore the sync. Answer: decoding

Question: _____ have the cable channels that are heterodyned down to lower frequencies. Answer: supertrunks Question: The frequency of 13 GHz is in the ____ band. Answer: Page 6

Communications Reviewer microwave Question: _____ can be used for microwave links for television. Answer: FM Question: ______ cable has very low losses. Answer: fiber optics Question: ____ means the bending of light waves. Answer: refraction Question: ______ cables makes use of internal reflections of light. Answer: fiber optic Question: Typical index of refraction for glass Answer: 1.8 Question: Typical index of refraction for diamond Answer: 2.4 Question: Typical index of refraction for water Answer: water TELEVISION AND VIDEO SERVICING Question: An ____ transformer has separate primary and secondary windings. Answer: isolation Question: The ______ blade in a polarized AC line plug connects to the chassis in the receivers with a line operated half-wave rectifier. Answer: wider Question: ______ has higher resistance as a DC voltmeter. Answer: DMM Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

November 2006 Question: Meter loading ______ the voltage reading. Answer: decreases Question: The external multiplier for a high voltage probe is Answer: 900 megaohms Question: The TV switch on an oscilloscope can be set for ______ cycles of video signal, at either the V or the H scanning rate. Answer: two Question: A _______ oscilloscope has a CRT with two electron guns. Answer: dual-beam Question: A delayed sweep oscillator uses ________ internal time bases. Answer: two Question: A _______ produces the IF output signal. Answer: tuner subber Question: The NTSC ________ produces standard chroma and luminance values. Answer: color-bar generator Question: The color bars in a gated rainbow pattern differ in hue phase by Answer: 30 degrees Question: Color bars have the standard amplitude of Answer: 75 IRE units Question: The range of the tint control when it can move a color one bar to the left and right is Answer: +/- 30

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Communications Reviewer Question: Which color difference signal has the same phase as the burst? Answer: B-Y Question: Which color bar has the output from a B-Y demodulator? Answer: 6th Question: No horizontal output _____ Answer: can kill the sound Question: A receiver with current in the ADG coils has ______ Answer: AC power input Question: Two pairs of horizontal bars are produced by Answer: 120 Hz ripple in the video signal INTRODUCTION TO RADAR FUNDAMENTALS Question: Radar is an acronym made up of the words ______. Answer: Radio detection and ranging Question: What term is used to refer to electronic equipment that detects the presence, direction, height, and distance of objects by using reflected electromagnetic energy? Answer: Radar BASIC RADAR CONCEPTS Question: Radar uses electromagnetic energy pulses. The radio-frequency (rf) energy is transmitted to and reflects from the reflecting object. A small portion of the energy is reflected and returns to the radar set. This returned energy is called a(n) _____. Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. of 33

November 2006 Echo Question: Radar surface angular measurements are normally made in a clockwise direction from _______ or from the heading line of a ship or aircraft. Answer: True north Question: In radar surface angular measurement, the surface of the earth is represented by an imaginary flat plane, tangent (or parallel) to the earths surface at that location. This plane is referred to as the_____. Answer: Horizontal plane Question: In radar surface angular measurements, all angles in the up direction are measured in a second imaginary plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. This second plane is called the ______. Answer: Vertical plane Question: What name is given to the line made directly from the radar set to the object? Answer Line of sight (LOS) Question: The length of LOS is termed _____. Answer: Range Question: How is the angle between the horizontal plane and the LOS known? Answer: Elevation angle Question: The angle measured clockwise from true north in the horizontal plane is referred to as the ______. Answer: True bearing or Azimuth angle Question: What coordinates are used to describe the location of an object with respect to the radar antenna? Answer: Range, bearing, and elevation

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Communications Reviewer Question: Radar surface-angular measurements are referenced to true north and measured in what plane? Answer: Horizontal plane Question: The distance from a radar set to a target measured along the line of sight is identified by what term? Answer: Range

November 2006 MINIMUM RANGE Question: The _____ alternately switches the antenna between the transmitter and receiver so that only one antenna need be used. Answer: Duplexer Question: Timing of this switching action is critical to the operation of the radar system. The minimum range ability of the radar system is also affected by this timing. Important factors in this duplexer switching action are _____. Answer: Pulse width and recovery time Question: The _____ edge of the transmitted pulse causes the duplexer to align the antenna to the transmitter. This action is essentially instantaneous. Answer: Leading Question: The _____ edge of the pulse causes the duplexer to line up the antenna with the receiver; however, this action is not instantaneous. Answer: Trailing MAXIMUM RANGE Question: The maximum range of a pulse radar system depends upon Answer: Carrier frequency, peak power of the transmitted pulse, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), or pulse repetition rate (PRR), and receiver sensitivity Question: The primary limiting factor for the maximum range of a pulse radar system is the Answer: Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) Question: What determines the maximum range the pulse can travel to a target and still return a usable echo? Answer: Peak power of the pulse

RANGE Question: Electromagnetic energy travels through air at approximately the speed of light, which is Answer: 186,000 statute miles per second or 162,000 nautical miles or 984 feet per microsecond or 328 yards per microsecond Question: Radar timing is usually expressed in what unit of time? Answer: Microseconds Question: This type of radar set transmits a short burst of electromagnetic energy in order to measure target range which is determined by measuring elapsed time while the pulse travels to and returns from the target. Answer: Pulsed radar Question: Because two-way travel is involved, a total time of 12.36 (6.18 x 2) microseconds per nautical mile will elapse between the start of the pulse from the antenna and its return to the antenna from a target. This 12.36 microsecond time interval is sometimes referred to as a _________. Answer: Radar mile, radar nautical mile or nautical radar mile Question: If the elapsed time for an echo is 62 microseconds, then the distance is____. Answer: 5 miles

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Communications Reviewer Question: ______ is the smallest signal detectable by a receiver system that can be processed and presented on an indicator. Answer: A usable echo Question: The frequency of the rf energy in the pulse radiated by a radar is referred to as the _____ of the radar system. Answer: Carrier frequency Question: The carrier frequency is often a limiting factor in the maximum range capability of a radar system because radio frequency energy above _____ is rapidly attenuated by the atmosphere. Answer: 3 GHz Question: The number of pulses radiated in one second is called the Answer: Pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) or the pulserepetition rate (PRR) Question: The time between the beginning of one pulse and the start of the next pulse is called Answer: Pulse repetition time (PRT) AMBIGUOUS RETURNS Question: The radar timing system must be reset to zero each time a pulse is radiated. This is to Answer: Ensure that the range detected is measured from time zero each time Question: The prt of the radar becomes important in maximum range determination because target return times that exceed the prt of the radar system appear at incorrect locations (ranges) on the radar screen. Returns that appear at these incorrect ranges are referred to as Answer: Ambiguous returns or secondary-sweep returns Question: What is the speed of electromagnetic energy traveling through air? Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 10 of 33

November 2006 Answer: Approximately the speed of light (162,000 nautical miles per second) Question: How much time is required for electromagnetic energy to travel 1 nautical mile and return to the source? Answer: 12.36 microseconds Question: In addition to recovery time, what determines the minimum range of a radar set? Answer: Pulse width PULSE-REPETITION FREQUENCY AND POWER CALCULATIONS Question: The energy content of the pulse is equal to the ______ of the pulse multiplied by the pulse width. Answer: Peak (maximum) power level Question: Meters used to measure power in a radar system do so over a period of time that is longer than the pulse width. For this reason, pulse-repetition time is included in the power calculations for transmitters. Power measured over such a period of time is referred to as Answer: Average power

Question: The product of pulse width (pw) and pulserepetition frequency (prf) in the above formula is called the ______ of a radar system. Answer: Duty cycle Question: What do we call the ratio of the time on to the time off of the transmitter? Answer: Duty cycle ANTENNA HEIGHT AND SPEED Question:

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Communications Reviewer Assume antenna height to be 64 feet, the radio horizon for this antenna in nautical miles is Answer: 10 nautical miles (nmi) Solution: d(nmi ) = 1.25 h( ft ) = 1.25 64 = 10 nmi Question: Atmospheric interference with the travel of electromagnetic energy increases with what rf energy characteristic? Answer: Frequency Question: How is prt related to prf? Answer: PRT is the reciprocal of PRF. Question: What type of radar transmitter power is measured over a period of time? Answer: Average power Question: What term is used to describe the product of pulse width and pulse-repetition frequency? Answer: Duty cycle BEARING Question: The ______ of a radar target is the angle between true north and a line pointed directly at the target. Answer: True bearing (referenced to true north) or azimuth angle Question: True bearing is measured in the ____ plane and in a _____ direction from true north. Answer: Horizontal, clockwise Question: The bearing angle to the radar target may also be measured in a clockwise direction from the centerline of your own ship or aircraft and is referred to as the _________. Answer: Relative bearing ALTITUDE Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 11 of 33

November 2006 Many radar systems are designed to determine only the range and bearing of an object. Such radar systems are refrred to by what term? Answer: Two-dimensional radars (search radars) Question: These radar systems function as early-warning devices searching a fixed volume of space. Answer: 2D radar (search radar) Question: How do we call a search radar system that detects altitude as well as range and bearing? Answer: Three-dimensional (3D) radar Question: Altitude- or height-finding search radars use a beam that is Answer: very narrow in the vertical plane Question: Height-finding radar systems that also determine bearing must have a beam that is Answer: very narrow in both the vertical and horizontal planes Question: _______ scanning permits automatic compensation for an unstable radar platform (site), such as a ship at sea. Error signals are produced by the roll and pitch of the ship and are used to correct the radar beam to ensure complete elevation coverage. Answer: Electronic Question: What type of scanning technique do weaponscontrol and tracking radar systems commonly use? Answer: Mechanical elevation scanning Question: Most electronically scanned radar systems are used as _____ radars. Answer: Air search Question: What type of target bearing is referenced to your ship? Answer: Relative bearing Page

Communications Reviewer Question: What type of radar detects range, bearing, and height? Answer: Three-dimensional Question: What characteristic(s) of radiated energy is (are) altered to achieve electronic scanning? Answer: Frequency or phase TARGET RESOLUTION Question: It is the ability of a radar to distinguish between targets that are very close together in either range or bearing. Answer: Target resolution Question: ____ radar, which requires great precision, should be able to distinguish between targets that are only yards apart. Answer: Weapons-control RANGE RESOLUTION Question: ______ is the ability of a radar system to distinguish between two or more targets on the same bearing but at different ranges. Answer: Range resolution Question: The degree of range resolution depends on Answer: The width of the transmitted pulse, the types and sizes of targets, and the efficiency of the receiver and indicator Question: Which is the primary factor in range resolution? Answer: Pulse width Question: A well-designed radar system, with all other factors at maximum efficiency, should be able to distinguish targets separated by Answer: One-half the pulse width time Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 12 of 33

November 2006

Question: If a radar system has a pulse width of 5 microseconds, determine the range resolution. Answer: 820 yards Solution: range resolution( yards) = PW ( s ) x164
yards s

= 5 x 164 = 820 yards

BEARING RESOLUTION Question: How is the ability of a radar system to separate objects at the same range but at different bearings known? Answer: Bearing (azimuth) resolution Question: The degree of bearing resolution depends on Answer: Radar beam width and the range of the targets Question: Because the radar beam spreads out as range increases, _____ becomes a factor in bearing resolution. Answer: Range Question: A radar beam is defined in width in terms of ______. Answer: Half power points Question: All the points off the centerline of the beam that are at one-half the power level at the center are plotted to define _____. Answer: Beam width Question: When the half-power points are connected to the antenna by a curve the resulting angular width of the curve is called the _____. Answer: Antenna beamwidth Question:

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Communications Reviewer What determines the beamwidth of a radar antenna? Answer: The physical size and shape of the antenna Question: Radar antenna beamwidth can vary from Answer: About 1 degree up to 60 degrees

November 2006 Using a starting point at the lower edge of the pulses leading edge would increase ______. Answer: Minimum range ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS Question: Electromagnetic wavefronts travel through empty space in straight lines at the speed of light, but the _____ of the atmosphere affects both the travel path and the speed of the electromagnetic wavefront. Answer: Refractive index

Question: Two targets at the same range must be separated by ______ to be distinguished as two objects. Answer: At least one beam width RADAR ACCURACY Question: It is a measure of the ability of a radar system to determine the correct range, bearing, and, in some cases, height of an object. Answer: Radar accuracy Question: The degree of accuracy is primarily determined by the ____ of the radar system. Answer: Resolution PULSE SHAPE Question: What is the ideal pulse shape? Answer: A square wave having vertical leading and trailing edges Question: A ______ extends the width of the transmitter pulse, although it may add very little to the total power generated. Answer: Sloping trailing edge Question: A _____ affects minimum range as well as range accuracy since it provides no definite point from which to measure elapsed time on the indicator time base. Answer: Sloping leading edge Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 13 of 33

Question: In the atmosphere, the speed of the electromagnetic wave is affected by Answer: Temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the amount of water vapor present Question: It is the bending of electromagnetic waves caused by a change in the density of the medium through which the waves are passing. Answer: Refraction Question: It indicates the degree of refraction, or bending of electromagnetic waves caused by different substances in the atmosphere. Answer: Index of Refraction

Summary on Microwave Communications

Question: What is the frequency range of microwaves? Answer: 300 MHz to 300 GHz Question: Which of the common frequency bands (HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, etc.) are in the microwave range? Answer: UHF, SHF, EHF Question: What types of communication systems lie below the microwave band? Page

Communications Reviewer Answer: AM broadcast radio; shortwave radio; FM broadcast radio; VHF TV; mobile radio Question: What is the wavelength at the low frequency end of the microwave band? Answer: 1m Question: What is the wavelength at the middle of the microwave band? Answer: 3 cm Question: What is the wavelength at the high end of the microwave band? Answer: 1 mm

November 2006 What is the maximum power that can be obtained from a microwave tube at 10 GHz? Answer: 500 kW Question: What are the five types of microwave tubes? Answer: Klystron; coupled-cavity TWT; helix TWT; Gridded tube; CFA Question: How much microwave power is received by a 3-m2 antenna of the electric field at the antenna is 10-5 V/m and the magnetic field is 2.6 x 10-8 A/m? Answer: 0.78 pW Solution::
Power = Electric Field x Magnetic Field x Antenna Area = 105 V / m x 2.6 x 108 A / m x 3 m2 = 7.8 x 1013 = 0.78 pW

Question: Types of microwave communication systems at which it operates Answer: UHF TV 600 MHz Microwave relay 3.9 GHz Satellite communication 6 GHz (up) 4 GHz (down) Troposcatter communication 2 GHz Mobile radio 900 MHz Telemetry 2 GHz Question: What two problems prevent conventional electronic equipment from working at microwave frequencies? Answer: Lead Reactance and Transmit Time Question: What are the three types of microwave transmission lines? Answer: Coaxial cable; stripline; waveguide Question: What is the maximum power that can be obtained from a microwave semiconductor at 10 GHz? Answer: 10 W Question:

Question: A perfect termination for a transmission line Answer: Termination (load) Question: A component that samples the microwave signal traveling in one direction down a transmission line Answer: Directional Coupler Question: A component that combines microwave signals from separate transmission lines into one common transmission line and allows no coupling between the separate lines Answer: Combiner Question: A component containing ferrite material that allows microwave signals to pass in one direction through the component, but absorbs microwave signals passing in the other direction. Answer: Isolator Question:

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Communications Reviewer Given a transmission line of cross section 2 cm by 1 cm (approximately the size of a waveguide operating at 10 GHz), E = 50 V/m and H = 1 A/m. Find the impedance, power density and the total power. Answer: Impedance = 50 ; Power density = 50W / m 2 ; Power = 10 mW Solution::

Z=

E 50 V / m = = 50 H 1 A/m

November 2006 (a) the signals are in phase so their total strength is simply the sum of their individual strengths: 1 + 1 = 2. (b) for a 180 phase difference, one signal reaches its maximum when the other reaches its minimum. Hence, the signals cancel; 1 1 = 0. (c) for a 270 phase difference, the vector sum of the signals is taken 1 + 1 = 2 = 1.416 (d) when the phase shift is 360, the signals are again in phase, 1 + 1 = 2. Question: A 1-GHz microwave signals moves from point 1 to point 2, distance of 3 cm. What is the phase difference between the points? Answer: 36 Solution:: The phase difference is the time required for the signal to travel between points divided its period. Thus,
Phase difference = Travel time x 360 Period Dis tan ce / Velocity = x 360 1/ frequency = =

Power Density = E x H = 50 W / m x 1 A / m = 50 W / m 2 Power = Power Density x Cross sec tional area = 50 W / m2 x 0.02 m x 0.01 m = 10 mW

Question: The receiving antenna of a microwave relay system has an area of 2m2, E = 377 V / m, and H = 1 A / m. Find the impedance, power density, and total power received by the antenna. Answer: Impedance = 377 ; Power density = 3.77 x 10 10 W / m 2 ; Power = 754 pW Solution::

( 3 cm ) ( 3 x 1010 cm / s )
1/ 109 s x 360

x 360

1010

109 = 36

Z=

E 377V / m = = 377 H 1 A /m

Power Density = E x H = 377V / m x 1 A / m = 3.77 x 1010 W / m 2 Power = 3.77 x 1010 W / m 2 x 2 m2 = 7541 x 1012 W = 754 pW

Therefore, in traveling 3 cm (slightly more than 1 in.), an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 1 GHz undergoes a 36 phase shift. Question: The frequency of the ac power lines in the United States is 60 Hz. The typical distance between a household and the power plant is 10 km (6 mi).What is the phase shift between the household and the plant? Answer: 0.7 Solution::
Period at 60 Hz = 1 = 1.6 x 10 2 s 60

Question: If two equal microwave signals are added, what is the total signal if (a) the signals are in phase (phase difference of 0), (b) 180 out of phase, (c) 270 out of phase, and (d) with a phase difference of 360? Answer: (a) 2 ; (b) 0 ; (c) 1.416 ; (d) 2 Solution::

Time for signal to travelbetween po int s =

10 x 103 m 3 x 108 m / sec

= 3.3 x 105 s

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Communications Reviewer
Phase Shift = 3.3 x 10 1.6 x 10
5 2

November 2006
Z 0 50 2.55 = 79.8 = w = 0.75 b w = ( 0.75 ) ( 2 x 0.03) = 0.045 in. Then, g = = 0 10 cm

x 360

= 0.7

The 0.7 phase shift is insignificant and can be ignored. Question: If 10% of the microwave power is reflected at the mismatch, find the return loss, reflection coefficient, and SWR. Answer: Return loss = 10 dB ; reflection coefficient = 0.32 ; SWR = 1.92 Solution::
Re turn loss = 10 log Re flected power Incident power

2.55 = 6.26 cm

= 10 log 0.10 = 10 dB

Re flection coefficient =

Re flected power Incident power = 0.10 = 0.32

Question: A satellite downlink has a frequency of 4 GHz, a bandwidth of 40 GHz, and uses a cryogenic paramp receiver. Find the power of the received signal to maintain a SNR of 20 dB. Answer: 1.8 pW Solution::
Antenna Noise = Noise Power Density x Bandwidth = 0.00015 pW / MHz x 40 MHz = 0.006 pW

1 + 0.33 SWR = = 1.92 1 0.33

Re ciever Noise = Noise Power Density x Bandwidth = 0.0003 pW / MHz x 40 MHz = 0.012 pW

Question: If the return loss is 20 dB, find the percent reflected power, reflection coefficient, and SWR. Answer: Reflected power = 1% ; Reflected coefficient = 0.1 ; SWR = 1.2 Solution::
%Re flected power = Inverse log = 0.01 = 1% Re flected power Incident power = 0.01 = 0.1 SWR = 1 + 0.1 1.1 = = 1.2 1 0.1 0.9 Re turn loss 10 = Inverse log 2

Then,
Total Noise = Antenna Noise + Re ciever Noise = 0.006 + 0.012 = 0.018 pW

Since the signal-to-noise ratio must be 20 dB for satisfactory operation of the satellite system, the received signal must be 100 times greater than the noise:

P RX = 100 x 0.018 pW = 1.8 pW

Question: Calculate the noise power for (a) a termination temperature of 290 K and a bandwidth of 1 MHz and (b) a temperature of 145K and a 10 MHz bandwidth. Answer: (a) -114 dBm ; (b) -107 dBm Solution:: (a)

Re flected coefficient =

Question: Design a 50- stripline using 0.03-in.-thick Teflon fiberglass ( = 2.55). Determine the guide wavelength at 3 GHz. Answer: 6.26 cm Solution::

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Communications Reviewer
N = kTB = 1.38 x 10 14 mW / K MHz ( 290 K ) (1 MHz ) = 4 x 10 mW = 114 dBm
12

November 2006
S out = S in + Gain = 80 dBm + 40dB = 40 dBm

(b)
N = kTB = 1.38 x 10 14 mW / K MHz ( 145 K ) ( 10 MHz ) = 20 x 1012 mW = 107 dBm

and
N out = Nin + NF + Gain

= 104 dBm + 3 dB + 40 dB = 61 dBm

Hence, SNR out = 40 dBm (61 dBm )= 21 dB Question: In a two-stage amplifier, amplifier1 has a noise figure of 3 dB and a gain of 20 dB. The second amplifier has a noise figure of 6 dB. Find the total noise figure. Answer: 3.1 dB Solution: First, express NF and gain as ratios NF1 = 2 NF2 = 4 Gain1 = 100

Question: A satellite downlink is operating at 10 GHz with a 40-MHz bandwidth. It has a cryogenic paramp receiver. What received power is needed to achieve a signal-to-noise of 20 dB? Answer: -88 dBm Solution::

T antenna = 10 K T paramp = 20K

Therefore,

T total = 10K + 20K = 30 K

So the noise power is N = kTB

NF total = NF 1 + NF total = 2 +

NF 2 1 Gain 1

= 1.38 x 1014 mW / K MHz ( 30K ) ( 40 MHz) 108 dBm

4 1 100 = 2.03 = 3.1 dB

Therefore, Re cieved Power 108 dBm + 20 dB 88 dBm

Note that the noise figure of the combination is hardly affected by the second amplifier. Question: For the system previously discussed, NF1 = 1 dB, NF2 = 6 dB, and G1 = 6 dB. What is the total noise figure? Answer: 3 dB Solution:: NF1 = 1.26, NF2 = 4.0, Gain = 4, so
NF total = NF1 + NF2 1 Gain 1 4 1 4

Question: An amplifier has a gain of 40 dB and a noisefigure of 3 dB. The input signal (Sin) is -80 dBm, and the bandwidth is 10 MHz. Find SNRin and the SNRout. Answer: SNRin = 24 dB ; SNRout = 21 dB Solution:: The noise generated by the input signal source depends on its temperature, which for most applications is 290 K(room temperature). In a 1-MHz band, the noise power is -114 dBm. In a 10-MHz bandwidth, noise power is 10 dB greater, so here N = -104 dBm. Hence
SNRin = 180dBm ( 104 dBm )= 24 dB

= 1.26 + =2 = 3 dB

Now, Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 17 of 33

Because the gain of amplifier 1 is so low, the effect of the amplifier 2 is significant. Page

Communications Reviewer

November 2006
FSPL = 97 20 logR 20 logF = 97 20 log(25 mi) 20 log ( 6 GHz ) = 140 dB = 10 14

Question: A parabolic dish antenna has a diameter of 1 m. It operates at 10 GHz, where the free-space wavelength is 0.03 m. Find the antennas gain, beamwidth and aperture. Answer: Gain = 38 dB ; Beamwidth = 1.8 ; Aperture = 0.5 m2 Solution:
D 1 Gain = 6 = 6 0.03 = 6670 = 38 dB
2 2 2

Question: The difference between incident (input) power and transmitted power. It can be measured and includes losses due to reflection and absorption inside component. Answer: Insertion loss Question: Power lost inside component. It is equal to attenuation only if component is perfectly matched. Answer: Attenuation Question: An input signal is divided in a hybrid into two equal outputs. What will be the phase difference between the output signals of the following hybrids are used?(a) 3-dB quadrature hybrid, (b) 3-dB 180 hybrid, (c) Wilkinson combiner. Answer: (a) 90; (b)180; (c)0 Question: A signal with an amplitude P1 is applied to one of the input arms of a 3-dB quadrature hybrid. A signal P2, which is 90 out of phase with P1, is applied to the other input arm. What is the signal on each of the output arms of the 3-dB quadrature hybrid? Answer: P1 + P2 P1 P2 Question: A circulator has an insertion loss of 1 dB and a directivity of 21 dB. If a 0-dBm signal is put into the input port and port 2 is shorted, how much power leaks back into the input port? Answer: -22 dBm Question: What type of filter can be electronically tuned? Answer: YIG Question: Three fixed attenuators with an insertion loss of 3, 6, and 10 dB are connected. What is the total insertion loss of the combination? Page

D Beamwidth = 60 = 60 ( 0.03) = 1.8 D2 Aperture = 0.6 4 = 0.5 m2 2 = 0.6 4 ( 1)

Question: A parabolic dish antenna has a diameter of 3 m, and operates at 4 GHz, where the wavelength is 0.075 m. Calculate the antenna gain, beamwidth, and aperture. Answer: Gain = 40 dB ; Beamwidth = 1.5 ; Aperture = 4.2 m2 Solution:
D 3 Gain = 6 = 6 0.075 = 9600 = 40 dB
2 2

D 0.075 Beamwidth = 60 = 60 3 = 1.5 9 Aperture = 0.6 D2 = 0.6 4 4 = 4.2 m2

Question: Calculate the free-space path loss for an antenna operating at 6 GHz that is 25 mi from the transmitting antenna. Answer: 10-14 Solution:

Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 18 of 33

Communications Reviewer Answer: 19 dB Question: What is the power level of the smallest signal that can be detected above the noise by the Schottky diode? Answer: -60 dB Question: What is the power level of the largest signal that will still be in the square-law range of a Schottky diode? Answer: -20 dBm Question: What is the purpose if an oscillator? Answer: The purpose of an oscillator is to generate a microwave signal. Question: The variation in oscillator frequency caused by power supply voltage or current changes Answer: Frequency pushing Question: The variation in oscillator frequency with changes in load SWR Answer: Frequency pulling Question: The time it takes an electronically tuned oscillator to come within a specified percentage of its final frequency after the electronic control voltage has been changed. Answer: Settling time Question: The SNR at a receiver input is 30 dB. If the receiver has a 5-dB noise figure, what is the SNR at the output? Answer: 25 dB Question: Name the three parts of a mixer Answer: Local oscillator; combiner; Schottky diodes Question:

November 2006 A mixer has a signal frequency of 10 GHz and an IF frequency of 10 MHz. What is the local oscillator frequency? Answer: 10.01 GHz or 9.99 GHz Question: What is the advantage of a chip capacitor compared with microstrip capacitor? Answer: A chip capacitor provides much higher capacitance values Question: What is the advantage of dielectric resonator compared with a microstrip resonator? Answer: A dielectric resonator provides a much higher Q Question: A very small (0.0007 in or 20 ) wire used for connecting components in a hybrid microwave integrated circuit. Answer: Bond wire Question: Provides greater capacitance than can obtained with microstrip capacitors Answer: Overlay capacitor Question: Connects from the top of the substrate to the ground plane on the bottom Answer: Via hole Question: What advantage do microwave tubes have over microwave semiconductor devices? Answer: Tubes can provide much greater power (over 10,000 times more power) than microwave semiconductor devices. Question: What is the major disadvantage of microwave tubes? Answer: Their limited lifetime Question: What is the advantage of using a low power semiconductor oscillator driving a high power tube amplifier, instead of a high power tube oscillator? Answer: Page

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Communications Reviewer Frequency is much easier to control in the lower power semiconductor oscillator Question: What is the major advantage of a gridded tube? Answer: Low cost Question: What is the major advantage of klystron? Answer: High Power Question: What is the major advantage of a helix TWT? Answer: Wide bandwidth Question: What is the major advantage of a coupledcavity TWT? Answer: Good bandwidth and high power achieved together Question: What is the major advantage of a crossed-field amplifier? Answer: High Efficiency Question: What is the major disadvantage of a gridded tube? Answer: Gridded tubes work only at low frequency end of the microwave band Question: What is the major disadvantage of a klystron? Answer: Narrow bandwidth Question: What is the major disadvantage of TWTs? Answer: Low efficiency Question: What are two disadvantage of a CFA? Answer: Low gain and high noise Question: What limits the frequency capability of gridded tubes? Answer: Transmit time of the electrons

November 2006 Question: How do klystrons, TWTs, and CFAs avoid the transmit time problem? Answer: They use velocity modulation Question: Forms the electron beam Answer: Electron gun Question: Focuses the electron beam through the klystron cavities Answer: Focusing magnet Question: Collects the electron beam after microwave power has been extracted from it Answer: Beam collector Question: Modulates the microwave signal onto the electron beam Answer: Input Cavity Question: Enhances the velocity modulation Answer: Intermediate cavity Question: Extracts microwave power from the bunched electron beam Answer: Output cavity Question: Collects the electron beam after microwave power has been extracted from it Answer: Beam collector Question: Provides interaction between the microwave signal and the electron beam in order to generate microwave power Answer: Microwave interaction structure Question: What type of magnetic focusing is most commonly used in a TWT? Answer: Periodic permanent magnet (PPM) focusing Page

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Communications Reviewer Question: What is the advantage of a helix interaction structure over a coupled cavity interaction structure? Answer: Wide Bandwidth Question: What is the advantage of a coupled-cavity interaction structure over a helix interaction structure? Answer: High Power Question: What is the purpose of a depressed collector in a TWT? Answer: To increase efficiency Question: What is the difference in function of the magnetic field in a TWT and in a CFA? Answer: The magnetic field in a TWT is used only to focus the electrons through the tube. The magnetic field in a CFA is part of the crossed-field interaction process that allows high efficiency to be obtained. Question: A separate electron gun is not used in an emitting-sole CFA, but the sole electrode which provides the crossed electric field, also provides the electron beam. Answer: Emitting-sole CFA Question: A magnetron is a high power oscillator tube. Answer: Magnetron Question: A microwave relay system that starts with the baseband signal in the transmitter and modulates this signal onto the microwave carrier, receives the modulated microwave carrier, and, after amplification, demodulates the carrier to obtain the baseband signal at the receiver. Answer: Baseband microwave radio Question: A technique for combining several transmitters, each operating in a different frequency channel, into a common transmission line so that all the transmitters Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 21 of 33

November 2006 can be connected to the same antenna. RF multiplexing can be used in the same way to connect several receivers to the same receiving antenna? Answer: RF multiplexing Question: A microwave relay repeater that receives the modulated microwave carrier and obtains the baseband signal from it, and then remodulates the baseband signal onto another carrier and retransmits the new carrier with the baseband modulated onto it. Answer: Baseband repeater Question: A microwave relay repeater that receives the modulated microwave carrier, amplifies it at the IF frequency without removing the baseband information and then up-converts the IF frequency to a new microwave frequency for retransmission. Answer: Heterodyne repeater Question: A microwave relay repeater that amplifies the received microwave signal at the microwave frequency and retransmits it without converting the received signal to IF or baseband frequencies. Answer: RF amplifier Question: A repeater for digital signals that receives the noisy digital bit stream and reconstructs it so that a perfectly timed series of perfectly shaped digital pulses is retransmitted Answer: Regenerative repeater Question: The ratio of the area of a one square wavelength antenna to the area over which the transmitted power has been spread (which is a sphere with a radius equal to the transmitter receiver separation) Answer: Free-space path loss Question: The reduction of the received signal in a microwave relay due to the signal from a multipath being out-of-phase and canceling the direct transmitted signal. Answer: Multipath fading Page

Communications Reviewer Question: A technique for reducing multipath fading by transmitting the same information in two frequency channels. This technique is based on the fact that if a fade occurs at one frequency it will not occur at the same instant of time at a different frequency. Answer: Frequency diversity

November 2006 Common carrier frequency band Question: A microwave relay that sends radio and television program material from a distant location to the studio and from the studio to the transmitter Answer: Studio transmitter link Question: The dividing of the common carrier or other microwave relay bands into channels. Separate transmitters and receivers are used for each channel. The channel typically 20 MHz wide can handle 1000 telephone calls or one television program. Answer: Channelization of bandwidth Question: A technique for transmitting different information at the same frequency and in the same direction from a microwave relay transmitter to a receiver by using two polarizations of the transmitted microwave fields. Answer: Dual polarization Question: Why is microwave relay often called a terrestrial microwave relay? Answer: Because it is located on the surface of the earth. Question: Why is microwave relay often called a line-ofsight relay? Answer: Because the microwave signal travels in approximately a straight line from the transmitter to the receiver. Question: What are the frequency ranges of the three most commonly used common carrier frequency bands? Answer: 3.7 4.2 GHz; 5.925 6.425 GHz; 10.7 11.7 GHz Question: What is the frequency range of the most common industrial relay band? Answer: 6.575 6.875 GHz Question: Page

Question: A technique for reducing multipath fading in which two receivers spaced approximately 100 wavelengths apart, are used. This technique is based on the fact that if a signal fades at one antenna it will not fade at the same instant of time at the other antenna, since the path lengths are different. Answer: Space diversity Question: A microwave relay system that achieves transmission distances beyond the curvature of the earth by diffracting the microwave signal off of hills and other obstacles in the microwave path Answer: Diffraction microwave relay system Question: A microwave relay system that achieves transmission distances beyond the curvature of the earth up to several hundred miles, by receiving the microwave signal scattered from air masses and clouds in the troposphere. Answer: Troposcatter microwave relay system Question: A transmission system used to send telephone, video, and data between buildings located a few hundred feet to a few miles apart. Answer: Local area network Question: Those microwave relay frequencies allocated to long distance telephone companies for the transmission of telephone, video and data for any customer. Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 22 of 33

Communications Reviewer What two frequency bands are most often used for local area microwave networks? Answer: 18.58 19.16 GHz; 21.2 23.6 GHz Question: What are the typical transmitter-receiver spacings for microwave relay? Answer: 10 50 mi Question: What limits the transmitter-receiver spacing for a microwave relay? Answer: The curvature of the earth Question: An antenna covering that the transmitted or received microwave power can pass through used to protect the antenna and the antenna feed from weather. Answer: Radome Question: A microwave relay antenna consisting of a horn that radiates onto a reflector. It is made as a single unit and has lower sidelobes than a parabolic dish antenna. Answer: Horn-reflector antenna

November 2006 Receiving area Question: The angular width of the antenna beam between the points on either side of the axis where the transmitted power has been reduced by one-half Answer: Beamwidth Question: The direction of the electric field in the electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna. May be horizontal, vertical or circular Answer: Polarization Question: The frequency range over which an antenna has the required gain, area, or other characteristics. Answer: Bandwidth Question: Radiation from an antenna at other angles than the desired direction Answer: Sidelobes Question: A measure of the microwave power radiates from an antenna as a function of angular direction from the antenna axis Answer: Antenna pattern Question: A hypothetical antenna radiating or receiving equally well in all directions Answer: Isotropic antenna Question: What is the gain of an isotropic antenna? Answer: 0 dB Question: What is the purpose of a phased array radar? Answer: To move the antenna beam without moving the antenna Question: How far apart must the antenna elements of a phased array radar be placed? Answer: Page

Question: What carrier-to-noise ratio is required for microwave relay systems? Answer: 10-20 dB

Summary on Antenna
Question: The amount by which an antenna concentrates its radiation in a given direction relative to what would have been obtained if the antenna had not been used Answer: Gain Question: The effective area of the antenna for receiving microwave power Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 23 of 33

Communications Reviewer wavelength Question: The total transmitted power is radiated from a feed horn onto the array surface. The phase is shifted at each element of the array and reflected to form the beam Answer: Reflected array Question: The total transmitted power is radiated from a feed horn onto the array surface. The phase is shifted at each element of the array and transmitted out the other side. Answer: Lens array

November 2006 Frequency Modulation (FM) Question: Modulation of the baseband signal onto the carrier by varying the amplitude Answer: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Question: Frequencies present in the amplitude modulated or frequency modulated carrier due to the modulation process. Answer: Sidebands Question: The frequency range over which the modulation sidebands exist. Answer: Bandwidth Question: An amplitude modulation process where the carrier and one set of modulation sidebands are removed to reduce bandwidth requirements Answer: Single-Sideband (SSB) Question: A method of combining several signals, all of which occupy the same frequency range, into a baseband so that they do not interfere each other. Answer: Multiplexing Question: A multiplexing technique where each signal to be multiplexed is shifted from its original frequency and then combined. Answer: Frequency-division Multiplexing (FDM) Question: The baseband signal is sampled in time, and each sample is represented by a digital code. Answer: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Question: A multiplexing method where several signals are combined by forming PCM codes of each and then interleaving the PCM pulses. Answer: Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

Summary on Principles on Communications

Question: The electrical signal to be transmitted. This electrical signal may represent audio, video or digital data Answer: Baseband Question: The electrical signal used to carry the baseband information from one location to another. Answer: Carrier Question: Variation of the carrier amplitude, frequency, or phase by the baseband signal, so that the baseband signal can be transmitted via the carrier. Answer: Modulation Question: Removal of the baseband information from the carrier at the receiving end, so that the baseband signal can be used. Answer: Demodulation

Question: Modulation of the baseband onto the carrier by varying the frequency Answer: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 24 of 33

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Communications Reviewer Question: The ratio of the received microwave carrier to the microwave noise in the receiver Answer: Carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) Question: The ratio of the received signal to noise after the signal has been demodulated to get out the baseband information. Answer: Signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) Question: The frequency range of a single telephone signal is from _____ Hz to ____ Hz. Answer: 300 3400 Hz Question: A single telephone signal is fitted into a frequency band from ___ Hz to ____ Hz. Answer: 0 4000 Hz Question: How many telephone signals are frequencydivision-multiplexed together to form an FDM group? Answer: 12 Question: What is the frequency range of an FDM basic group? Answer: 60 - 108 kHz Question: The frequency range of a single TV signal from ____ to ___ MHz Answer: 0 4 Mhz Question: How many digital bits are required for a single letter in an asynchronous ASCII code with parity? Answer: 10 Question: What signal-to-noise ratio is required for satisfactory telephone service? Answer: 50 dB Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 25 of 33

November 2006 What signal-to-noise ratio is required for satisfactory telephone reception? Answer: 40 dB Question: Coding of an analog signal into a series of digital pulses is called _____. Answer: Pulse code modulation (PCM) Question: The combining of many telephone signals together by first coding each into a series of digital pulses and then interleaving the pulses series of each signal is called ______. Answer: Time-division multiplexing (TDM) Question: What must be the PCM sampling rate on a 4kHz analog signal? Answer: 8 kHz Question: What is the quantization signal-to-noise ratio if an eight-digit PCM code is used? Answer: 50 dB Question: What is the digital bit rate for a standard PCM telephone channel? Answer: 64 kb/s Question: The changing of digital signals from a computer into frequency tones for transmission down a conventional voice grade telephone circuit is done in a _____. Answer: Modem Question: What is the advantage of FM compared with AM? Answer: Signal-to-noise improvement Question: What is the advantage of FM compared with FM? Answer: Less transmission bandwidth required

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Communications Reviewer

Summary on Satellite Communications

Question: A satellite communication system designed for communication from one continent to another. Answer: International satellite Question: A satellite communication system designed for communicating within a given continent or geographical area, such as the United States. Answer: Domestic satellite Question: A satellite system designed for ship-to-shore communication. Answer: MARISAT Question: A satellite communication system designed to broadcast television directly from the satellite at a home TV receiver. Answer: Direct broadcast satellite Question: The orbit of satellites around the earths equator in which the satellite takes 24 h to completely orbit the earth, so that the satellite appears in a stationary location relative to the rotating earth. Answer: Synchronous orbit Question: It is the effective radiated power of the satellite transmitter. It is equal to the product of the transmitter power times the transmitter antenna gain, and this single quantity completely characterizes the satellite transmitter. Answer: ERP Question: Completely characterizes the earth station receiver of a satellite communication system, and is equal to the ratio of the receiver antenna gain to the total noise temperature of the receiver (including the antenna noise

November 2006 temperature plus the receiver amplifier noise temperature). Answer: G/T Question: A satellite that maintains its orientation in space relative to the earth by spinning about its axis at a rate of about 50 revolutions per minute Answer: Spin-stabilized satellite Question: A satellite that maintains a fixed orientation in space relative to the earth by continually correcting its orientation by firing small jets Answer: Three-axis stabilized satellite

Question: A single channel of the communication system. Each transponder in a satellite has its own separate transmitter. It is typically 40 MHz wide Answer: Transponder Question: Received power contours from satellite on the earths surface. The satellite antenna is designed, often with multiple feed horns, to direct its power onto particular geographic areas, and this pattern of received power on the earths surface is the antenna footprint. Answer: Antenna footprint Question: An antenna beam from the satellite that covers the entire one third of the earths surface that can be seen from the satellite Answer: Global beam Question: The antenna beam from the satellite that covers a limited geographic region, such as part of a country, an entire country, a continent, or a hemisphere. Some satellites have a variety of spot beams, each covering a larger or smaller geographic area. Answer: Spot beam

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Communications Reviewer Question: What is the synchronous orbit for a communication satellite in miles? Answer: 22,300 mi

November 2006 Question: A radar that scans its beam over a given volume of space to determine if targets are present. Answer: Search radar Question: A radar that directs its beam into a given area of space to determine accurately the angular location of a target. Answer: Tracking radar Question: A tracking radar that determines the angular location of a target with a single pulse. Answer: Monopulse radar Question: A radar that moves its beam through space by changing the phase of a multiplicity of transmitting elements that make up the antenna rather than mechanically moving the entire antenna. Answer: Phased array radar Question: A radar using a single antenna element, which obtains extremely high angular resolution by moving this single element over a long distance, storing the information obtained from the antenna at each position, and then recombining the received information. Answer: Synthetic Aperture radar Question: What three things can a radar measure? Answer: Range; velocity; angle (azimuth and elevation) Question: Which of the following can radar measure with the best accuracy? Answer: Velocity Question: Which of the above are the most difficult for a radar to measure accurately? Answer: Angle

Summary on RADAR Communications

Question: A radar that measures the distance between the radar and a target by determining the time required for a microwave signal to travel from the radar to the target and back. Answer: Range-measuring radar Question: A radar that measures the velocity of a target by determining the change in the frequency of the reflected microwave signal due to the targets velocity. This change in frequency is called the Dopplers shift, and so this type of radar is often called a Doppler radar. Answer: Velocity-measuring radar

Question: A radar that measures both the distance to a target and its velocity by measuring both the change in frequency of the reflected signal and time required for the microwave signal to travel from the transmitter to the target and back to the radar. Answer: Pulse Doppler radar Question: A radar that measures the range to the target and distinguishes between moving and stationary targets. Answer: Moving-target-indicator (MTI) radar Question: A radar that obtains high range resolution by varying the frequency of the transmitted microwave signal and then compresses the pulse in the receiver. Answer: Pulse-compression radar

Summary on RADAR Warfare

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Communications Reviewer Question: A radar has a transmitter power of 10 kW, an area of 10 m2, a gain of 40 dB, and the range between the radar and the target is 100 km. The target cross section is 100 m2, the total atmospheric and system losses are 4 dB,(2.5 times) the receiver noise figure is 2 dB, and the bandwidth is 1 MHz. Answer: 26 dB Solution: PGA PR = ( 4 ) 2 R 4L
=

November 2006 It is sometimes used interchangeably with the term electronic warfare. In the strict sense, electronic countermeasures applies only to techniques and equipment used to render electronic target location and weapon control systems ineffective. Answer: Electronic countermeasure Question: These are the techniques an equipment used by the radar to reduce the effectiveness of the enemys jamming against it. Answer: Electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) Question: Techniques and equipment used by the radar to render ECM ineffective. Answer: Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) Question: Are the equipment used to determine the electronic characteristics of the enemy target location and weapon control systems, and to determine what should be jammed by the electronic countermeasures. Answer: Electronic support measures (ESM) Question: The equipment used to determine the characteristics of the enemys electronic target location and electronic weapons control system. Answer: Electronic Support Measures (ESM) Question: Aircraft are specially designed to reduce the amount of microwave power they reflect so that they cannot be seen by radar. Answer: Stealth Question: It is an electronic countermeasure technique in which the aircraft is completely redesigned to greatly reduce its radar cross section. Answer: Stealth

( 10 W ) ( 10 ) ( 10 m ) ( 10 m ) ( 4 ) ( 10 m ) ( 2.5 )
4 4 2 2 2 2 5 4

= 2.5 pW = 86 dBm N = 114 + 2 + 2.5 = 112 PR = 26 dB N

Question: The techniques, equipment, and tactics used to render electronic target location and electronic weapons control ineffective. Answer: Electronic Warfare (EW) Question: The techniques and equipment used to render electronic target location and weapon control ineffective. It include tactics such as flight plans to avoid detection, electronic surveillance, spying techniques to determine how enemy weapon systems work and their deployment, and the jamming of infrared, optical, and radar target location and control systems. Answer: Electronic Welfare

Question: The electronic techniques and equipment used to render electronic target location and electronic weapons control ineffective. Answer: Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 28 of 33

Question: A missile is launched by the target to home on the microwave signal transmitted by the radar. Page

Communications Reviewer This forces the radar to shut down or be destroyed. Answer: Anti-radiation missile Question: An anti-radiation missile uses the radar transmissions as a beacon and homes on the radar to destroy it. Answer: Anti-radiation missile (ARM) Question: A metal foil dropped from an aircraft or launched from a ship or land vehicle that reflects a microwave signal back to the radar to create false targets. Answer: Chaff Question: Is a metal foil launched from a target to create false radar target Answer: Chaff Question: Is another name for barrage jamming, and stresses that the barrage jamming source must be out of the range of enemy missiles so that they cannot home on the jamming. Answer: Stand-off jamming Question: Is the repeating back of an amplified version of the radar signal with its characteristics changed to give false information to the radar. Answer: Deceptive jamming Question: The jammer repeats an amplified version of the radar signal, but with false information. The radar determines the range, velocity, and angular location of the target with this false information. Answer: Deceptive Jamming Question: Are small missiles with amplifiers in them. They receive and amplify the radar signal and transmit it back to the radar, so that they look like targets. Answer: Decoys Question: Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 29 of 33

November 2006 Is a small unarmed missile launched from aircraft, or a buoy launched from ships, to create false radar targets Answer: Decoy Question: Noise-modulated microwave signals are transmitted to raise the noise level in the radar receiver so that the radar cannot accurately determine the range, velocity, or angular location of the target. The technique is dangerous because the enemy can launch missiles that home on the jamming signal. Answer: Noise Jamming Question: A deceptive jamming technique where the received radar signal is amplified and sent back to the radar delayed in time from the actual reflected radar signal so that the radar thinks the target is further away that is really is. Answer: Range-gate pull-off (RGPO) Question: A deceptive jamming technique where the jamming pulse is sent to the radar before the actual echo from the target so that the radar thinks that the target is closer to the radar that it really is. Answer: Range-gate pull-in (RGPI) Question: A deceptive jamming technique where the jamming signal is given a false Doppler shift so that the radar thinks the target velocity is different than it really is. Answer: Velocity-gate pull-off (VGPO) Question: A deceptive jamming technique where the radar is transmitted with an amplitude variation that is out of phase with the conical scan information so that the radar thinks that the target is a different angular location. Answer: Inverse conical-scan jamming Question: Is the transmission of noise-modulated high power microwave power microwave signals to raise the noise level in the enemy radar Page

Communications Reviewer receiver so that range and velocity information cannot be obtained. Answer: Barrage jamming Question: A ECCM technique where the radar launches a missile to home on the barrage jamming or deceptive jamming signal. The jammer then serves as a beacon to guide the attacking missile to it. Answer: Home-on jammer

November 2006 Question: Operating frequency for microwave relay Answer: 3.9 GHz Question: Operating frequency for satellite communication Answer: 6 GHz (up) 4 GHz (down) Question: Operating frequency for troposcatter communication Answer: 2 GHz Question: Operating frequency for mobile radio Answer: 900 MHz Question: Operating frequency for telemetry Answer: 2 GHz Question: What two problems prevent conventional electronic equipment from working at microwave frequencies? Answer: Lead Reactance and Transmit Time Question: What are the three types of microwave transmission lines? Answer: Coaxial cable; stripline; waveguide Question: Determine the guide wavelength at 3 GHz for a 50- stripline using 0.03-in.-thick Teflon fiberglass ( = 2.55). Answer: 6.26 cm Solution::

Question: An ESM receiver consisting of many mixer-local oscillator-IF amplifiers in parallel to instantaneously determine the frequency of the radar signals. Answer: Channelized receiver Question: An ESM receiver using optoacoustical effects to instantly determine the time of arrival and the frequency of the radar signals Answer: Bragg Cell

Summary on Microwave Communications

Question: What is the microwave transmission frequency of GPS satellites? Answer: 1.575 GHz Question: What is the frequency range of cellular telephones? Answer: 806 949 MHz Question: What is the frequency of microwave ovens? Answer: 2.450 GHz Question: Operating frequency for UHF TV Answer: 600 MHz Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 30 of 33

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Communications Reviewer
Z 0 50 2.55 = 79.8 = w = 0.75 b w = ( 0.75) ( 2 x 0.03) = 0.045 in. Then, g = 0 10 cm = 2.55 = 6.26 cm

November 2006 Question: Consider as low power FM Broadcast Station. Answer: 500 W. FM Broadcast stations Question: Authorized transmitted power output for class B-1 FM station. Answer: 500 W Question: Class B-1 FM station Answer: ERP: not lower 1 kW and not exceeding 5 kW Antenna height: limited to 200 feet above average terrain Question: Class B Station Answer: Authorized power transmitter power of not exceeding 10 kW ERP: not exceeding 30 kW Antenna Height: limited to 500 feet above average terrain Minimum TXR Power: 1 kW Question: National Telecommunication Commission Memorandum Circular which pertains to program standards for radio and TV Broadcast and Cable TV stations. Answer: M.C. 1-3-2006 Question: A Memorandum Circular issued by NTC in relation to the use and operation of radio frequency identification (RFID). Answer: M.C. 03-08-2006

Summary on Latest ECE Laws

Question: An executive order which gave NTC a vested power to promulgate rules and regulations, as public safety interest may require, to encourage as larger and more effective use of communications, radio and television broadcasting facilities, and to maintain effective competition. Answer: E.O. 546 Question: The maximum frequency separation requirement for FM broadcast stations. Answer: 800 kHz Question: The maximum number of low power FM radio broadcast stations be allowed for any geographical region. Answer: 30 Question: The maximum number of low power FM radio broadcast stations may be operated/allowed to be established nationwide. Answer: 200 Question: All classes of FM stations shall be protected up to protected up to _____ or _____. Answer: 1 mV/m or 60 dBu contour Question: NTC memorandum circular on the guidelines for the grant and authorization of 500 watts FM broadcast stations. Answer: M.C. 02-06-2006 Prepared by: Engr. Divino Fiel de Bien, E.C.E. 31 of 33

Question: The RFID frequency range Answer: 13.553 13.567 MHz 918 920 MHz 2446 2454 MHz Question: These are intended to carry data in suitable transponders, generally known as tags, and to Page

Communications Reviewer retrieve data, by hand-or-machine-readable means, at a suitable time and place to satisfy particular application needs. Answer: Radio Frequency Identification System Question: It employs time chips and wireless antennas that can be embedded into products and used for unique identification purposes. Answer: RFID Question: A device which transmits an interrogating/querying signal to an RFID tag and receives unique information from the tag Answer: Proximity readers Question: Classification of proximity reader with erp not exceeding 500 mW. Answer: Low power Question: Class of Proximity with erp not exceeding 2 watts (or 4 watts eirp) Answer: High power Question: A microchip attached to an antenna that picks up signals from and sends signals to a reader Answer: RFID tag Question: Class of RFID used for long distance purposes such as in toll highways, parking areas, and gas stations. Answer: Active tag Question: Class of RFID used for near and in close proximity to a reader and does not use any internal battery. Answer: Passive tags

November 2006 Question: Date signed into Law by President Gloria Arroyo. Answer: April 17, 2004 Question: Date the R.A. 9292 published at Manila Times Answer: May 12, 2004 Question: Date the Electronics Engineering Law of 2004 takes effective Answer: May 27, 2004 Question: Penalty for operating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) proximity reader without valid registration Answer: P5,000 per reader Question: Penalty for selling unregistered RFID proximity reader Answer: P5,000 per unit or with forfeiture of equipment Question: Penalty for selling of RFID proximity readers by non-NTC accredited radio dealers/manufacturers Answer: P5,000 per reader, P1,000 per 1000 tags Question: Registration fee for low power readers Answer: P100 Question: Registration fee for high power readers Answer: P300 Question: A low power RFID readers has an ERP of _____. Answer: Not exceeding 500 mW Question: A high power RFID readers has an ERP of ____. Answer: Not exceeding 2 watts (or 4 watts EIRP)

Question: The Electronics Engineering Law of 2004 Answer: R.A. 9292

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Communications Reviewer Question: FM Broadcast Stations which are allowed to operate in Established Service Areas Answer: Class A or Class B FM Broadcast Stations Question: FM Broadcast Stations which are allowed to operate in areas outside of the Establishment Service Area Answer: Class B-1 Question: Broadcast/Push messaging services shall not be sent between _____ except on paid subscription services based on NTC recommendation. Answer: 9:00 pm 7:00 am Question: Penalty for violating rules and regulations on Broadcast Messaging Services set by NTC Answer: P200 fine per violation

November 2006

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