Brian Kehs 6/11/12 Lab Chem Final Review Sheet Lavoisier- compiled a list of all the known elements

of the time (1700s) John Newlands- proposed an arrangement where elements were ordered by increasing atomic mass Meyer and Mendeleev- both demonstrated a connection between atomic mass and elemental properties. Moseley- rearranged the table by increasing atomic number, and resulted in a clear periodic pattern. Periodic Law- periodic repetition of chemical and physical properties of the elements when they are arranged by increasing atomic number Groups- columns Periods-rows Transition metals- elements in groups 3-12 Metals- generally shiny when smooth and clean. Good conductors of electricity Alkali Metals- all the elements in group 1, except hydrogen, and are very reactive. 1 valence electron Alkaline Earth Metals- in group 2, also highly reactive. 2 valance electrons Lanthanide Series- the top row of the inner transition elements Actinide series- bottom of the inner transition elements Non-metals- elements that are generally gases or brittle, dull solids. Poor conductors of heat and electricity Halogens- group 17 elements, highly reactive non-metals Noble Gases- gases that are extremely unreactive Metalloids- have physical and chemical properties. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, and At Atomic Radius- half the distance between nuclei of identical atoms that are chemically bonded together. Decreases across the period, increases down the group Ionic Radius- half the distance between ions. Decreases across period, increase down the group. First Ionization energy- energy required to remove the electron from a gaseous atom. Increases across the period, decreases down the group Electronegativity- the relative ability of its atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond. Increases across period, decreases down the group Chemical Bond- the force that holds two atoms together Cation- positively charged ion Anion- negatively charged ion Ionic Bond- the electronic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic bond Ionic Compound- compounds that contain ionic bonds. High boiling points, brittle, conductive when its a metal Binary ionic compounds- contain two elements Ionic crystal- the repeating pattern of particle packing in an ionic compound Polyatomic Ions- more than one atom bonded together with an overall charge (NO-13)

Electron Sea Model- proposes that all metal atoms in a metallic solid contribute their valence electrons to form a sea of electrons Delocalized electrons-electrons that are free to move around and form cations Metallic Bond- the attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons. Molecule- formed when two or more atoms bond Diatomic Molecules- exists because two-atom molecules are more stable than single atoms Lewis Structure- dots or a line are used to symbolize a single covalent bond Sigma Bonds- single covalent bonds Pi Bond- formed when parallel orbitals overlap and share electrons Drawing Lewis Structures: 1) predict the location of certain atoms 2) determine the number of electrons available for bonding 3) determine the number of bonding pairs 4) place the bonding pairs 5) determine the number of bonding pairs remaining 6) determine where the central atom satisfies the octet rule Dissociation energy- the amount of energy required to break a covalent bond Endothermic Reaction- where a greater amount of energy is required to break a bond in reactant than is released Exothermic Reaction- where more energy is released than is required to break the bonds in the initial reactants VESPR Model- minimizes the repulsion of shared and unshared atoms around the central atom. Can determine the shape Hybridization- a process in which atomic orbitals mix and form new, identical hybrid orbitals Electron Affinity- measures the tendency of an atom to accept an electron Polar Covalent Bond- unequal sharing of electrons results in this HCl-hydrochloric acid H2SO4- Sulfuric Acid H3PO4- Phosphoric acid HNO3- Nitric Acid HC2H3O2- acetic acid NH3- ammonia CH4- methane C2H6-ethane C3H8-propane C4H10-butane Synthesis reaction-whenever two or more substances combine to form a single product A+B=AB Decomposition Reaction- a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances AB=A+B Single-replacement-one element takes the place of another in a compound A+BC=AC+B Double replacement- the positive portion of the two ionic compounds is interchanged. At least one of the products must be a precipitate or water. AC+BD=AD+BC Combustion reaction- a substance rapidly combines with oxygen to form one or more oxides CH4+2O2=CO2+2H20 Percent composition- calculates each of the percentages of each element in a compound. Part/whole x 100

Empirical Formula- the smallest whole number mole ratio of the elements. C= 48.64% H=8.16% O=43.20% C=48.64gx 1mole/12.0g=4.05 4.05/2.70=1.50 x2=3 H= 8.16gx 1 mole/1.01g=8.01 8.01/2.70=3.00 x2=6 O= 43.20gx 1 mole/16.0g=2.70 2.70/2.70=1.00 x2=2 Next, divide each answer by the lowest number (2.70 in this case) C3H6O2 is the answer Molecular formula= experimental molar mass/mass of empirical formula=n Take the molar mass from the C3H6O2 (its 59.03) and take the experimental mass that is given to you and divide it by 59.03. You will then get a nearly-whole number. Multiply each subscript in the equation by that number. Hydrate- a compound that has a specific number of water molecules bound to its atoms. CoCl2 x (x)H20 11.75g CoCl2=129.9g 2.5g H2Ox 1 mol/18.0g=.139 mol 9.25g CoCl2x1mol/129.9g=.07 mol. CoCl2 x 2H20 Mol-mol= Moles A x Mole ratio B/A= Moles B Mol-mass= Moles A x Mole ratio B/A x Molar mass/1mol= mass B Mass-mol= Mass A x 1 mol A/molar mass A x Mole ratio B/A= Moles B Mass-mass= Mass A x 1mol A/molar mass A x Mole ratio B/A x Molar mass B/1 mol B= Mass B Calculating limiting reactant S8 + 4Cl2= 4S2Cl2 200g S8 and 100g Cl2 200g S8x 1 mol S8/257gS8 x 4 mol S2Cl2/1 mol S8= 3.115 mol 100g Cl2 x 1mol Cl2/71.0g Cl2 x 4 mol S2Cl2/4 mol Cl2= 1.408 mol S2Cl2 Cl2 is limiting Determining mass of the excess 1.408 S2Cl2 x 1 mol S8/4 mol S2Cl2 x 257g S8/1 mol S8= 90.46g S8Cl2 .139/.07=2