e"ldsf

klxnf] v08 M ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kl/ro, dxTj / pkof]lutf

!= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ljifo ;"rL
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw Jofks cy{df $= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf ljleGg k|ljlw • ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw k|0ffnL • ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf
• …;"rgf k|ljlwÚ sf] tfTko{ • ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf
• ;"rgf k|ljlw s] xf] < • oGqpks/0f tyf ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf • ;ˆ6j]o/÷cef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbgdf
• ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ug{;Sg] k|d'v sfd %= ljsf;zLn b]zsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj
@= ;"rgf qmflGt / dfgj ljsf; • ;"rgf k|ljlw / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdWo] s'g /f]Hg] <
• dfgj ljsf; / ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; • ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg ug]{ cj;/x¿
• 1fg k|fKt ug]{, ;+u|x ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ dfgj Ifdtfsf] • ;"rgf k|ljlw M ;]tf] e"t Û
ljsf; • ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf ljz]if
• ;"rgf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljsf;sf] emns -rf}sf];_ If]qx¿
• dfgj ljsf;sf] ;f+rf] / ;"rs M ;"rgf / 1fg • u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efj • ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf
• ;"rgf qmflGtsf] nIo / k|efj • ul/a b]zx¿sf nflu tf/laxLg ;"rgf k|ljlw
#= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/ • ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{gsf nflu ug'{
• sDKo'6/ kg]{ sfd
• g]6js{ • ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f
• OG6/g]6 • bf];|f] v08 M g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u oyfy{,
• b"/;+rf/ ;+efjgf / xf“s
• dlN6ldl8of ^= g]kfnsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj
• ;"rgf ;fIf/tf &= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/ / l:ylt
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|f/De / jt{dfg l:ylt
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] • ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, P]g sfg'g
pkof]u • ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt lgofds lgsfox¿
n]vs M ljgos'df/ s;h" • ;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿
Power of Information Technology and Its Use • ;+j+lwt ;+3 ;+:yf
in Nepal • hgzlQmM lzIff / ;Lk
- Vinaya Kumar Kasajoo
*= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u M ;+efjgf / jf:tljstf
© M n]vsdf
klxnf] ;+:s/0f M ;]K6]Da/, @))# -ebf}, @)^)_ • ;+rf/sf] ;+;f/df
d'lb|t ;+Vof M @))) k|lt • k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] If]qdf
lstfasf] j]a;fO6 M www.kasajoo.com/itbook • ljsf;sf] If]qdf
l8hfOg M • lzIffsf] If]qdf
Dreams & Ideas Pvt. Ltd. • :jf:Yosf] If]qdf
www.dreamsandideas.com
k|sfzs M • ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf
Dreams & Ideas Pvt. Ltd. • pBf]u Jofkf/sf] If]qdf
j]a;fO6M www.dreamsandideas.com • ko{6gsf] If]qdf
Od]nM info@dreamsandideas.com • s[lifsf] If]qdf
lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}F,
kmf]g M (*!)$&$$&, (*!)%@&)* • dgf]/+hgsf] If]qdf
km\ofS;M $@^^*@! • ;+:s[lt / wd{sd{sf] If]qdf
d'b|s M OGb|]0fL ckm;]6 k|];, cgfd gu/, sf7df8f}F • ;flxTo / snfsf] If]qdf
df]n M ?= @))÷– -ljBfyL{sf nflu ?= !))÷– ;:tf] sfutdf_ (= cfdhgtfsf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
1
 • dWo:yx¿sf] e"ldsf
• 6]ln;]G6/ M ufpFn]sf] b}nf]df ;"rgf k|ljlw
• u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|;+a+wL ;/sf/L of]hgf
• ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fd'bflos ;+rf/sf] d]n
• ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
• s]a'n, OG6/g]6 / /]l8of]sf] d]n
• cgnfOgsf] ljsNk ;L8L/f]d
• ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
!)= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:of / xfFsx¿
• kx'Fr / pkof]u
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿
• ;"rgfk|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne / pkof]uL agfpg] pkfox¿
• kl/lzi6 ! M ;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL
• kl/lzi6 @ M ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
e"ldsf
aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] clGtd dlxgfdf jfl;+u6gdf e]nf ePsf
cd]l/sL eljioljb\x¿n] s] eljiojf0fL u/] eg] cfufdL rf}yfO
ztfAbLnfO{ ;"rgf qmflGtn] 8f]¥ofpg] 5 . ;"rgf qmflGtn] ;Dk"0f{
;+rf/ Joj:yf tyf cy{tGqnfO{ k|efljt kfb}{ dfgj hLjgsf x/]s
kIfdf k|j]z ug]{5 . ;g\ !(^^ df :yflkt ljZj eljio ;dfhdf
c;L b]zsf j}1flgsx¿, ljleGg ljifosf ljz]if1x¿ tyf k"j{
/fhgLlts g]tfx¿ ;d]t tL; xhf/ ;b:o 5g\ . o;sf cWoIf
P8jf8{ sf]lg{; eG5g\, æc7f/f}F ztfAbLdf s[lif
cy{tGqnfO{ cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] ¿kfGtl/t u/]h:t} ;"rgf qmflGtn]
jt{dfg cy{tGqnfO{ ¿kfGtl/t ub}{5 .Æ
;"rgf qmflGtsf] yfngL em08} Ps bzscl3 OG6/g]6sf]
k|f/Deaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o;sf d'Vo rf/ j6f ljz]iftf 5g\ M
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f (decentralization), ljZjLs/0f (universalization),
;fdGh:oLs/0f (harmonization) /
JolQmJolQmnfO{ zlQm x:tfGt/0f (devolution) . gofF cfly{s
Joj:yfsf] pNn]vgLo kIf s] xf] eg] of] lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gzLn 5
. of] Joj:yfdf 1fg (knowledge) g} k|d'v ;+;fwg ag]sf] 5 .
sf]lg{; eG5g\, æ1fg clt b|'t ultn] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf ax'd"No
;fwg aGb}5 . o;n] ;DklQsf] l;h{gf ub}{5 . o;cl3sf] cfly{s
cfwf/ ag]sf] e"ld, >d, OGwg / k"FhLsf] 7fpF 1fgn] lnFb}5 .
;"rgfsf] lgjf{w k|jfxnfO{ /f]Sg vf]Hg] b]zx¿n] cfkm}nfO{
cljsl;ttfsf] cj:yflt/ ws]Ng]5g\ .Æ
cWofo !
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw Jofks cy{df
;"rgfM hfgsf/L / tYof+sx¿ cyf{t\ 8]6fnfO{ ;+sng / k|zf]wg
u/L ;'ul7t, ;fy{s / pkof]u ug{;lsg] cfsf/df 9flnPkl5
;"rgf x'G5 . ;'ul7t / pkof]uL ;"rgf ;xL, ;fGble{s, k"0f{,
;Totfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg], ljZj;gLo / rflxPsf] a]nfdf
kfpg;lsg] x'G5 . ;"rgfnfO{ cIf/, c+s, lrq, rnlrq / Wjlgdf
k|:t't ug{;lsG5 . ;+rf/M b'O{ JolQm jf kIfx¿aLr af]n]/, n]v]/
jf b'a}n] a'‰g;Sg] ;+s]t jf Jojxf/åf/f ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug'{
;+rf/ xf] . csf]{ tl/sfn] eGg'kbf{ k|]ifs / k|fKtstf{aLr
2
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd o'Pg8LkLsf] cWoogn] klg
s] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 eg] æ1fgsf] ul/aLÆ PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLsf]
;a}eGbf 3fts ul/aL x'g]5 . pQm cWoogsf cg';f/ ;"rgf
qmflGtnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] tLg tTj 5g\ M clt b|'t ultn] kl/jt{g
eO/x]sf] k|ljlw, clt pRr ultsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf / 36bf]
d"No . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] cfwf/ ag]sf] lrksf]
Ifdtf x/]s jif{ b'O{ u'gf a9b}5 eg] o;sf] df]n tLg u'gf 36\b}5
.
cfhsf] o'u ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g .
clxn] g]kfndf klg ;"rgf k|ljlw, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw,
l8lh6n k|ljlw, dlN6ldl8of, OG6/g]6, ;fOa/:k];, cgnfOg
kqsfl/tf, Osd;{, Oueg]{G;, Onlg{ª cflb k|fljlws
zAbfjnLx¿sf] Jofks k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;"rgf /
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljifo af}l4s tyf k|fljlws JolQm jf
ljz]if1x¿aLr ;Lldt geP/ s[lifnufot ;a} k|sf/sf Joj;fo,
If]q, 5nkmn, uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng / b}lgs hLjgsf ljleGg
If]qdf pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 . gLlt lgdf{tf, g]tf, cleg]tf,
pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, ljBfyL{, lzIfs, u[lx0fL, ls;fg, ljsf;]
sfo{stf{b]lv lnP/ cfd hgtfsf] ;d]t ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo
eO;s]sf] 5 of] ljifo .
o;sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg' dfq} xf]Og o;af/] ljrf/ kf]Vg;Sg'
klg ;fdflhs If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;a}sf] nflu cfjZos eO;s]sf]5
. of] s'g} cg';Gwfgsf] nflu lglZrt ljlw kfng u/]/ n]lvPsf]
k|fl1s jf kf7\o k':ts xf]Og . of] k':ts ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwsf] uxg k|fljlws cWoog ug]{ lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] nflu
geP/ o;sf af/]df hfgsf/L jf 1fg /fVg vf]Hg] / /fVg kg]{,
;dfhsf ;a} If]q jf ju{sf dflg;x¿nfO{
pkof]uL x'g] u/L tof/ kl/Psf] 5 . k':tssf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;a}
ju{, Joj;fo / If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf cfwf/e"t 1fg;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg' / g]kfndf
o;sf] dxTj / ;+efjgfaf/] a'\‰g ;3fpg' xf] . of] k':ts k|sfzg
ug{ ljleGg tl/sfn] ;3fpg] hLjg;fyL u+uf s;h" /
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df nfluk/]sf tLgefO 5f]/fx¿ – clegj,
bLk+s/ / ;/f]j/ ;fy} ldl8of ;le{;]h\ OG6/g];gnsf
;xof]uLx¿nfO{ klg wGojfb lbG5' .
ljgos'df/ s;h"
k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] JofVof
k':tsdf k/]sf k|fljlws / kfl/eflifs zAbx¿nfO{ uf9f /
58\s] cIf/df 5fk]/ ;Fu;Fu} cYof{pg vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] s]xL
zAbx?sf] k'5f/sf] kl/lzi6 ! df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fKtstf{nfO{ a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g] Pp6f jf w]/} ;+rf/ dfWodx¿ -
ldl8of_ dfkm{t ;"rgf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf
jf Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQm;Dd k'¥ofpg' ;+rf/ xf] . ;+rf/
k|lqmofdf kfFr j6f tTjn] sfd u5{g\ M ;"rgf lbg] bftf jf k|]ifsÙ
;"rgf kfpg] k|fKtstf{ jf u|x0fstf{Ù ;+rf/ ug]{ ;fwg jf dfWod
/ k|ljlw jf pkfoÙ ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z tyf lkm8Jofs jf k|ltlqmof .
;/n ¿kdf eGbf, ;Gb]zbftfn] s'g} ;"rgf tof/ kf5{ . p;n]
To;nfO{ zAb, efiff, Wjlg, lrq cflb s'g} pko'Qm ;+s]tdf 9fN5 -
Og\sf]8 u5{_ . clg s'g} vf; k|ljlw, dfWod jf ;fwgdfkm{t
k|fKtstf{nfO{ k7fpF5 . k|fKtstf{n] Tof] ;Gb]znfO{ cfkm"n]
a'‰g;Sg] ;+s]tdf 9fN5 -l8sf]8 u5{_ / ;Gb]z a'lemof] ls
a'lemPg eGg] k|ltlqmof hgfpF5 .
 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;+;f/df ;+rf/ eGgfn] Pp6f sDKo'6/af6
csf]{ sDKo'6/;Dd jf sDKo'6/x¿sf] aLrdf 6]lnkmf]g, dfOqmf]j]e
l/n], :of6]nfO6 ln+s jf s]a'n tf/h:tf ;+rf/sf Ps jf cg]s
k|ljlw / dfWodåf/f 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 .
k|ljlwM ;"rgfnfO{ ;+rf/ ug{ k|of]u ul/g] tl/sf, pkfo,
k|lqmof, dfWod, ;fwg tyf pkfo / ;fwgnfO{ ;+rfng u/fpg]
ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/;d]t ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . c+u|]hL efiffdf o;nfO{
6]Snf]nf]hL / lxGbLdf k|f}Bf]lusL elgG5 . k|ljlw xftsf] O;f/f,
af]nL, lr7L, 6]lnkmf]gb]lv sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6;Dd h] klg
x'g;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf ljleGg k|ljlw
dflg;n] cfˆgf] ;[li6b]lv g} s'g} g s'g} ;+rf/sf pkfo,
;fwg jf dfWodsf] pkof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd dflg;n]
pkof]u / ljsf; ub}{ cfO/x]sf] ;+rf/sf ;fwg, pkfo jf
k|ljlwx¿nfO{ df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf rf/ efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 M
· zf/Ll/s jf cf+lus k|ljlw M dflg;n] ;'?b]lv g} xft
uf]8fb]lv lbdfu;Dd z/L/sf ljleGg c+ux¿sf] ;+rfng / pkof]u
u/]/ ;+rf/ ug]{ u/sf] 5 . cljsl;t jf cNkljsl;t ;d'bfox¿
a9L dfqfdf oxL k|ljlwdf lge{/ 5g\ . clxn] klg of] k|ljlwsf]
;a}eGbf w]/} pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ km/s s] 5 eg] dflg;
hlthlt ljsl;t x'Fb}5 pltplt cf+lus k|ljlwsf] t'ngfdf cGo
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u al9/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;sf] pkof]u ug]{
tl/sf kl/is[t / snfTds x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
· kf7Ø k|ljlw M dflg;n] leQf, df6f] jf 9'+ufdf ;+s]t sf]/]/
c?nfO{ ;Gb]z lbg yfn]b]lv g} kf7Ø k|ljlw ;'? ePsf] xf] . of]
k|ljlwn] efjnfO{ ;+s]t jf efiffdf, efiffnfO{ lnlkdf / lnlknfO{
sfutdf ptf5{ . of] k|ljlwdf ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z cIf/df n's]sf]
x'G5 . lnlksf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 of] k|ljlwn] klxnf] km8sf] df¥of]
eg] 5fkfvfgfsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 of] k|ljlwn] dfgj ljsf;sf]
ult g} a9fOlbof] . k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/nfO{ a9fP/ dfgj
hLjgnfO{ ul/dfdo agfpgdf of] k|ljlwsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 .
· On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw M /]l8of] t/+usf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 o;sf]
yfngL ePsf] xf] . of] k|ljlwdf ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z ljB't–r'DasLo
t/+usf] dfWodaf6 k|;fl/t x'G5 . ;"Id ljB'tLo oGq
pks/0fx¿sf] dfWodaf6 of] k|ljlwn] sfd u5{ . dflg;nfO{
cGtl/If / rGb|dfdf k'¥ofpg, ;+;f/sf 7"nf7"nf ;fd|fHox¿
9fNg / ljZjLs/0fsf] hfnf] km}nfpg of] k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . kf7Ø k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] aLrsf] k|ljlw ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ dfWolds k|ljlw klg elgG5 . o;nfO{ Pgfnu k|ljlw jf
/]l8of] k|ljlw klg eGg ;lsG5 . o;df Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg / 6]lnkmf]g
k|ljlw k5{ .
· ;"rgf k|ljlw M ;+If]kdf On]S6«f]lgs pkfo tyf ;fwgx¿af6
;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{, e08/0f jf ;+u|x ug]{, l;h{gf ug]{ /
;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{
k|ljlw ;"rgf k|ljlw xf] . o;df sDKo'6/, o;;Fu ;+j+lwt
pks/0fx?, sDKo'6/ rnfpg] ;ˆ6j]o/, sDKo'6/x¿aLr ;+rf/
u/fpg] g]6js{ / b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL tyf tL ;a}nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{
;"Id On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿ k5{g\ . of] k|ljlwdf hfgsf/L jf
8]6fx¿ s]jn b'O{ j6f c+s -l8lh6_, z"Go / Ps c+sdf x'g] ePsf]
x'gfn] o;nfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw klg elgG5 . of] k|ljlwn] ljZjdf
3
lg/Gt/ gofFgofF rdTsf/ b]vfO/x]sf] 5 . of] k':ts d'Vo ¿kdf
oxL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljifodf xf] .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw k|0ffnL
dfly elgPsf] ;"rgf / k|ljlw eP/ dfq} x'Fb}g . logn] sfd ug{sf]
nflu pko'Qm ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|0ffnL / kl/l:ylt jf jftfj/0f
rflxG5 . ;"rgf k|0ffnL k"/f x'gsf nflu dflg; / k|lqmof x'g'k5{ .
o;/L ;"rgf, k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|0ffnL ePkl5 tL ;a}n] sfd ug{sf
nflu plrt kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . kl/l:yltnfO{ ;/sf/L
u}/;/sf/Lnufot ljleGg lgsfox¿, ;d"xx¿, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿, ahf/h:tf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿ tyf
/fhgLlts k|0ffnL, cy{tGq, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/l:ylt,
gLltut tyf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿, lzIff, oGqpks/0f / k"jf{wf/
cflbn] k|efj kf5{ . o;}n] ;"rgf hlt;'s} dxTjk"0f{ eP klg
To;sf] k|efj s:tf] / s;/L k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgoGq0f, k|efj /
lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTjx¿ w]/} x'G5g\ . To:t} k|ljlw / k|0ffnL hlt;'s}
k|efjsf/L eP klg ltgnfO{ dflysf ljleGg s'/fn] lgoGq0f u5{ .
o; sf/0f s'g} klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ cnUu} gx]/Lsg
;DalGwt b]zsf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df x]g'{k5{ .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tfTko{
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] kl/efiff / o;n] ;d]6\g] k|ljlw
/ oGq pks/0fx¿sf] af/]df ljleGg JolQm / ;+:yfsf] ;f]rfOdf
s]xL leGgtf kfOG5 . s]xLn] On]S6«f]lgs ;fwgx¿sf] d2tn] ;"rgf
k|zf]wg / ;+k|]if0f ug]{ tyf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlw dfG5g\ . o;leq /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgh:tf k/Dk/fut
On]S6«f]lgs ;fwg / sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 tyf tf/hl8t / df]afOn
kmf]g klg k5{g\ . s;}s;}n] 5fkf dfWodnfO{ klg ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] 7"nf] 3]/fleq ;d]6\g] u/]sf 5g\ .
zAbfy{sf] lx;fan] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] af]nLrfnL,
xfjefj, k':ts klqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g tyf
OG6/g]6;Dd ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf] Jofks If]q ;d]6] klg rng
rNtLsf] efiff, s'/fsfgL / Jojxf/df On]S6«f]lgS;, sDKo'6/ /
b"/;+rf/sf] cfwf/df rNg] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ g} a'lemG5
. ;+If]kdf o;nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw jf cfO{6L dfq} klg elgG5 . of]
k':tsdf klg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] nflu w]/} 7fpFdf ;"rgf
k|ljlw g} elgPsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw s] xf] <
;"rgf jf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{, e08f/ jf ;+sng ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{
/ ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{ On]S6«f]lgs tl/sf, pkfo / ;fwgnfO{
;"rgf k|ljlw elgG5 . o;df b"/;+rf/ tyf On]S6«f]lgS;nufot
ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf] ;Fu;Fu} pkof]u ul/G5 . o;leq sDKo'6/;Fu
;+a+lwt xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo pks/0fx¿sf ;fy} b"/;+rf/ /
;"IdOn]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwx¿ k5{g\ . o;cGtu{tsf]
;"rgf jf hfgsf/Ldf ljleGg k|sf/sf hfgsf/L jf 8]6f, Wjlg,
lrq, rnlrq cflb dlN6ldl8of klg k5{g\ . o;df pkof]u x'g]
;"rgf b'O{ c+s jf l8lh6 -) / !_ df cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] of]
k|ljlwnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw klg elgG5 . 8]6fx¿ hlt;'s} / h'g
¿kdf eP klg sDKo'6/df s]jn ) / ! sf] d]naf6 aGg] x'gfn]
tL b'O{ c+snfO{ csNkgLo ultdf k|zf]wg, k|;f/0f, e08f/0f / k'gM
k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . of] g} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d'Vo ;+/rgfTds
ljz]iftf xf] . oxL ljz]iftfn] ubf{ o;nfO{ csNkgLo sfdx¿df,
ljljw ¿kx¿df pkof]u ug{;lsg] ePsf] xf] .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf
 ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ubf{ s'g} klg JolQm jf ;+:yfn] s'g} klg
:yfgdf s'g} klg :j¿kdf -lnlk, zAb, lrq, Wjlg jf rnlrqdf_
clxn] ;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf ;:tf] b/df / l56f] ultdf ;"rgf jf 1fg
k|fKt ug{, pTkfbg ug{ / To;/L pTkfbg u/]sf] ;"rgf jf 1fgnfO{
k|zf]wg (Process), e08f/0f (Store), k'gM pkof]u jf k'gM k|fKt
ug{ (Retrive) tyf sxLF klg k7fpg jf
k|;f/ ug{ (Dissemination) ;+ej ePsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
csf]{ k|d'v ljz]iftf dlN6ldl8of jf ax'dfWod x'g' xf] .
ca ;"rgf / 1fg zAb, cIf/, c+s jf lrqdf ;Lldt 5}g
. OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ca cIf/, lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb
ljljw dfWodx¿df ;"rgf k|fKt ug{, k|zf]wg, ;+sng, k'g?Tkfbg
/ k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . la;f}F ztfAbL;Dd ;"rgf / 1fg 5flkPsf
cIf/h:t} crn / /]l8of] 6]lnlehgn] k|;f/ u/]h:t} PstkmL{ lyof]
eg] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf cfP/ ;"rgf / 1fg ;rn, lqmofzLn /
cGtlq{mofTds (Interactive) ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj dfgj
;dfhsf] x/]s kIfdf kl//x]sf] 5 . h}ljs d"n k|j[lQ, hGdhft
;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fut 1fgn] dfq ca dflg;sf] hLjg rNg ;Qm}g
. clxn]sf] dflg; ;"rgf / 1fglagf afFRg g;Sg] x'Fb}5 . afFRgsf]
nfludfq xf]Og hLjg:t/
;kfg{ / ;Ddfg tyf ;'vk"j{s afFRgsf nflu klg p;nfO{ ;"rgf
/ 1fgsf] cfjZostf al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf h;n] a9L
kx'Fr kfpF5 / h;n] o;sf] a9L pkof]u ug{;S5 p;}n] cfkm\gf]
Ifdtf, ;DkGgtf / zlQm a9fpg;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ug{;Sg] k|d'v sfd
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] sxfF s:tf] sfd u5{, s'g
b]zdf of] slt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f tL b]zsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnL /
kl/j]zdf lge{/ x'G5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] b[li6n] sd
ljsl;t b]zx¿df of] k|ljlwsf] d'Vosfd ;"rgf cf];f/k;f/ jf
;+rf/ ug'{dfq} b]lvG5 eg] ljsl;t b]zx¿df of] k|ljlwn] ;"rgf
;fdu|L pTkfbg, k|ljlw / pks/0f pTkfbg, hl6n,j}1flgs,
dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgfsf] k|zf]wg u/]/ b]zsf] cy{tGqdf clwstd
of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 . cem ;"rgf ;dfhsf] cj:yfdf k'Ugnfu]sf]
bfaL ug]{ hfkfg cd]l/sfh:tf s]xL b]zx¿df of] k|ljlw b]zsf]
cy{tGqsf] k|d'v c+u aGb}5 .
cWofo @
;"rgf qmflGt / dfgj ljsf;
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / dfgj ljsf;
dflg; / kz'x¿nfO{ 5'§Øfpg] d'Vo tTj k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf xf] . dflg;sf] k'vf{n] n¶Ln] kmnkm"n em/fNg,
kftn] kfgL pafP/ vfg / l/;
p7]sf] a]nfdf 9'+uf l6k]/ lxsf{pg yfn]b]lv g} dflg;sf] ljsf;
tyf ;d[l4sf] nflu k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
em08} rfln; xhf/ jif{cl3 cf]9f/sf] leQfdf / 9'+ufdf ;+s]t jf
lrq sf]/]/ dflg;n] ljrf/ / ;+rf/ clen]vg -/]s8{_ ug]{ /
k'¥ofpg] sfddf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . To; a]nfb]lv
g} dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf / 1fgn] k|d'v e"ldsf
v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ dflg;sf] hLjg ;'vdo agfpgsf
nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlw (Biotechnology)
dfly ;a}sf] cfzf s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 .
k[YjLdf hLj ljsf;sf] qmddf kz' / dflg; 5'l§Pkl5
klg xhf/fF} jif{;Dd dflg;;Fu cfˆgf] efjgf JoQm ug]{ ;+rf/sf
4
;fwgx¿ cToGt ;Lldt / ckl/is[t lyP . xft, d'v, cfFvf,
lbdfu, :j/, af]nL cflb dflg;sf] z/L/sf ljleGg c+ux¿ ;+rfng
u/]/ dfq dflg;x¿ cfk;df ;+rf/ ug{;Sy] . dflg;n] ;+rf/sf]
nflu efiffsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf] tLg nfv jif{ ePsf] cg'dfg
ul/G5, tfklg em08} rfln; xhf/ jif{cl3;Dd dflg; ;+rf/sf]
nflu z/L/sf c+u ;+rfngdfly g} lge{/ lyof] . c+u ;+rfng
k|ljlwaf6 dflg;n] dgsf] efj JoQm ug{ t ;SYof], t/ cfˆgf]
efjgf / 1fgnfO{ w]/} ;do;Dd ;+ufn]/ /fVg / Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{
7fpFdf k7fpg ;Qm}gYof] . u'kmfaf;L dfgjn] leQfdf sf]/]/
;+s]tåf/f ;+rf/ ug{= yfn]b]lv cfˆgf efjgf jf ljrf/nfO{
lglZrt lnlk jf cIf/df n]Vg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ dflg;nfO{
em08} tL; xhf/ jif{ nfUof] . dflg;n] lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf]
O;fk"j{ rf/kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3b]lv dfq} xf] . To;kl5 dfq} ;"rgf
/ 1fgnfO{ a8f] d]xgt;fy ;'/lIft /fVg / cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;+ej
eof] . ;g\ !$%% lt/ hd{gLdf u'6]gju{n] 5fkfvfgf cfljisf/
u/]kl5 dflg;sf] 1fg ;+sng ug]{ / km}nfpg] Ifdtf crfgs
a9Øf] . ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L / 1fgnfO{ s'g} ;+s]t jf lnlkdf
ptf/]/ cyf{t\ lnlvt jf d'lb|t ¿kdf k':ts jf kqklqsf dfkm{t
;+sng / k|]if0f jf k|;f/0f ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ xfdL kf7Ø k|ljlw eG5f}F
. u'6]gju{sf] k|];n] 306fdf d'l:snn] Ps xhf/ kfgf sfut 5fKg
;SYof] eg] clxn] j]a ckm;]6 k|];n] 306fdf c;L xhf/ kfgf
5fKg ;S5 . lbglbg} nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf lg:sg] cvaf/, kqklqsf
tyf k':tsn] dflg;sf] 1fg / ;Eotfdf s] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5
eGg] s'/f xfdLn] b]lv/x]s} 5fF} .
lat]sf] ;o, ;jf;o jif{df dflg;n] lah'nL / lah'nLaf6
rNg] 6]lnkmf]g, l;g]df, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgh:tf ;fwgsf]
cfljisf/ u¥of] . o;n] dflg;sf] hfgsf/L / 1fg a9fpg], ;+ufNg]
/ km}nfpg] sfddf lgSs} 7"nf] kl/jt{g Nofof] . On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlw
eg]/ lrlgg] of] ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljZjdf ;+rf/
qmflGtsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . o;n] dfgj ;Eotfdf kf/]sf] k|efj
tkfO{F xfd|f] ;fd' gofFgofF Pj+ rdTsfl/s ¿kdf b]vf kb}{5 . ca
of] k|ljlwlagfsf] ljZjsf] xfdL sNkgf klg ug{ ;Qm}gf}F . dfgj
;Eotfsf] ;'?b]lv g} rn]sf] zf/Ll/s c+u ;+rfngdf cfwfl/t
k|ljlw clxn] klg emg kl/lis[t ¿kdf dfgj dgsf] cleJolQm
ug]{ sfddf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 eg] kf7Ø k|ljlw / On]S6«f]lgs
k|ljlw klg lg/Gt/ ljsl;t x'Fb} dfgj ;EotfnfO{ cufl8
a9fpFb}5 . o;}aLr em08} krf; jif{cl3 dfq ;'? ePsf ] OnS] 6f«
l] gs pks/0f, b/" ;r+ f/ / sDKo6' /sf ] dn] af6 kf| be' fj{
ePs;f"r] gf k|ljlwn] t emg dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df
csNkgLo rdTsf/ b]vfpg yfn]sf] 5 . xfn j]a k|];n] c;L xhf/
kfgf sfut 5fKg Ps 306f nfU5 eg] xhf/f}F k]hsf] kmfOn
sDKo'6/sf] sLaf]8{ lyRg] lalQs} OG6/g]6dfkm{t ljZjel/ km}lnPsf
s/f]8f}F sDKo'6/df k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . cvaf/ jf lstfa
cf];fg{ oftfoftsf ;fwg / ;8s jf jfo' dfu{ ;fy} ;dosf]
cfjZostf x'G5 eg] Pp6f sDKo'6/df ePsf nfvf}F k]hsf ;"rgf
;fdu|L s/f}8f}F sDKo'6/df k'/\ofpg g t s'g} oftfoftsf] ;fwg
rflxG5 g t w]/} ;do g} nfU5 .
1fg k|fKt ug]{, ;+u|x ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ dfgj Ifdtfsf]
ljsf;
dflg;n] lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ hfg]kl5, laut !) xhf/
aif{leq cfˆgf] / ljZjsf] af/]df 1fg k|fKt / ;+u|x ug]{ ult
csNkgLo 9+un] a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !%)) eGbf cl3 ;+;f/el/
d'l:sn}n] jif{sf] Ps xhf/ k':ts xftn] n]v]/ tof/ x'Gy] xf]nfg\ .
Tof] ultn] k':ts k|sflzt ubf{ Psnfv zLif{ssf k':ts tof/ kfg{
em08} !)) jif{ nfU5 . t/ ;g\ !(%) cyf{t\ 5fkfvfgf
cljisf/ ePsf] rf/ ;o jif{ glaTb} o'/f]kdf Ps jif{df !,@),)))
zLif{ssf k':ts 5flkg yfn] . ;o jif{df x'g] sfd b; jif{df x'g
yfNof] . ;g\ !(^) cyf{t\ b; jif{kl5 of] ult a9]/ ;o jif{sf]
sfd ;f9] ;ft dlxgfdf ug{ ;lsg] eof] . kfFr jif{kl5 g}
;+;f/el/ k|ltlbg !))) zLif{ssf k':ts lg:sg yfn] . 1fg jf
hfgsf/L km}nfpg] ult s;/L a9\of] eGg] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .
em08} ;o jif{cl3 /]l8of]sf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 1fg
km}nfpg] ult cem} Jofks / l56f] x'g yfNof] . 1fg jf ;"rgf
kfpgsf nflu cIf/ lrGg' kg]{ cfjZostf ePg . 6]lnlehgn]
o;nfO{ cem cfsif{s / /f]rs klg agfof] . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf]
cfljisf/ tyf pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] krf; aif{ x'g yfNof] . o;aLr
sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]gsf] d]nn] dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df
Pp6f ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ;"rgf qmflGt
eG5f}F . of] qmflGt ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 .
Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws ;d'bfodf o;nfO{ cfO{6L, ;"rgf k|ljlw,
l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ (Information Superhighway)
cflb elgG5 .
;"rgf / ;~rf/ dfWodsf] ljsf;sf] emns
• dflg;n] tLgnfv jif{ klxn]b]lv efiffsf] pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf]
cg'dfg 5 .
• u'kmfjf;L dflg;x¿n] #% xhf/ jif{ klxn] n]v]/ ;+rf/ ug]{
k|of;
yfn] .
• d];f]kf]6fldofaf;Lx¿n] O;feGbf *))) jif{klxn] lunf] df6f]sf]
;Dd k/]sf] OF6f÷l9Ssf -6ØfAn]6_ df lt/sf] 6'Kkf] jf tLvf] cf}hf/
n] n]Vg yfn] . oxL cEof;af6 clxn]sf /f]dg, b]jgfu/L cflb
ljleGg lnlkx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
• dflg;x¿n] %))) b]lv $))) jif{ O;fk"j{ cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{
s'g}
;+s]tn] hgfpg n]vg÷lnlksf] pkof]u ug{ yfn] .
• ld;|af;Lx¿n] #%)) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv n]Vg] sfddf ef]hkq -
kkfO/
;_ sf] pkof]u ug{ yfn] .
• kmf]gl] ;ofaf;Lx¿n] !&)) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv @@ cIf/sf] j0f{dfnf
pkof]u ug{ yfn] .
• ld;|af;Lx¿n] !$^) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv hfgj/x¿sf] k|zf]lwt
5fnf
-kfr{d]06_ df n]Vgyfn] .
• lrlgofx¿n] !)$! jif{ O;fk"j{df rn cIf/ -d'e]an 6fOk_ sf]
cfljisf/ u/] .
• uGg] oGq, ca]s;sf] pkof]u !))) jif{ O;fk"j{b]lv ;'? eof] .
• lrgdf &$* jif{ O;fk"j{df klxnf] klqsf 5flkof] .
• u'6]gju{n] ;g\ !$%% lt/ 5fkfvfgf agfP/ k':ts 5fKgyfn] .
• ;g\ !^)) sf] ;'?lt/ cvaf/n] :ki6 ¿k lng yfNof] .
• ;g\ !^$@ df An]h kf:snn] oflGqs u0fs -d]sflgsn
SofNs'n]6/_ cfljisf/ u/] .
5
• ;g\ !&)& df klxnf] b}lgs klqsf n08g 8]nL sf]/f06 k|sflzt
x'g
yfNof] .
• ;g\ !&(# df k|sfz;Fu /f;folgs k|ltlqmof u/fP/ lrq
agfpg
;lsG5 eGg] kQf nfUof] . klxnf] k6s kmf]6f]u|flkms lk|ltljDa -
5fofl5q_ ;g\ !*@^ df tof/ kf/]sf] dflgG5 .
• ;g\ !*#) ;Dd xft] k|];n] Ps 306fdf @)) k|lt 5fKYof] eg]
afkmn] rNg] O+lhgsf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 306fdf $))) k|lt
5fKg;lsg] eof] .
• klxnf] 6]lnu|fkm ;g\ !*#!
• 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&^
• u|fdf]kmf]gsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&&
• lah'nLsf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*&(
• a]tf/ 6]lnu|fkm÷/]l8of]sf] sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !*(%
• /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;'? ;g\ !(@)
• /+lug 6]lnlehg cljisf/ ;g\ !(@%
• Pgfnu sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(#)
• On]S6«f] d]sflgsn sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !($$
lrGtgdf klg o;n] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . s'g} ;dfh
slt ljsl;t 5 eGg] s'/f Tof] ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] slt dfqfdf
1fg / ;"rgfnfO{ pkof]u jf pkef]u u5{g\ eGg] s'/fn] hgfpg
yfn]sf] 5 . dfgj ;Eotf b|'t ultn] ;"rgf ;dfh -OGkmd]{;g
;f];fO6L_ cyf{t\ 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh -gn]h a]:8 ;f];fO6L_
lt/ pGd'v x'Fb}5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] ;"rs ca ef}lts ;'v
;'ljwfsf] pkef]u Ifdtfsf] ;§f ;"rgf / 1fgsf] pknAwtf,
pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf / kxF'rnfO{ dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . dfgj hfltnfO{
h+unaf6 lg:s]/, 3'dGt] / lzsf/L hLjg Tofu]/ a:tL
a;fn]/ ;Eotfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] sfd s[lif k|ljlwn] u/]sf] lyof] .
o; lx;fan] dfgj ;Eotfdf ePsf] klxnf] qmflGt s[lif qmflGt
lyof] . kmn:j¿k xhf/f}F jif{;Dd s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;Eotfsf]
ljsf; eof] .
dflg;n] kf+u|f / jfkmn] rNg] OlGhgsf] cfljisf/ u/]kl5
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] yfngL eof] . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] dfgj
;Eotfsf] ljsf; a]Un} 9+un] ug{ yfNof] . gofF jfl0fHo, cy{tGq,
/fHo, ;fd|fHo, pklgj]z, ljZjLs/0f -Unf]anfOh];g_ n] ljZjsf]
¿k g} km]l/lbof] . t/ cf}Bf]lus qmflGt ;'? ePsf] kfFr ;o jif{
glaTb} ;"rgf qmflGtsf] yfngL eof] . cfh xfdL ;"rgf qmflGtsf]
;+3f/df 5f}F .
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efj
cf}Bf]lus k|ljlwn] dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL, lrGtg, 1fg,
lzIff, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yf, snf, ;+:s[ltnufot
hLjgsf x/]s c+udf h'g k|efj kf¥of] Tof]eGbf csNkgLo dfqfdf
;"rgf qmflGtn] k|efj kfg]{ nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
k|efj t o;n] s]6fs]6Lsf] l;Sg] pd]/ / Ifdtfdf kfb}{5 . sDKo'6/
pgLx¿sf] v]nf}gfdfq xf]Og l;Sg] d'Vo ;fwg aGb}5 . pgLx¿n]
sDKo'6/dfkm{t 1fg k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf cfkm"eGbf cl3sf ;a}
k':tfnfO{ pl5Gb}5g\ . afkmn] rNg] OlGhg / /]nn] cf}Bf]lus o'udf
rdTsf/ u/]em}F ;"rgf k|ljlwn] pBf]u / jfl0fHosf] If]qdf
csNkgLo 9+un] ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ vf]Nb}5 . o;n] ljZjs}
cy{tGq, /fhgLlt / ;dfhsf x/]s c+udf kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 .
o;n] ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f ahf/df kl/0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;fdfgsf]
pTkfbg s'g} ufpFsf] s'gfdf ePtf klg To;sf] ljqmL / ljt/0f
ljZjJofkL / k|lt:kwL{ ePsf] 5 . Ps} jfSodf eGg] xf] eg] ;"rgf
qmflGtn] dflg;n]
• l8lh6n sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; ;g\ !(%) sf] bzs
• On]S6«f]lgs o'u ;g\ !($& — !(&@
• 6«flGh:6/sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !($&
• :jrflnt k|f]u|fd /fvL rnfpg ldNg] sDKo'6/sf]
cfljisf/ ;g\ !(%)
• sDKo'6/ o'usf] k|f/De ;g\ !(%!
• /+lug 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f k|f/De ;g\ !(%#
• e"pku|x k|If]k0f ;g\ !(%&
• ;+rf/ e"pku|xsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(^@
• OG6/g]6sf] k"j{¿k ARPAnet sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(^(
• ;"rgf o'usf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&#
• Ps ju{ ;]lG6ld6/ cfsf/sf] lrkdf b; xhf/ 6«flGh:6/ c6fof]
. Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug]{, Jofkf/ ug]{h:tf x/]s If]qdf kl/jt{g
• ˆofS; d]l;gsf] ;'?jft ;g\ !(&$
• klxnf] k;{gn SDKo'6/ -kL;L_ ahf/df cfof] ;g\ !(&%
• sDKo'6/x¿sf] :yfgLo g]6js{ agfpg] Oy/g]6sf]
k|f/De ;g\ !(&^
• clK6sn kmfOa/ s]ansf] cf/De ;g\ !(&&
• Wjlg l/s8{ ug{ sDKofS6 l8:s -;L8L_ sf] cf/De ;g\ !(*@
• klxnf] ;]n'n/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] cf/De ;g\ !(*#
• klxnf] ;L8L /f]d / PKkn DoflsG6f]; sDKo'6/
cf/De ;g\ !(*%
• O06/g]6÷ jN8{jfO8j]asf] k|f/De ;g\ !(() lt/
dfgj ljsf;sf] ;f+rf] / ;"rs M ;"rgf / 1fg
æ1fg kl/jt{gsf] phf{ xf]Æ eGg] s'/f ;flat eO;s]sf] 5,
lsgls 1fg, hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf km}lng] ultsf] j[lWb;Fu} dflg;n]
gofF 1fg–lj1fgsf] cfljisf/ ug]{ ult klg a9\b} 5 . ;fy} dflg;sf]
hLjg:t/, Jojxf/ /
cWofo #
;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df qmlGtsf/L kl/jt{g Nofpg] d'Vo sf/s
tTj xf] l8lh6n k|ljlw . cf}Bf]lus o'udf pBf]u wGbfx¿ ljzfn /
ux|f}F oflGqs pks/0fx¿af6 rNy] . snsf/vfgdf hl8Psf oGqx¿
klxn]sf 38Lx¿h:t} ;}of}F k'hf{x¿n] ag]sf x'Gy] . ltgnfO{ rnfpg
dflg;, 3f]8f, afkm OlGhg, bd -l:k|ª_ cflb zlQmsf] cfjZostf
x'GYof] . lah'nLsf] cljisf/ ePkl5 snsf/vfgdf pkof]u ul/g]
oflGqs pks/0fx¿df w]/} ;'wf/ eof] . lah'nLn] ubf{ g} 6]lnkmf]g,
/]l8of] cflb ;+rf/ pks/0fx¿sf] cfljisf/ eof] . t/ To; a]nfsf
/]l8of] / 6]lnkmf]g tyf clxn]sf] /]l8of] / 6]lnkmf]gaLr lgSs} leGgtf
5 . clxn] 6]lnkmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlegh cflb ;+rf/sf k|foM ;a}
dfWodx¿ l8lh6n k|ljlwdf kl/0ft eO;s]sf 5g\ . cfw'lgs ;"rgf
6
k|ljlwsf k|d'v cfwf/x¿ sDKo'6/, g]6js{, OG6/g]6, b"/;+rf/,
dlN6ldl8of / ;"rgf ;fIf/tf x'g\ .
sDKo'6/ / l8lh6n k|ljlw
cfhef]ln 3/df sDKo'6/ /fVg' km];g, OHht / cfw'lgstfsf]
lrgf];d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs k|lt:kwf{Tds ljZjdf s'g} klg
Joj;fosf] ;kmntfsf]nflu sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ckl/xfo{ x'Fb}
uO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] b}lgs hLjgsf x/]s c+unfO{ k|efljt ub}{5 .
lxFhf];Dd ljBf jf 1fg, wg tyf dfg ;Ddfgsf] nflu ;fIf/ x'g'
cfjZos dflgGYof] eg] cj k/Dk/ut ;fIf/tfn] dfq k'Ub}g .
sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tflagf casf] ;dfhdf 1fg, wg / ;Ddfg kfpg'
;xh 5}g . /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / oftfoftsf ;fwfgx¿h:t}
sDKo'6/ klg hLjgsf] c+u aGb} uPsf] 5 .
sDKo'6/ s] xf] <
sDKo'6/ o:tf] oGq xf] h;n] cfb]z cg';f/ b|'t ultdf
On]S6«f]lgs 8]6f k|zf]wg u5{ . On]S6«f]lgs 8]6f eg]sf] sDKo'6/n]
a'‰g] ;+s]tdf tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq cflb
cfwf/e"t ;"rgf ;fdu|L xf] . sDKo'6/n] d'Vo tLg j6f sfd u5{ M
o;n] ;'lgof]lht, ;'ul7t tyf lgolGqt ¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] ;"rgf
;fdu|L lnG5 (Input), Tof] ;fdu|LnfO{ To;nfO{ sfd ug]{, l;Sg],
Nofpg'sf ;fy} dfgj ;dfh / cy{tGqnfO{ gofF cfsf/df 9fNg] sfd
ub{}5 . o;n] ;do / b"/Lsf] aGwgnfO{ dfq tf]8]sf] 5}g clkt' ;+;f/
el/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ Pscfk;df ;+jfb ug{ nufP/ pgLx¿aLr
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts e]befjnfO{ d]6\g] ;Defjgf a9fPsf]5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] agfpFb}5 .
;a}eGbf d'Vo s'/f t o;n] ;do / ef}lts b"/LnfO{ d]6fpFb}5 .
lzIff, ;Lk, 1fg / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ / k|]if0f ug{ clt ;lhnf] ePsf]
5 . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf] 1fgsf e08f/df /x]sf k':ts klqsf
cflbnfO{ lgd]ife/d} 6]a'ndfly Nofpg, x]g{, 5fKg, ;'Gg ;Dej ePsf]
5 . oftfoftdf x'g] vr{ / ;donfO{ 36fPsf] 5 . Ps hgf JolQmsf]
ljrf/ jf ;Gb]z If0fe/d} ljZjel/ km}nfpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
pBf]uL tyf Joj;foLx¿n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] ljqmL
ljZjahf/df k'¥ofpg yfn]sf 5g\ . 3/d} a;La;L u|fxsn] lrof
skmL vfhf dfq xf]Og b}lgs pkef]usf ;fdfg 3/d} k|fKt ug{;S5 .
s'g} klg 7fpFdfa;]/ ljZjsf] s'g} klg 7fpFdf pTkfbg / ljqmL x'g]
j:t' lsGg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf a9L k|efjsf/L /
b|'t ultn] k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿ /
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a9L ;Ifd, lhDd]bf/ / kf/bzL{ agfpgsf
;fy} hgtfnfO{ cfˆgf] dt tTsfn hfx]/ ug]{
;'ljwf lbP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg
lbg yfln;s]sf] 5 . lzIff, dgf]/+hg, Jofkf/, pBf]uwGbf, :jf:Yo
;]jf, /fHo Joj:yfkg÷;'zf;g, cfd;+rf/, dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf;,
of]hgf th'{df cflb cgluGtL If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g
yfn]sf] 5 .
;"rgf qmflGtsf] nIo / k|efj
dfgj hLjgdf ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf k|ljlwn] ;j{JofkL
e"ldsf v]Ng yfn]sf] / dflg;sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
nufot ;a} kIfdf o;n] kl/jt{g Nofpg yfn]sf] x'gfn] ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] of] o'ufGtsf/L ljsf;nfO{ ;"rgf qmflGt elgPsf] xf] .
jf:tjdf dfgj hLjgsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs /fhgLlts nufot
;a} lqmofsnfknfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t agfpFb} ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g}
1fgjfg agfpg] qmflGtsf] yfngL xf] of] . o;n] dflg;sf] Pp6}
k':tfdf klg ;+:s[lt, rfnrng, lrGtg / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
Jojxf/df kTofpg} g;lsg] kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] 5 .
agfpg nufpF5g\ . a}Fs, c:ktfn, b"/;+rf/, hgu0fgf, dt
;j]{If0f cflb ljljw sfdsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ˆ6j]o/x¿
agfOG5g\ . sDKo'6/nfO{ sfd u/fpgsf] nflu ;a}eGbf klxn]
To;df ;'lgof]lht 8]6f eg'{k5{ . sDKo'6/nfO{ 8]6f pknAw u/fpg]
pks/0fx¿nfO{ Ogk'6 l8efO; elgG5 . cIf/ 6fOk u/]/ jf
sdf08 lbP/ sfd u/fpg] lsaf]8{, dfp;,
Hjfol:6s, k]g cflb Ogk'6 l8efO; x'g\ . dfp; xftn] rnfpg]
;fgf] pks/0f xf] . o;n] sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] cIf/, lrq jf
;+s]tx¿nfO{ /f]Hg], tndfly / Pp6f kmfOnaf6 csf]{ kmfOndf
n}hfg], sDKo'6/n] ;DkGg ug]{ s'g} sfd ug]{ cfb]z lbg] cflb sfd
u5{ . dfp; ljleGg cfsf/sf / ljleGg sfd ug]{ vfnsf kfOG5g\
. Hjfol:6s, 6rKof8 / 6«Øfsan klg kbf{df b]lvg] ;+s]tx¿nfO{
rnfpg] / ljleGg sfd ug{ cfb]z lbg] pks/0fx¿ x'g\ .
sDKo'6/df 8]6f ;+sng ug]{ Pp6f d'Vo pks/0flsaf]8{ xf] .
lsaf]8{df 6fOk/fO6/df h:t} cIf/ / c+sx¿ 6fOk ug]{ sLx¿sf]
;fy} ljleGg sfd u/fpg] jf sdf08 lbg] sLx¿ x'G5g\ . dfp;n]
ug]{ sltko sfd lsaf]8{n] u5{ .
:Sofg/ klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ogk'6 l8efO; xf] . o;n] sfutdf
ePsf lrq tyf cIf/nfO{ sDKo'6/df k7fpg] sfd u5{ . o;n]
sfutdf ePsf] lrqdf k|sfz k7fP/ To;sf] k|ltljDanfO{ ljleGg
dfqfdf gfk]/ To;}cg';f/ lrqnfO{ l8lh6 (Digit) df kl/0ft u5{ .
:Sofg/ ljleGg cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf x'G5g\ .
Ogk'6 l8efO;n] 8]6f lbPkl5 sDKo'6/n] 8]6fnfO{ ;+u|x
u5{ . 8]6f ;+u|x ug{sf nflu sDKo'6/df ljleGg pks/0f x'G5g\ .
oL pks/0fx¿nfO{ :6f]/]h l8efO; elgG5 . :6f]/]h l8efO;n]
8]6f jf ;"rgfnfO{ ;+u|x ug]{ / rflxPsf] a]nfdf lemSg] sfd u5{ .
8]6f :6f]/ ug]{ :yfoL pks/0f xf8{l8:s 8«fOe xf] . xf8{l8:s
8«fOe jf 5f]6s/Ldf xf8{ 8«fOe sDKo'6/df :yfoL ¿kn] hl8Psf]
x'G5 . sDKo'6/df /fVg / lemSg ldNg] xf8{ 8«fOe klg x'G5 . ;a}
vfnsf 8]6f, kmfOn jf ;"rgf xf8{ 8«fOedf :6f]/ ul/G5 .
xf8{l8:sn] slt 8]6f ;+u|x ug{;S5 eGg] Ifdtf afO6df gflkG5 .
klxn] xf8{l8:sx¿ ;fdfGotof d]uf afO6 MB df pknAw x'Gy]
eg] clxn] luuf afO6 GB df kfOG5 . To:t} l;8L /f]d, ˆnkL
l8:s, yDa 8«fOe, hLk 8«fOe, l8le8L cflbn] klg :yfoL /
c:yfoL ¿kdf
lbOPsf] lgod / cfb]z cg';f/ k|zf]wg u5{ (Process) clg
pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ffd lbG5 (Output) .
sDKo'6/sf c+ux¿
Pp6f ;fdfGo sDKo'6/df ljleGg pks/0f jf lx:;fx¿
x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] lbdfu dflgg] ;]G6«n k|f];]l;ª o'lg6;lxt
dxTjk"0f{ oGqpks/0fx¿ Pp6f afs;df /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{
l;:6d o'lg6 elgG5 . o;n] sDKo'6/sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnL ;+rfng
u5{ . sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd cIf/ jf lrqsf] ¿kdf
df]lg6/ jf l:qmg cyf{t\ kbf{df b]lvG5 . kbf{df b]lvPsf
kl/0ffd lk|G6/n] 5fK5 . sDKo'6/nfO{ cfb]z lbg] sfd lsaf]8 { /
dfp;n] u5{ . df]8]dn] sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu hf]8]/ c?
sDKo'6/x¿;Fu ;+rf/ ug{ / cGo pks/0f ;femf ¿kdf pkof]u
ug{ ;3fpF5 . sfd / cfjZostf cg';f/ sDKo'6/df :Sofg/,
6]lnkmf]g ˆofS;, dfOqmf]kmf]g, l:ks/ cflb pks/0fx¿ pkof]u
ul/Psf x'G5g\ . l;:6d o'lg6leq xf8{ 8«fOe, ;LkLo", lah'nL
7
cfk"lt{ Joj:yf, d]df]/L, ;L8L /f]d 8«fOe, ˆnkL 8«fOe, PS:kfG;g
sf8{, PS:kfG;g :n6, db/af]8{, ;fp08 sf8{, lel8of] sf8{ tyf
ljleGg sfdsf] nflu ljleGg sf8{, h:t} 6LeL sf8{,
/flvPsf x'G5g\ .
sDKo'6/n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
sDKo'6/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ . xf8{j]o/
eg]sf] sDKo'6/sf] aflx/ / leq ePsf, b]Vg, 5fDg / 5'g ;lsg]
7f]; pks/0f / kf6{k'hf{x¿ x'g\ . h:t} M df]lg6/, dfp;, ;LkLo',
sLaf]8{, lk|G6/, l:ks/ cflb ;ˆ6j]o/ eg]sf] sDKo'6/sf
xf8{j]o/x¿nfO{ sfd u/fpg] cfb]z xf] . ;ˆ6j]o/
d'Vo ¿kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/ /
PlKns];g k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/ . ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/
sDKo'6/nfO{ ;+rfng u/fpg] cfwf/e"t ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;}sf]
cfwf/df PlKns];g k|f]u|fd ;ˆ6j]o/x¿n] sfd u5{g\ . lj+8f]h /
lngS; ck/]l6ª l;:6d ;ˆ6j]o/sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
PlKns];g k|f]u|fd s'g} lglZrt ljifodf lgwf{l/t sfd
ug{sf nflu agfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu lr7L kq / n]v /rgf
n]Vgsf] nflu j8{k|f];]l;ª k|f]u|fdsf] pkof]u ul/G5 eg] lx;fa
lstfa /fVgsf] nflu PsfplG6ª ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ul/G5 . To:t}
k':ts klqsf n]cfp6 l8hfOg ug{ k]hd]s/, kmf]6f] ;Dkfbg ug{
kmf]6f];k cflb k|f]u|fd pkof]u x'G5 . ljleGg If]qdf sfd ug]{x¿n]
cfcfˆgf] sfd / cfjZostf cg';f/ PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ /fVg]
/ aflx/} /fVg] b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . df]8]dsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f
o;sf] ult jf l:k8 xf] . df]8]dsf] ultnfO{ la6 k|lt ;]s]08 -
aLkLP;\_ jf lsnf]la6 k|lt ;]s]G8 -s]aLkLP;\_ df gflkG5 . %^,)))
aLkLP;\ cyf{t\ Ps ;]s]08df %^,))) la6 a/fa/sf] ;+s]t k7fpg
jf k|fKt ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] df]8]d al9 k|rlnt 5 . df]8]dsf] ult
hlt w]/} eof] Tolt l56f] Od]n jf OG6/g]6 k|fKt ug{ jf x]g{ ;lsg]
x'gfn] ;do hf]ufpg / 6]lnkmf]gsf] vr{ 36fpg klg w]/} ultsf]
df]8]d a]; x'G5 .
l8lh6, la6, afO6 / 8]6f
sDKo'6/n] a'‰g] / v]nfpg] efiff jf ;+s]t b'O{ j6f c+s, ! / ),
dfq xf] . oL b'O{ c+ssf] hf]8LnfO{ afOg/L l8lh6 elgG5 . sDKo'6/n]
Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq, cIf/ cflb s'g} klg ;"rgf jf 8]6fnfO{ log} b'O{
c+ssf] hf]8fdf kl/0ft u/]kl5 dfq u|x0f, k|zf]wg / pTkfbg
ug{;S5 . Pp6f ! / Pp6f ) sf] afOg/L l8lh6sf] hf]8fnfO{ la6
elgG5 . sDKo'6/n]
k|of]u ug]{ efiff jf To;sf] lbdfusf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] OsfO{ la6 xf] .
cf7 j6fla6 ldn]/ Pp6f afO6 aG5 . Ps afO6n] s]xL ;"rgf
lbg;S5 , h:t} j0f{dfnfsf] s'g} cIf/ jf yf]Knf / c4{ lj/fdh:tf
lrGxx¿ . sDKo'6/sf] d]df]/L jf e08f/0f IfdtfnfO{ afO6df gflkG5
. !)@$ afO6 a/fa/ Ps lsnf] afO6 / !)@$ lsnf] afO6 a/fa/
Ps d]ufafO6 x'G5 .
8]6f eg]sf] ;"rgfsf] d;nf, hfgsf/L, tYof+s cyf{t\
cfwf/e"t ;fdu|L xf] . of] cIf/, lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq cflb cg]s
¿kdf x'g;S5 . t/ sDKo'6/n] v]nfpg] jf ;+sng, k|zf]wg /
pkof]u ug]{] ;a} 8]6f, rfx] Tof] cIf/df xf];\, rfx] Wjlg, lrq,
rnlrqdf xf];\, ! / ) x¿df x'G5 .
l8lh6n k|ljlw
gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] Pp6f
k|d'v sf/s tTj l8lh6n k|ljlw xf] . clxn] s'g} klg ;"rgfnfO{
l8lh6n ;+s]tdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . l8lh6fOh];g cyf{t\ zAb,
Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq ;a} k|sf/sf 8]6fnfO{ l8lh6 jf b'O{ c+ssf]
afOg/L k|0ffnLdf kl/0ft ug'{ ;"rgfnfO{ dlN6ldl8of cyf{t\
ax'dfWoddf n}hfg ;+ej t'Nofpg] d'Vo s8L xf] . l8lh6df
kl/0ft ePkl5 sDKo'6/n] ;lhn};Fu To;nfO{ v]nfpg ;S5 .
pkof]ustf{n] ax'dfWoddf sDKo'6/df /x]sf] 8]6fnfO{ cfkm"n]
rfx]h:tf] k|zf]wg ug{;S5 . 8]6f :6f]/ u5{g\ . ˆnkL l8:sdf
yf]/}yf]/} 8]6f c:yfoL ¿kdf :6f]/ ug{ / Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{
sDKo'6/df cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . l;8L /f]d df w]/} dfqfdf
:yfoL ¿kdf 8]6f ;+sng / cf];f/k;f/ ug{;lsG5 . l;8L /f]ddf
l;+u} lkmNd / 7"nf7"nf lstfax¿ klg c6fpF5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] 8]6f
k|]f;]; jf k|zf]wg ug]{ d'Vo sfd ;LkLo" cyf{t ;]G6«n k|f];]l;ª
o'lg6n] u5{ . ;LkLo" sDKo'6/sf] d'Vo lrk jf lbdfu xf] .
k|f];];/x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf / Ifdtf jf ultsf x'G5g\ . k|f];];/sf]
ult jf l:k8nfO{ d]ufxh{ (MHz) jf Millions of cycle per
second df gflkG5 .
s'g} klg sDKo'6/df k|f]ufd rnfpg jf 8]6f k|zf]wg ug{
klxnf k|f];];/n] :6f]/]h l8efO;af6 k|f]u|fd / 8]6fnfO{ d]df]/L
(RAM) df /fV5 . To;sf/0f Ps}k6s slt j6f, slt 7'nf] / slt
RffF8f] k|f]u|fd jf kmfOn vf]Ng] eGg] s'/f d]df]/Lsf] Ifdtfdf e/ k5{
. ;LkLo'n] 8]6f k|f];]; u/]kl5 h'g kl/0ffd cfpF5 Tof] ljleGg
¿kdf b]Vg jf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} l:qmg jf df]lg6/df
cIf/, lrq / rnlrqsf] ¿kdf x]g{ / l:kls/af6 ;'Gg ;lsG5 eg]
lk|G6/af6 5fKg ;lsG5 . l:qmg jf
df]lg6/, l:ks/, lk|G6/ cflb ;fdfGo cfp6k'6 l8efO; cyf{t\
pTkfbg pks/0f x'g\ .
sDKo'6/n] u/]sf] sfd df]lg6/ jf l:qmgdf b]lvG5 .
df]lg6/df b]vfpgsf] nflu u|fkmLs sf8{ rflxG5 . lk|G6/n]
sDKo'6/n] tof/ kf/]sf] kf7Ø tyf lrq 5fK5 . To;n] lr7Lkq,
lan, l/kf]6{, Go'hn]6/, k'l:tsf, n]an tyf ljleGg ;fdu|L
5fKg;S5 . lk|G6/ ljleGg u'0f:t/, cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf x'G5g\ .
lk|G6/sf] dbtn] sDKo'6/af6 k':ts, l/kf]6{, d]g', a|f];/, Go'hn]6/
cflb 5fKg] sfdnfO{ 8]:s6k klAnl;ª elgG5 .
• df]8]d M sDKo'6/nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g;Fu s'/fsfgL u/fOlbg]
pks/0f df]8]d xf] .
• df]8]d zAb df]8'n]6/ / l8df]8'n]6/ b'O{ zAb ldnfP/
5f]6ØfP/ agfOsf] zAb xf] . sDKo'6/n] l8lh6n
k|0ffnLdf sfd u5{ t/ 6]lnkmf]gn] Pgfnu k|0ffnLdf
sfd u5{ . leGgfleGg} k|0ffnLdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] sDKo'6/ /
6]lnkmf]gn] l;w} 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Qm}g . df]8]dn] l8lh6n
;+s]tnfO{ Pgfnu ;+s]tdf / Pgfnu ;+s]tnfO{ l8lh6n ;+s]tdf
kl/0ft u/]/ b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} k|0ffnLnfO{ cfk;df 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . df]8]d sDKo"6/ leq d'6' tyf z/L/sf ljleGg
c+usf] ult rfk cflb Pgfnu k4ltn] gflkG5 eg] To;df k|fKt 8]6f
k|zf]wg / kl/0ffd b]vfpg] sfd l8lh6n k4ltn] u5{ . t}klg clxn]
ljZjdf clwsf+z l8lh6n sDKo'6/ g} k|of]u x'G5 .
sDKo'6/n] 3/leq ug{;Sg] sfd M
sDKo'6/n] s]s] sfd u5{ eGg] s'/f n]v]/ ;fWo 5}g . t}klg, Pp6f
;fdfGo sDKo'6/n] ug]{ sfdaf/] c8sn ug{ ;lhnf]sf nflu Pp6f
3/]n' kL;Ln] ug{;Sg] 3/leqsf] sfdsf] ;"rL x]/fF} .
• lr7L, n]v, syf, sljtf, l6kf]6 cflb n]Vg] .
• ;a} vfnsf lx;fa lstfa /fVg] .
• b}lgs sfdsf] ljj/0f jf 8fo/L /fVg] .
8
• kfgL, lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n ltg]{ .
• 3/df b}lgs pkef]usf] ;fdfg ;lsPsf] hfgsf/L lbg] /
k;naf6 ;fdfg dufpg] .
• 3/leq cfuf] nfUg yfNof], rf]/ k:of], kfgLsf] gn v'n} /Xof]
eg] To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg] / 3/nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] .
• b}lgs jf efjL sfdsf] of]hgf agfpg] / s'g lbg sxfF hfg' 5,
s;nfO{ e]6g' 5 jf s] ug{' 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] .
• efG5fdf ksfpg] kl/sf/sf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
• efiff tyf ;Lk l;sfpg] / cfo;|f]t a9fpg] .
• Od]n, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] dfWodaf6 x/]s k|sf/sf ;"rgf / 1fg,
lr7Lkq, kmf]6f] uLt, ;+uLt k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;dfrf/ yfxf
kfpg] / k7fpg] .
• uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg], 6LeL tyf rnlrq x]g]{, v]n v]Ng] / cGo
dgf]/+hg ug]{ .
• lrq sf]g]{ jf k]l06ª ug]{ .
• 3/sf] ;/;fdfgsf] ;"rL /fVg] .
• JolQmsf] k]zf cg';f/sf u|fxssf] ;"rL / hfgsf/L /fVg] .
• Go'hn]6/, a|f];/, lj1fkg, lgdGq0ff tyf z'esfdgf sf8{, lr7L,
;"rgf cflb yf]/} 5fk] k'Ug] sfd 3/d} ug]{ . o:tf ;fdu|L Od]naf6
k7fpg] . sDKo'6/n] k|zf]wg jf k|f];]; ug]{ eg]sf] ltg} b'O{ j6f
l8lh6 jf c+snfO{ otfptf ug'{ dfq} xf] . efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0f,
gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] uLt, n}gl;+x afFub]nsf] lrq jf d"lt{ cflb h]
lrhnfO{ l8lh6fOh u/] klg sDKo'6/sf] nflu To;sf] s'g} km/s
cy{ nfUb}g . To;sf] nflu ;a} ;"rgf s]jn ! / )
xf] . oxL l8lh6n :jefjn] ubf{ sDKo'6/df dN6Lldl8of ;Dej
ePsf] xf] . cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw olt b|'t, k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL
ePsf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] .
sDKo'6/sf] k|sf/
sfd ug]{ tl/sf, sfdsf] p2]Zo jf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df
sDKo'6/ ljleGg vfnsf x'G5g\ . sfof{nox¿df 6]a'ndfly c6fpg]
;fgf sDKo'6/nfO{ k|foM k;{gn sDKo'6/ jf kL;L elgG5 . xfn
ahf/df b'O{ k|sf/sf kL;L a9L nf]slk|o 5g\ M cfOaLPd kL;L /
PKkn DoflsG6f]; . sDKo'6/nfO{ ju{ cg';f/, k':tf cg';f/ /
To;n] k|f];]; ug]{ tl/sf cg';f/ d'Vo ¿kdf tLg tl/sfn]
5'6Øfpg ;lsG5 .
ju{ cg';f/ M ;'k/ sDKo'6/, d]gk|m]d sDKo'6/, ldgL sDKo'6/ /
dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ . c? s'/f ldn]sf] 5 eg] of] juL{s/0faf6
sDKo'6/x¿sf] ult, cfsf/, df]n, / Ifdtf yfxf nfU5 . k':tf
cg';f/ M ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf ag]sf, P]ltxfl;s dxTj af]s]sf,
UNIVAC h:tf, klxnf] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿ EofSo'd 6Ø'a
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lyP . !(^) sf] bzsdf ag]sf bf];|f] k':tfsf
sDKo'6/x¿df EofSo'd 6Ø'asf] 7fpF 6«flGh:6/n] lnof] . !(^) sf]
bzsb]lv g} aGg yfn]sf t];|f] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df 6«flGh:6/sf]
7fpF lrk jf OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6n] lnof] . !(&) sf] bzsdf b]vf
k/]sf dfOqmf] sDKo'6/x¿h:tf rf}yf] k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿df ;fgf]
lrksf] pkof]u x'g yfNof] h;df Pp6} lrkdf xhf/f}F ;ls{6
c6fpF5 . ca cfpg] kfFrf}F k':tfsf sDKo'6/x¿ clt ljzfn
;+Vofsf ;ls{6x¿ / sDKo'l6ªsf] hl6n k|0ffnLx¿sf ;fy} s[lqd
a'l4 / zlQmzfnL k|f];]l;ªsf] d]naf6 ag]sf x'g]5g\ . k|f];]l;ªsf]
tl/sf cg';f/ M sDKo'6/x¿ Pgfnu, l8lh6n / xfOla|8 x'G5g\ .
Pgfnu sDKo'6/ w]/}h;f] j}1flgs sfddf h:t} gfk tf}n, ult,
tfkdfg, jfo'sf] ult / lbzf h:tf ef}lts u'0f gfKg pkof]u
ul/G5 . pRr:t/Lo tyf hl6n j}1flgs lrlsT;f;+j+wL sfddf
Pgfnu / l8lh6nsf] d]naf6 ag]sf] xfOla|8 sDKo"6/ k|of]u
ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu la/fdLsf]
Pp6f zx/leq ljleGg efudf /x]sf a}+s, Po/nfOG;
cflb ljleGg sfof{nosf cflGtl/s 8]6f cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;3fpF5
. o:t} lj:t[t If]qLo g]6js{n] b]zJofkL ¿kdf jf b]zx¿df
km}lnPsf zfvf sfof{nox¿aLr 8]6f cfbfg k|bfgu5{ . g]6js{sf
cg]s kmfObf 5g\ . o;df cfj4 ePkl5 3/}df jf hxfF a;]/ klg
sfof{nosf] sfd ug{;lsG5 . Pp6f sDKo'6/df ePsf] kmfOn, 8]6f
jf ;"rgf csf]{n] pkof]u ug{;S5 . lr7L, kmfOn jf l/kf]6{ Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg s'g} JolQm jf x'nfs rflxFb}g . s'g}
klg s'/f cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;do / vr{sf] art x'G5 . Pp6f
sfof{no jf JolQm;Fu ePsf lk|G6/, ˆofS;, :Sofg/ cflb pks/0f
csf]{n] pkof]u ug{;S5 . g]6js{af6 Od]n, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn,
lel8of] sGk|m]G; cflb ug{ ;lsG5 . hlt 6f9f klg s'/fsfgL ug{,
lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg k7fpg / k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]6js{sf] ;'/Iff M sDKo'6/sf] xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ ;fy}
sDKo'6/df /flvPsf dxTjk"0f{ 8]6f, kmfOn, ;"rgf cflbnfO{
hf]ufP/ /flvPg eg] ljleGg 36gf jf sf/0faf6 tL ;fdu|Lx¿
gi6 x'g ;S5g\ . a}Fssf zfvfx¿aLr x'g] ;"rgfsf] cfbfg
k|bfgnfO{ uf]Ko /fVg a}Fsx¿aLr :yflkt g]6js{df k7fOg] ;"rgf
uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . g]6js{x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{sf nflu ljleGg
pkfox¿ k|rlnt 5g\ . kmfo/jfn (Firewall) o:t} Pp6f pkfosf]
k|rlnt gfd xf] . of] gfd xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ b'a}sf] nflu
pkof]u ul/G5 . a}Fsh:tf ;+:yfx¿n] of] pkfo ckgfpF5g\ . s'g}
g]6js{df k|j]z u/]/ s'g} kmfOn x]g{ jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu o'h/g]d
/ kf;j8{sf] ;fy} s]xL ;+s]t jfSo jf cIf/x¿ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
OG6/g]6 M ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{
;g\ !*$) df 6]lnu|fkmsf] cfljisf/, ;g\ !*&) df
6]lnkmf]g, ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf /]l8of] jf ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf
6]lnlehgn] h'g rdTsf/sf] cf/De u/]sf] lyof] clxn] xfdL Tof]eGbf
klg a9L rdTsf/ b]vfpg] k|ljlwsf]
k|f/lDes cj:yfdf 5f}F . o;nfO{ xfdL ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGb}5f}F .
cn]Sh]08/ u|fxd a]nn] 6]lnkmf]g cfljisf/ u/]kl5 ;'?df
dflg;x n] cfk;L ;+jfbsf nflu 6]lnkmf]gsf] olt w]/} pkof]u
unf{g\ eg]/ sNkgf;Dd klg u/]sf lyPgg\ . t/ cfhsf] ljZj
6]lnkmf]glagf rNg ;Dej b]lvFb}g . To:t} ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{sf]
eljiodf x'g] rdTsfl/s pkof]usf] sltko kIfaf/] clxn] xfdLn]
ljrf/ klg gu/]sf] x'g;S5 .
laqmL ul/g] ;fdfgsf] n]an jf df]n 5fk]/ 6fF:g] . cflb=====
s]6fs]6LnfO{ k9g / xf]djs{ ug{ ;3fpg] .
a'xf/L, HjfOF jf hLjg;fyL vf]Hg ;3fpg] .
cGo pkof]u
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u k|foM ;a}h;f] Joj;fo jf k];fsf
dflg;x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] :6f]/sf] ;fdfgsf]
tfhf :6ssf] hfgsf/L /fVg, lan agfpg, lx;fa /fVg /
u|fxsx¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ Jofkf/ a9fpg sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u
ul//x]sf 5g\ . 8fS6/x¿n] lj/fdLsf] /]s8{ /fVg, /f]u
v'6\Øfpg / pkrf/sf cgsf}F sfddf o;sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\
. O+lhlgo/x¿n] l8hfOg ug{, of]hgfsf/x¿n] of]hgf agfpg,
9
kqsf/x¿n] cvaf/ lgsfNg, sfof{nox¿n] ;'Jojl:yt 9+un] sfd
ug{ sDKo'6/sf] ;s];Dd w]/} pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfh ef]ln
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u gx'g] Joj;fo / o;sf] pkof]u gug]{ Joj;foL
kfpg ufx|f] x'Fg yfn]sf] 5 .
g]6js{
w]/} sDKo'6/ / ;+a+lwt pks/0fx¿ jf sDKo'6/sf
;d"xx¿ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt lk|G6/ ˆofS; cflb pks/0fx¿nfO{
Ps cfk;df hf]8]/ sDKo'6/ pkof]ustf{x¿n] cfk;df sDKo'6/df
ePsf kmfOn, ;"rgf / pks/0fsf] afF8r'F8 jf ;femf ¿kdf
pkof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ g]6js{ elgG5 .
g]6js{ :yfkgf ubf{ sDKo'6/x¿ / pks/0fx¿nfO{
cfk;df tf/åf/f, 6]lnkmf]gnfOgåf/f, lagftf/ jf /]l8of] t/+uåf/f
jf b"/;+rf/sf cGo dfWodåf/f hf]l8G5 . o;sf] nflu b"/;+rf/
k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . b"/;+rf/ dfWodåf/f sDKo'6/
g]6js{df hf]l8Pkl5sf] cj:yfnfO{ cgnfOg (online) elgG5 .
o;/L cgnfOg eP/ g]6js{df hf]l8Pkl5 Tof] g]6js{;+u hf]l8Psf
xf8{j]o/ oGqpks/0fx¿, ;ˆ6j]o/ k|f]u|fdx¿, 8]6f / ;"rgfx¿
cfk;df afF8g / pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .
g]6js{ d'Vo tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M :yfgLo g]6js{ (Local
Area Network
= LAN), zx/L If]qleqsf] g]6js{ (Metropolitan Area Network
= MAN) / lj:t[t If]qLo g]6js{ (Wide Area Network = WAN)
.
:yfgLo g]6js{af6 Pp6f sfof{no sf]7fdf ejg leqsf
sDKo'6/x¿aLr g]6js{ u/]/ cfk;df 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 eg]
zx/L If]qLo g]6js{n] lgsfox¿aLr ;+rf/ Joj:yf hf/L /fVg' lyof]
. s]Gb|Lo sdf08df gflesLo xdnf eP/ Wj:t ePsf] v08df
cd]l/sL ;]gf g]t[TjljxLg xf]nf eGg] /Iff ljefusf] lrGtf lyof] .
o;}n] ARPAnet sf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] of] cj:yfaf6 hf]lug
k"0f{¿kn] ljs]lGb|t ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ckgfpg] lgwf] u/L o; k|sf/sf]
;"rgf ;+hfnsf] ljsf; u/] . of] g} cfhsf] OG6/g]6sf] cfwf/ aGof] .
sfnfGt/df o;df BITNET, Usenet, UUCP tyf NSFnet nufotsf c?
g]6js{x¿ klg cfj4 eP . o;/L clxn]sf] OG6/g]6sf] ljsf; ePsf]
xf] .
OG6/g]6sf] Pp6f d'Vo ljz]iftf s] 5 eg] olb o;sf] s'g} efu gi6
eP/ o;sf] af6f] lju|] klg o;n] t'?Gt} csf]{ af6f] vf]h]/ cfˆgf]
nIfdf k'Ug;S5 . OG6/g]6nfO{ lgoGq0f jf ;+rfng ug]{ s'g} Pp6f
;+:yf 5}g . o;nfO{ ;+rfng ug{] cGt/f{li6«o lgod sfg'g klg 5}g /
o;df ePsf ;"rgfnfO{ ;]G;/ ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . o;sf] s'g}
s]lGb|o sfof{no klg 5}g . o;df s]s] ljifo j:t' 5 eGg] ljifo
;"rL 5}g . jf:tjdf of] :jo+;]jL JolQm / Joj;foL ;+:yfx¿åf/f
rln/x]sf] 5 . t/ ;g\ !((@ b]lv Pp6f gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo /lxt
bL OG6/g]6 ;f];fO6L gfds ;d"xn] OG6/g]6sf gLltx¿ /
k|f]6f]snx¿x¿sf] /]vb]v ug'{sf ;fy} dflg;x¿n] o;sf] pkof]u
s;/L u5{g\ / o;k|lt s:tf] k|ltlqmof hgfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] /]vb]v
ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
OG6/g]6 a|fplhª÷ljr/0f
OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{sf nflu Pp6f pko'Qm sDKo'6/ /
6]lnkmf]g nfOg clg 6]lnkmf]g / sDKo'6/nfO{ hf]8g] df]8]d rflxG5
. ;fy} s'g} OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosaf6 OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf -PsfpG6_
lng'kg]{ x'G5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu g]kfndf
ds{G6fOn / jN8{ln+snufot 8]9 bh{ghlt cfOP;kL cyf{t\
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ (Internet Service Providers) 5g\ .
cfOP;kLx¿n] JolQm, ;+:yf jf sfof{nox¿nfO{ z'Ns lnP/ u|fxs
agfpF5g\ / OG6/g]6 / ;f];Fu ;+alGwt ;]jfx¿ lbgsf] nflu
;Dks{ ;'ljwf lbG5g\ . cfOP;kLsf] u|fxs ag]kl5 cfˆgf] o'h/
g]d cyf{t\ u|fxsf] ljz]if gfd / kf;j8{ cyf{t\ uf]Ko ;+s]t x'G5 .
o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{ lbP/ s'g} klg a]nf cfOP;kL;Fu ;Dks{
ug{;lsG5 / To;} dfkm{t OG6/g]6df ;Dks{ x'G5 . kf;j8{ cfkm"n]
rfx]sf] a]nfdf km]g{ ;lsG5 . cfˆg} sDKo'6/ geP klg cfˆgf] jf
s;}sf] o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{af6 klg h'g sDKo'6/df klg OGkmd]{;g
;'k/xfOj] cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGg] cfn+sfl/s gfdn] o:tf]
;+rf/ ;+hfnnfO{ hgfpF5 hf] ljZjel/ km}lnPsf On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/
;+hfnx¿nfO{ Ps} hfnf]df afFw]/ ljZjel/sf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ltgn]
rfx]sf] ;"rgf, 1fg, dgf]/+hg, lzIff, cfly{s cj;/ cflb k|fKt
ug]{ / pknAw
u/fpg] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ . of] gfd cd]l/sfsf e"tk"j{ pk/fi6«klt
cn uf]/n] /fv]sf x'g\ . ;+If]kdf OG6/g]6n] clt w]/} dfqfdf
l8lh6n 8]6f cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] b"/;+rf/sf] ;+hfn
eGg] a'emfpF5 . oL 8]6fx¿ cf];f/ k;f/ ug]{ sfddf 6]lnkmf]gsf]
tf/, 6]lnlehgsf] s]a'n, :of6nfO6sf ;fy} sDKo'6/ /
On]S6«f]lgS; ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{
On]S6«f]lgs ljlwn] Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 .
o;dfkm{t s;}n] klg cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ljifoa:t'
ljZjel/sf s/f]8f}F OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{;dIf k'¥ofpg;S5 . xfn
OG6/g]6n] of] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 ljZjsf ljleGg b]z jf
efudf :yflkt sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;fgf7"nf ;+hfnx¿nfO{ hf]8g]
;+hfnx¿sf] klg ;+hfn, dxf;+hfn jf g]6js{x¿sf] ljZjJofkL
g]6js{ xf] . of] ;+hfndf cfj4 ;a} sDKo'6/x¿n] ;+;f/sf] s'g}
s'gfdf eP klg Pscfk;df ;+rf/ ug{, 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{
;S5g\ . o;dfkm{t ;+;f/e/df ePsf OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf
sDKo'6/x¿df ePsf c;+Vo 1fg, ;"rgf / ;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L
kfpg j]a;fO6 / Od]ndfkm{t pknAw ug{ / u/fpg ;lsG5 .
o;df cfj4 sDKo'6/x¿n] Ps cfk;sf pks/0f / ;]jf;d]t
pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . OG6/PlS6e ;'ljwf / dlN6ldl8of OG6/g]6sf
clt pkof]uL / cfsif{s kIf x'g\ .
OG6/g]6sf] d'6' jf /Qm ;+rf/ ug]{ d'Vo k|0ffnL eg]sf] clt b|'t
ultsf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] zlQmzfnL k"jf{wf/lagf
OG6/g]6 rNg ;Qm}g . ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf ljleGg b"/;+rf/
k|0ffnLx¿ / tL k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 s/f]8f}F Jofkfl/s, ;/sf/L,
u}/;/sf/L, z}lIfs, dgf]/+hgfTds g]6js{x¿ ldn]/ OG6/g]6 rN5
. nfOg rflxG5 . xfn g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;x/L If]qdf ljBdfg
Oltxf;
;g\ !(^( df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] klZrdL t6df P8efG:8
l/;r{ k|f]h]S6 Ph]G;Ln] k|of]usf] ¿kdf rf/ j6f sDKo'6/ hf]8]/
OG6/g]6sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ ARPAnet (Advanced
Research Project Agency net) elgGYof] . of] k|f]h]S6sf] p2]Zo
o'4df gflesLo cfqmd0f ePsf] l:yltdf klg cd]l/sL ;]gfsf]
sdf08sf ljleGg c+u / tL c+u cGtu{tsf hgr]tgf km}nfpg tyf
cg]sf}F sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df clxn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;a}
lgsfo / ltgsf sfo{qmdb]lv lnP/ ufpFsf] Pp6f u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf;Dd / eQmk'/sf] df6fsf] d"lt{ a]Rg]b]lv lnP/ ljZjJofkL
Dofs8f]gfN8 /]:6'/]G6 / l8:g]Nof08sf] dgf]/+hgsf] Jofkf/ / ;]jf
kfpg;lsG5 .
10
jN8{ jfO8 j]adf s/f]8f}F j]ak]hx¿ x'G5g\ . ljZjel/
km}lnPsf OG6/g]6df cfj4 sDKo6' /x¿n ] lbgx F' nfvfsF} f ] ;V+
ofdf ja] kh] agfP/ cfcfˆgjf]a ] ;fO6df /flv/x]sf x'G5g\ .
j]ak]hdf cIf/ / lrq jf kmf]6f] dfq x'Fb}g Wjlg / rnlrq klg
x'G5 . s'g} klg j]ak]hnfO{ s;}n] klg x]g{, k9\g, ;'Gg ;S5 .
o:tf j]ak]hx¿sf] ;+sng jf ;+u|xnfO{ j]a;fO6 elgG5 .
;lhnf]sf] nflu j]a;fO6 eg]sf] lstfa xf] eg] j]ak]h eg]sf] Tof]
lstfasf] kfgf xf] . k':tssf] ;'?df k':ts, n]vs, k|sfzssf]
gfd / cGo hfgsf/L 5flkPem}F w]/}h;f] j]a;fO6sf]
;'?df xf]dk]h x'G5 . o;n] k|foM j]a;fO6sf] kl/ro lbG5 / ljifo
;"lrsf] sfd u5{ .
j]a;fO6 x]g{sf nflu j]a a|fph/ / OG6/g]6 sg]S;g
rflxG5 . j]a a|fph/ eg]sf] Ps k|sf/sf] ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;n]
jN8{ jfO8 j]adf ePsf] j]ak]hx¿ x]g{ ;3fpF5 . j]a k]hdf
ePsf xfOk/ln+sx¿df lSns u/]/ l;w} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] a]jk]hdf
k'Ug] jf ;"rgf kfpg] k|0ffnLnfO{ xfOk/6]S:6 elgG5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu, tkfO{Fn] x]l//xg' ePsf] s'g} j]ak]h, j8{ kmfOnsf] k]h jf
Od]n k]hdf s'g} zAb h:t} www.thopathopa.com a]Un} /+udf
b]lvg;S5 / Tof] zAbdfly s;{/ k'Ug]lalQs} s;{/sf] lrGx km]l/P/
cf}Fnfsf] cfsf/ aGg;S5 . o;sf] dtna Tof] zAbnfO{ lSns u¥of]
eg] tkfO{F l;w} Tof]
j]a;fO6 jf k]hdf k'Ug'x'G5 . o:t} s'g} ;+s]t lrGxdfly s;{/
k'¥ofP/ klg ;f]em} Tof] k]hdf k'Ug;lsG5 . o;/L Ps 7fpFaf6
;lhn};Fu / ;f]em} csf]{ 7fpF jf k]hdf k'Ug] ;Dks{nfO{ xfOk/lnFs
elgG5 . j]ak]hx¿df o:tf ln+sx¿ y'k|} x'G5g\ . s'g} klg
j]a;fO6 a|fph ug{sf] nflu To;sf] o'cf/Pn -o'lgkmd{ l/;f];{
nf]s]6/_ yfxf x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ jN8{jfO8j]adf ePsf] 8s'd]06sf]
6'Fuf] jf 7]ufgf eg] x'G5 . o;nfO{ OG6/g]6 P8«]; klg elgG5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;fOa/ g]kfn gfds OG6/g]6 klqsfsf] o'cf/Pn
www.cybernepal.com.np xf] . ljZjel/ km}lnPsf cgluGtL
j]a;fO6 / ljifox¿dWo] s'g sxfF 5 egL
kQfnufpgsf] nflu ;r{ OlGhg tyf j]a l8/]S6«Lsf] pkof]u ul/G5
.OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . s'g} cfOP;kLx¿ Pp6f ;x/df dfq
;Lldtx'G5g\ eg] s'g} ljleGg ;x/df km}lnPsf, s'g} /fi6«JofkL /
s'g} cGt/f{li6«ojf w]/} b]zdf ;Dks{ ePsf x'G5g\ .
Pp6f sDKo'6/df cfcfˆgf] o'h/ g]d / kf;j8{ pkof]u
u/]/ w]/} hgfn] kfn}kfnf] OG6/g]6 x]g{ / OG6/g]6;Fu ;DalGwt
cGo ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . ;fdfGo sDKo'6/af6 klg OG6/g]6
x]g{;lsG5 . sDKo'6/ / cfOP;kLaLr ;Dks{ ug{ pko'Qm 6]lnkmf]g
6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{ jf Od]ndfq klg rnfpg
;lsG5 . t/ ltgsf] Ifdtf (Bandwidth) km/s km/s 5 .
Jof08ljy sdhf]/ ePsf 7fpFdf OG6/g]6 ;Dks{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . eP
klg l9nf x'G5 . o;af6 vr{ / ;do a9L nfU5 . df]afOn
kmf]gaf6 klg OG6/g]6 rnfpg;lsG5 . t/ of] ;'ljwf ;Lldt 5 .
df]jfOn kmf]gsf] ;]6df ePsf] ;fgf] kbf{d} OG6/g]6 x]g{ ;lsg]
;'ljwf klg pknAw
eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o;sf] k|rng a9\b}5 .
OG6/g]6 a|fph ug{ jf x]g{sf] nflu dfq s'g} ljz]if
tflnd jf ;}4flGts 1fg jf lzIffsf] cfjZstf x'Fb}g . t/ 5f]6f]
cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t tflnd lng'k5{ . o;sf] pkof]u slt
k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL 9+un] ug]{ eGg] s'/f cEof; / p2]Zodf e/
k5{ . OG6/g]6af6 w]/} nfe kfpgsf nflu o;n] k|bfg ug]{ ljleGg
k|sf/sf ;'ljwfaf/] hfgsf/L x'g'k5{ . s'g j]a;fO6 sxfF km]nfk5{
egL hfGg ;s]g eg] ;do / k};fsf] gf]S;fgL x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{
rflxPsf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L sxfF kfOG5 eGg] s'/f cEof;n] klg
l;sfpF5 .
clxn] ;"rgf ;fIf/tf (Infrormation Literacy) sf] s'/f
lgSs} rrf{df cfPsf] 5 . ;xL ;"rgf ;xL 7fpFdf vf]Hg / ;xL
9+un] pkof]u ug{sf] nflu ;"rgf ;fIf/tf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
xfn OG6/g]6dfkm{t lgDglnlvt ;]jfx¿ pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\
M eO;s]sf] 5 eg] ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, Jofkfl/s, cf}Bf]lus, wfld{s,
jN8{ jfO8 j]a
8An'8An'8An' cyf{t\ jN8{ jfO8 j]a ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u
x'g] / cfsif{s ;+rf/ dfWod xf] . of] ljZjJofkL sDKo'6/ ;+hfn
OG6/g]6sf] clt /f]rs, 1fgj4{s, dgf]/+hgsf/L /dfOnf], l56f] tyf
;lhnf] lsl;dn] ;+rfng ug{;lsg] kIf xf] . o;af6 k':ts klqsf
k9\g, ;+uLt ;'Gg, ;fdfg lsGg / a]Rg, lkmNd x]g{, v]n v]Ng, hflu/
vfg, Jofkf/ ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfg
ug{, lzIff xfl;n ug{, ;fj{hlgs lxtdf hgjsfnt jf cfGbf]ng
rnfpg, nj]a;fO6df s] /fVg] eGg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]g
g]d cyf{t\ gfd / 7]ufgf btf{ ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
www.companyname.com . of] sfd s'g} pBf]u, Joj;fo jf
;+:yf ;/sf/L sfof{nodf btf{ ubf{ To;sf] gfd / 7]ufgf btf{
u/]h:t} xf] . 8f]d]g g]d /lh:6/ ug]{ sfd OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
sDkgL -cfOP;kL_ jf j]a klAnl;ª sDkgLx¿n] u5{g\ . of] sfd
g]kfnleqs} sDkgLx¿n] ug{;S5g\ . 8f]d]g g]d ;f]em} OG6/g]6af6
klg /lh:6/ ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;sf] k};f ltg{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o
dfGotf k|fKt qm]l86 sf8{ rflxG5 .
j]a;fO6 /fVg]x¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]gsf] gfd z'Ns
lt/]/ btf{ u/fpg' k5{ . OG6/g]6sf] pkof]unfO{ a9fpgsf nflu
sltko sDkgLn] 8f]d]g /lhi6/ / xf]l:6ª lgMz'Ns klg u5{g\ .
.np n] g]kfnaf6 /lh:6/ ul/g] j]a;fO6nfO{ hgfpF5 . .com
afx]s cGo k|rlnt 8f]d]gx¿ x'g\ M .edu, .gov, .mil, .net, .org .
oL gfdn] ljleGg ljifosf j]a;fO6 eGg] hgfpF5g\ . h:t} .com.
n] Jofkfl/s p2]Zosf] j]a;fO6 hgfpF5 eg]
.edu n] z}lIfs, .gov n] ;/sf/L, .mil n] ;}lgs, .net n] g]6jls{ª
clg .org n] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf j]a;fO6 eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ xfn
cfP/ of] juL{s/0f Tolt :ki6 ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
j]a;fO6sf] l8hfOg Jofj;flos tyf cfsif{s 9+un] ug'{ jf
u/fpg' k5{ . a]a;fO6 l8hfOg ug{sf] nflu k|mG6k]h / l8«dlje/
h:tf l8hfOlgª ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo u|flkms ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ul/G5
. j]a;fO6 l8hfOg ug]{ sfd Jofj;flos l8hfOg/ JolQm jf
sDkgLx¿n] u5{g\ . j]a;fO6 OG6/g]6df /fVg' eg]sf] ;+;f/el/sf
hf];'s}n] klg x]/f];\ eg]/ xf] . o;}n] j]a;fO6sf] ;kmntfsf] Pp6f
cfwf/ ;s];Dd w]/}nfO{ Tof] ;fO6 a|fph u/fpg' xf] .
o;sf] nflu j]a;fO6 /fd|/L l8hfOg ug'{k5{ . ;fdu|L klg
cfsif{s / pkof]uL x'g'k5{ . /fd|/L l8hfOg ul/Psf] j]ak]hdf
;fdu|Lx¿ cfsif{s, pkof]uL 9Fun] ;hfOPsf] / x]bf{ cfsif{s x'G5,
s/f]8f}F j]a;fO6x¿sf] eL8df :ki6 lrlgG5, 8fpgnf]8 ug{
;lhnf] / l56f] x'G5, s'g} klg a|fplhª ;ˆ6j]o/af6 a|fph ug{
;lsG5, kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿ kl9/x'Fh:tf] nfU5, hfgsf/Lx¿
sf]rfsf]r u/L lbSsnfUbf] 9+un] /flvPsf] x'Fb}g, ck8]6 ug{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 tyf lgoldt ¿kdf ck8]6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g} sfof{no jf
pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ 3/ axfndf lnPh:t} j]a;fO6 /fVg
11
klg :k]; jf 7fpF ls/fofdf lng' k5{ . cyf{t\ j]a;fO6nfO{ j]a
;e{/df /fVg' k5{ . o;nfO{ j]a xf]l:6ª elgG5 . j]a xf]l:6ª ug]{
sfd ofx", u'u'n cflb k|rlnt ;r{ OlGhg x'g\ . j]a l8/]S6«Ldf
j]a;fO6x¿sf]
7]ufgf / ljj/0f ;+sng u/]/ /flvPsf] x'G5 .
cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6 s;/L /fVg] <
cfhef]ln o'jf tyf lszf]/x¿n] cfˆgf] kmf]6f], kl/ro,
;Gb]z, ;+uLt cflb /fv]/ JolQmut j]a;fO6 agfpg' km];gh:t}
;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] p2]Zo, sfd, kl/ro, ;]jf / pTkfbg
tyf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf hfgsf/L /fv]/ cfˆg} j]a;fO6 agfP/
OG6/g]6df /fVg] rng lgSs} al9/x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z ;+:yfx¿sf]
nflu of] clgjfo{ cfjZostf eO;s]sf] 5 . clt sd vr{df cfˆgf]
kl/ro, k|rf/, hg;]jf / Jofkf/ ug]{ of] clt k|efjsf/L / ;/n
dfWod ag]sf] 5 .
j]a;fO6 /fVgsf] nflu j]a;fO6 /fVg] ;+:yf jf JolQm
:jo+n] j]a;fO6af/] ;a} s'/f hfGg / ;s];Dd cfkm}n] ug'{ a]; x'G5
t/ ;a}n] o;f] ug'{ ;+ej / cfjZos klg x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu
ljleGg Jofj;flos ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u kfOG5 . Pp6f
;kmn j]a;fO6 /fVg / ;+rfng ug{ lgDg lnlvt sfd ug'{ jf
;+:yfx¿sf] ;]jf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] t j]a;fO6 lsg
/fVg], s;sf] nflu /fVg] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'k5{ . clg ljifoj:t'
tof/ kfg'{k5{ . j]a;fO6 eg]sf] OG6/PlS6e cyf{t\ cGtlq{mofTds
k':ts xf] hxfF kf7s jf bz{sn] lstfasf] kfgf kN6fPeGbf
;lhnf];Fu cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ljifosf] kfgf kN6fpg;S5 . sfutdf
5flkg] k':tsdf cIf/ / lrqdfq x'G5, t/ j]ak]hdf :j/ / rnlrq
klg x'G5 . o;}n] j]a;fO6df /fVgsf] nflu kf7Ø ;fdu|Lsf ;fy}
lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb klg x'g' a]; x'G5 . To;f] t clwsf+z
j]a;fO6 k9\gdfq ;lsg] cIf/ / lrqdfq ePsf x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6df
s]s] ljifo ;fdu|L /fVg] egL lg0f{o ug]{, tL ljifox¿ a6'Ng] / tof/
kfg]{ sfd j]a;fO6 /fVg rfxg] JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] xf] . To;kl5
ug'{kg]{
sfdsf] nflu j]a;fO6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sDkgLsf] ;]jf lng' a];
x'G5 . ;fgf tyf demf}nf sDkgL jf ;+:yfx¿n] cfkm}n] k|fljlws
/fv]/ j]a;fO6sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd cfkm} ug'{ cJofjxfl/s / dxFuf] klg
x'G5 . vf; u/]/ ;"rgf k|ljlws} If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;+:yfx¿n] dfq
j]a;fO6 /fVg], lgoldt ¿kn] gjLs/0f ug]{ cflb sfd cfkm}n]
ug{;S5g\ .
j]a;fO6df cfˆgf] Od]n 7]ufgf agfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .
OG6/g]6sf] j]a;fO6df /fv]sf] s'/f h;n] klg x]g{;S5 eg] Od]n
7]ufgfdf k7fPsf] s'/f k|fksn] dfq} x]g{;S5 . Od]n k7fpFbf
w]/}hgfsf] 7]ufgf n]v]/ Ps} k6sdf w]/}hgfnfO{ Pp6} lr7L
k7fpg;lsG5 . o;af6 6]lnkmf]g vr{ / ;do hf]luG5 . h;n]
Od]n k7fPsf] 5 p;}nfO{ ToxL Od]ndf hjfkm k7fpg] Joj:yf
klg x'G5 . To:t} cfkm"n] kfPsf] Od]n c? w]/} hgfnfO{ Ps} rf]l6
k7fpg klg ;lsG5 . Od]ndfkm{t s'g} Go'h u|'k jf ln:6;e{df
cfˆgf] Od]n 7]ufg btf{ u/fP/ tfhf ;dfrf/, s'g} ljifoaf/]
hfgsf/L, cfkm"n] cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ ljifoaf/] jf cfkm"n]
cg'/f]w u/]sf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L kfpg;lsG5 . Od]nsf]
gsf/fTds kIf s] 5 eg] Od]n h;n] jf h'g gfdsf] JolQmn]
k7fPsf] egL lr7Ldf n]lvPsf] x'G5 Tof] gfdsf] JolQmn] gk7fPsf]
x'g;S5 . o;sf/0f ;xL s'/f hfGg plNnlvt JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
u/]/ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGo Joj;fosf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfh:t}
Od]naf/] klg s]xL ;+lxtf jf lgodx¿ ag]sf5g\ . gofFgofF
lgodx¿ klg cfpFb}5g\ .
Rof6 Od]n lr7L ePsf]n] o;nfO{ k9\g] / cfjZos eP
hjfkm lbg] ul/G5 eg] Rof6df tfTtft} cyjf pxL ;dodf -l/on
6fOd_ b'O{ hgfn] jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/df n]v]/ s'/fsfgL
ug{;S5g\ . o;sf pkof]ustf{ jf u|fxsn] sDKo'6/df cfˆgf] s'/f
n]V5 / lSns ug]{ lalQs} p;n] rfx]sf] cgnfOgdf
ePsf] JolQmsf] sDKo'6/df Tof] s'/f b]lvG5 . csf]{n] To;sf]
hjfkm jf k|ltlqmof To;} u/L k7fpF5 . o;/L ljZjsf] s'g} efudf
a;]sf] eP klg cfk;df pxL ;dodf ljrf/ cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 .
OG6/g]6n] pknAw u/fpg] ljljw ;]jfx¿dWo] o'jf tyf
lszf]/x¿n] w]/} pkof]u ug]{ ;'ljwf Rof6 xf] . Rof6 ug]{x¿ pxL
;dodf cgnfOgdf x'g'k5{ . ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ Go'h
u|'k ePh:t} ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ Rof6 klg x'G5 . o:tf]
Rof6 ;d"xdf x'G5 . cyf{t\ w]/} hgfn] vf; ljifodf Ps} ;dodf
cfcfˆgf] ljrf/ n]lv/x]sf x'G5g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] o:tf Rof6
;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf x'G5g\ .
Rof6sf] cfljisf/ ;g\ !(** df lkmgNof08sf Jarkko
Oikarinen n] u/]sf lyP . ;+;f/sf s'g} klg efusf dflg;x¿
s'g} klg a]nf Rof6 cyf{t\ ljleGg sDkgLn] u5{g\ . j]a ;e{/
eg]sf] ljzfn dfqfdf 8]6f ;+sng / k|f];]; ug{ ;Sg] zlQmzfnL
sDKo'6/ xf] . j]a ;e{/x¿ rf}la;} 306f OG6/g]6;Fu hf]l8Psf
x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6 x]g{ rfxg] hf];'s}nfO{ klg j]a ;e{/n] p;n] x]g{
rfx]sf] kmfOn p;n] rfx]sf] h'g;'s} a]nfdf klg pknAw u/fpF5 .
j]a;fO6 /fVg]x¿n] j]a xf]l:6ªug]{ ;+:yfnfO{ j]a;fO6sf] kl/df0f
jf cfsf/ tyf :j¿k jf u'0f cg';f/ jflif{s z'Ns ltg'{k5{ .
kf7Ø ;fdu|Ldfq ePsf] j]a;fO6sf] nflu yf]/} z'Ns nfU5 eg]
>Jo tyf rnlrq cflb ePsf j]a;fO6sf] a9L z'Ns nfU5 .
l8hfOg ul/Psf] j]a;fO6nfO{ j]a ;e{/df /fv]kl5 h;n] klg
OG6/g]6df x]g{;S5 . o;/L j]a;fO6sf] ljifo j:t' tof/ ug]{b]lv
lnP/ j]a ;e{/df /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ j]a klAnl;ª jf j]a k|sfzg
elgG5 .
Ps kN6 j]a k|sfzg u/]kl5 j]a;fO6df /flvPsf ljifo cg';f/
a]nfa]nfdf tfhf jf ck8]6 ul//xg' k5{ . cgnfOg ;dfrf/ lbg]
j]a;fO6x¿n] s]xL 306f la/fP/ tfhftfhf ;dfrf/ lbG5g\ eg]
cfˆgf ;]jf jf pTkfbgsf] lj1fkg ug]{ j]a;fO6x¿n] ;]jf jf
pTkfbgdf s]xL kl/jt{g geP;Dd ck8]6 gug{;S5g\ . j]a;fO6
ck8]6 ug]{ sfd klg j]a l8hfOg/x¿n] u5{g\ . t/ sltko JolQm
jf ;+:yfn] cfkm} klg ck8]6 u5{g\ .
s;}n] j]a;fO6 x]/]kl5 k|ltlqmof hgfpg gfd, 7]ufgf /
ljrf/ klg n]vL k7fpg] Joj:yf sltko j]a;fO6x¿df ul/Psf]
x'G5 . cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6 slt hgfn] jf lbgsf] slt k6s x]¥of],
sxfFsxfFaf6 x]¥of] eGg] h:tf hfgsf/L lbg] Joj:yf klg
j]a;fO6df /fVg ;lsG5 .
Od]n
OG6/g]6 ;]jf lnPkl5 :jtM Od]n ;]jf kfOG5 . t/
g]kfndf ljleGg OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] Od]n ;]jf dfq} klg
pknAw u/fpF5g\ . tkfOFsf] OG6/g]6df kx'Fr 5 jf cfˆg} Od]n
Psfp06 5 eg] tkfOF{sf] cfˆg} Od]n 7]ufgf klg kSs} x'g'k5{ .
Od]n 7]ufgfdfkm{t tkfOF{ Ps ;o ;Q/LeGbf w]/} b]zsf s/f]8f}F
Od]n 7]ufgf ePsf dflg;x¿;Fu lr7L / ;+b]z cfbfg k|bfg ug{
;Sg'x'G5 . lr7Ldf kmfOn, ;+uLt, lrq, rnlrq klg ;dfj]z ug{
12
ldN5 . lgoldt ¿kdf OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{x¿dWo] clwsf+z jf
em08} ;}s8f c;LeGbf w]/}n] OG6/g]6 Od]nsf] nflu rnfpF5g\ .
Od]n rnfpgsf] nflu sDKo'6/df cfp6n's PS:k|]; / o'8f]/f
h:tf] ;ˆ6j]o/ x'g'k5{ . tkfOF{ OG6/g]6 ;Dks{df x'g'x'G5 eg]
tkfOF{n] x6d]n, ofx' cflb
OG6«fg]6
OG6«fg]6 :yfgLo sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfn xf] . s'g} vf; ;+:yf
jf sfof{noleq ;"rgfsf] ;femf pkof]u jf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu
o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf] pkof]u kmfOn jf 8s'd]06x¿ /
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ ljt/0f, 8]6fa]; ;dIf kx'Fr tyf tflndsf] nflu
ul/G5 . OG6«fg]6 OG6/g]6;Fu cfj4 x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5
. o;nfO{ OG6«fg]6 elgPsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df OG6/g]6df
h:t} j]a k]hx¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} o;df OG6/g]6df pkof]u
ul/g] j]a a|fph/h:tf sltko ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ pkof]u x'G5g\ .
o;cGtu{t Od]n, Pkm6LkL, Go'hu|'k / d]lnª ln:6 klg k5{g\ t/
o;sf] pkof]u OG6«fg]6 /fVg] ;+:yfleq jf To;sf ;b:ox¿n] dfq
ug{ ;S5g\ .
b"/;+rf/
Wjlg, lrq, 8]6f tyf ljljw k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ tf/, clK6sn
nfOg jf /]l8of] t/+usf] dfWodaf6 pNn]vgLo b"/Ldf k'¥ofpg' jf
k|]if0f ug'{ b"/;+rf/ xf] . ;+If]kdf o;nfO{ On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ elgG5 .
b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ca Wjlg jf :j/dfq xf]Og kf7Ø ;fdu|L,
lrq, rnlrq, ;+uLtnufot ljljw k|sf/sf ;"rgfnfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6
csf]{ 7fpFdf k7fpg ;lsG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d'Vo cfwf/ b"/;+rf/
xf] . b"/;+rf/sf] ;fwg / k|ljlwdf
csNkgLo ljsf; ePsf] kmn:j¿k ;"rgf qmflGt ;+ej ePsf] xf] .
b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu cfw'lgs ljZj
cy{tGqdf gofF cfly{s cj;/x¿sf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . b"/;+rf/sf]
ljsf;;Fu cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw b]lvG5 .
b"/;+rf/sf k"jf{wf/ :yfkgf ug{ ufx|f] ePsf ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿sf] nflu lagf tf/sf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLn] ;:tf] / ;/n ¿kdf
b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 .
ca Pp6f ufpFnfO{ csf]{ ufpF;Fu hf]8g] sfd k[YjLsf]
sIfdfly :yflkt ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿ -sDo'lgs];g :of6]nfO6_ n]
ub}{5g\ . k[YjLsf] ;'ud, b'u{d, kxf8 sGb/f, vf]Fr, agh+un, d?e"ld,
dxf;fu/ ;a} 7fpFdf ;+rf/sf= laGb'x¿df ;"rgf ;+k|]if0f u/]/
;+rf/sf] ;+hfn -g]6js{_ :yfkgf ug]{ sfd ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿n]
ul//x]sf 5g\ . k[YjLsf] sIfdf ljleGg prfO / ultdf 3'ld/x]sf
xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿n] ljZjel/ 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] tyf 8]6f
;+k|]if0f ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
;Fu;Fu} o:tf e"pku|xsf] ;+Vof klg lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 . ;+jfb
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . Rof6 ug]{ dflg;x¿ cfk;df ckl/lrt x'g;S5g\ .
o;n] Ps csf{sf] ljrf/, ;+:s[lt, tyf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifox¿
a'‰g ;3fpg;S5 . Rof6df cg]s lsl;dsf dflg;x¿ e]l6g ;S5
. sf]xL af}nfxfh:tf / sf]xL cZnLn ljrf/ kf]Vg] klg x'G5g\ .
sltko cj:yfdf Rof6df ;do latfpg' Joy{ / lg/y{s klg x'G5 .
o;}n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] / cfjZos ;d"xdf Rof6 ug'{ a]; x'G5 .
d]lnª ln:6
Od]ndfkm{t w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps} k6s Pp6} jf ljleGg
ljifosf] lr7L jf ;Gb]z k7fpg] d]lnª ln:6 elgG5 . o;df gfd
/ Od]n 7]ufgfx¿sf] ;"rL agfP/ Pp6f ;d"xdf /flvPsf] x'G5 /
To;nfO{ Pp6f gfd lbOPsf] x'G5 . Tof] gfddf Od]n k7fpFbf :jtM
;a}sf] 7]ufgfdf Pp6} lr7L hfG5 .
o'hg]6÷Go'hu|'k
;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf s'g} vf; ljifodf w]/} dflg;x¿aLr
5nkmn rnfpgsf nflu Go'hu|'ksf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;df
;xefuLx¿n] s'g} vf; ljifodf cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]v]/ k7fpF5g\ /
Go'hu|'ksf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] x]g{, k9\g ;S5g\ . o;df n]v, /rgf, /
d"n jf klxn]sf] /rgf;Fu ;+a+lwt yk n]v, :ki6Ls/0f tyf k|Zgf]Q/
x'g;S5 . of] Ps k|sf/sf] ljrf/ d+r jf rf}tf/L xf] .
Pkm6LkL
OG6/g]6sf] kmfOn 6«fG;km/ k|f]6f]sn -Pkm6LkL_ pkof]u u/]/
6f9f6f9fsf sDKo'6/df kmfOn k7fpg jf tL sDKo'6/df /x]sf kmfOn
8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL
OG6/g]6sf] ljZjel/ km}lnPsf] ;+hfnnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ Ps
sDKo'6/af6 csf]{ sDKo'6/df cyjf sDKo'6/af6 6]lnkmf]gdf
s'/fsfgL ug]{ gofF k|ljlw OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL xf] . of] k|ljlwdf
6]lnkmf]gsf] k/Dk/fut cGt/f{li6«o nfOg pkof]u gul/sg
OG6/g]6sf] ;+hfn pkof]u ul/g] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g
;Dks{sf] nflu of] k|ljlw ;:tf] / nf]slk|o x'Fb}5 . x'g]5g\ .
OG6/g]6sf] clxn] c8sn ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf pkof]ux¿ x'g
yfNg]5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ OG6/g]6 / cGo ;]jfsf] nflu ;a}eGbf
l56f] k|ljlw xf] . kmfOa/ clK6S;sf] Ifdtf olt ljzfn 5 ls
o;n] Ps};fy 6]lnkmf]g, 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6 cflb ;a} vfnsf
;+rf/ ;]jf lbg;S5 . xfn of] k|0ffnL dxFuf] 5 t/ rfF8} g} o;sf]
Jofks pkof]u x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . 6]lnkmf]gaf6 OG6/g]6 k/Dk/fut
tfdf]sf] b'O{ j6f tf/df cfwfl/t k|0ffnLdf clxn]sf] nflu
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] e/ gk/L ;'v 5}g . t/ l8lh6n ;A:qmfOa/
nfOg (DSL) k|ljlwsf] d2tn] of] k|0ffnLsf] IfdtfnfO{ krf; u'gf
a9fOPsf] 5 . ca k'/fgf] vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 klg !=%
d]ufafO6
k|lt;]s]08sf b/n] 8]6f k|fKt ug{ / )=% d]ufafO6 k|lt;]s]08sf
b/n] 8]6f k7fpg ;lsG5 . a|f]8Jof08sf] t'ngfdf 8LP;Pn lgSs}
;:tf] 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut tfdf]sf] b'O{
j6f tf/df cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf a9fP/ OG6/g]6sf]
nflu pko'Qm agfpg xfn OlG6u|]68 ;le{; l8lh6n g]6js{
(ISDN) k|ljlw k|rlnt 5 . cfOP;8LPgsf] p2]Zo ljBdfg
6]lnkmf]g g]6js{sf] 7fpF lng' xf] . g]kfnh:tf] k"0f{tof l8lh6n
k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] b]zdf ljBdfg 6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf
a9fpgsf nflu of] k|ljlw pkof]uL dflgG5 .
:of6]nfO6dfkm{t OG6/g]6 b'u{d If]qsf nflu pko'Qm
;+rf/ dfWod xf] . k[YjLsf] sIfdf ljleGg prfOdf :yflkt
eljiodf :yfkgf ul/g] ;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿sf] hfnf]n] clt ;/n
9+un] eljiodf ;+rf/sf ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]5g\ .
g]kfnh:tf] ef}uf]lns ljifdtf ePsf] / ufpF g} ufpF ePsf] b]zsf]
nflu of] k|0ffnL lgs} pkof]uL x'g]5 . ;]n'n/ kmf]g jf ToxL
k|0ffnL;Fu ldNg] nf]sn dlN6KjfOG6 l8l:6«Jo';g ;le{; (LMDS)
a9L Jof08ljysf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] s]xL ;:tf] k|0ffnL
xf] . o;sf] ;+rfng xfn sf7df8fF} / s]xL ;x/df ;+rflnt
df]afOn kmf]g h:t} u/L 7fpF7fpFdf 6fj/ /fv]/ /]l8of] t/+usf]
dfWodaf6 ;+rfng x'G5 . o;sf] l;Ugn 8fF8f, kxf8, h+un /
jiff{n] vNjlng] x'gfn] x/]s If]qdf b'O6f 6«f+l:d6/ /fv]/ of]
13
sdhf]/L x6fpg ;lsG5 . tfdf]sf] tf/ jf kmfOa/ clK6S;
grflxg] x'gfn] of] ;:tf] klg x'G5 . afSnf] a:tLsf] nflu of]
k|0ffnL a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .
uf]hLdf af]s]/ lxF8g ldNg] :of6]nfO6 kmf]gaf6
cfsfzdf 3'ld/x]sf] ;+rf/ e"epu|x;Fu ;f]em} ;Dks{ u/]/ :yfgLo
¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ ug{' ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 . o;n]
ubf{ xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh, /]n jf df]6/df ofqf ul//x]sf]
dflg;n] klg :of6]nfO6 kmf]gaf6 hxfF klg s'/fsfgL ug{ jf
;+rf/sf cGo dfWod pkof]u ug{;S5 . kxf8L tyf b'u{d :yfgsf]
nflu :of6]nfO6 ;+rf/sf] ;lhnf] ;fwg aGb}5 . k|ljlw / ahf/sf]
ljsf;n] ubf{ :of6]nfO6 kmf]g ;:tf] klg x'Fb}5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf
nufgLsf] lx;fan] b"/;+rf/ pBf]u :jf:Yo ;]jf / a}+lsªkl5
;a}eGbf 7"nf] pBf]udf k5{ . On]S6«f]lgs ¿kdf ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{
k|zf]wg ug]{ / k|;f/ ug]{ sfd ljZjdf h'g a]un] a9b}5 ToxL
a]un] b"/ ;+rf/ pBf]u klg al9/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ b"/;+rf/ :jo+
klg Pp6f pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/
b"/;+rf/n] cGo pBf]uwGbf, pTkfbg, Jofkf/ / ;]jfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
k'/fgf] vfnsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdfkm{t s'/fsfgL dfq
ug{;lsG5 . cIf/, lrq cflb k7fpg] / cGo ;]jf To;n] lbg
;Qm}g . lel8of] cyf{t\ rnlrq k|]if0f ug{sf nflu emg w]/} Ifdtf
(Bandwidth) ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg rflxG5 . hlt w]/} Jof08ljy
eof] plt l56f] ;"rgf jf 8]6f j;f/k;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn
ljZjsf ;f7L s/f]8eGbf w]/} 3/x¿nfO{ hf]8g] tfdf]sf] tf/sf]
6]lnkmf]g nfOgn] a9Ldf %^,))) la6 -%^ lsnf]afO6_
k|lt;]s]08sf] ultn] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{;S5 . o;}n] OG6/g]6nfO{ oxL
ult cyf{t\ %^ lsnf]afO6 k|lt;]s]08sf] ultn] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{]
u/L ldnfOPsf] 5 . t/ sDKo'6/x¿n] of]eGbf b'O{ ;o u'gf a9L
a]un] 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . OG6/g]6 pkof]ustf{x¿ klg pxL
dGb ultn] OG6/g]6 rnfpg cEo:t eO;s]sf 5g\ . of]
pgLx¿sf] jfWotf klg xf] . t/ cfpFbf rf/kfFr jif{leq} ljsl;t
b]zx¿df pRr Jof08ljysf] cyf{t\ a|f]8Jof08sf] pkof]u ;'?
x'g]5 . o;af6 Psflt/ 8]6f ;+k|]if0fsf] ult lgSs} a9g]5 eg]
csf]{lt/ sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u gofFgofF sfddf x'g yfNg]5 .
a|f]8Jof08df cfwfl/t OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{] u|fxsx¿n]
Wjlg, 6]lnlehg / OG6/g]6 ;Fu;Fu} rnfpg ;Sg]5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
1fg / ;"rgf vf]Hg] / k|fKt ug]{ ult lgSs} a9\g]5 . :jf:y ;]jf,
lzIff cflb 3/}df jf sfof{nodf a9L k|efjsf/L / ;'ne x'g]5 .
rf}la;} 306f OG6/g]6 v'nf x'g]5 . cyf{t\ ;a}
3/, sfof{no, Jofkf/ tyf ;]jfx¿ hlxn] klg k|ToIf ;Dks{df jf
cgnfOg ;fdu|L rfx]sf] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;Sg'x'G5 .
dlN6ldl8ofsf] of] u'0fnfO{ cGtlqm{ofTds cyf{t\ OG6/PlS6e elgG5
.
dlN6ldl8ofsf pkof]ux¿ M
dlN6ldl8of ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kl5Nnf] pknlAw
xf] / xfn;Dd dflg;n] pkof]u u/]sf ;+rf/ dfWodx¿dWo]
;a}eGbf ;zQm / k|efjsf/L, b|'t / ;/n dfWod xf] . o;sf]
pkof]u dfgj hLjgsf] x/]s I]fqdf ug{;lsG5 . o;n] lzIff k|fKt
ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;/n, cfsif{s / /dfOnf] klg
agfPsf] 5 . dgf]/+gh pBf]udf gofFgofF rdTsf/ yk]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ ljZjJofkL / ;/n agfPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo
;]jfdf gofFgofF cfofd yKb} o;nfO{ Jofks / ;'ne agfpFb}5 .
/fHo Joj:yfkgsf zf;g oGqnfO{ bIf, kf/bzL{, lhDd]jf/o'Qm,
hgtfsf] glhs tyf k|hftflGqs agfpg ;3fpFb}5 .
dlN6ldl8ofn] ;"rgf kfpg] / k|;f/ ug]{ sfddf rdTsf/
b]vfPtf klg o;n] w]/} sfd ug{ afsL g} 5 . clxn] o;nfO{
dflg;sf] :j/ lrGg nufpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . dflg;sf] :j/
lrGg;Sg] ePkl5 w]/} sfd d'vs} e/df x'g]5 . s'g} s'/f 5fKg,
s'g} lkmNd x]g{ sDKo'6/nfO{ af]n]/ sdf08 lbP
k'Ug]5 . cgk9 / ckf+ux¿nfO{ of] ;'ljwf a/bfg ;flat x'g]5 .
dlN6ldl8ofaf6 lzIff
dlN6ldl8ofn] ubf{ ca l;:gf] nfP/ afnaflnsfnfO{ cIf/
lrgfpg' kg]{ hdfgf ;lsof] . casf s]6fs]6Lx¿ ;fg}b]lv sDKo'6/
rnfP/ cfkm}n] j0f{dfnf, ul0ft / lrqsnfnufot ljleGg snf
l;Sg ;S5g\ . ca pgLx¿n] lghL{j lstfasf kfgfdf c dfg]
cgf/ eg]/ cIf/df jf /]vf lrqdf k9g'sf] ;§f
sDKo'6/df c dfg] cgf/ eGg] zJb ;'Gg, cgf/sf] lrq b]Vg /
cgf/sf] af]6df km"nk\'mn]/ kmn kmn]sf] ;d]t x]g{;S5g\ . s]6fs]6Ln]
cgf}7fcgf}7f syfsf ljlrqsf kfqx¿n] clego u/]sf] x]b}{ 1fg
lj1fgsf s'/fx¿ l;Sg;S5g\ . dlN6ldl8ofn] l;Sg] / /dfOnf]
s'/fsf] d]n ul/lbPsf] x'gfn] afnaflnsfn] /dfOnf] ubf{ub{}
l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] l;Sb}5'
eGg] yfxf geOsg l;S5g\ . o;/L l;Sg] tl/sfnfO{ P8'6]Gd]G6
cyf{t\ lzIff/~hg klg elgG5 . Plgd];g, uLt, ;+uLt, ljlrqsf
cfjfhx¿, rnlrq / 76Øf}nf s'/fx¿n] el/Psf z}lIfs
sfo{qmdx¿ afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkm}n] rnfpg;Sg] OG6/PlS6e
x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿n] s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ Psflt/ cIf/ / c+s
lrGg, ;fdfGo lx;fa ug{ l;sfpF5g\ eg] csf]{lt/
dlN6ldl8of
;g !((^ df klxnf] k6s g]kfnaf/] dlN6ldl8of ;L8L
/f]d k|sflzt eof] . lrofsf] sk la;fpg] Kn]6 hqf], uf]nf],
l6gkftf hlQs} kftnf] ;f] ;L8L /f]ddf ;ft xhf/ k[i7sf] kf7Ø
;fdu|L, !@) j6f /+lug kmf]6f], @* j6f
rnlrqsf 6'qmfx¿ / afx| j6f g]kfnL uLtx¿ 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf]
kxF'r ePsf] hf];'s}n] klg g]kfnaf/] cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] hfgsf/L k9\g,
x]g{, ;'Gg;S5 . dfgf}F tkfOF{nfO{ OGb|hfqfaf/] hfGg dgnfUof] .
sDKo'6/sf] s]xL sL lyRg]lalQs} jf dfp; rnfP/ tkfO{Fn]
sDKo'6/df OGb|hfqfaf/] n]lvPsf] s'/f k9\g kfpg'x'G5 . ;fy}
OGb|hfqfsf] kmf]6f]dfq xf]Og 6]lnlehgdf em}F hfqf ePs} x]g{
;Sg'x'G5 . OGb|hfqfdf ahfOg] afhf / ehgx¿ klg ;'Gg kfpg'
x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf ljleGg nf]sw'g / uLtx¿ ;'Gg;Sg'x'G5 .
h'g zLif{ssf] hfgsf/L rflxof] Tof] hfgsf/L kf7Ø, >Jo, b[Zo /
rnlrqsf] ¿kdf cfgGb lng ;Sg'x'G5 . o;/L kf7Ø, Wjlg, lrq
/ rnlrqsf] d]nnfO{ ax'dfWod jf dlN6ldl8of elgG5 .
ljt]sf b; jif{df sDKo'6/n] sfd ug]{ tl/sfdf w]/} km/s
kl/;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] csNkgLo
kl/jt{gn] ubf{ sDKo'6/sf] sfo{s'zntf, tLj|tf, Ifdtf /
sfo{z}nLdf ljzfn kl/jt{g cfPsf] xf] . kmn:j¿k sDKo'6/n]
cIf/ c+sx¿df dfq ;"rgf lng], k|zf]wg ug]{ / lbg] sfddf
;Lldt geP/ lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg cflb ljljw dfWodx¿sf]
;"rgf u|x0f, k|zf]wg, ;+sng, k'g?Tkfbg / k|;f/0f ug{;S5 .
sDKo'6/sf] of] ax'dfWoddf sfd ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ dlN6ldl8of
elgG5 . :Sofg/, l8lh6n l:6n Sofd]/f, l8lh6n lel8of] Sofd]/f
h:tf lrq tyf rnlrqnfO{ sDKo'6/df /fVg] pks/0f / lel8of]
14
Pl8l6ª / Plgd];g k|f]u|fdx¿sf] dbtn] ;a} vfnsf lrq,
rnlrq, /]vflrq, Plgd];g tyf lel8of] lkmNdx¿ sDKo'6/df
/fv]/ x]g{ k|zf]wg ug{, ;+u|x ug{ / k|]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
To:t} ;a} vfnsf WjlgnfO{ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf /]s8{ ug{ ljleGg
pks/0f / pkfox¿ alg;s]sf] 5 h;n] clt pRr:t/sf] :6]l/of]
;fp08 k}bf ug{;S5 . kmn:j¿k ca sDKo'6/ 1fg / dgf]/+hgsf]
Pp6} ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . o;df tkfO{F pRru'0f:t/sf] uLt ;+uLt
;'Gg, lkmNd x]g{, kf7Ø ;fdu|L k9g, v]n v]Ng ;Sg'x'G5 / cfkm}
klg ljleGg dfWodsf ;"rgf
/ dgf]/+hg pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . dlN6ldl8ofsf] csf]{
d'Vo ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] o;sf] ;+rfngdf tkfOF ;xefuL aGg
;Sg'x'G5 . sDKo'6/df pknAw lrq rnlrq jf Wjlg cflb
lx;fa /fVg, lr7Lkq, l/kf]6{, n]v /rgf n]Vg, tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{,
clen]v /fVg, sDKo'6/ dfkm{t a}7s / uf]i7Ldf sfo{kq jf ljrf/
k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] ;Lkx¿ k5{g\ . ;"rgf ;fIf/tf df sDKo'6/
;fIf/tfsf ;fy} ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{, ;"rgfsf] cy{ a'‰g], ;"rgf
pTkfbg ug]{ tyf ;+rf/dfkm{t c?;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ ;Lk
hfGg'k5{ .
;"rgf ;fIf/tfn], ljz]if u/L OG6/g]6n] o:tf]
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ub}{5 hxfF s'g} klg 7fpFsf dflg;x¿n] s'g} klg
a]nf ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg efudf lgjf{w ¿kdf ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L
lng / lbg ;S5g\ . ;"rgf ;+hfn -OGkmd]{;g g]6js{_ xfd|f] b}lgs
hLjg / cy{tGqsf] clt cfjZos c+u x'g yfln;s]sf] 5 .
OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u a9g'sf] ;Fu;Fu} of] s'/f :ki6 x'Fb}5 ls ca
sDKo'6/ rnfpg] / ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ ;Lk hfg]/ dfq} k'Ub}g, ;"rgf
;+hfnsf] ljzfn e08f/af6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf k|fKt ug'{ / tL
;"rgfnfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;d'bfosf] lxtdf k|of]u ug{ hfGg' cfhsf]
k|lt:kwf{o'Qm ;dfhdf afFRgsf nflu clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . oxL
;LknfO{ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf elgG5 . lxFhf] xfdL sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfsf]
s'/f uYof}{+ eg] cfh Toltn] dfq k'Ub}g .
lzIff, pBf]uwGbf tyf dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgdf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df ;"rgf ;fIf/tfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5 M 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfhdf sfd ug{sf nflu l8lh6n
k|ljlw, ;+rf/sf ;fwgx¿, tyf÷jf g]6js{ pkof]u u/L ;"rgf
k|fKt, Jojl:yt, ;dGjo, d"Nof+sg / l;h{gf ug'{ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf
xf] .
of] kl/iffefn] ;"rgf ;fIf/tfsf kfFr tTjx¿nfO{
cf}FNofPsf] 5 M kx'Fr jf k|fKt ug'{ M ;"rgfsf] af/]df hfGg', ;"rgf
sxfF 5, sxfFaf6 / s;/L kfpg;lsG5 egL yfxf kfpg' / ;"rgf
k|fKt ug'{ . Jojl:yt ug'{ M k|fKt ;"rgf s'g} sfd jf p2]Zosf
nflu pkof]u ug{] pkfo jf of]hgf agfpg' . ;dGjo ug'{ M
;"rgfsf] cy{ a'‰g', cYof{pg' . ;"rgfsf] ;f/ lvRg', c?
;"rgfx¿;Fu bfFHg', ;dfg / leGg s'/fx¿ ku]{Ng' . d"Nof+sg ug'{ M
;"rgfsf] u'0f, ;fGble{stf, pkof]lutf jf bIftf cflbaf/] lg0f{o
ug'{ . pgLx¿sf] ;f]Rg], ts{ ug]{ / /rgfTds sfd ug]{ zlQmnfO{
hufpF5g\ . jf:tjdf dlN6ldl8ofn] l;Sg] l;sfpg] jf lzIffsf]
If]qdf ce"tk"j{ Pj+ rdTsf/L kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . zAbsf]z /
ljZjsf]z M clxn] ljZjsf gfdL zJbsf]z / ljZjsf]ifx¿ ;L8L
/f]ddf / j]a;fO6x¿df pknAw 5g\ . tL sf]zx¿ k':tseGbf
lgs} ;:tf, /fvgw/g ug{ ;lhnf], b/fh klg grflxg] , pkof]u
ug{ klg clt l56f] ;fy} ax' dfWodsf ePsf] x'gfn] ;fx|} pkof]uL,
/dfOnf / sfutdf 5flkPsf k':tseGbf stf xf] stf k|efjsf/L
/ 1fgj4{s 5g\ . ltgdf kz'klIf af]n]sf], dflg; gfr]sf], gfdL
g]tfx¿s} :j/df pgLx¿sf] efif0f ;'Gg kfOG5 . jf:tjdf
ax'dfWoddf tof/ kfl/Psf oL sf]zx¿ 1fgsf vfgL x'g\ / Tof]
vfgL vGg kl;gf r'xfpg' kb}{g xfF:b} /dfpFb} 1fgsf] e08f/df
:jtGq ¿kn] 3'Dg ;lsG5 .
dlN6ldl8ofaf6 dgf]/+hg M sDKo'6/df tf; v]Ng', ljleGg
k|lt:kwf{Tds v]n v]Ng', lkmNd x]g'{, uLt ;+uLt ;'Gg', 6]lnlehg
x]g{' lxFhf]cfh ;fdfGo s'/f eO;Sof] . l;g]df pBf]udf Plgd];g
tyf ljleGg ;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] dbtn] c;+ej b[Zox¿sf] lkmNdx¿
agfpg] sfd ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ;:tf] / ;lhnf];Fu :t/Lo uLt,
;+uLt j;f/k;f/ ug]{, /]s8{ ug]{ sfd klg ;fdfGo
eO;s]sf] 5 . dgf]/+hg pBf]usf] If]qdf dlN6ldl8ofn] rdTsf/ g}
u/]sf] 5 eg] klg x'G5 .
dlN6ldl8ofsf ;+efjgfx¿
lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/+hg, Jofkf/, k|zf;g, ;dfh;]jf, ;'/Iffsf]
If]qdf dfqxf]Og ca wd{sd{, rf8kj{, wfld{s cg'i7fg tyf
;+:sf/x¿df ;d]t dlN6ldl8ofsf] kof{Kt pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
dfgj hLjgsf] s'g} klg kIf ca o;sf] pkof]uaf6 a+lrt /xnf
eGg ufx|f] 5 . k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;n] ubf{ dlN6ldl8of lbgx'F
emgemg ;:tf], ;lhnf] / /dfOnf] x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 / of] ;j{JofkL
aGb}5 .
;"rgf ;fIf/tf
dflg;n] k9g n]Vg yfn]b]lv pm tLg k|sf/sf ;fIf/tfsf]
cj:yfaf6 u'h|Fb}5 . k9g, n]Vg / ;fdfGo lx;fa ug{ ;Sg]
IfdtfnfO{ k/Dk/fut ;fIf/tf elgG5 eg] sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tfleq
;fwf/0f jf k|rlnt sDKo'6/sf ;fdfGo cf}hf/x¿ rnfpg, Od]n
k7fpg / k|fKt ug{, n]vf,
cWofo $
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eGgfn] ;fdfGotM ;"rgf, 1fg,
dgf]/+hg, lzIff cflb ljleGg ljifoj:t' ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlw eg]/
a'‰g] ul/G5, t/, ;+rf/ k|ljlw oltdf dfq} ;Lldt 5}g .
pbfx/0fsf nflu cd]l/sfdf aGg] s'g} lkmNd jf6]lnl;l/on cyf{t\
6]lnlehgdf k|;fl/t x'g] sfo{qmd ljZjsf xhf/f}F l;g]df
xnx¿ / :of6]nfO6 Pj+ :ynLo -6]/]:6]l/on_ 6]lnlehg
:6];gdfkm{t s/f]8f}F bz{sx¿;dIf k'U5 . d"n ¿kdf tL lkmNd jf
6]ln>[+vnfx¿ c+u|]hL efiffdf ag] klg ljleGg b]zdf tL
sfo{qmdx¿ tTsfn :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o efiffx¿df :j/ xfnL -
8laª_ em08} ;f]xL ;dodf k|;f/0f x'G5 . c/af}F 8n/ sdfpg] of]
dgf]/+hg pBf]u cd]l/sfsf] cy{tGqdf ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/fsf]
¿kdf lrlgG5 .
Pp6f lkmNd jf 6]ln>[+vnf agfpg]b]lv bz{s;dIf
k'¥ofpFbf;Dd ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] em08} rf/ tl/sfn] pkof]u ul/Psf]
x'G5 . !_ lkmNd agfpg syfj:t' ;+sng n]vg, hfgsf/L ;+sng
/ k|zf]wgh:tf klxnf] r/0fsf] sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kof{Kt
pkof]u x'G5 . @_ lkmNd ;'l6ª u/]b]lv ;Dkfbg, pTkfbg, ljt/0f
u/L bz{ssf] cfFvf cufl8 k'¥ofpFbf;Dd cjZos Sofd]/f, :6'l8of]
pks/0f, k|;f/0f oGq, :of6]nfO6, 6]lnlegh :6];g, s]a'n 6LeL,
6]lnlehg ;]6, lkmNdxn / To;df cfjZos pks/0f h:tf
cgluGtL oGq pks/0fx¿sf] pTkfbg :jo+ klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ pkof]u xf] . cd]l/sf / hfkfgsf] cy{tGqsf] 7"nf]
15
lx:;f o:tf] oGqpks/0f pTkfbgn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . #_ dfly
plNnlvt clwsf+z pks/0fx¿ clxn] l8lh6n k|ljlwaf6 rN5g\ .
tL pks/0f rnfpgsf nflu PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf k|f]u|fd
;ˆ6j]o/x¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . sDKo'6/nufot ljleGg
oGqpks/0f ;+rfng ug]{ ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . $_ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] rf}yf] kIf
dfly plNnlvt k|lqmof, k|ljlw / pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/
pTkfbg x'g] ;"rgf -lkmNd, 6]ln>[+vnf
cflb_ ;+rf/ ug'{ cyf{t Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg',
k|;f/ ug'{ l;h{gf ug'{ M k|fKt ;"rgf kl/dfh{g, sfof{Gjog,
l8hfOg, gjLg pkof]u jf n]vgåf/f h'g p2]Zosf nflu ;"rgf
vf]lhPsf] xf] Tof] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] ;"rgf l;h{gf ug'{ .
pbfx/0fsf nfluM tkfO{FnfO{ kf]v/f hfg' 5 . s] ug]{ <
;"rgfdf kx'Fr M kf]v/f s;/L hfg] eGg] ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L
tkfO{Fn] sxfFaf6 / s;/L kfpg' x'G5 < s;};Fu df}lvs ¿kdf jf
6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;f]w]/, lstfadf k9]/, Od]n u/]/ jf j]a;fO6 x]/]/
klg of] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{;Sg' x'G5 . s'gs'g ;+rf/ dfWoddf
tkfO{Fsf] kxF'r 5 / tL dfWodx¿dWo] s'g dfWod slt e/ kg{
of]Uo / l56f] 5 < tL dfWodaf6 a; ;]jf / xjfOhxfh ;]jfaf/]
lj:t[t hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{x'G5 . ;"rgf Joj:yfkg M k|fKt ;a}
hfgsf/LnfO{ tkfO{Fn] Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg'x'G5 / ltgsf] juL{s/0f
ug'{x'G5 . h:t}, a; ofqf / xfjfOhxfh ofqf;DaGwL b"/L, ;do,
ef8f OToflb hfgsf/L 5'6\ofpg'x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] ;dGjo÷/f]hfO M
k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df / ofqfsf cfjZostf / p2]Zosf]
cfwf/df kmfObf a]kmfObf 5'6Øfpg'x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] d"Nof+sg M
ofqfsf] nflu pknAw ;]jfx¿, ltgsf] ;do, ef8f cflb ljleGg
s'/fx¿sf] cfwf/df s'g ;]jf a]; egL d"Nof+sg ug'{x'G5 . clg,
;"rgf l;h{gf M o:tf] ;"rgf l;h{gf ug'{x'G5 hf] tkfO{FnfO{ kf]v/f
hfgsf nflu ;do, k};f, ;'ljwf / ofqfsf] p2]Zo cflb ;a} b[l6n]
pko'Qm x'G5 . jf:tjdf cfOnfu]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{, s'g}
sfd k"/f ug{ jf nIfdf k'Ug ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf ;+hfnaf6
kmfObf p7fpg;Sg' g} ;"rgf ;fIf/tf xf] . o;n] d'Vo ¿kdf
s;/L lg0f{odf k'Ug], ljrf/ jf wf/0f agfpg] jf
;d:of ;'Nemfpg] eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;"rgf ;+hfnsf]
dfWodaf6 c?;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{ clt cfjZos tyf dxTjk"0f{
;Lk xf] . ;+If]kdf, ;"rgf ;fIf/tf eg]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf
;+hfnsf] dbtn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf xf] . hf] JolQm
a9L ;"lrt x'G5 p;n] a9L ;xL lg0f{o ug{ / of]hgf agfpg ;S5
. of] gofF s'/f xf]Og t/ plxn] ;"rgfsf ;fwg / ;|f]tx¿dfly
;Lldt JolQmx¿sf] Psflwsf/ x'GYof] eg] xfn cfP/ ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] k|bfg u/]sf] hfb'u/L zlQmnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ clwstd
nfe lng;Sg] Ifdtf h;n] klg xfl;n ug{;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] zlQm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u
• Od]n / OG6/g]6af6 ;"rgf, hfgsf/L / 1fg cfbfgk|bfg
ug{;lsG5 .
6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, x'nfsh:tf c? tl/sfn] ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg
u'g{eGbf of]
tl/sf lgSs} ;:tf] / l56f] x'G5 .
• rfx]sf] ljifodf cfjZos ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg / kfpg;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6 jf:tjdf 1fgsf] e08f/ xf] . o;nfO{ ljZjsf ljzfn
k':tsfnox¿;Fu bfFHg ;lsG5 .
• ljZjel/sf] ahf/df rflxPsf] ;fdfg vf]Hg / lsGg;lsG5 .
s;};Fu cg'/f]w ug'{kb}{g / lj1fkgsf] y'k|f] rfxfg'{ klg kb}{g .
• :yfgLo pTkfbg ljZj ahf/df k|rf/ ug{ / a]Rg;lsG5 . k|rf/
ug{sf] nflu cvaf/, /]l8of]df h:tf] OG6/g]6df 3]/} vr{ nfUb}g /
of] ljZjJofkL klg x'G5 . ;fdfg a]r]sf] e'QmfgL tTsfn} :yfgLo
a}+sdf cfOk'U5 .
• ;+;f/sf] ljleGg efusf cvaf/, /]l8of] 6]lnlehg cflb
cfd;+rf/ dfWodaf6 tTsfn ;dfrf/, ;"rgf, dgf]/+hg tyf
ljljw ;fdu|L x]g{;lsG5 . of] k|foM lgz'Ns jf clt sd vlr{nf]
x'G5 .
• ljZjlel/sf ljZjljBfno, sn]hdf pknAw lzIff, kf7\oqmd,
5fqj[lQ af/] hfgsf/L kfpg, tL ;+:yfdf egf{ x'g / 5fqj[lQ
kfpg;lsG5 . ;do art x'G5 . s;}sf] l;kmfl/;lagf cfk\mg}
of]Uotfsf] e/df ljZjsf pRr:t/Lo lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df :t/Lo
lzIff / 5fqj[lQsf] cj;/ kfOG5 .
• 8fS6/n] la/fdLsxfF gk'uL sg /f]u hfFr]/ cf}ifwL lbg jf
pkrf/sf cGo pkfo ug{;S5 . ufpF tyf b'u{d :yfgdf /f]usf]
lgbfgsf nflu of] lgSs} pkof]uL x'G5 .
• ljBfno guO{ 3/df a;La;L lzIff xfl;n ug{, k/LIff lbg /
k|df0fdq k|fKtug{;lsG5 . hflu/ vfFb} k9\g]x¿sf nflu o;n] j[lQ
ljsf;sf] /fd|f] cj;/ lbG5 .
• cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ;lhn};Fu cfjZos ;"rgf ;fdu|L kfpg
;S5g\ . cfkm"n] cg';Gwfg ug{ nfu]sf] ljifoaf/] hfgsf/L k7fpg
cg'/f]w ub}{ p;n] Od]n k7fpg jf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ug{;S5 .
ToxL ljifodf klxn] ul/Psf cg';Gwfg kqx¿ x]g{kfpF5 /
cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
• ljleGg ljifodf sfd ug]{, hgjsfnt ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] cfk\mgf
s'/f
;lhn};Fu c?;dIf k7fpg / hgjsfntsf] ljifonfO{
km}nfpg;S5g\ . xf] . of] kIfnfO{ hg;fwf/0fn] lbglbg} k|ToIf
pkof]u ug]{ x'gfn] w]/} dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw eGgfn] ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] of] kIfnfO{ a9L a'‰g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L ljsl;t tyf
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] kl/l:ylt / Ifdtfcg';f/ ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u d'Vo ¿kdf rf/ k|sf/n] ul/x/]sf
5g\ M
! ;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;zLn
d'nsdf d'Vo ¿kdf ;"rgfsf] cf];f/k;f/sf] nflu ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu g]6jls{ª u/]/ jf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u u/]/ lzIff,
:jf:Yo, s[lif, dgf]/+hg, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ko{6g cflb dxTjk"0f{
ljifosf 1fg / ;"rgf ;+rf/ jf k|;f/ u/]/, k|zf]wg tyf ;+sng
u/]/ b]z / ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lt ljsf;df
dxTjk"0f{ sfd x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] pkof]u 1fg /
;"rgfnfO{ cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ sfddf ;Lldt ePsf] x'gfn] of] s]jn
;"rgf ;+rf/ k|ljlw xf] . clwsf+z b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] oxL kIf
jf e"ldsfsf] a9L pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . oxL kIfnfO{ kof{Kt
dfqfdf pkof]u ug{;s] klg
b]zsf] cy{tGq, lzIff, :jf:Yo, k|zf;g / ;fdfhdf w]/} pNn]vgLo
kl/jt{g Nofpg;lsG5 .
;"rgf ;+rf/ ug{] of] On]S6«f]lgs dfWod ePsf] x'gfn] h'g
ljifodf o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 Tof] ljifo jf zAbsf] cufl8 c+u|]hL
16
zAb On]S6«f]lgssf] klxnf] cIf/ …OÚ hf]8]/ gofF zAb agfpg] rng
5 . h:t} M Od]n, Osd;{, Oueg]{G;, O8]df]qm];L, Onlg{ª,
Ohg{lnHd cflb . dfly plNnlvt ljifox¿sf] 1fg / ;"rgf kfpg
jf k7fpg g]6js{ jf OG6/g]6 rnfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] tL ljifo jf
zAbsf] cul8 …OÚ sf] ;§f cgnfOg zAb klg k|rlnt 5 . h:t}
cgnfOg hg{lnhd, cgnfOg sGk|m]G;, cgnfOg d]l8l;g,
cgnfOg P8's];g cflb . g]kfnL efiffdf klg c+u|]hL zAbsf]
7ØfSs} ldNg] g]kfnL zAb gePsf] cj:yfdf O / cgnfOg zAbs}
k|rng al9/x]sf] 5 . h:t} M Od]n, cgnfOg
kqsfl/tf jf O kqsfl/tf, cgnfOg k"hf, cgnfOg >f4 cflb .
xfn;Dd g]6 jls{ª / cem} ljz]if ¿kdf OG6/g]6 g} ;"rgf ;+rf/
k|ljlwsf] cfwf/ xf] . ctM ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eGg' d'Vo
¿kdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u xf] . x'gt o;sf] pkof]u s;n] s'g
b]zdf s;/L u5{ eGg] s'/f ToxfFsf] k"jf{wf/nufot w]/} s'/fdf
e/k5{, t}klg sf7df8f}Fh:tf] zx/L If]qdf o;sf] pkof]u
lgDglnlvt sfddf ug{;lsG5 M lx:;f xf] . hfkfg, cd]l/sf,
l;+ufk'/h:tf b]zx sf] /fli6 o cy{tGqdf o:tf pks/0fx sf]
pTkfbg / Jofkf/n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;, lj:tf/ / pkof]udf j[l4;Fu;Fu} o; k|sf/sf] ;fdu|L,
xf8{j]o/sf] pTkfbg al9/x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx sf] cy{tGq
la:tf/} ;"rgf k|ljlw ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbglt/ a9b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . t/
ljsf;zLn b]zx df ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt oGq
pks/0fx sf] pTkfbg / lgof{t u/]/ cy{tGq alnof] agfpg] Ifdtf
sd} b]lvG5 .
$ ;km\6j]o/ cef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbgdf
ef}lts ;fdfg, oGqpks/0f pTkfbgh:t} cef}lts, cfFvfn] gb]lvg]
t/ tL oGqpks/0fx ;+rfng ug{ geOgx'g] PlKns];g k|f]u|fdx
cyf{t\ ; 6j]o/ sf] pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;+a+lwt csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbg xf] . ; 6j]o/ sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/n] g} lan
u]6\;nfO{ aL; jif{leq ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf wgf9 dflg; agfPsf] xf] .
of] If]qdf clxn];Dd cd]l/sfs} jr{:j 5 . ; 6j]o/ agfpgsf
nflu kmnfd, k]6 f]n, vlghh:tf ef}lts sRrf kbfy{ / ;8s,
xjfO tyf ;d'b|L oftfoftsf] ;fwg grflxg] x'gfn] g]kfnh:tf]
pBf]usf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]t ;fwgljlxg / e"kl/j]li7t d'n'ssf nflu
of] pBf]u lgSs} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . lbdfu jf af}l4s Ifdtf s'g}
b]zsf] lghL ;DkQL xf]Og . clxn] klg sltko g]kfnLx g]kfnleq}
a;]/ ; 6j]o/ pTkfbg ug{] sfddf nflu/x]sf 5g\ . sltko
g]kfnLx cd]l/sfdf gfdL ; 6j]o/ sDkgLdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\
. ljsf;zLn b]zx sf k|ltefzfnL o'jfx sf] nflu of] If]q lgSs}
cfsif{s / hLjg:t/ psf:g] cj;/ xf] . ljsf;zLn b]zsf
dflg;x n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf s]jn lbdfu nufP/ 3/df
a;La;L sdfpg] cj;/ / If]qx cg]s 5g\ . o;sf] nflu pko'Qm
k"jf{wf/ / kl/j]z x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu Od]n / OG6/g]6sf]
pkof]u ubf{ vr{ nfUb}g nfu] klg lgSs} yf]/} nfU5 .
ljleGg Joj;fodf nfu]sf Joj;foLx n] cfkm\gf] Joj;fo
/ ;Lk a9fpgsf nflu rflxg] ;"rgf / 1fg ;lhn};Fu kfpg;S5g\ .
ljZjsf s'g} klg efudf a:g] dflg;;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{
ldqtf ug{ / /dfOnf];Fu ;do latfpg;lsG5 . hLjg;fyL /f]Hg]
sfddf klg OG6/g]6, Od]n / Rof6 pkof]uL eO/x]sf] 5 .
@ ;"rgf k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] kdf
g]kfndf klxnf] sDKo'6/ hgu0fgfsf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{sf]
nflu NofOPsf] lyof] . clxn] e"ld;'wf/ ljefun] g]kfne/sf
hUufhldg, hUufjfn / df]xLx¿sf] nut tof/ kfb}{5 . Tof] tof/
ePkl5 s'g} klg dflg;sf] gfddf g]kfndf slt hUuf, s:tf]
hUuf 5 eGg] s'/f t'?Gt} yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . hgu0fgf,
s[lifu0fgfh:tf a]na]nfdf x'g] /fli6«o :t/sf sfo{qmdsf nflu
dfq xf]Og lgjf{rg cfof]u, dGqfnox¿, ljefux¿, a}+sx¿,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df klg w]/}yf]/} dfqfdf
eP klg tYof+s / ;"rgfsf] y'k|f] x'G5 / ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{
ltgsf] k|zf]wg ug'{k5{ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gePsf] eP of]
sfd ug{ lgs} d]xgt / w]/} dlxgf jf jiff}{F nfUYof] . t/ clxn]
nfvf}F ljBfyL{sf] k/LIffsf] glthf klxn]eGbf lgSs} sd ;dodf
lgsfNg / k|;f/ ug{;lsG5 . ljh'nL / 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfvf}F ;+Vofdf
lan / /l;b t'?Gt} tof/ x'G5 .
;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug]{
sfd cln dxFuf] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu a]Un} / dxFuf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
cfjZostf k5{ . s'g} lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/
;k\m6j]o/ agfpg lgSs} vr{ nfU5 . o;}n] ;fgf ;+:yfx¿n] Tof]
vr{ wfGg;Qm}gg\ . ef}lts ;|f]tn] ljkGg t/ dfgj ;|f]tn] ;DkGg
g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf o'jfx¿nfO{ ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg] / ;"rgf
k|zf]wg ug]{ tflnd lbg;lsof] eg] g]kfnd} a;La;L ljZjel/sf
sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfd ug{ / cfsif{s cfDbfgL ug{] af6f]
v'nfpg;lsG5 .
# oGqpks/0f tyf ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf
sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g /]l8of] 6]lnlehg, l8lh6n Sofd]/f,
lk|G6/, :Sofg/, b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL, OG6/g]6 k|0ffnL cflb ;+rfng ug{
rflxg] oGq pks/0fb]lv e"pku|x;Ddsf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdfg
pTkfbg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cleGg s'g} ufpFdf df]6/ af6f] k'u]kl5 df]6/
r9g]x¿dfq} xf]Ogg\ gr9g]x¿ klg
k|efljt x'G5g\ To:t} ;"rgf k|ljlwn] o;sf] pkof]u ug]{x¿nfO{ dfq}
xf]Og sDKo'6/ g} gb]v]sf jf 6]lnkmf]gdf slxNo} gaf]n]sfx¿sf]
hLjgnfO{ klg k|efljt kf5{ .
;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ef}uf]lns ¿kn] PSnfPSn} k/]sf
b]zx¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf afwf c8rgx¿ x6fP/ tyf ;"rgf, 1fg tyf
lzIffdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;/n agfP/ ;fy} ljkGg / kfvf k/]sf
hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx¿df cfkm} lg0f{o
lng;Sg] agfP/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf]
;d[l4df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{;S5 . gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn]
ljkGg ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf ;fd' Jofks cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf] ;"rgf / 1fgsf] e08f/;dIf kx'Fr k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf]
bIftf, Jofkf/Lx¿sf] gfkmf, lzIffyL{x¿sf] 1fg, Joj;foLx¿sf]
sf/f]af/, ls;fg / ;fgf pBdLx¿sf] ahf/ a9fpg] cj;/ lbPsf] 5
. u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo cfjfh ljZj;fd' k'¥ofpg
;3fPsf] 5 . b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g] ljkGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{
ljsf; / cy{tGqsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg dbt ub}{5 . la;{g} gx'g] s'/f
s] xf] eg] cf}Bf]lus k|ljlweGbf of] k|ljlw km/s 5 . of] k|ljlwsf]
nflu sf]Onf, t]n, kmnfd, kfgL, gbLgfnf, ;d'b| cflb k|s[lts
;|f]teGbf klg dflg;sf] lbdfu / dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] a9L cfjZostf /
pkof]u x'G5 . ul/a /fi6«x¿ dfgj ;|f]tsf wgL 5g\ . o;}n] ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] nflu ce"tk"j{ cj;/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] k|bfg ug]{ cj;/x¿
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ljBdfg ;+rf/ / ;"rgf
k|0ffnLsf] pkof]usf] If]qnfO{ csNkgLo 9+un] a9fpg;S5 .
o;af6 gofF cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ l;h{gf ug{ / tL
17
;DaGwx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpg;lsG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
oxL df}lns ljz]iftfn] ubf{ of] k|ljlw dfgj ljsf;sf]
zlQmzfnL sf/s aGg;S5 . of] k|ljlwsf ljz]iftf / o;n]
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df s'gs'g If]qdf s;/L of]ubfg lbg;S5
eGg]af/] hfkfgdf ePsf] hL * sf] ;Dd]ngn] v6fPsf] l8lh6n
ck/Ro'lg6L Olgl;Pl6e gfds sfo{bnn] o;/L :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 M
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;j{Jofks / ;j{sflns 5 . o;nfO{
JolQmut sfd, Jofkf/ tyf ;/sf/L sfdnufot dflg;sf ;a}
vfnsf ultljlwx¿df
cWofo %
ljsf;zLn b]zsf nflu
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj
;"rgf k|ljlw / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdWo] s'g /f]Hg] <
ljZjsf cf7 wgf9Ø b]zsf /fi6«k|d'vx¿sf] ;g\ @)))
df hfkfgdf ePsf] a}7sn] -hL *_ ul/a d'n'sx¿sf] pGgltsf]
nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwdf nufgL ug{ hf]8 lbFbf l/gdf 8'a]sf b]zx¿sf]
l/g df]rg ug]{ dfu ul//x]sf xhf/f}F k|bz{g–sf/Lx¿n] æxfdLn]
sDKo'6/ vfg ;Qm}gf}FÆ eGg] gf/f nufpFb} Nofk6k sDKo'6/ hnfP/
lj/f]w hgfPsf lyP . bftf /fi6«x¿n] k|ljlwdf a9L hf]8 lbg yfn]
eg] k/Dk/fut ljsf; ;xfotf 36\g;S5 eGg] w]/}sf] lrGtf lyof] .
;g\ @))! df O6nLdf ePsf] a}7sn] km]l/ klg ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
ul/a /fi6«sf] ljsf;df nufpg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«
;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o'Pgl8kL_ n] k|sflzt u/]sf] dfgj ljsf;
k|ltj]bg @))! n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / h}ljs k|ljlwn]
jf:tjd} ljZjdf ul/aL 36fpg;S5 eGg] ts{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 .
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;Dks{n] hfb'sf] 58Ln] em}F ;a} ;d:of ;'NemfpF5 egL
7fGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf kl5
kl/of] eg] dfgj ljsf;sf] bf}8d} kl5 kl/g]5 eGg] wf/0ffn] ljleGg
b]zsf of]hgfsf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ rlGtt eP/ sfd ul//x]sf
b]lvG5g\ .
ljZjsf em08} b'O{ c/a dflg;x¿ :jR5 / ;'/lIft vfg]
kfgLaf6 a+lrt 5g\ . tLg c/a dflg;x¿n] Go"gtd ;/;kmfOsf]
;'ljwf kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . /f]u, ef]s, clzIff cflbn] u|:t tyf
ljsf;sf Go"gtd k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefj ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu
vfBfGg, s[lif, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :s'n, vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO, ;8s cflbsf
nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cefj eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf b"/;+rf/, :of6]nfO6,
df]afOnkmf]g, sDKo'6/ cflbdf ul/a b]zsf b'n{e ;|f]t / ;fwg vr{
ug'{ cfjZostf geP/ ckJoo jf ;f]v xf] eGg] ts{ ug]{x¿sf] sdL
5}g .
sf/f]af/ ug{ ;3fpg] x'gfn] aLrsf] gfkmf jf sld;gdf
hfg] vr{ 36\5 . o;n] n]gb]gdf ;/ntf / lz3|tf dfq xf]Og
ahf/df Psflwsf/nfO{ klg 36fpF5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw s'g} :yfg jf If]qdf ;Lldt geP/ of]
ljZjJofkL x'G5 . ;+hfn cyf{t\ g]6js{x¿ l;h{gf u/]/ tyf
a9fP/ o;n] ;f+:s[lts tyf efiffut Jojwfgx¿ kf/ ug{;S5 .
o;n] JolQm / ;d"xx¿nfO{ hxfF a;]/ klg sfd ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5
. :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿nfO{ /fli6«otf;Fu ;/f]sf/ g/fvL ljZj cfly{s
k|0ffnLsf] lx:;f aGg ;3fpF5 . :yfgLo pTkfbgn] ljZjJofkL
ahf/ kfpg;S5 . o;n] ljBdfg gLlt, /fi6«/fi6«aLr
;Demf}tfx¿ / /fi6«leq k|rlnt P]gsfg'g / lgodx¿nfO{ xfFs
lbG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf oL ljz]iftfx¿n] ubf{
ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg of] zlQmzfnL ;fwg aGg;S5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw M ;]tf] e"t
;"rgf k|ljlw, l8lh6n k|ljlw, ;fOa/ k|ljlw, OG6/g]6
cflb ljleGg gfdn] lrlgg] of] gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ olt w]/} If]q
tyf sfddf olt w]/} tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 ls clxn]
To;sf] cg'dfgdfq ug{;lsG5 . o;nfO{ nf]ssyfsf] ;]tf] e"t;Fu
bfFHg' a]; xf]nf . Tof] e"tnfO{ jzdf kfg{ ;lsof] eg] To;af6
dgn] rfx]sf] sfd u/fpg;lsG5 elgGYof] . ;"rgf k|ljlw Tof]
sfNklgs e"teGbf klg sfdnfUg] 5 . t/ o;af6 clxn];Dd
h]hlt sfd lnOPsf] 5 jf sfd lng;lsG5 eg]/ sNkgf ul/Psf]
5 Tof] t o;sf] jf:tljs pkof]lutf jf Ifdtfsf] ;fx|} ;fgf]
lx:;f xf] egL j}1flgsx¿ eG5g\ . s'g} klg 7fpFdf ;+rf/ ;'ljwf
k'u]kl5 To;sf] pkof]u ljleGg sfdsf nflu x'gyfN5 . hflu/
vfg, lzIff xfl;n ug{, lzIf0f ;+:yf vf]Hg, dfn;fdfgsf] efpm
yfxf kfpg, cfˆgf] pTkfbg / ;Lk ljqmL ug{, b]z ljb]zsf
;dfrf/ tTsfn hfGg, r]tgf km}nfpg, hgjsfnt ug{, ;/sf/ /
ljleGg lgsfox¿n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf, ;'ljwfx¿ ;/n tl/sfn]
k|fKt ug{ dflg;x¿n] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{
yfN5g\ . hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf t'?Gt} / ;lhn};Fu kfPkl5 pgLx¿n]
cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ tTsfn} / cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf x'g] 9+un]
ug{ yfN5g\ . o;af6 dflg;x¿n] :jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/, ;Lk, cfo
a9fpg] s'/f cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ / Tof] hfgsf/LnfO{
cfˆgf] hLjg:t/ ;kfg{] sfddf pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . k9g jf
hflu/ vfg
nufpg ;lsG5 . o;n] Ps} kN6 w]/} sfd u5{ ;fy} of] k|ljlw
sfdsf] :jefj jf cfjZostfcg';f/ 9fNg ;lsg], nlrnf] klg 5
. Jofj;flos ¿kn] ;+efJo ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ sfd klg eO/x]sf] 5
• ;Dks{sf] ;+hfn sfod ug]{ d'Vo sf/s tTj ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlw xf] . o;n] ;+hfn jf g]6js{sf] kx'Fr ePsfx¿nfO{ hlt w]/}
pkof]u ug{;Sof] plt w]/} kmfObf lbnfpF5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ;"rgf / 1fg k|;f/ ug]{ sfdnfO{
a9fpF5 . o;nfO{ ef}uf]lns ;Ldf jf aGwgx¿n] 5]Sb}g .
kmn:j¿k b'u{d :yfgdf a:g] ;d'bfox¿ klg ljZjJofkL
;+hfnsf] c+u aG5g\ / l;4fGttM ljZjsf] ;"rgf, 1fg /
;+l:s[ltdf ;a} JolQmsf] kx'Fr x'G5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljifoa:t' 7f]; ¿kdf geO{ l8lh6n /
cef}lts -er'{cn_ ¿kdf x'g] x'gfn] To;nfO{ hltw]/} k|lt jf
;+Vofdf pTkfbg u/] klg To;sf] vr{ guGo x'G5 . ljifoj:t' jf
sG6]G6 h'g ¿kdf / hlt 7"nf] dfqfdf eP klg km/s kb}{g . ;fy}
k|]if0f jf ;"rgf j;f/k;f/ ug{ klg ljz]if vr{ nfUb}g .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] ;"rgfnfO{ lagf s'g} afwf ;+u|x jf
e08f/0f ug{, k'gM k|fKt ug{, k|zf]wg ug{, /f]Hg, ljt/0f ug{ /
afF8r'F8 ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f /
ahf/df o;n] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]N5 . kmn:j¿k Jofkf/ /
cfly{s sf/f]af/ ;/n / k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] NofPsf] sfo{ s'zntfdf j[l4 /
To;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k vr{df cfPsf] sdLn] ubf{ k/Dk/fut
pBf]u wGbfx¿df gofFgofF pTkfbg, ;]jf / ljt/0f k|0ffnLx¿sf]
ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} gofF Pj+ df}lns tyf k"/} gofF vfnsf
18
pBf]ux¿sf] k'gM ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ef}lts j:t'sf] 7fpFdf af}l4s
l;h{gfh:tf cef}lts ;DklQx¿ d"Nojfg aGb}5g\ . cyf{t\ ef}lts
dfn;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{x¿sf] eGbf cef}lts af}l4s j:t' pTkfbg
ug]{x¿sf] cfDbfgL a9b}5 . k/Dk/fut snsf/vfgf vf]Ngsf nflu
hUuf hldgnufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{ h'g ljzfn nufgL
rflxG5 Tof]eGbf lgSs} sd nufgLaf6 ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t pBf]uwGbf, pTkfbg / ;]jf tyf gofF vfnsf / a9L
nfebfoL sf/f]af/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L of] If]qdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu
cfOnfUg] afwfx¿ 36]sf 5g\ eg] k|lt:k4f{ a9]sf] 5 .
• ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] Jofkf/df aLrdf gfkmf vfg]
larf}lnofx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ 36fP/ pTkfbs / pkef]QmfaLr ;f]em}
;Dks{ /fVg jf cfk;d}
:jf:Yo If]qdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] gd'gf M
x]Nyg]6
x]Nyg]6 k|0ffnL dfkm{t ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 rNg] ;fdfGo Od]naf6 :yf:Yof]krf/ ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L clt yf]/} vr{df cbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfd s]xL jif{b]lv
eO/x]sf] 5 . vf; u/L cf}ifwf]krf/ ug]{ 8fS6/x¿ / :jf:Yo
sfo{stf{x¿n] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;xsdL{ lrlsT;sx¿sf]
;Nnfx ;xof]u, lrlsT;fzf:qsf gjLgtd hfgsf/L, lrlsT;f
;+a+wL k':tsfnodf kx'Fr, dxfdf/Lsf] r]tfjgL tyf gofFgofF
cg';Gwfgaf/] hfgsf/L ;f6f;f6 ug{ x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . x]Nyg]6 ;]jf :yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o bftfx¿sf] ;xof]udf
;]6nfOkm gfds gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfn] pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 .
x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u 8]9;o b]zsf aL; xhf/hlt :jf:ysdL{x¿n]
ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . clk|msfdf o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj b]lvPsf] 5
. ToxfF ;x/ / ufpFnfO{ hf]8g], pkof]ustf{x¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpg],
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx¿sf] dfu a9fpg] / st}st}
. x]Nyg]6 dfkm{t :jf:Yo If]qdf p7fO/x]sf nfex¿sf] s]xL
pbfx/0f o:tf 5g\ M
• df]hflDas, tfGhflgof / o'ufG8fsf zNolrlsT;sx¿n]
lj/fdLs]f pkrf/ ub}{ ;h{/Lsf gofF tl/sf l;Sg x]Nyg]6sf]
pkof]u ub}{5g\ .
• hflDaofdf pkrf/ ;DaGwL 8]6f a6'Ng Pstfsf ;ft ;o
lsnf]ld6/ ;Dd ofqf ug'{kYof]{ eg] clxn] x]Nyg]6sf] Od]naf6 ;a}
8]6f k7fOG5 .
• Olyof]lkofdf 8fS6/x¿n] lj/fdLx¿ hfFRg] ;do ldnfpg
x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . plxn] lj/fdL hDdf eP klg 8fS6/
cfpg] lgZro x'Fb}gYof] .
• s+uf]df :yfgLo ljz]if /f]usf lj/fdLsf] k|ult ljj/0f k7fpg]
sfddf x]Nyg]6sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 .
• uflDaofdf eO/x]sf] dn]l/of ;+a+wL cg';Gwfgsf] lgoldt l/kf]6{
x]Nyg]6 dfkm{t o'/f]kl:yt :jf:Yo lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df k7fOG5 .
ljsf;zLn b]zsf w]/} lrlsT;sx¿sf nflu P8\; tyf pi0f
k|b]zdf nfUg] /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ / cf}ifwLaf/] hfgsf/Lx¿, afn
/f]u tyf hg:jf:Yoaf/] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ d'Vo ;|f]t g} x]Nyg]6 xf] .
6f9f, ljb]zdf uPsf cfkmGt / ;fyLefOx¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{
eO/xG5 . w]/} lbg;Dd x'nfsLsf] af6f] x]// a:g'kb}{g . ljb]z
uPsfx¿n] sdfPsf] k};f ;lhn};Fu :jb]zdf lelqG5 . :yfgLo
pTkfbg / ;]jfn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/
kfpF5 . kfNkfsf] Pp6f ufpFdf ljZjsdf{x¿n] agfPsf] tfdf]sf
efF8fs'F8f OG6/ g]6sf] dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df laqmL
eO/x]sf] 5 . -x]g'{;\ rf}sf]; M
OG6/g]6af6 efF8fsf] Jofkf/_ . g]kfndf a;]/ of] k|ljlw
pkof]u u/]/ ;+;f/sf 7"nf7"nf ljZjljBfno, k':tsfno,
;+u|xfno, cvaf/, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, lel8of] cflb x]g{ ;lsG5 .
gfd rn]sf sDkgLsf pTkfbg / ;]jf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf
h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 klg g]kfnsf tf/] xf]6nx¿df sf]7f a's ug{,
6«]lsªsf] sfo{qmd agfpg, un}Frf, kl:dgf / x:tsnfsf ;fdfg
lsGg, xjfOhxfhsf] l6s6 a's ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIff, ;"rgf,
dgf]/+hg, pBf]u, Jofkf/, sfof{no ;+rfng, ;/sf/ ;+rfng,
;'zf;g, a}+lsª, s[lif, oftfoft htftt} of] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf ljz]if
If]qx¿
/fi6«;+3Lo ;x;|fAbL lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;sf nflu
ckl/xfo{ kfFr If]q – :jf:Yo, lzIff, cfly{s cj;/, ;anLs/0f /
;xeflutf tyf jftfj/0f – df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
a9fpg;s] ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] pGgltsf] ult a9fpg ;lsg]
lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .
:jf:Yo
ljsf;sf] kmfF6df ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf]
Pp6f d'Vo If]q :jf:Yo xf] . hgtfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt ;kfg{sf
nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwnfO{ cgluGtL tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . ljleGg
ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df b'u{d :yfgdf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx lbg, /f]u
lgbfg / pkrf/ ug{ o;sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ufpFsf
la/fdLsf] l8lh6n Sofd]/fn] kmf]6f] lvr]/ zx/df a:g] 8fS6/sxFf
/f]usf] lgbfg ug{ k7fpg], :jf:Yo ;+a+wL cg';Gwfg ug]{,
8fS6/x¿n] cfk;df ;/;Nnfx u/]/ lj/fdLsf] lz3| / ;xL pkrf/
ug]{, :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg], lj/fdLx¿sf] hfgsf/L -
8]6f_ /fVg], cf}ifwL tyf pks/0fx¿ k|fKt ug]{ cflb sfddf
ljleGg b]zdf o;n] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd pknAw
u/fpF5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] OG6/g]6af6 o'lg;sf] eJo
k':tsfnosf] klg pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .
k|ToIf k|efj
o'lg;fsf] b"/lzIff sfo{qmdn] k|ltjif{ Ps nfv la; xhf/
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIff k|bfg u5{ . tL ljBfyL{dWo] w]/}h;f] clk|msfsf
/ s]xL c? ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf x'G5g\ . cfjf;Lo
ljZjljBfnoLo lzIffsf] bfFhf]df b"/lzIff sd vlr{nf] -*) k|ltzt
sd_ x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] Joj;fo jf sfd g5fl8sg hxfg
kl/jf/ kfNb} cfˆg} ;'/df pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{;S5g\ .
dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfd / lzIffsf] cj;/ lbP/ o'lg;fn] n}+lus
;dtfnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . o'lg;fsf %^ k|ltzt ljBfyL{ / %!
k|ltzt sd{rf/L dlxnf 5g\ . o'lg;fn] blIf0f clk|msfleq
Jofj;flos sfd÷hflu/sf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpF5 . z}lIfs,
k|zf;lgs / ;xfos sd{rf/L;d]t #,))) sd{rf/L 5g\
xf“sx¿
o'lg;fsf] kf7Øqmd :t/Lo / z}lIfs ljifoj:t'sf]
lx;fan] ;fGble{s 5g\, tfklg o;n] lbg] cgnfOg lzIffnfO{
Jofks ¿kn] km}nfpgsf nflu cg]sf}F dxTjk"0f{ xfFsx¿sf] ;fdgf
19
ug'{k5{ . z}lIfs ljifoj:t'sf uxlsnf / Jofks sfo{qmdx¿ tof/
kfg'{ / ltgnfO{ wfGg] / Jojl:yt ug]{ ;Lk / Ifdtf xfl;n ug'{
Pp6f k|d'v xfFs xf] . ljifoj:t'nfO{ Jofks / clt ljleGg
kf7sx¿;dIf k'¥ofpg] kl4lt -PlKns];g_ ljsl;t ug'{ klg
k|fylds sfo{ xf] .
;|f]t M www.unisa.co.za
cfly{s cj;/
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ljleGg tl/sfn] cfly{s pGgltsf] cj;/
lbG5 . Jofj;flos
s';ntf a9fpg], lj:t[t cfly{s ;+hfn tyf ahf/sf ultljlwdf
;lqmotf;fy
lzIff
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df lzIff / lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/, Ifdtf /
;Lk a9fpg tyf nb'u{d If]qdf lzIff / lzIf0f k'¥ofpg ljleGg
tl/sfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿sf] cjZostf / Tof] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ pko'Qm k|ljlwsf]
¿kdf b"/lzIff -l8:6]G; nlg{ª_ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o; If]qdf ;kmn
pkof]usf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ef}uf]lns, cfly{s tyf
cg]sf}F sl7gfOn] ubf{ pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf
dflg;x¿sf] nflu o;n] lgSs} ;3fPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf 5 j6f
;a}eGbf 7"nf b"/ lzIff ljZjljBfnox¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ —
OG8f]g]l;of, sf]l/of, lrg, 6sL{, yfONof08 / ef/tdf 5g\ . ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] ljZjJofkL :t/df j}1flgs vf]h cg';Gwfg ug{ ;3fPsf]
5
eg] k|fljlws / Jofj;flos tflnddf lbg] sfddf klg
o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . k|lzIfs tyf lzIfsx¿ tof/ kfg{df
o;sf] ljz]if of]ubfg 5 . cfjZos ;\"rgf ;+sng u/L ljleGg
7fpFdf a;]sf JolQmx¿ ldn]/ kf7Øqmd, kf7Ø k':ts tyf lzIf0f
;fdu|Lx¿ ;:tf] / :yfgLo ¿kdf pTkfbg ug{ tyf z}lIfs
Joj:yfkgsf] sfddf klg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . b"/
lzIff afx]s klg lzIffsf] If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u cgluGtL
5g\ . lh1f;' ljBfyL{ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] OG6/g]6sf] ;d'b|df
8'a'NsL dfg{ hfg] eg] 1fgsf] vhfgf e]§fpg;S5g\ . Od]n /
l8:s;g u|'ksf] dbtn] ljZjdf 5l/Psf ljz]if1 tyf
hfgsf/x¿af6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf / 1fg ;lhn};Fu k|fKt
ug{;S5g\ .
blIf0f clk|msL ljZjljBfno -o'lg;f_ df b"/lzIff
blIf0f clk|msfsf] of] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] ljZjljBfno xf] .
;fy} of] ljZjs} 7"nf b"/lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿dWo] Pp6f xf] . o'lg;fsf
k|df0fdq, l8Knf]df / l8u|Lb]lv 8fS6/ tx;Ddsf 5 j6f
ˆofsN6Lsf — cf6{;\, Osf]gf]ldS; / Dofg]hd]G6 ;fOG;, sfg'g,
lj1fg, lzIff / k|ljlw, tyf wfld{s cWoog — kf7Øqmdx¿n]
cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf kfPsf 5g\ . SofDk;x¿af6 lbOg] lzIffsf
;fy} o'lg;fn] OG6/g]6 / cgnfOg Snf;?d, lel8of] / cl8of]
n]Sr/ tyf x'nfsdfkm{t klg z}lIfs e"ldxLg leNn hfltsf @!
jif]{ uf]j4{g b'O{ jif{hlt cl3 dlxgfsf] #%)) ¿k}ofF -ef/tLo_
sdfpFy] . ufpFsf] ;"rgfno cyf{t\ ;fOa/ lsof]:sdfkm{t pgn]
jl/kl/sf ahf/df cgfh / cGo s[lif pkhsf] efpm a'‰y] .
ufpFn]x¿sf] ph'/L, l;sfot / ljleGg vfnsf lr7Lkq Od]naf6
cfbfgk|bfg lul/lbGy] . hUufhldgsf] k"hf{, cGo ;/sf/L sfutkq
/ ;"rgfx¿ k'¥ofpFy] . ;fy} pgL ufpFsf kGw|;f]x| hgf
s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ klg l;sfpFy] .
ef/ts} k"jL{ ;d'b|L t6df l:yt kl08r]/Ldf ;+rflnt o:t} ;"rgf
s]Gb|x¿n] ;d'b|df df5f dfg{ hfg nfu]sf dfemLx¿nfO{ ;d'b|sf]
df};d, df5f kfOg;Sg] 7fpF, ahf/ efpm cflb dxTjk"0f{
s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbP/ dfemLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g
;3fO/x]sf 5g\ . dxf/fi6«sf pv' / skf; v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿nfO{
;"rgf k|ljlwn] pgLx¿sf] v]tLsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{,
pTkfbgsf] cg'dflgt kl/df0fsf] yfxf lbg], 7Ls ;dodf pTkfbg
sf/vfgfdf k'¥ofpg], pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ hfFr]/
sf/vfgf;Fu ;Dks{ ul/lbg] / dfnsf] plrt df]n lbnfOlbg] ;fy}
pgLx¿sf] sf/f]af/sf] lx;fa /flvlbg] sfddf ;3fO/x]sf] 5 .
klxn] sf/vfgfdf hfg jf cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] dfn;fdfgsf]
efpm a'‰g / a]rlavg ug{sf] nflu w]/} k6s ;x/ ahf/ wfpg'
kYof]{ . xKtf}Fsf] ;do nfUYof] eg] clxn] ;a}
sfd ufpFd} a;La;L t'?Gt} x'g yfn]sf] 5 . To;}n] ToxfFsf pv',
skf;, b"w pTkfbs ls;fgx¿sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n]
ljxfg sfof{no v'Ng] lalQs} sDKo'6/nfO{ w'k aQL afn]/ k"hf
u5{g\ .
ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] bfFhf]df ef/tdf b"/;+rf/sf
k"jf{wf/x¿ lgs} yf]/} 5g\ . ToxfF 6]lnkmf]gsf] pkof]u ug]{
dflg;x¿sf] cf};t ;+Vof klg yf]/} 5 . ljh'nLsf] ;'ljwf klg
Tolt w]/} 5}g . l5gl5gdf nfOg uP/ x}/fg kf5{ . t}klg ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] ToxfFsf ufpFn]x¿sf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng yfn]sf] 5 . ufpFn]x¿sf] nflu clt cfjZos
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{, ufpFn]n] pTkfbg u/]sf dfn ;fdfgx¿sf]
ahf/ vf]Hg],
larf}lnofx¿nfO{ x6fpg], gofFgofF / a9L nfebfos ahf/ vf]Hg]
cflb sfd u/]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'¥ofO
/x]sf] 5 .
;|f]t M cfp6n's, clk|n (, @))!
efulng nufpg], / /f]huf/sf cj;/ lbnfP/ o;n]
cfDbfgL a9fpg / ul/aL 36fpg ;3fpF5 . ufpFdf pTkfbg
a9fpg / cfDbfgL a9fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] cg]s k|sf/n] dbt u5{
. :yfgLo hgtf / ;d'bfonfO{ cfk;df ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
afF8r'F8 ug{, cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] dfn;fdfg / cGg kmnkm"n
t/sf/L cflbsf] ahf/, ahf/ efpm kQfnufpg / ahf/df
k'¥ofpg, s[lifsf] nflu rflxg] df};d, dnvfb tyf k|ljlwsf
pkof]uL s'/fx¿ yfxf kfpg o;n] lgSs} ;3fpF5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g] sltko ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n]
glhssf] ahf/df cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] s[lif kbfy{x¿sf plrt
efpm gkfPsf] cj:yfdf 6f9f6f9fsf ahf/x¿sf] efpm a'em]/
kmfObf kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ efpm klg a'lem/fv]sf x'G5g\ / Jofkf/Lx¿;Fu
s;]/ efptfpm ug{ ;S5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf
ufpFx¿df ;/sf/L sfd, n]gb]g tyf Jofkf/df bnfnL ug]{
dflg;x¿ x6\g', sfd l56f] x'g' / :yfgLo lgsfox¿df e|i6frf/
36\g' of] k|ljlwaf6 ufpFn]x¿n] kfpg yfn]sf d'Vo kmfObfx¿ x'g\
. efF8fs'F8fx¿ lsg] . cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf dflg;x¿ OG6/g]6af6
ef/tsf] ufp“sf] cg'ej
ef/tsf] dWo k|b]zsf] wf/ lhNnfsf ljleGg ufpFx¿df s]xL
;dob]lv ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 1fgb"t sfo{qmd nfu" ul/Psf]
5 . o;cGtu{t u|fd k+rfot sfof{nox¿df æ;"rgfnoÆ cyf{t\
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|x¿ ;+rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . ;"rgfnox¿df
20
ls;fgx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ rflxg] dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx¿ h:t},
cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] pAhgLsf] :yfgLo dfq xf]Og ljleGg k|fGt
/ ljZjs} ahf/ efpm, cfkm"n] lsGg' kg]{ dn aLpnufot s[lif /
b}lgs pkef]usf ;fdfgx¿sf] ahf/ efpm, df};dsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L cflb kfpF5g\ . b]x/L;f/L ufpFdf ;+rflnt ;"rgfnosf
;"rs cyf{t ;+rfns uf]j4{g c+uf/Ln] sfd ug{ yfn]sf] jif{ lbg
klg ePsf] 5}g . t/ pgL eG5g\, æof] d]l;gsf] af/]df hlt w]/}
hfGof] plt w]/} cfDbfgL x'Fbf] /x]5 . o;sf ;+rfns / o;af6
pknAw x'g] ;"rgfsf] pkof]ustf{ b'a}nfO{ o;n] kmfObf lbG5 . of]
t crDd}sf] k|ljlw /x]5 .Æ
dlxgfsf] b'O{ kN6 aL/axfb'/ sf/sfvfgfdf ag]sf
efF8fx¿ lnP/ sf7df8f}F k'U5g\ / x:tsnf ;+3nfO{ tof/L dfn
a'emfpF5g\ . ;+3n] tL dfn ;fdfg OG6/g]6dfkm{t ljZjahf/sf
Jofkf/Lx¿;Dd k'¥ofpF5 . sf7df8fF}df ;+3sf] cfˆg} k;n klg 5
. ;+3n] ;g\ !((( df rfln; xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf]
tfdf]sf efF8fs'F8f a]r]sf] lyof] . OG6/g]6df tL efF8fs'F8fsf] ;lrq
hfgsf/L /fVg yfn]kl5 Jofkf/ b'O{ u'gf a9]sf] 5 . ;+3n] g]kfnL
sfl/u/x¿sf] ;LknfO{ ljZj ahf/df k'¥ofpg ;3fO/x]sf] 5 .
æ;+3n] em08} kGw| jif{b]lv cfˆgf Ps xhf/ ;b:ox¿n]
tof/ kf/]sf x:tsnfsf ;fdfg lgof{t ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5
tfklg OG6/g]6n] gofF ahf/ vf]lnlbPsf] 5 .Æ ;+3sf 8fO/]S6/
dL/f e§/fO{ eGg'x'G5 . ædflg;x¿ /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] hflu/sf]
vf]hLdf sf7df8f}Fdf cf]Ol/G5g\ . t/ w]/}n] kfpFb}gg\ . pgLx¿
ufpFd} a;]/ klg :t/Lo hLjg afFRg ;S5g\ .Æ pxfFsf] egfO 5 .
hLjgdf slxNo} OG6/g]6 grnfPsf ljZjsdf{x¿ cfˆgf] ufpFd}
a;]/ cfkm"n] hfg]sf] k':t}gL sfd u/]/ /fd|f] hLjg afFRg kfPsf]df
OG6/g]6k|lt s[t1 5g\ .
;fef/M dlgiff cof{n, g]kfnL 6fOD; ;fKtflxs,
@@ – @* l8;]Da/ @)))
ufpFsf dflg;x¿sf] bIftf a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f]
/f]huf/L lbnfpg, ufpFaflx/ / b]zaflx/ ;d]t /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
vf]Hg ;"rgf k|ljlwn] lgSs} ;3fpF5 . ef/tsf] ufpFsf] nflu
ag]sf] tf/fxf6 kf]6{n ufpFdf ljleGg ;]jfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] / ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] lgSs} pkof]uL k|of; xf] . x]g{';\ www.tarahaat.com
o;df :yfgLo efiffdf lrqsf] ;xfotfn] cIf/ glrg]sf
dflg;x¿n] klg cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;]jf sDKo'6/df vf]Hg / ;'Gg
;S5g\ . ljleGg b]zdf :yflkt 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] klg ljleGg
k|sf/n] ufpFn]x¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ul//x]sf cg]s pbfx/0f
kfpg;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6af6 ef“8fsf] Jofkf/
kfNkfsf tfdf]sf efF8f agfpg] ljZjsdf{x¿n] sDKo'6/
s:tf] x'G5 eGg] gb]v] klg sDKo'6/dfkm{t x'g] Osd;{n] pgLx¿sf]
hLjg:t/ psf:g / efUo km]g{ ;3fO/x]sf] 5 . o; k6ssf]
lqm;d;sf] cj;/df sDKo'6/af6 dfn;fdfg lsGg] ;+;f/e/sf
dflg;x¿n] ljz]if vfnsf] pkxf/ OG6/g]6dfkm{t lsGg vf]h] /
sltkon] kfNkfdf ag]sf tfdf]sf udnf / ljleGg vfnsf
lsgd]n ug{ / qm]l86 sf8{af6 OG6/g]6dfkm{t g} k};f ltg]{ gofF
kl/kf6Lk|lt lgSs} cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . Osd;{sf] gfdn] lrlgg]
of] gofF k|0ffnL ljZjel/ g} nf]slk|o x'Fb}5 .
g]kfnL ;+:sf/;Fu ulx/f] ¿kdf ufFl;Psf] tfdf]sf
efF8fx¿ agfpg] sfd kfNkfsf ljZjsdf{x¿n] ;of}F jif{b]lv ub}{
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ lat]sf tL; jif{otf ef/tsf sf/vfgfx¿df
ag]/ g]kfnL ahf/df tfdf]sf efF8fx¿ Jofks ¿kdf km}lnPkl5
ljZjsdf{x¿ cfˆgf] k':t}gL k]zfaf6 lj:yflkth:t} ePsf lyP .
jif{ lbghlt cl3 kfNkfdf ag]sf snfTds efF8fx¿ OG6/g]6df
b]lvg yfNof] . ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjn] k|]l/t Jofkfl/s
sDkgLx¿n] o:tf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg yfn] .
pgLx¿n] ljZjsdf{x¿n] agfPsf] efF8fsf] ;lrq hfgsf/L
OG6/g]6df /fVg'sf ;fy} tL efF8fx¿ lsg]/ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf u/] . :yfgLo ahf/df ;Lldt /x]sf] efF8fn]
ljZjsf] ljzfn ahf/ kfof] . kmn:j¿k ljZjsdf{x¿sf]
k/Dk/fut k]zf km]l/ df}nfof] . pgLx¿sf] cfo;|f]t crfgs a9Øf]
. k':t}gL k]zf 5f8]/ ef/tdf gf]s/L ug{ uPsf anaxfb'/
h:tf sfl/u/x¿ ufpFd} kms]{/ tfdf] lk6\g yfn] . afnfh' k|fljlws
lzIffnodf rf}w jif{cl3 efF8f agfpg] tflnd kfPsf
aL/axfb'/ ljZjsdf{sf] cfˆg} sf/vfgf 5 . ToxfF k}Flt; hgf
tGg]/Lx¿n] sfd kfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] dlxgfjf/L cfDbfgL
#%))b]lv &))) ¿k}ofF;Dd 5 . hUuf hldg gePsfx¿n] hUuf
lsGg yfn]sf 5g\ eg] w]/}h;f]n] 3/sf] 5fgf l6gn] 5fPsf 5g\ .
;a}n] cfˆgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ :s'ndf k9\g k7fpF5g\ .
;anLs/0f / ;xeflutf
;"rgf k|ljlwn] cfdhgtf / ljleGg ;+:yfnfO{ cfk;df
jf lgsfox¿aLr ;"rgf afF8r'F8 ug{, cfk;df ax; 5nkmn
rnfpg k|]l/t u5{ . o;/L, hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ a;]sf ;/sf/L,
c4{;/sf/L, tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{
cfdhgtfk|lt lhDd]jf/, pgLx¿sf] sfdsfjf{xL kf/bzL{ agfpg,
e|i6frf/ 36fpg / l56f] / ;/n 9+un] ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . tldngf8" l:yt, ef/tsf]
;+ejtM ;a}eGbf klxnf] On]S6«f]lgs ufpF lt?jo'/df hgtfn] k]G;g
a'‰g], C0f lng], lt/f]e/f], Jofh, ls:tf / z'Ns a'emfpg], hUufsf]
l/s8{ yfxfkfpg], hGd tyf d[To' btf{sf] k|s[of k"/f ug]{
sfd cgnfOg cyf{t\ OG6/g]6af6 ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . plxn]
;/sf/L C0f lng 5 dlxgfeGbf w]/} ;do nfUYof] eg] ca tLg
xKtfdf C0f kfpg;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] ef}uf]lns b"/L / afwfsf] c8rglagf
dflg;x¿ / ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfk;df ;Dks{, s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn ug{
;3fpF5 . o;n] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ cj;/ a9fpF5 . s'/fsfgL,
5nkmn, ljrf/ ljdz{ k|hftGqdf ;xeflutf / k|hftGqsf]
;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu clt cfjZos s'/f x'g\ . kmn:j¿k ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] k|hftGqnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . lyrf]ldrf]df k/]sf
;d"xx¿n] klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ Gofo kfpg ;S5g\ .
d]lS;sf] ;x/df Pp6f sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿n] Hofnfsf]
s'/fdf cfkm"x¿ dsf{df k/]sf] cg'ej u/L Soflnkmf]lg{ofl:yt
Pp6f ;+:yf;Fu Od]naf6 sf/vfgfsf] af/]df vf]lhlgtL ug{ cg'/f]w
u/] . sf/vfgfsf] cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ cfPkl5 dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf]
hflu/sf] ;'/Iff / /fd|f] Hofnf kfpgsf nflu sf/vfgfsf] gfkmf
gf]S;fg / sf/f]af/sf] tYof+s;lxt sf/vfgf Joj:yfkg;Fu
jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf a;] . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf ts{ ug{
alnof] agfof] . ;"rgf kfPkl5 dflg;x¿ ;an x'G5g\ . pgLx¿
larf/ kf]Vg / ts{ ug{ ;S5g\ . r'gfj tyf :yfgLo /fhgLltdf
pgLx¿sf] egfO / ljrf/sf] k|efj x'G5 . hgk|ltlglwx¿
pgLx¿k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ aGgyfN5g\ .
a+unfb]zsf] u|fdL0f kmf]g
21
u|fdL0f kmf]g a+unfb]zsf] u|fdL0f Onfsfsf dlxnfx¿nfO{
cfly{s ¿kn] ;an agfO{ ul/aL 36fpg] p2]Zon] u|fdL0f a}+sn] nfu"
u/]sf] of]hgf xf] . u|fdL0f a}+s / u|fdL0f kmf]gsf] ;d"xn] 6]lnkmf]g
k|0ffnL, df]afOn kmf]gsf] g]6js{b]lv ufpFsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ df]afOn
kmf]g lsGg C0f lbg] sfd u5{ . kmf]gwgL dlxnfn] k};f lnP/ ufpFdf
kmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpFl5g\ . ls;fg, ;fgf Jofkf/L, ufpFaflx/
sfddf hfg] HofdL tyf ;d'bfosf ljleGg ju{sf dflg;x¿n] k};f
lt/]/ kmf]g pkof]u u5{g\ . tL dlxnfn] z'Ns lnP/ aflx/af6 cfPsf]
kmf]gsf] ;Gb]z klg k'¥ofOlblG5g\ .
k|ToIf k|efj
Ps xhf/ ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g afFl8Psf] 5 . ^–& jif{leq
kfFr nfv u|fxsx¿nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g afF8g] nIf 5 . To;dWo] ^*,
))) kmf]g ufpFsf] nflu 5'6ØfOg] 5 . ufpFn] kmf]gn] kmf]gwgL,
w]/}h;f] dlxnfx¿sf] cfDbfgL a9fPsf] 5 . kmf]g k|of]u ug]{x¿,
w]/}h;f] ls;fgx¿n] ahf/, df};d, ls/f / k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf
af/]df hfgsf/L kfP/ cfˆgf] pTkfbg / cfDbfgL a9fPsf
5g\ . kmf]g ePsf ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf] s[lif pTkfbgsf] !)
k|ltzt;Dd a9L efpm kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿ v]tLkftLsf] nflu rflxg]
laplahg / cGo ;fdfg /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf] tyf rflxg] a]nfdf
kfpg] s'/fdf 9'Ss ePsf 5g\ . kmf]gwgLx¿sf] cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf]
efu pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] /fd|f] lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf vr{ x'G5 .
s[lif, kz'kfng, k|s[lts ljklQsf] a]nfdf ;]jf, ;'/Iff ;]jf cflb
;/sf/n] lbg] ljleGg vfnsf ;]jfdf ufpFn]x¿sf] ;xh kx'Fr
ePsf] x'gfn] k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf p4f/sfo{ rfF8} x'G5 .
;dfhdf ck/fwsf] ;+Vof 36]sf] 5 . kz'x¿ csfndf db}{gg\ .
;|f]t M www.devmedia.org/documents/ACF1055.htm
jftfj/0f
;"rgf k|ljlwn] jftfj/0f cg'udg / k|efj cWoog
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/]/, jftfj/0fLo cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fP/ tyf
;|f]tx¿sf] s'zn / lbuf] pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd agfP/ lbuf] jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg;S5 . ;fGble{s tyf
ljZj;gLo tYof+ssf] cefjdf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] jftfj/0f
Joj:yfkg ug{;lsFb}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwn] tYof+s ;+sng, k|zf]wg /
k|;f/ ug{ ;3fpF5 h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf / ;d:of
df};d kl/jt{g, h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] a'‰g / kfl/l:ylts cj:yfsf]
cg'udg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . kmn:j¿k ;+/If0fsf] sfdnfO{
a9fpg;lsG5 . g]kfndf c?0f gbLsf] hnfzosf] nflu e"ld
;|f]tsf] tYof+s e08f/ tof/ kfg{ sDKo'6/ Od]lhª k|ljlw pkof]u
ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 klxnf] k6s k"/} pkTosfsf] e"pkof]u
gS;f tof/ eof] / jftfj/0fLo ;d:of jf vt/fsf
If]qx¿ kQf nfUof] . s'g} If]qsf] e" Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd tof/ kfg{
of] k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ sfd u5{ . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df jftfj/0fLo
ljgfzsf] cg'udg ug{ / To;sf] b'ikl/0ffd 36fpg ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u al9/x]sf] 5 . o;df pkof]u ul/g] e"
pku|xn] df};d, jiff{, af9L, h+un ljgfz cflbsf] e/kbf]{ ;"rgf
pknAw u/fP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz, ;+/If0f / b}jL k|sf]k 36fpg
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿n]
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ultljlw, k}/jL tyf hgdt lgdf{0f /
dflg;x¿nfO{ vt/faf6 ;r]t ug]{ sfd ;lhnf]l;t ug{;S5g\ .
eljiodf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+3if{df ;"rgf k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
Unf]an km/]:6 jfr (GFW)
Unf]an km/]:6 jfr OG6/g]6n] hf]8]sf () eGbf w]/} :yfgLo
jg n;d"xx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o g]6js{ xf] . o;n] ljZjel/ jg
ljgfzsf] b/ 36fpg / jg k}bfjf/af6 rNg] pBf]u wGbfx¿nfO{
kf/bzL{ / lhDd]jf/ agfpg rfxG5 . o;sf] ;'?jft ;g\ !((& df
ljZjsf] jg ;Dkbfdfly ;f+uf]g]6 (SANGONet) blIf0f clk|msfdf
ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/ sfo{stf{x¿sf nflu :yflkt On]S6«f]lgs
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ;+hfn xf] . o;n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6
www.sn.apc.org/sangonet df ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf
sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;f] ljifodf ;fGble{s ;"rgf pknAw
u/fpF5 / pgLx¿nfO{ cfk;df 5nkmn ug{] ;'ljwf lbG5 . o;n]
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / lghL If]qsf
;+:yfx¿aLr On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg ;3fpF5 .
kf/bzL{ ;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw, lzIff, :jf:Yo, cy{tGq,
>d, dlxnf, dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ;f+uf]g]6sf k|d'v ljifo
x'g\ . ;f+uf]g]6 P;f]l;P;g km/ k|f]u|]l;e sDo'lgs];g -PkL;L_
gfds gfkmf gsdfpg] ;+:yfsf] ;b:o xf] .
k|ToIf k|efj
;f+uf]g]6n] ;fGble{s ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug{ nufP/
JolQm / ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;an agfpF5 . ;f+uf]g]6n] pknAw u/fPsf]
Od]n / c? ;]jfx¿ pkof]u u/]/
u}/;/sf/L tyf cGo ;+:yfx¿n] a9L bIftf;fy tyf k|efjsf/L
9+un] ;+rf/ ug{;S5g\ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ vf; u/L ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ;Lkaf6 a+lrt ;fgf / demf}nf ;+:yfx¿n] ;f+uf]g]6sf]
;:tf] z'Nssf] ;]jfaf6 kmfObf p7fpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfGtl/s
Ifdtf / sfo{s'zntf a9fpg klg o;af6 ;xof]u x'G5 .
xf“s
e/kbf]{ / vr{n] wfGg;lsg] b"/;+rf/ / lah'nLsf]
k"jf{wf/sf] cefj clxn] klg ;f+uf]g]6sf] ;]jf pkef]u ug{ k|]l/t
ug]{ sfddf tuf/f] ag]sf] 5 . ;fy}, dflg;x¿ tyf ;+:yfx¿n]
cfˆgf] ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ / ;+rf/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;kfg{ ;"rgf
tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;S5g\ tfklg
;"rgfnfO{ ;dlGjt sfo{df ¿kfGtl/t ug{ alnof] g]t[Tj /
Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;|f]t M
www.sn.apc.org/sangonet
;d:ofsf] of] >[+vnfnfO{ /f]Sg jf sd ug{ s[lif pTkfbgsf]
nflu afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL cyf{t\ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg] k|ljlwn]
;3fpg;S5 eg] s[lifsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L, s[lif ahf/, tyf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] ;"rgf /
1fg ;lhnf], ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kfpgsf] nflu cfw'lgs
;"rgf k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 . pkof]uL k|ljlw,
To;nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf / Jojxf/sf] 1fg ;xL JolQmsf]
xftdf k'¥ofpg;s] dfq} Tof] pkof]uL x'G5 / ;"rgf k|ljlwn] of]
sfd a9L k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;S5 . jf:tjdf ufpFsf] ljsf;sf]
nflu ;a}eGbf ;:tf] / ;lhnf] nufgL 1fg xf] . o;n] g} vfBfGg,
lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, kf}li6s cfxf/, ;'/Iff clb
ljsf;sf cfwf/ :yfkgf ug{ ;3fpF5 / ufpFdf afFRg] cfwf/ /
:t/ a9fpg;S5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] pkof]uL
1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw 5f]6f] ;dodf, ;lhn};Fu ;xL JolQmsf] xftdf
k'ofpg ;3fpF5 . dflg; ;"rgf;DkGg ePkl5 dfq cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;r]t / cu|;/ x'G5 .
22
ufpFn]nfO{ rflxg] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf s[lifsf] nflu
rflxn] laplahg, dnvfb, s[lif pTkfbg a]Rg] ahf/, ahf/ efpm,
df};dsf] hfgsf/L, afnL / kz'x¿df nfUg] /f]u / ltgsf] /f]syfd
/ pkrf/, k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k"j{ hfgsf/L, k|lt:kwL{ s[ifssf]
pTkfbgaf/] ;"rgf cflb x'g\ . ;fy} ufpFn]x¿nfO{ s[lif / cGo
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'¥ofpg :yflkt lgsfox¿, s[lif;+a+wL
cg';Gwfg ug]{ JolQm / lgsfox¿;Fu ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;Dks{ ul/lbg'
klg clt cfjZos x'G5 . cWoogaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg]
ufpFn]nfO{ ;a} vfnsf] ;"rgf Ps} rf]l6 k|jflxt ug'{eGbf
pgLx¿nfO{ rflxg] ljz]if If]q, h:t} s[lif, :jf:Yo cflb, sf]
;jf{+uk"0f{, ;fGble{s ;"rgf lbg' a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . ufpFdf ;"rgf
k|jflxt ug{ k':ts, kqklqsf, kf]:6/, k+kn]6, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg
cflb ljljw k/Dk/fut dfWodx¿sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 tfklg
/]l8of],
ljz]if u/L ;fd'bflos jf ufpFn] /]l8of] a9L k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5
. k/Dk/fut ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw / gofF k|ljlwaLr Pp6f
d'Vo leGgtf s] 5 eg] /]l8of] 6]lnlehgh:tf dfWodx¿ PstkmL{
5g\ . cyf{t\ sfo{qmd pTkfbs / k|;f/sn] k|:t't ug]{ sfo{qmd /
ltgn] tf]s]sf] ;dodf dfq tL ;fwgx¿ x]g{ ;'Gg ;lsG5 . t/
gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t u|fxs jf pkef]Qmfx¿n]
cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] ljifo / ;dodf ;"rgf / 1fg k|fKt ug{ tyf
;f]wvf]h, df]nefpm ug{ / bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ ug{;S5g\ .
vt/fsf] af/]df :ki6 lrq hgtf;fd' /fVgsf] nflu
ul/Psf] lyof] . hLPkm8An'n] jgn] 9fs]sf] e"efu / o;sf] cj:yf
;fy} jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿n] ljgfz ul//x]sf] jg
If]qsf] clen]v /fVg e"pku|xsf] lrq, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL -
hLcfO{P;_, gS;f agfpg] ;ˆ6j]o/, OG6/g]6 / k|ToIf ko{j]If0fsf]
pkof]u u5{ . oL ;a} ;"rgf OG6/g]6df /flvG5 . jftfj/0fLo
gLlt tyf ;Demf}tf kfng gug]{ sDkgLx¿sf] gfd klg o;df
/flvG5 .
k|ToIf k|efj
hLPkm8An'n] jg k}bfjf/ pkof]u ug]{ sDkgLx¿sf]
Jojxf/nfO{ ;"Id tyf j:t'ut ¿kn] cWoog ul//x]sf] 5 . of]
;d"xn] cf7 b]zdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 / s]xL jif{leq @% b]zdf
sfd ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . hLPkm8An'n] ;/sf/x¿, :yfgLo
lgsfo / ;d'bfox¿, pkef]Qmfx¿ / ;lqmotfjfbLx¿nfO{ jgdf s]
eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpF5 / k|efjsf/L jg
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;3fpF5 . o;n] e"pku|x k|0ffnLaf6 gkfOg] /
;/sf/x¿n] ;xh ¿kdf gkfpg] ;"rgf klg kfpg;S5 .
;|f]t M www.igc.org , www.globalforestwatch.org
u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf
ljsf;zLn b]zdf *) k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg; ufpFdf a:5g\ .
zx/sf] t'ngfdf ufpFdf vfg]kfgL, lzIff / :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO,
;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfBfGgh:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] k|foM
sdL x'G5 . hLjg si6s/ x'G5 . cNkfo'df d[To' x'G5 . ;'ljwfsf]
vf]hLdf dflg;x¿ ufpFaf6 zx/lt/ cf]Ol/G5g\ / ;x/df klg
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] vfFrf] a9\5 . olb ufpFdf plrt ;dod}
afFRgsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;fwg /
cj;/ kof{Kt dfqfdf k'ofpg ;lsPg eg] ufpF l/lQFb} hfg] /
zx/x¿df hg;+Vofsf] rfk a9]/ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf k"jf{wf/
/ ;]jfx¿ etfe'+u x'g] l:ylt cfpg;S5 . ufpF l/lQFbf Psflt/
zx/sf] cj:yf lau|G5 csf]{lt/ s[lif, ag, hn;|f]tnufotsf
k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]u / ;+/If0f x'g;Qm}g . ;fy}
k/Dk/fut 1fg, k|ljlw / ;Lk, ;+:s[lt,
efiff tyf dxTjk"0f{ dfgj ;+;fwgsf] lj:yfkg / nf]k klg
x'ghfG5 .
;fdfgsf] ;"rgf lbG5g\ . ufpFsf o'jfx¿n] /f]huf/L kfpg]
cj;/ a9\5 . s]Gb| cfkm}n] klg ;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ ;+rfng u/]/
:j/f]huf/sf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{;S5 .
ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf
l8kf6{d]G6 km/ OG6/g];gn 8]enKd]G6 -8LPkmcfO{8L_
gfds a]nfotL ;+:yfn] ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
dxTjsf] af/]df cWoog u/fPsf] lyof] . cWoogsf] lgisif{ 5 M !=
ul/aLsf] sf/0f cfwf/e"t ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdLdfq} xf]Og .
ul/aLsf w]/} tyf hl6n sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . ul/ax¿ cfˆgf]
hLjgsf] nflu / b}lgs u'hf/f ug{sf nflu geOgx'g] ;"rgfaf6
a+lrt x'G5g\ . cfkm"n] pTkfbg ug]{ dfn;fdfg / s[lif pkhsf]
ahf/ efpaf/], :jf:Yo;DaGwL hfgsf/Laf/], ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox¿sf] u7g / ltgLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf tyf cfˆgf]
clwsf/af/] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{
of]hgf agfpg] / lg0f{o ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ / tL ;+:yfx¿sf cfk;L
zlQm;DaGwaf/] pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL klg yfxf x'Fb}g . cfˆgf]
hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{;Sg]
;"rgf, lzIff / ljsf;sf ;Lkx¿;Dd pgLx¿sf] kxF'r x'Fb}g .
pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t;fwg / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;/sf/L /
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf ahf/;dIf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr x'Fb}g .
cfDbfgL a9fpg] sfdaf/] hfgsf/L / o:tf cj;/x¿sf] ;"rgfdf
pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr g} x'Fb}g .
@= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] k|jfxnfO{ a9fP/ ul/aL
36fpg] sfddf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng'k5{ . xfnsf jif{x¿df w]/}h;f] OG6/g]6 / df]afOn kmf]gh:tf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df Wofg s]lGb|t ePtf klg ul/aLsf]
lj?4 n8gsf nflu /]l8of] 6]lnlehgh:tf ;"rgfsf] ;fwgx¿
dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgls ul/a d'n'sx¿df df]afOn kmf]g /
OG6/g]6eGbf /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg a9L Jofks dfqfdf km}lnPsf 5g\
. ;dfhdf ljljw ljrf/ x'sf{pg / ;"rgf k|jfx a9fpg 5fkf
dfWodsf] klg dxTj 5 . Unf]an g]6js{ jf OG6/g]6df ghf]l8P
klg sDKo'6/ ;dfhsf] x/]s c+usf] Ifdtf a9fpg] dxTjk"0f{
cf}hf/ xf] . ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] / ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf gofF
k|ljlwx¿n] ;"rgf / 1fgsf cfwf/e"t e"ldsfx¿nfO{ abNb}gg\, g
t :yflkt ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf k|ljlwx¿nfO{ cf]em]ndf g} kf5{g\ .
t/, ltgLx¿n] ;"rgf / 1fg
km}nfpg, pknAw u/fpg, cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / k|efj a9fpg gofF
cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u5{g\ .
ufpFdf ;+rf/ k|0ffnL ;+rfng ubf{ ufpFn]x¿sf]
;xeflutf eof] eg] dfq pkof]uL aGg;S5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ufpFn]x¿ cfkm}n] ug{;Sg] l:ylt sd} b]lvG5 .
o;l:yltdf k/Dk/fut cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿;Fu cfw'lgs ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] d]nf u/fP/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] pQm dfWod /
cfdhgtf b'a} nfeflGjt x'g;S5g\ . dfWodx¿n] Od]n / OG6/g]6
dfkm{t ;:tf] / l56f] ;xL / ;fGble{s ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ eg]
ufpFn]n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf dfUg / ufpFn] /]l8of] jf cGo
;fwgdfkm{t ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw ;a}
;d:ofsf] cr's cf}ifwL t xf]Og, t}klg o;n]
23
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt If]qdf kmfObf k'¥ofpg;S5 M lg0f{o
k|lqmof M ufpFdf af6f] s'nf] agfpg], :yfgLo ;/sf/ r'Gg]b]lv
lnP/ ;+;bdf k|ltlglw /f]Hgsf nflu ;d]t ;xL, pkof]uL,
;fGble{s / tfhf ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . To:t} ufpFn]sf]
hLjgsf cfly{s ;fdflhs kIf / eljionfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ sltko
of]hgf, cfof]hgf / lg0f{ox¿ ufpFn]x¿n] g} lng'kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] l56f] / ;lhnf];Fu ;jf{+uk"0f{, ;d;fdlos
/ vf]h]sf] ;"rgf / 1fg pknAw u/fP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;xL / 7f];
lg0f{o ug{ ;3fpF5 . ahf/sf] hfgsf/L M ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf]
pTkfbgsf] ahf/ vf]Hg, k|bz{g ug{ / /fd|f] df]n kfpg kqklqsf,
ˆofS; / 6]lnkmf]geGbf ;"rgf k|ljlw a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . ufpFsf
pTkfbsx¿n] klg :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ljZj ahf/
kfpg;S5g\ . ufpFn] hgtfsf] ;zQmLs/0f M ufpFn]x¿sf] cfjfh,
ljrf/, efjgf JoQm ug]{ cj;/
a9fP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ cfTdljZjf;, cfTd;Ddfg lbG5 / alnof]
agfpF5 . kmn:j¿k ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;3fpm k'U5 . ufpFn]x¿
af]Ng yfn]kl5 :yfgLo lgsfob]lv gLlt lg0f{o tx;Dd k|efj k5{,
;'zf;g a9g] / k|hftGq alnof] x'g] ;Defjgf a9\5 .
;'ljwfljxLg÷kfvfk/]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ nfe M ;'ljwfljxLg ju{,
vf; u/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf, ckf+u, blntx¿sf] nflu sfd ug]{
;+:yfx¿, ljsf;, k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu nl8/x]sf
;+3;+:yfx¿dfkm{t pgLx¿n] ck|ToIf kmfObf kfpF5g\ .
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ M ufpFdf 6]ln;]G6/ jf To:t} vfnsf] ;"rgf
s]Gb| eof] eg] ltgn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lzIff / /f]huf/L nufot
ljljw cj;/, ;]jf /
• cfO{;L6Lsf] lj:tf/, o;;DaGwL pBdzLntf tyf cg;Gwfg,
;fy} ;"rgfsf] lgjf{w÷:jtGq k|jfxnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{ jftfj/0f
agfOg'k5{ .
• ul/ax¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ cfjZostfx¿ k"/f
ug{ ;3fpg'k5{ .
• of] sfddf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] Wofg cfslif{t ug'{ /
pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u a9fpg'k5{ .
• cfO{;L6Lsf af/]df cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df x'g] n]gb]g 5nkmndf
ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ .
ul/a b]zx¿sf nflu tf/laxLg ;"rgf k|ljlw
xfn} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw,
vf; u/L OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ;'ne ug{sf] nflu tf/laxLg k|ljlwdf
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . xn;fn} ljsl;t ePsf] of] jfo/n]; OG6/g]6
k|ljlwnfO{ ;+If]kdf jLkmL -jfo/n]; lkm8]ln6L_ cyf{t\ tf/ljxLg
k|ljlwk|lt cg'/fu elgG5 . ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zx¿df b'u{d tyf
5l/P/ a;]sf ufpF / a:tfLx¿df vDaf uf8]/ tfdf]sf] tf/ tfg]/
6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg', cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, ;'/Iff tyf ljljw
b[li6sf]0fn] clt sl7g / k|foM c;+ej ePsf] x'gfn] of] jLkmL
k|ljlwn] tL b]zx¿df ;"rgf / 1fgsf] vf8n sd ug{ dxTjk"0f{
cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ clxn];Dd klg clwsf+z ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿ tf//lxt k|ljlw ckgfpg s'/fdf bf]wf/df 5g\ .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] nflu jLkmL k|ljlwsf] pko'Qmtfsf]
af/]df uPsf] h'gsf] cGTolt/ -@))#_ Go'of]s{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;Dd]ngdf efulng] @)) eGbf w]/} ;xeuLx¿
ljsf;zLn ljZjsf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] tf//lxt OG6/g]6 cyf{t\
ljkmL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] nflu k|fyldstf
lbg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt ePsf lyP . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿aLr / ljsf;zLn b]zleq klg l8lh6n l8efO8 cyf{t\
1fg / ;"rgfsf] vf8n 36fpg ljkmLsf] ljsf;df w]/} b]z
/ ;+:yfx¿ nfluk/]sf 5g\ .
#= ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] JolQmut ;"rgfsf] vfFrf] k"/f
ug]{b]lv :jf:Yo, lzIff, jftfj/0fh:tf ;fdflhs cfly{s s'/fx¿
;fy} /fHo Joj:yfkg, cy{tGq, gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cflbnfO{
kf/bzL{, pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ / :jR5 agfpg
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 . cWoogn] ul/aL 36fpg ;"rgf
k|ljlwn] v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ o;/L ;f/ ¿kdf
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 M
!= ;f] cWoogsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw
-cfO{;L6L_ sf] kl/efiff o:tf] ul/Psf] 5 M o:tf] k|ljlw h;n]
ljB'tLo ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;"rgf k|zf]wg / k|;f/ tyf
;+rf/ sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfpF5 . of] kl/efiffn] cfO{;L6Lsf ;Dk"0f{
If]q, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgb]lv k/Dk/fut / df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g;Dd
tyf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6nfO{ ;d]6\5 .
@= of] k|ljlwdf nfUg] ljzfn vr{ / o;sf] hl6ntf;Fu ul/a
hgtfnfO{ tTsfn k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaLr olt 7"nf]
lj/f]wfef; b]lvG5 ls bftf /fi6«x¿ bft[;+:yfx¿ ;fy} :jo+
;xof]u kfpg] ul/a b]zn] klg
o;df vr{ ug'{ plrt xf]nf egL s]xLn] z+sf JoQm u5{g\ . t/
s]xLn] eg] of] k|ljlw;Fu ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] eljio ufFl;Psf]
b]V5g\ / ljZjdf a9\bf] l8lh6n l8efO8nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|of;af6
36fpg'k5{ egL hf]8 lbG5g\ .
#= cWoogn] s] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 eg] cfO{;L6L cfkm}df
;fWo jf nIo xf]Og . l8lh6n l8efO8 36fpg' jf k|ljlwnfO{
km}nfpg'eGbf o;n] ul/aL 36fpg] cGt/f{li6«o nIf xfl;n ug{
slQsf] k|ult u5{ eGg] s'/fdf o;sf] ;kmntf gflkg'k5{ . t}klg,
ul/ax¿sf] ;"rgf cfjZostf k"/f ug{' / ;"rgf–
;DkGg ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{' ul/aL 36fpg] k|of;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
lx:;f xf] . plrt 9+un] pkof]u u/]df ;"rgfsf] k|jfx a9fpg] /
hgtfnfO{ ;an agfpg] sfddf cfO{;L6Lsf] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf
x'G5 .
$= cWoogn] bft[;+:yfx¿nfO{ oL sfdx¿ ug{ l;kml/; u/]sf]
5M
• ul/aLsf] ;"rgf / ;+rf/ kIfnfO{ d"n wf/df Nofpg' tyf ljsf;
k|lqmofdf cfO{;L6Lsf] plrt pkof]u ug'{k5{ .
• ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ /fli6«o /0fgLltdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf
ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{gsf nflu
ug'{kg]{ sfd
l8lh6n ckRo'{lg6L Olgl;Pl6e sfo{bnn] ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿df ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult a9fpg] sfddf
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] zlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug{sf nflu
cfjZos /0fgLltsf] 9fFrf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . oL kfFr j6f
/0fgLlts If]qx¿sf] cfk;df 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . To;}n] ;a}df
plQs} Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .
k"jf{wf/ — ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;+hfn v8f ug'{k5{ .
;j{JofkL kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ljsf;sf pRr
k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg] sfo{qmddf s]lGb|t
x'g'k5{ .
24
dfgj Ifdtf — 1fgsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{x¿sf] hdft tof/
kfg'{k5{ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw pkof]ustf{x¿sf] k|fljlws ;Lk
a9fpg'k5{ . :yfgLo Joj;foLx¿sf] Jofj;flos sfo{s';ntf /
Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ;'b[ ug'{k5{ .
gLlt — kf/bzL{ tyf ;do / If]q :ki6 tf]lsPsf] gLlt tyf
k|lqmof tof/ kfg'{k5{ . :j:y / v'nf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug'{k5{ . gLlt nfu" ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 agfpg'k5{
.
Jofj;flostf — k'FhL jf nufgL tyf cGo cfly{s ;'ljwf
;lhnf];Fu k|fKt ug{;lsg] x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o tyf :yfgLo
ahf/df k'Ug] ;'ljwf x'g'k5{ . plrt s/ Joj:yf tyf ;DklQdf
clwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s
sf/f]af/ ;/n tyf s'zn÷;Ifd agfpg'k5{ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwsf] dfu b]zleq} a9fpg k|]l/t ug'{k5{ .
ljifoj:t' / pkof]lutf — :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ sfd nfUg],
pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf / dfu cg';f/sf ;"rgf
;fdu|Lx¿÷ljifoj:t' tof/ kfl/g' k5{ .
dflysf] /0fgLlts 9fFrf Ps} rf]l6 nfu" ug'{k5{ eGg] 5}g .
ljsf;sf k|of;x¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;Ldfx¿ a'‰g' clt
cfjZos 5 . s'g} Pp6f If]qdf sfd u/]/ klg ljsf;sf nfex¿
gkfOg] t xf]Og, t/ ;a} c+unfO{ Ps} rf]6L
kl/rfng ug{ ;lsof] eg] kmfObf w]/} x'G5 .
ljkmLsf kmfObfx¿
ljkmLdf k|of]u x'g] 6«fG;ld6/n] s'g} klg vfnsf] 8]6f
k7fpg nfO;]G; lng gkg]{ vfnsf] /]l8of] t/+usf] pkof]u u5{ .
tL /]l8of] t/+ux¿ sDKo'6/ tyf c? oGqpks/0fx¿n] OGk|mf/]8
l/l;e/ kf]6{dfkm{t k|fKt u5{g\ . ljkmLnfO{ lgoddf afFWg;lsFb}g .
of] pBf]u xf] / o;sf] :t/ ;+;f/e/ Pp6} x'G5 . o;n]
a|f]8Jof08sf] OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbO/x]sf] 5 . oL rf/ u'0fx¿n]
o;nfO{ ljZjel/ ;:tf] / lgSs} pkof]uL agfPsf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf
x/]s ldg]6 #) hgf gofF u|xsx¿n] of] ljkmL k|ljlw ckgfpFb} 5g\
. 7"nf zx/L Onfsfdf ljkmL ;]jf ;j{AofkL / ;j{sflns x'Fb}5 eg]
gofFgofF Joj;foLx¿ / Jofkf/sf cu'jfxn] of] k|ljlwnfO{ b|'t
ultn] c+ufln/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj a}+ssf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
lgb]{zssf c'g;f/ of] k|ljlwsf] Ifdtf / ;kmntf ljsl;t
b]zx¿df xf]Og ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df k/LIf0f x'g]5, lsgls tL
b]zx¿df tf/ tfg]/ a|f]8Jof08sf] 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf
lbg' lgs} ufx|f] 5 . ljkmLnfO{ ljkGg u|fdL0f Onfsfdf k'¥ofpg
cfOnfUg] s]xL xfFsx¿ o:tf 5g\ M ufpFdf rflxg] oGqpks/0f,
xf8{j]o/ k'¥ofpg' tyf u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf nflu lgSs} alnof /
udL{ ;bL{ tyf ljifd xfjfkfgLdf klg sfd ug]{, d/Ddt ;Def/
ug{ ;lhnf] vfnsf alnof ;fdfgsf] cfjZotf x'G5 . o;afx]s
tL pks/0fx¿ lemsfpgsf nflu nfUg] afwf c8rgx¿, h:t}
dxFuf] eG;f/ dx;'n, ;fdfg lemsfpg k"/f ug'{kg]{ em+eml6nf]
k|lqmof tyf eG;f/ sfof{nodf dlxgf}F em'nfpg] k|j[lQ h;n] ubf{
oGqpks/0fx¿ pkof]ustf{sf] xftdf kbf{;Dd lalu|;s]sf
x'g;S5g\ .
tf/ljxLg OG6/g]6 k|ljlwsf nfex¿nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
tfdf]sf] tf/sf] hfndf h]lnP/ ;+rf/ ug]{ hdfgfsf] cGTo eO;]sf]
5 . o;}n] ca tfdf]sf] tf/df cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/df nufgL ug'{sf]
;§f kmfOa/ clK6s g]6js{ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . nufgLsf]
b[li6n] ljkmL k|ljlwsf] nflu kmfOa/ clK6shlt vlr{nf] 5}g,
tfklg of] cem} klg dxFuf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgfdf eGbf ;+rfngdf
w]/} vr{ nfU5 . o;}n] vr{ 36fpg ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿, ljsf;]
lgsfox¿, ;/sf/L ;+/rgf / ;fdYo{ tyf ;/sf/L / lghL
;fem]bf/Lsf]nfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ o;nfO{ ;:tf], ;/n / ;j{;'ne
agfpg ;lsG5 . -;|f]t M ;Dd]ngsf] l/kf]6{_
cWofo ^
g]kfnsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
dxTj
;d'b| ;txb]lv &) ld6/b]lv *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf]
e"agf]6, c;+Vo vf]nf gfnf, 8fF8fsfF8f cflb ljifd ef}uf]lns
;+/rgfn] ubf{ oftfoft / ;+rf/ ;'ljwfaf6 a+lrt, / cfk;df
ljR5]lbtÙ ljzfn l5d]sLx¿sf] aLr cjl:yt x'gfn] e"/fhgLlts
¿kn] k/lge{/, ;d'b|L dfu{af6 a+lrt, pBf]u wGbfsf] ljsf;sf
nflu cfjZos vlgh tyf cGo k"jfwf{/x¿s]f cefjn] u|:t,
o'uf}Fsf] ;fdGtL / lkt[;QfTds dfgl;stfn] kLl8t tyf ljljw
hflt, hghflt tyf cflbaf;L / efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lth:tf
ljljwtfk"0f{ / c;dfg cGofok"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] ubf{
ljsf;df kl5 kb}{ uPsf] g]kfnn]
s[lif qmflGt / cf}Bf]lus qmflGtaf6 kmfObf p7fpgg;Sg' :jefljs}
lyof] . clxn] ef}uf]lns ljifdtf, e"/fhgLlts jfWotf, k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] cefj, e"kl/j]li7ttf, ;fdGtL dfgl;stf, cg]s k|sf/sf
ljljwtf cflb afwfx¿n] 5]Sgg;Sg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf
g]kfnsf] ;fd" Pp6f ck"j{ cj;/ cfPsf]5 .
of] jf:tljstf xf] ls clxn] klg clwsf+z g]kfnLx¿
;kmf vfg]kfgL, kf]lifnf] cfxf/, u'0f:t/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo
;]jfaf6 a+lrt 5g\ . ;fdfGo pkrf/ kfP lgsf] x'g;Sg] /f]u /
ef]sn] aif]{gL ;}s8fF} dflg;x¿ csfndf d5{g\ . xhf/f}F dlxnf /
afnaflnsx¿ ;'/lIft ¿kdf ;'Ts]/L x'gg;s]/ tyf s'kf]if0fsf]
sf/0fn] Hofg u'dfpF5g\ . cfwfhlt g]kfnLn] cIf/ lrGb}gg\ .
;}s8f Psn] klg cvaf/ k9\b}gg\ . clxn] klg ;}s8f gAa]
dflg;sf nflu ;"rgf / 1fg k|fKt ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t dflg;dfq} xf]
.PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/Dedf htftt} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kmfObfsf]
s'/f rn]sf] a]nfdf g]kfnh:tf] cNk lzlIft / cNk ljsl;t b]zn]
o;af6 s] / s;/L kmfObf p7fpg ;S5 eGg] k|Zg p7g'
:jefljs xf] . cfO6Lsf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'Fb}df cyjf ljZjJofkL
;"rgf ;+hfn;Fu ;Dkls{t x'Fb}df hgtfsf g'gt]nsf ;d:of kSs}
klg ;dfwfg x'Fb}gg\ . t/ ljZj;Dks{sf] clt dxTjk"0f{ dfWod
OG6/g]6 / Od]n o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf cgluGtL
;Defjgfx¿ pknAw u/fpF5 . ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] OGwg
;"rgf / 1fg xf] . OG6/g]6n] ;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ clt ;lhnf], ;:tf]
/ l56f] ultdf pknAw u/fpF5 .
ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ s'/f
dfgj ljsf;sf] nflu ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
pkof]lutf / k|efj :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g ls s'g}
klg k|ljlwsf] dfgj ;dfhsf ;a} c+un] ;dfg ¿kdf nfe kfpg
;Qm}ggg\ . s]xL c+u kfvf k5{g\ . k|ljlw :jo+ s'g} ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg xf]Og . To;nfO{ s;/L / s;sf] lxtdf pkof]u ul/G5
eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ t dflg;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] /fhgLlts,
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Joj:yfn] g} xf] . o;}n] ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6
nfeflGjt x'gsf nflu klg dfgj Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} cg's"n
25
/fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
;j{k|yd ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ :yfgLo jf /fli6«o ;Gbe{df
s;/L pkof]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f a'‰g'k5{ . /0fgLltut
sfo{qmdx¿aLrsf ldlxg ;DaGwx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . o;df
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf e"ldsf v]Ng]x¿ tyf o;af6 nfe kfpg] jf
k|efljt x'g]x¿ h:t} :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfo
tyf gLlh Jofj;flos If]q ;fy} ax'd'vL ;+:yf cflbsf] ;xeflutf,
e"ldsf / argj4tf clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . afwf c8rg km'sfpg
/ gofF tyf df}lns ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] g]t[Tj
cfjZos x'G5 .
sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfˆg} vfnsf cfjZostf
x'G5g\ . ltgsf cfjZostf cg'¿ksf k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf;,
kl/dfh{g / cg's"ng ug{ tyf cfOnfUg] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
ug{sf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o lghL pBf]ux¿n] Psh'6 eP/
sfd ug'{k5{ . ljsf; nIfcg'¿k ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fdf gful/s ;dfh hfu?s
x'g'k5{ . df}lns tyf gjLg b[li6sf]0f tyf g]t[Tjaf6 ;sf/fTds
kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf u/]/ dfq} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwnfO{
ljsf;sf] sfddf nufpg;lsG5 . k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cGo
;]jfx¿x¿ x'g\ . of] If]qdf g]kfnn] cg'ej xfl;n ul/ klg ;s]sf]
5 . g]kfnn] jiff}F{b]lv ;]gfdf tyf s'nL, b/afg, efF8f df‰g]h:tf
sd cfDbfgL x'g] vfnsf sfddf nfvf}F g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ljb]zdf
k7fP/ clxn] klg b]zsf] cy{tGqdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . olb Tof] hgzlQmnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
dWod:t/;Ddsf] ePklg tflnd lbP/ k7fpg;lsof] eg]
ltgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL w]/} u'gf a9g;S5 . b]zleq} klg cGo sfdsf]
kfl/>ldssf] t'ngfdf sDKo'6/sf] sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] kfl/>lds
w]/} 5 . c? vfnsf /f]huf/L a9fpgsf nflu w]/} nufgL, sRrf
kbfy{, ahf/, oftfoft cflb rflxG5 eg] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf nufgL
ug{ / o;;+a+wL Joj;fo ug{ w]/} nufgL
rflxFb}g / ahf/, oftfoft, sRrf kbfy{sf] em+em6 klg x'Fb}g . s]xL
sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg, lah'nL / lbdfu eP k'U5 . o;af6
jftfj/0f b"lift klg x'Fb}g .
g]kfnn] w]/} klxn]b]lv ko{6g / hnljB'tnfO{
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf of]ubfg lbg;Sg] d'Vo cfwf/ dfGb} cfPsf] 5
. t/ clxn] cfP/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fosf] ;+efjgf
lgSs} a9]sf] 5 . lah'nL pTkfbg u/] klg a]Rgsf] nflu l5d]sL
d'n'ssf] d'v tfSg'k5{ . ko{6gdf klg cfGtl/s tyf
jfXo ;'/Iff, /f]usf] dxfdf/L cflbn] a]nfa]nfdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5
. ltgLx¿sf] bfFhf]df ;"rgf k|ljlw a9L ;'/lIft / lg/fkb Joj;fo
b]lvPsf] 5 . t];|f] cWofodf pNn]v ul/Psf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf rf/
k|sf/sf pkof]ux¿dWo] g]kfndf clxn] d'Vo ¿kn] tLg k|sf/sf]
pkof]u b]lvPsf] 5 M ;"rgf ;+rf/ ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, ;"rgf
k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf / ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
pTkfbgdf . s]xL dfqfdf xf8{j]o/sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/ klg ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ljsf;zLn / cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿aLr Jofkf/ a9fpg]
sfddf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutf lbglbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6n]
;:tf] / l56f] ;+rf/ k|bfg ug]{ x'gfn] sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fldªb]lv lnP/
sfof{noLo sfdh:tf ;]jfx¿ ;d]t OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿n] cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df a]Rg ;S5g\ .
g]kfnd} a;]/ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf Jofkfl/s sDkgLx¿sf] sfd
ul/lbg] ;]jfx¿sf] oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;:tf] >dsf]
sf/0fn] o:tf sfdx¿ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿lt/ cf]Ol/g] 7"nf]
;+efjgf 5 . aflx/ jf ljb]z guO{ 3/d} a;La;L ul/g]
6]lnsDo'6, 6]nLjs{ jf 6]ln;le{; al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] sDKo'6/sf]
cufl8 a;]/ ljZjJofkL ;+hfn (www) sf] dfWodåf/f o;/L
pknAw x'g] 1fg / ;"rgfsf] pkof]u cfd hgtfn] l;w} ug{ g;s]
tfklg clxn] klg g]kfnnufot ljZjsf cg]s cNk ljsl;t
b]zsf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / :yfgLo lgsfox¿ tyf pBf]uL Pj+
Joj;foLx¿n] Od]n / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg vfnsf
kmfObf p7fO/x]sf5g\ / Tof] kmfObf hgtfnfO{ klg k'¥ofO/x]sf
5g\ . Psflt/ ljkGgtfn] k/fsfi6f gfWg yfn]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/
;DkGgtfn] 9f]sf 3R3RofO/x]sf] 5 . ljkGgtfnfO{ c:yfoL pkfo
ckgfP/ 3kfpg] ls ;DkGgtfnfO{ 3/df a;fP/ ljkGgtfnfO{
;bfsf] nflu nv]6g] < of] b'ljwf g]kfnsf] dfq} xf]Og g]kfnh:tf
clwsf+z ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] klg xf] .
;"rgf k|ljlw jf cfO6L dfkm{t g]kfndf klg clxn]
ljleGg If]qsf ;dembf/ tyf k|ltefjfg dflg;x¿n] cg]s nfe
p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] sf/f]af/ ljZjahf/df
km}nfO/x]sf5g\ . ljBfyL{, cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf j'l4hLjLx¿n]
ljZj1fgsf] e08f/af6 ;xh, ;/n / ;:tf]df cd"No 1fg
k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . snfsf/, ;+uLtsf/, slj, ;flxTosf/,
kqsf/ ;a}n]
cfˆgf snfs[lt, uLt, ;+uLt, sfJo, ;flxTo, kqklqsf, cvaf/,
lrq, rnlrq cflb kf7Ø, >Jo, b[Zo cflb dfWoddf cfwfl/t
s[ltx¿ If0fe/df ljZjJofkL u/fpFb}5g\ . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L
tyf lghL ;+:yfx¿ sf]xL klg of] k|ljlwsf] nfeaf6 a+lrt x'g
rflx/x]sf 5}gg\ . cfO6L olt ;/n / ;:tf] dfWod aGb}5 ls
o;sf] pkof]u ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof aflif{s ;}s8f @) eGbf w]/}
b/n] a9\b}5 . ca o;af6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf kmfObf glnPsf
dflg;x¿ kfpg ufx|f] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf
g]kfnn] hf]8 lbg'kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f s] 5 eg] g]kfnL
pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] vkt jf ahf/ g]kfnleq cToGt ;Lldt 5 .
oxfF 8fS6/ / OlGhlgo/x¿;d]t a]/f]huf/ aGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
$@ k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cj:yfdf
ax';+Vos g]kfnLx¿n] bfdL a:t' jf ;]jf pkef]u ug]{ ;+efjgf
5}g . ljZjsf] ;jf{lws hg;+Vof ePsf b'O{ l5d]sL b]zx¿sf]
;:tf] pTkfbgsf ;fd' g]kfnL dfnfdfgn] l5d]sL ahf/df
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ux|f] ePsf] cg'ej ul//x]s} 5f}F . ctM g]kfnn]
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ vf]Hg}k5{ . rfx] ljb]zdf sfdbf/ k7fpg] s'/fdf
xf];\ jf c? k|sf/sf ;]jfsf] nflu . lagf oftfoftsf] em+em6
g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :t/Lo / ;xh ¿kdf k'¥ofpg;Sg]
pTkfbg ;ˆ6j]o/ / ;"rgf
cWofo &
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf cfwf/ /
l:ylt
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|f/De / jt{dfg l:ylt
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw lelqPsf] ;g\ !(&! df xf]
. Tof] ;fndf ePsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ bf];|f]
k':tfsf] cfO{aLPd !$)! sDKo'6/ NofOPsf] lyof] . o;df 8]6f
e08f/0f ug{ 6]ksf] k|of]u x'GYof] / 8]6f OG6«L ug{ Kjfn k/sf
k+rsf8{ k|of]u ul/GYof] . Tof] sDKo'6/ d]l;g lgSs} 7"nf] l;+u}
sf]7fhqf] lyof] . Tof] d]l;gsf] lhDdf lng / ;+rfng ug{ /fli6«o
26
sDKo'6/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . bz jif{kl5 csf]{ hgu0fgf x'Fbf
a]nfotaf6 csf]{ sDKo'6/, Tolt a]nfsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t
cfOl;Pn @(%) NofOof] . To;df Ps d]ufafO6 ¥ofd,
^$) d]uf afO6sf] xf8{l8:s / *)) luuf afO6sf] :6f]/]h Ifdtf
lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ oGq rf/ OsfOdf afFl8P/ ag]sf] lyof] . clxn]sf]
sDKo'6/ rnfpg]x¿ Tof] sDKo'6/sf] Ifdtf / sfd ug]{ tl/sf
;'Gbf xfF:g;S5g\ t/ Tof] sDKo'6/ Tolt a]nfsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t
sDKo'6/ dflgPsf] lyof] / rflxg]hlt sfd klg lbPsf] lyof] . Tof]
sDKo'6/n] s]Gb|nfO{ yk bz jif{;Dd sfd lbof] . g]kfndf ;g\
!(&( df klxnf] dfOqmf] sDKo'6/ agfpg] d'lg zfSo ;Q/Lsf]
bzssf] ;'?df a]nfotdf On]lS6«sn OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ug'{sf
;fy} sDKo'6/ sf] sv/f klg l;ls/x]sf lyP . !(&@ df g]kfn
cfP/ ;/sf/L ;]jf ub}{ pgn] s]xL cg';Gwfg u/] . To;kl5 pgL
5fqj[lQ kfP/ k|mfG; uP . Tolt a]nf cfOaLPdn] dfOqmf]sDKo'6/
ahf/df Nofpg] k|of; ub}{ lyof] . k|mfG;af6 kms{Fbf pgn] sDKo'6/
agfpgsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfgx¿ cfkm";Fu} NofP . g]kfn cfPkl5
pgn] cfˆg} 3/sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf dfOqmf]sDKo'6/ agfP / blIf0f
PlzofnL If]qLo ;Dd]ngsf] cj;/df sf7df8f}Fdf k|bz{g u/] .
!(*# df d'lg zfSon] b]jgfu/L lnlk agfP/ g]kfndf sDKo'6/sf]
pkof]u a9fpg ;3fP . ToxL jif{ ds{G6fOn sDkgLn] sDKo'6/sf]
sf/f]af/ ;'? u/]kl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cwfl/t Jofkf/ ;'?
ePsf] xf] . ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 .
a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿ 3/af/L a]r]/ ljb]zdf sfd ug{ ef}Ftfl/g' gkg]{
cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . ca g]kfnLx¿ ljb]zdf rf}sLbf/L ug]{ jf
xf]6ndf efF8f df‰g] sfd gu/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;Lk l;s]/ 3/}df
klg /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g] hflu/ vfg;S5g\ .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ca xjfO{ ofotfoft, a}+s,
6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL, vfg]kfgL, 7"nf pBf]u Joj;fo, ko{6g, Jofkf/,
c:ktfn, ljZjljBfno, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf, ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L sfof{no, dgf]/+hg pBf]u, oxfF;Dd ls wd{sd{df klg
eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] pkof]u gePsf] jf ug{g;lsg] If]qsf] gfd
lng ca d'l:sn eO;s]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ca
g]kfnsf] nflu zf]vsf] s'/f geP/ ckl/xfo{ s'/f ePsf] 5 .
dfgjclwsf/, k|hftGq / ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{
cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;xf/f lng k|]l/t
ub}{ / ;3fpFb} 5 . :yfgLo lgsfob]lv dGqfno, lgjf{rg cfof]u,
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, k|x/L, Gofofno cflb k|;fzg
tyf hg;/f]sf/sf lgsfox¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ ltgsf]
sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf, b]zsf] /fhgLlt, k|zf;g, ljsf;,
pBf]u, Jofkf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;+rf/, oftfoft, ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g,
dgf]/+hg, ;flxTo, snf, s[lif, ko{6g cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfddf clxn]
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt / sfg'g
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& M
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon]
w]/} cWoog, 5nkmn, uf]i7L u/L ljleGg sfo{bn agfO{ @)%&
;fndf tof/ kf/]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] ;'?df lgSs} :jfut
kfPsf] lyof] . o;n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cfwfdf b]zsf] rf}tkmL{
ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf dflg;x¿n]
o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g] s'/fdf 7"nf] cfzf u/]sf lyP . o;sf]
kl/sNkgf a8f] ;'Gb/ 5 M æcfpFbf] kfFr jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug'{ .Æ o;sf] /0fgLlt emg
cfsfif{s 5 M æ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;~hfn
-g]6js{_ nfO{ u|fdL0f If]q;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{, g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwdfkm{t cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df :yflkt ug]{, cfufdL kfFr jif{leq
;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf (Software tyf Hardware) sf]
lgsf;L ¿= !) c/a k'¥ofpg]===Æ cflb . ;fy} o;sf] sfo{gLlt
lgSs} dxTjfsf+IfL 5 M æ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ sDKo'6/
lzIffÆ . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltsf] e"ldsfn] b]zsf] jf:tljstf a'em]sf]
b]lvG5 M æg]kfnh:tf ljZjsf cNkljsl;t d'n'snfO{ lzIff,
:jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g, Jofkf/ cflb ljleGg If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlw sf]
k|of]uaf6 tLa| ultdf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;
k|ljlwsf] Jofks lj:tf/af6 cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0f, k|hftflGqs d"No
tyf dfGotfsf] ljsf;, cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0f Pj+ hgtfdf r]tgfsf] clej[l4 x'g uO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/
x'g] / cGttf]uTjf u/LaL lgjf/0fdf 7"nf] d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw g} g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lus ljifdtfdf sdL Nofpg] Ps
;zQm k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g]5 . cfufdL
jif{x¿df ljZj dfglrqdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿ / o; g]kfndf clxn] ;fgf] sf]7fdf sDKo'6/sf k"hf{x¿
hf]8g] b]lv lnP/ %)) hgfeGbf w]/} sd{rf/L /fv]/ pBf]u ug]{
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL pBf]u jf sDkgLx¿sf] ;+Vof %))
gflw;s]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;fgf] sf]7fdf rf/kfFr j6f sDKo'6/ /fv]/
sDKo'6/sf] sv/f l;sfpg]b]lv lnP/ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt
kf7Øqmdcg';f/ tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof klg xhf/
gfl3;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 . g]kfndf sltko sDkgLx¿n] clxn]
ljZj:t/s} PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ agfO/x]sf 5g\ . a}+s,
Jofkfl/s sDkgL / ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vf /fVg] :t/Lo
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ oxLF pTkfbg eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgdf
dfq ljz]iftf xfl;n u/]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{ghlt 5
eg] 3/d} a;]/ ljb]zL, cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLx¿sf] nflu ;ˆ6j]o/
agfOlbg] JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof klg w]/} 5 .
sf7df8f}Fdf 8]9 nfveGbf w]/}n] OG6/g]6 / Od]n
pkof]u ul//x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sf7df8f}Fl:yt OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k|bfosx¿af6 @% xhf/ u|fxsn] OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf lgoldt
¿kdf lnO/x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 / Od]n k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof
jflif{s @) b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd al9/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf
s'g} ljifodf lzIff jf tflnd xfl;n u/]sf sl/a @))) o'jfx¿
x/]s jif{ of] If]qdf k|j]z ub}{ 5g\ / tLdWo] em08} cfwf ljb]zdf
hfg] u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . sltko o'jfx¿ oxLF a;]/ ljb]zL
sDkgLx¿sf] nflu sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] lzlIft hgdfg; clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw,
ljz]if u/L sDKo'6/ lzIffk|lt lgSs} pT;'s / hfu?s b]lvG5 .
ufpF7fpFdf sDKo'6/ tflnd s]Gb| v'n]s 5g\ . sDKo'6/ ghfgL /fd|f]
sfd kfOGg eGg] efjgf alnof] x'Fb}5 . sDKo'6/ hfb"sf]
afs;h:tf] sf}t'sdo a:t' geP/ hLjgdf / b}lgs Jojxf/df
rflxg] pks/0f aGb}5 . ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿n]
hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf ca sDKo'6/sf] pkof]un]
ubf{ k|efjsf/L aGg yfn]sf] 5 . ;f+;b, lhNnf / ufpFsf g]tfb]lv
lnP/ hLjg ;fyL /f]Hg] sfddf klg sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwn]
;3fpFb} 5 . hGd, d[To' btf{, /fxbfgL lng], s/ ltg]{,
hUufhldgsf] clen]v /fVg], vfgf ksfpg], s[lif;+a+wL ;"rgf /
1fg kfpg], s[lif ahf/ a'‰g], dfn;fdfg a]Rg], ko{6sx¿nfO{
27
tfGg], gfr ufg, snf ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo cflb em08} ;a}h;f]
sfdsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf]
5.
tj/af6 k|of]u ug{ jf To:tf clen]vdf u}/ sfg"gL
tj/af6 kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
;/sf/, ;/sf/L lgsfo / JolQm ;d]tsf] ;/sf/L, Jofj;flos /
Jofkfl/s sfd sf/jfxLdf ;d]t clwstd k|of]u ug{ u/fpg
jf~5gLo ePsf]n], ===== ;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 .Æ ljw]ossf]
¿kdf /x]sf] ;f] P]g clxn] Oltxf; alg;s]s]f 5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] b|'t ljsf;n] ubf{ clxn] ;f] P]gsf sltko s'/fx¿df
c;fGble{s eO;s]sf 5g\ . P]gsf] cefjn] ubf{ g]kfndf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, o;sf] pkof]u tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
Joj;fo kl5 k/]sf] 5 tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df x'g]
ck/fwx¿ a9]sf 5g\ .
bzf}“ k+rjifL{o of]hgfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd
xfn rfn" bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdnfO{ b]z ljsf;sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lnP/
o;sf] ljsf;df lgSs} hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;f] of]hgfdf 3f]lift
gLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿sf] ;f/ o:tf] 5 M
• ;fd'bflos txdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;"rgf ;]jfx¿df
k'¥ofpg ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL lzIff tyf tflnd, ;f] k|ljlw;Dd
kx'Fr / o;sf] pkof]uaf6 k'¥ofpg;lsg] ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/df
pk/f]Qm tLg j6} kIfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} ljsf; ul/g] 5 . lghL If]qsf]
;+nUgtfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; / lj:tf/
ul/g]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ u/L s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf
s[lifj:t'sf] d"No Pj+ cfk"lt{ l:ylt cflbaf/] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf
;]jfx¿ u|fdL0f If]qx¿df klg ;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb|dfkm{t
pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 . OG6/g]6df g]kfnL ljifoj:t' ePsf
;fdu|Lsf] clej[l4 ug]{ / g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gfP ug]{ tyf
u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf ljifoj:t' :yfgLo efiffdf tof/
ul/g]5 . ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿df klg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwfo'Qm u|fdL0f
;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ub}{ nlug]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs tflndx¿ k|j4{g ug{'sf
;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
ul/g]5 . æ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIffÆ eGg] Pp6f
bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd agfOg]5 / qmdzM clgjfo{ ¿kdf
ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/ lzIffsf] k7gkf7g u/fOg]5 . ;/sf/L tyf
lghL b'a} If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf bIf hgzlQm tof/ ul/g]5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlw;DaGwL ljleGg txsf :t/Lo If]qdf kl5 kg]{ /fi6«x¿sf]
cfly{s l:yltdf 7"nf] cGt/ cfpg]5 . o:tf] l:yltn] lg/Gt/tf
kfpg' ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf nflu klg ;xh ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . o;
;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug;Sg] pRr ;Defjgf 5 . xfd|f]
h:tf] cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu o:tf] ;xof]un] /fli6«o ljsf;df
7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/f :ki6 5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
l56f]eGbf l56f] ljsf; u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;"rgf
k|ljlw gLltsf] cfjZostf 5 .Æ gf} bkmfdf ljeflht ;f] gLltn]
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lglDg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfdf k'¥ofO{ o;sf dfWodaf6 /f]huf/Ldf clej[l4 ug]{, 1fgdf
cfwfl/t ;dfh (Knowledge Based Society) sf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
tyf 1fgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ (Knowledge Based Industries)
sf] :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .
dflysf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu !% a'Fb]
/0fgLltÙ tL /0fgLltx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ !& a'Fb] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt
/ #^ a'Fb] sfo{gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;f]
gLltdf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf;
kl/ifb, kl/ifbcGtu{t lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g], tyf lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{t /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;|f]t M www.most.gov.np
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt hlt;'s} cfsif{s eP klg
To;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf lgSs} tLtf] 5 . gLlt ag]sf] tLg jif{
eO;Sbf klg To;nfO{ nfu" ug{sf] nflu rflxg] P]g sfg'g,
lgodfjnL alg;s]sf] 5}g .
;"rgf k|ljlw P]g
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;/sf/n] @)%& ;fnd}
ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ / l8hL6n x:tfIf/ P]g, @)%& sf] th'{df u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . k|:tfljt ;f] P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf elgPsf] 5 M æljB'tLo
tYof+s cfbfg–k|bfgsf] dfWodaf6 jf cGo s'g} ljB'tLo ;+rf/
dfWodaf6 x'g] sf/f]jf/nfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;'/lIft
agfO{ ljB'tLo clen]vsf] l;h{gf, pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, ;+ro, k|jfx
tyf ;Dk]|if0f k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf, ;Totf, cv08tf tyf
ljZjzgLotfnfO{ k|dfl0fs/0f Pj+ lgoldt ug{, Joj:yf ug{ /
ljB'tLo clen]vnfO{ cgflws[t
• ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ h:t} ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf;,
pTkfbg tyf k|of]u;+a+wL pBf]u / ;]jf h:t} 8]6fOG6«L,
l8lh6fOh];g, d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g, sn ;]G6/, j]a sG6]G6
l8hfOg cflb ljsf;sf nflu cfGtl/s tyf j}b]lzs nufgL
cfsif{0f ug{ rflxg] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;f];+a+wL ;]jfx¿sf] Jofkf/, ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/sf nflu zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;x¿df cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltåf/f lglb{i6
;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg] 5 tyf
u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf;sf nflu b"/;+rf/sf ;+/rgfx¿ ;"rgf
k|ljlwd}qL -cfO6L k|m]08nL_ agfOg]5 .
;|f]t M www.npc.gov.np
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt lgofds lgsfox¿
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] of]hgf /
gLlt agfpg] k/fdz{bftf lgsfo xf] . o;n] /fli6«o ljsf;
kl/ifbsf] lgb]{zgcGtu{t gLlt / of]hgf tof/ kf5{ . cfof]un]
;/sf/nfO{ ah]6sf] afF8kmfF6 ug]{ sfddf klg ;'emfpm lbG5 . ;fy}
;/sf/n] u/]sf ljsf;sf sfd / of]hgfx¿sf] cg'udg /
d"Nof+sg klg u5{ . lj:t[t hgsf/Lsf nflu x]g';\ M
www.npc.gov.np . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno
;+rf/ If]qsf] gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd agfpg] /
nfu" ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] xf] . of]
dGqfnocGtu{t x'nfs ;]jf ljefu, ;"rgf ljefu, d'b|0f ljefu,
28
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f, g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, /]l8of] k|;f/
;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt -/]l8of] g]kfn_, g]kfn 6]lnlehg, /fli6«o
;dfrf/ ;ldlt, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, rnlrq ;+:yfg, /]l8of]
lk|mSj]G;L dxfzfvf, k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn cflb lgsfox¿ k5{g\ .
;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL gLlt, P]g, lgod agfpg], nfu" u/fpg] lhDdf
lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfnosf] ePtf klg of] k|ljlwnfO{ ;+rfng ug]{
d'Vo cfwf/ b"/ ;+rf/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] dftxtdf kg]{
ePsf] x'gfn] b'O{ hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ :jb]zL
z}lIfs ;+:fx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .
• ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg, ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg tyf ljQLo Joj:yfkg
/ k|zf;lgs Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u ul/g]5
. o; qmddf ljB'tLo k|zf;g k|ljlw -O uegf{G;_ nfO{ klg
k|ofudf NofOg]5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u
Jofks ug{ tLg jif]{ sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ul/g]5 . ;a} dGqfno,
ljefu tyf sfof{nox¿nfO{ OG6/g]6af6 hf]l8g]5 / cGo
lgsfox¿nfO{ klg OG6/g]6dfkm{t cfj4 x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .
• ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf o;;+a+wL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf lgldQ :jb]zL
tyf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . lghL If]qsf]
;xeflutfdf pko'Qm :yfgx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf ;+nUg Joj;foLx¿nfO{ dfucg';f/
b"/;+rf/ tyf ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 .
• ljB'tLo Jofkf/ -Osd;{_, ljB'tLo lzIff -OPh's];g_, b"/:jf:Yo
-Ox]Ny_, ljB'tLo x'nfs -Okf]:6_ cflbsf] k|j4{g / uf|dL0f If]qdf
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . b"/;+rf/
tyf ljB't ;]jf pknAw ePsf :yfgx¿sf lzIf0f ;+:yf /
c:ktfnx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL ;]jfsf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg
ul/g]5 . ljB't ;]jf pknAw gePsf :yfgx¿df klg ;f}o{ phf{sf
dfWodaf6 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf lbOg]5 .
• /]l8of] 6]lnlehgnufot OG6/g]6 tyf OG6«fg]6sf] dfWodaf6
b"/lzIf0f -l8:6ØfG; nlg{ª_ k|0ffnL ;'? ul/g]5 . :s'n g]6, l/;r{
g]6, sd;{ g]6h:tf g]6jls{ª / ax'eflifs sDKo'l6ªsf] ljsf;
ul/g]5 .
• b"/;+rf/ pkrf/ -6]lnd]l8l;g_, b"/ lzIf0f, b"/ k|zf]wg, tyf
ljB'tLo Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL k"jf{wf/x¿
lgdf{0f /g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df af}l4s
;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ -OlG6n]Sr'cn k|k6L{ /fO6_ sf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu Joj:yf ePsf sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] cfjZos ;'b[9Ls/0f
ul/g]5 .
• b"/;+rf/ tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;+a+lwt oGqpks/0fx¿sf]
u'0f:t/, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / nfu" u/fpg],
• b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng stf{x¿nfO{ Ohfht lbPafkt lnOg]
z'Nsx¿sf] lgwf{/0f / lgodg ug]{ .
• b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] pks/0fx¿sf] u'0f:t/ hfFRgsf
nflu lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{,
• ;]jf k|bfosx¿aLr jf ;]jf k|bfos / u|fxsx¿aLr ljjfb
p7]df To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{, tyf
• b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ckgfpg'kg]{
gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdaf/] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] .
lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{;\ M www.nta.gov.np
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb
;"rgf k|ljlw gLltdf ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qsf] ljsf;
/ lj:tf/sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf
kl/dfh{g, jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff / cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf
;fy} cfjZos cGo sfo{x¿ ug{ /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw kl/ifb u7g
ug]{ k|fjwfg 5 . kl/ifbsf] cWoIfdf k|wfgdGqL, pkfWoIfdf lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw dGqfno dGqL, tyf ;b:ox¿df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqL, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf / ;"rgf k|ljlw x]g]{
;b:o, cy{, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo,
hn;|f]t, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno,
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, sDKo'6/ lj1 k|ltlglw,
ljZjljBfno÷/f]gfi6 -tLghgf_, sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm
g]kfnsf cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIo,
lghL If]qsf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿ -tLghgf_, b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fsf cWoIf, tyf ;b:o ;lrjdf /fli6«o ;"rgf lj1fg
s]Gb| (NITC) sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldlt
;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ug{, o;
If]qsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm ljsf; ug{, ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifosf]
kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug{, lghL If]qdf ;~rflnt sDKo'6/ tflndsf]
u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L :t/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ ;f]sf] cg'udg ug{ / cGo
ljb]zL z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw ufF:g]h:tf dGqfnoaLr ;dGjo
x'g g;s]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; plrt ¿kdf x'g;Qm}g . x]g'{;\ M
www.moic.gov.np
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
a9fpg] nIf lnP/ @)%# h]7df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnosf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . dGqfnon] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u;Fu ldn]/
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} ;"rgf
k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt P]g, tyf lgodfjnL th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{
lhDdf oxL dGqfnosf] xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltcg';f/ u7g ePsf]
/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifbsf] ;b:odf of] dGqfnosf
dGqL / ;du| ¿kdf dGqfnosf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . To:t},
kl/ifbsf] gLlt lgb]{zg / b}lgs sfd x]g]{ /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw
;dGjo ;ldlt, /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{
klg oxL dGqfnosf] ;/f]sf/df k5{ . x]g'{;\ M www.most.gov.np
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/;DaGwL
gLlt, P]g, lgod kfngf u/fpg] lgsfo xf] . b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%# tyf
b"/;+r/ lgodfjnL @)%# cg';f/ o;sf] u7g @)%$ ;fndf ePsf]
xf] . g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;+rfngsf nflu
cg's"n tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] o;sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / cfdhgtfsf] nflu
;'ne tl/sfn] pknAw u/fpg' clw/fHoel/ ufpF tyf
gu/ If]qdf cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/;]jf pknAw u/fpg cfjZos
Joj:yf ug'{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg u/fpg] sfd ;'lglZrt u/fP/
pkef]Qmfsf clwsf/ / lxtsf] /Iff ug'{ tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf / ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] JolQm jf lgsfox aLr ;dGjo / :j:y k|lt:kwf{
u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ o;sf p2]Zo x'g\ .
oL p2]Zox k"/f ug{sf nflu k|flws/0fn]
lgDglnlvt sfd ul//xsf] 5 M lghL If]qsf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf
;+rfng ug]{x nfO{ Ohfhtkq lbg], b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{
29
:jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgLstf{x nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], ;"rgf
k|ljlw ;DaGwdf Ps ktf Nofpg cfjZos sf]l8 (coding) /
:t/ lgwf{/0f (Standardize) sf] Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg
ug]{ .
;|f]t M ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& www.nta.gov.np
;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg
k[i7e"ld
æg]kfndf 6«+s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf s/Lj cf7 bzs cufl8b]lv
:yfkgf eO{ b"/ ;+rf/sf] >Lu0f]z ePsf] xf] . ljqmd ;Djt\ @))^
;fndf cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf ;'? eP tfklg ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!@
;fndf #)) nfOgsf] x:t ;+rflnt l;=lj= PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
ePb]lv dfq ;j{;fwf/0fsf] k|of]usf nflu 6]lnkmf]g pkof]udf
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{ @)!^
;fndf æ6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefuÆ sf] u7g eO{ b"/;+rf/ ljsf;
sfo{df qmdzM lj:tf/ x'Fb} @)#@ ;fndf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
:yfkgf kl5 dfq r/0fa4 ¿kdf b"/;+rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/n] ult lng yfn]sf] kfOG5 .Æ — /fli6«o b"/;+rf/ gLlt
æg]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL l9n} u/L eof] . ;g\ !(!$ df
k|fOe]6 a|f~r PS;r]~hsf ¿kdf DofUg]6f] ;]6x¿sf] k|of]u eof] .
csf]{ jif{ v'nf tf/ nfOg k|0ffnLaf6 nfdf] b"/Lsf] ;~rf/ dfWod
;'¿ eof] . ;g\ !(^# df cd]l/ sL ;xof]udf :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g
PS;r]~h k|0ffnL leqØfOPkl5 dfq g]kfndf cfw'lgs
b"/;~rf/sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(^( df klxnf] r/0fsf] b"/
;~rf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;'¿ eof] . ;g\ !((& ;Dd ljZj a}+sn]
kfFrj6f C0f ;xof]u sfo{qmddfkm{t\ g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;
sfo{qmddf ;3fof] .
æo;} cjlwdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* cg';f/ ;g\ !(&% df
g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf eof] . krxQ/} lhNnfdf
6]lnkmf]g nfOg k'Uof] . s]xL g]kfnLx¿n] ljz]if1tf klg xfl;n u/]
. b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)!( n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ b"/;~rf/
;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfsf nflu Psflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/
;g\ !((& df 3f]if0ff ePsf] b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# n]
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/sf] l:ylt tf]8]sf] 5 .
b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ lgoldt ug{ tyf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;~rfnsx¿nfO{ Ohfht k|bfg ug]{nufotsf sfddf ;dGjo ug{
æ/fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw ;dGjo ;ldltÆ u7g ul/Psf] 5 . lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] ;f] ;ldltdf /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifo x]g]{ ;b:o pkfWoIf tyf
/fli6«o ;"rgf lj1fg s]Gb (NITC) sf sffo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;b:o–
;lrj 5g\ . ;b:ox¿df ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt @ hgf, cy{
dGqfno, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, ;"rgf k|ljlwlj1 @ hgf, sDKo'6/
P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn / pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx¿
5g\ .
/fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|
/fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| (National Information
Technology Center) lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{t 5 .
cfjZostfg';f/ o;sf If]qLo / lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox sf]
:yfkgf ug{;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . o;n] ug]{ sfdx o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
;"rgfsf] 8]6f a}+s (Data Bank) sf kdf sfo{ ug'{sf ;fy}
;/sf/L sfof{nox sf] sDKo'6/ clen]vLs/0f (Computerisation)
/ ljifoj:t' (Content) sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
/fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; kl/ifb\ / /fli6 o ;"rgf k|ljlw
;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf kdf sfd ug'{sf ;fy} ;"rgf
lj1fg / ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ of]hgf sfof{Gjog
ug]{ u/fpg], cg'udg Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ / lghL If]qn] u/]sf
sfdx nfO{ lgodg ug]{ / oL sfo{x sf ;DaGwdf kl/ifb\df
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{, >L % sf] ;/sf/sf ;a} k|sf/sf
sDKo'6/;DaGwL sfddf ;xof]u k' ofpg] . To:t} >L % sf]
;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox sf] j]a;fO6 l8hfOg
(Webste Design), cBfjlws (Update) Pj+ ;~rfng (Operation)
ug{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] / /fli6 o :t/df ;a} lsl;dsf
tYof \sx ; \sng u/L 8f6f l8kf]lh6/L (Data depository) sf
kdf sfd ug]{,
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] :j:y ljsf;sf nflu lgofds (Regulator) sf
kdf sfd ug]{, tyf
g]6js{ l8lh6nnfOh]zg !((&
jL/u+h–/S;f}n lj l8lh6n clK6sn kmfOj/ ln+s
:yfkgf !((& lh=P;=Pd= df]jfOn ;]jfsf] ;'?jft !(((
/]l8of] k]lhË !((( P;=l8=Pr= dfO{qmf]j]e /]l8of] sfof{Gjog
@))) g]b";+åf/f OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] ;'? @)))
k]–kmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'? @))! ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ sfo{qmd
cGtu{t le–:of6 / 8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jf ;'?jft @))@ k"j{–klZrd
clK6sn /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ;'? @))# gofF gDal/+ª of]hgfsf]
sfof{Gjog @))# lk|k]8 df]afOn ;]jf ;'? @))#
b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng k|0ffnL
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d"n cfwf/ b"/;+rf/sf] e"ldsf x'G5 .
g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf lghL If]qsf] ev{/ev{/
k|j]z x'g yfn]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd of] ;]jf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgs}
Psflwsf/ / lhDdfdf 5 . g]kfndf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] b"/;+rf/ ;]jf
k|0ffnLsf d'Vo rf/ c+u 5g\ M PS;r]+h, 6«fG;ld;g, PS;]; g]6js{ /
oGqpks/0f .
PS:r]+h
@)%* ;fnsf] g[z+; b/af/ xTofsf08sf]
cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf tTsfnLg o'j/fh lbk]Gb|n] df]afOn
kmf]gdf sf];Fu / slt a]/ s'/fsfgL u/]sf lyP eGg] ;"rgf
6]lnkmf]g PS;]+haf6 yfxf ePsf] lyof] . PS:r]+hn] 6]lnkmf]g snx¿
lglb{i6 7fpFdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu ;Dks{ ln+s jf g]6js{x¿sf]
aLraLrdf l:jlrª ug]{, u|fxsn] slta]/ kmf]g u¥of] eGg] l/s8{
/fVg] / lan agfpg] tyf b"/;+rf/ cfjfudgsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd
u5{ . g]kfndf xfn !^& PS;r]+h 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] s'n Ifdtf
em08} ;f9] rf/ nfv 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] 5 eg] ;f9] tLg nfveGbf
w]/} nfOg afFl8Psf]
5 . p2]Zo;lxt ;f]xL P]g cGtu{t g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f
u7g ul/Psf] 5 . clxn];Dd cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgs} Psflwsf/ sfod 5 . ;g\ @))$ ;Dddf eg]
;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{ x'g]5 .
æ;g\ !((% df g]kfndf lghL If]qsf] ;lqmotfdf
OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'¿ eof] . ;g\ @))) sf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof Ps bh{g k'u]sf] 5 .
k]lhª ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:Yffx¿sf] ;Vof a9]sf] 5 eg] ;]n'n/
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf klg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
30
Psflwsf/ sf] l:yltsf] cGTo eP/ lghL If]qn] k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .Æ
— ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%&
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf] emns -O:aL ;Djtdf_
sf7df8f}Fdf klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg !(!#
:jrflnt PS;r]~h !(#^
6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] :yfkgf !(%)
PrPk\m l;Dkn]S; jfo/n]; !(%!
klxnf] klAns PS;r]~h !(%!
sf7df8f}+df klxnf] :jrflnt klAns PS;r]~h !(^#
klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o /]l8of] ln+s -ef/t / kls:tfg_ !(^%
k|yd !))) nfOg Ifdtfsf] :jrflnt PS;r]~h !(^%
6]n]S; ;'?cft !(&@
/fli6«o dfOqmf]j]e ln+s Aofsaf]g !(&%
;u/dfyf e'–pku|x s]Gb| :of6]nfO6 cy{ :6]zg !(*#
l8lh6n PS;r]~h !(*$
cGt/b]lzo 6+«s ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !(*$
cGt/f{li6«o 6+«s ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !(*&
cGt/f{li6«o u]6j] PS;r]~h !(**
clK6sn kmfOj/ g]6js{ :yfkgf !((%
OG6/g]6 ;]jf !((%
;Dk"0f{ 6«fG;ld;g g]6js{ l8lh6n g]6js{df kl/0ft !((^
cGt//fli6«o u]6 j] PS;r]~h :yfkgf !((^
le–:of6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft !((^
ef/t / cGt/f{li6«o hut;Fu Wjlg tyf ;a} k|sf/sf 8]6f
;+k|]if0f ug{sf nflu ;+rf/ e"pku|x, Tof];Fu ;Dks{ u/fpg] e"pku|x
s]Gb| cy{:6];g, 6«fG;ld;g ln+s, b]zJofkL dfOqmf]j]e d]g 6«fG;ld;g
ln+s jf Josaf]g, :k/ ln+s, kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ cflb ljleGg
ln+sx¿sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
;+rf/ e"pku|x
;+;f/df klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ ;g\ !*&^ df
6]lnkmf]gsf cfljisf/s u|fxd a]nsf] 3/sf] Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{
sf]7faLr ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] ;+rf/ e"pku|x cnL{a8{ cGtl/Ifdf
k7fPkl5 6]lnkmf]g jftf{ cGtl/Ifdf 3'ld/x]sf dfgj lgld{t
e"pku|xsf] dfWodaf6 x'gyfNof] . kmn:j¿k clxn] uf]hLdf
c6fpg] :of6nfO6 kmf]g / e"pku|xaLr l;w} ;Dks{ u/L ljZjsf]
s'g} klg s'gfaf6 csf]{ s'gf;Dd lxF8bflxF8b}, uf8Ldf u'8b} jf
xjfOhxfhdf p8b} 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;+ej ePsf] 5 .
OG6n:of6, sf]D:of6 cflb ljleGg gfdsf Jofkfl/s
:of6nfO6x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Pp6} :of6nfO6n] xhf/f}F
6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+rfng ug{;Sg] ePsf] 5 . Jofkfl/s
:of6nfO6x¿n] ljljw k|sf/sf ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f
zx/af6 k|;fl/t 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd b]zJofkL / cGt/f{li6«o
hutdf k|;f/ ug{, s]an ' 6]lnlehgsf] Joa;fo km}nfpg ;+ej
ePsf] 5 . ;f/df ljZj g} Pp6f ufpFdf kl/0ft ug]{ -Unf]an
len]h_ kl/sNkgf :of6nfO6s} b]g xf] . ;+rf/ e"pku|xsf]
ljsf;sf] qmddf clxn] l8lh6n 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ eL:of6
-e]/L :dn Pkr{/ 6ld{gn_ n] Wjlg, lrq,
rnlrq cflb ljleGg ¿ksf 8]6f k|;f/ ug]{ sfddf qmflGt
NofPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs OG6n:of6 e"pku|xn] Ps} ;dodf Ps
nfveGbf w]/} 6]lnkmf]g ;ls{6 ;+rfng ug{;S5 . e"pku|xsf]
Ifdtf a9g'sf ;fy} k[YjLdf /x]/ Tof];Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ / :ynLo
g]6js{df 8]6f k|]if0f ug]{ cy{:6];gsf] Ifdtf klg lgSs} a9]sf] 5 .
;+rf/ e"pku|x;Fu g]kfnaf6 ;f]em} ;Dks{ ug]{ klxnf] cy{:6];g
sf7df8f}F anDa'l:ylt ;u/dfyf e"pku|x cy{:6];g xf] . o;nfO{
g]kfn b"/;+rf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o u]6 j] jf d"n 9f]sf klg elgG5 .
:of6]nfO6af6 c? b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox¿n] Wjlg
k|;f/ jf OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] cj;/
gkfP;Dd ;+:yfgsf] nflu of] ;'gsf] km'n kfg]{ s'v'/f ag]sf] 5
lsgls ;+:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL x'g] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g
sn o;}dfkm{t ;+rfng x'G5 .
6]lnkmf]gsf] l:jlrª pks/0fn] s'g gDa/df kmf]g
8fon ul/of] eg] a'‰5 / Tof] gDa/sf] kmf]g jf u|fxs;Dd k'Ug]
g]6js{x¿sf] af6f] vf]lnlbG5 . Pp6f zx/leqsf 6]lnkmfgx¿aLr
;Dks{ ug{ ;a}eGbf yf]/} g]6js{sf] pkof]u x'G5
eg] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g snsf] nflu ljleGg tx / k|ljlwsf
g]6js{x¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . s]xL jif{cl3 ;Dd g]kfndf klg
l:jlrª ug]{ sfd dflg;n] xftn] uYof]{ eg] ca ;a} l:jlrª
:jrflnt ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ c6f]d]l6s PS;r]+h elgG5 . of] sfd
ca sDKo'6/n] u5{ . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug]{
Ifdtf csNkgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] x'gfn] ca hlt;'s} 6f9fsf
u|fxsx¿n] klg l;w} kmf]g 8fon ug{;S5g\ . 6]lnkmf]g nfOgx¿
w]/} Jo:t ePsf] / pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf l:jlrªdf hl8Psf]
sDKo'6/n] sd Jo:t nfOg vf]h]/ l56f] ;Dks{ u/fpg ;xof]u
klg u5{ .
l:jlrª ug]{ sDKo'6/n] s'g kmf]g gDa/af6 s'g
kmf]g gDa/df slt a]nf slt a]/ ;Dks{ u¥of] eGg] clen]v /fV5
. To;sf] lx;fa u/]/ lan tof/ kf5{ / cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf
b'3{6gf, ck/fw / ck/fwL kQf nufpg] sfd klg ug{;S5 .
cft+sjfb lj/f]wL cleofgf cd]l/sfn] cft+ssf/Lsf] :j/ lrGg]
sDKo'6/ k|of]u u/]/ Tof] :j/ s'g l:jlrª cyf{t\ s'g z/xaf6
cfPsf] xf] egL kQf nufP/ sfjf{xL ug]{ Ifdtf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 /
o;/L pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df sltko cj;/df k|Tofqmd0f klg
u/]sf] 5 .
6«fG;ld;g
b]zleq / aflx/ b"/;+rf/sf] ;Dks{ dxfdfu{ M 6«fG;ld;g
ln+s
Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7faLr kmf]gdf s'/f ubf{ /
g]kfnaf6 ljZjsf] csf]{5]pm cd]l/sfsf] s'g} zx/df s'/f ubf{
Wjlg / 8]6f cfjfudg ug{sf] nflu rflxg] k|;f/0f k|0ffnL km/s
x'G5 . Pp6f sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7fdf kmf]g ubf{ jf 8]6f cfbfg
k|bfg ubf{ Pp6f s]a'n tf/n] sfd ug{;S5 eg] cd]l/sfb]lv
g]kfn;Dd Tof] sfd ubf{ sf]clS;on s]a'n, kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n
, dfOqmf]j]e / n+uj]e /]l8of] t/+u, ljleGg k|sf/sf /]l8of] ;+s]t
k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofpg k[YjLjl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf
;+rf/ e"pku|xx¿, 6«fG;ld;g 6fj/, l/lk6/ 6fj/h:tf :ynLo -
6]/]l:6«on_ ;+/rgfx¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . clxn] ljZjsf k|d'v
zx/x¿nfO{ ;+rf/n] hf]8gsf nflu dfOqmf]j]e,
sf]clS;on s]a'n, clK6sn kmfOa/ / ;+rf/ e"pku|xnfO{ ldnfP/
pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf ljleGg lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿, c+rn
/ If]qx¿aLr tyf pknAw u/fpg;SYof] . nfdf] b"/Lsf] nflu
hldg / ;d'b|leq cf]5ØfOg] kmfOa/ clK6s s]a'n jf clK6sn
kmfOa/ tf/ lgSs} pkof]uL dflgG5 . dfOqmf]j]e /]l8of] t/+u cUnf]
6]lnkmf]g 6fj/x¿dfkm{t dfq} xf]Og eL:of6h:tf ;+rf/
e"pku|x¿dfkm{t klg k|]if0f u/]/ b'u{d :yndf ;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw
31
u/fpg yflnPsf] 5 . b'u{d :yfgdf / nfdf] b"/Ldf sf]clS;on
s]a'n tfGbf nfUg] vr{ / c? hf]lvdx¿sf] bfFhf]df :of6]nfO6
kmf]gsf] vr{ lgs} sd x'G5 . o;sf] Pp6f sdhf]/L s] 5 eg]
:of6]nfO6x¿ xhf/f}F lsnf]ld6/ dfly cGtl/Ifdf x'g] / /]l8of]
t/+u ToxfF k'u]/ kms{g s]xL ;do nfUg] x'gfn] :of6]nfO6
k|0ffnLdfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ s]xL a]/ /f]lsO{/f]lsO{ s'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5
. ctM o;nfO{ PstkmL{ k|;f/0fsf] nflu pko'Qm dflgG5 .
k"j{—klZrd clK6sn kmfOa/ ln+s
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf{] tyf gjLgtd ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfng
ug{;Sg] u/L :t/Lo agfpg k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ;Fu;Fu}
clK6sn kmfOa/ tf/ lj5Øfpg] sfd wdfwd eO/x]sf] 5 . of]
kl/of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 o;n] g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/ If]qdf b|'t ultdf
Ps} ;dodf xhf/f}F u|fxsx¿n] :j/ / 8]6f, lrq, rnlrq ;+k|]if0f
ug]{ ljZj;gLo 6«fG;ld;g ln+s cyf{t km/flsnf] ;Dks{ dxfdfu{
pknAw u/fpg] 5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ tfdf]sf] tf/ xf]Og .
jf:tjdf of] l;;fsf] 9'+u|f] xf] . o;sf leQfdf ;+s]tx¿ k|sfzsf]
ultdf k|;f/ x'G5 . Pp6f dl;gf] tf/af6 Ps} ;dodf xhf/f}F
;+s]t k|;f/ x'g;S5 . cyf{t Pp6f tf/af6 xhf/f}F 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
;+rfng x'g;S5 . of] tf/ wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] x'G5 . n'uf l;pg]
;fwf/0f l;of]sf] Kjfndf o:tf w]/} tf/x¿ l5/fpg;lsG5 . 7"nf]
dfqfdf Ps} ;dodf c;+Vo ;+s]tx¿ k|sfzsf] ultdf lagf afwf
Jojwfg cfjfudg ug{;Sg] x'gfn] cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nflu
Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq / ljleGg
k|sf/sf 8]6f cf];f/k;f/ ug{ clK6sn kmfOa/ clt pko'Qm x'G5 .
o;n] b"/;+rf/ pBf]udf ;fx|} vlr{nf] / k'/fgf] vfnsf tfdf]sf]
tf/sf] clt pko'Qm ljsNk k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
clxn] klg sf7df8f}Fsf] l/ª/f]8;Fu;Fu} tyf zx/leqsf
sltko PS;r]+hx¿ clK6sn kmfOa/af6 hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ;fy}
g]kfn / ef/tsf ;LdfjtL{ gu/x¿ — jL/u+h / /S;f}n,
lj/f6gu/ / kmf/la;u+h, sfs8leQf / cQf/L, e}/xjf / ;'gf}nL
— aLr kmfOa/ clK6s dfkm{t b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 .
dfOqmf]j]e ln+s
w]/} 6f9f;Dd ;+s]t k|;f/ ug]{ csf]{ ;fwg /]l8of] t/+u
xf] . sf]clS;on s]a'nsf] cfljisf/ x'gcl3 b'O{ dxfb]zx¿aLr
;+rf/ ug{ sd lk|mSj]G;Lsf w]/} zlQmzfnL n+u j]e /]l8of] t/+usf]
pkof]u ul/GYof] . Ps k6sdf Pp6feGbf w]/} ;Dks{ ug{ ufx|f]
x'GYof] . of] w]/} dxFuf] klg x'GYof] . o;sf] t'ngfdf pRr
lk|mSj]G;Lsf] dfOqmf]j]e /]l8of] t/+uaf6 Ps} ;dodf w]/} hgfn]
s'/f ug{;S5g\ . of] k|0ffnLdf tf/ grflxg] x'gfn] sf]clS;on
s]a'neGbf of] ;:tf] x'G5 . :ynLo 6«fG;ld;g ln+sdf dfOqmf]j]e /
sf]clS;on s]a'n ldnfP/ pkof]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf]
ef}uf]lns l:yltnfO{ clxn];Dd oxL pkfonfO{ pko'Qm dfg]/
b]zJofkL 6«fG;ld;g ln+s sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] l5d]sL
b]zsf sltko zx/x¿;Fu dfOqmf]j]e ln+sdfkm{t hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
b]zleq b"/;+rf/ ;Dds{ sfod ug]{ sfd b]zsf d'Vo zx/x¿ —
sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, eb|k'/, jL/u+h, hgsk'/, /fhla/fh, e}/xjf,
g]kfnu+h, kf]v/f, wgu9L dx]Gbgu/ cflb — nfO{ hf]8g] sfd
dfOqmf]j]e d]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+sn] ul//x]sf] 5 . tL d]g 6«fG;ld;g
ln+saf6 lhNnf, b'u{d If]q / ufpFsf PS;r]+hx¿;Fu ;Dks{
u/fpg] sfd :k/ ln+sn] u5{ . sltko cj:yfdf :k/ ln+s /
PS;r]+h aLr ;Dks{ hf]8gsf nflu l/lk6/ :6];g jf 6fj/
agfOPsf x'G5g\ . 6«fG;ld;g ln+s tyf :k/ ln+s PS;r]+h;Fu
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / PS;r]+haf6 sf]clS;on s]a'n jf tf/sf]
dfWodaf6 3/3/df 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . Pp6f
zx/leq b"/;+rf/sf nflu ;Lldt 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf] cfjZostf
k5{ eg] ljZjsf ljleGg s'gfaLr ;+rf/ ug{ ljleGg vfnsf
6«fG;ld;g ln+sx¿ rflxG5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf] b'O{5]pm aLr hlt w]/}
b"/L eof] jf hlt w]/} r/0f / k|sf/sf 6«fG;ld;g k|ljlw /
pks/0fsf] ;+nUgtf eof] l;Ugn -Wjlg / 8]6f_ sf] u'0f:t/ Tolt
w]/} v:sg] x'gfn] l;Ugnsf] :t/ sfod /fVg To;sf] zlQm
a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿ s'g}
3/leqsf] nflu ;Ifd /
pko'Qm x'G5 eg] s'g} cGtl/Ifdf pko'Qm x'G5g\ . sf]clS;on
s]a'nnfO{ w]/} 6f9f k'¥ofpg vlr{nf] x'G5 / o;n] ;Lldt ;+Vofdf
dfq ;+s]t k|;f/ ug{;S5 . h:t} klxnf] k6s cd]l/sf /
o'/f]kaLr ;+rf/ ug{ ;g\ !(%^ df P6nfl06s dxf;fu/d'lg
lj5ØfOPsf] sf]clS;on s]a'nn] #) Rofgndfq} 5 . e"pku|Lo
;+rf/ k|0ffnL lbglbg} ;:tf] x'Fb}5 . sd prfOdf cjl:yt nf]
cla{6 :of6]nfO6n] ubf{ ca k"/} ljZj :yfgLo kmf]gsnsf]
k|0ffnLdf hfg] t/v/df 5 . tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]gsf] ljsf;n] ubf{
:ynLo ;+/rgfdf nfUg] vr{ hf]lug] / of] k|0ffnL jf:tjdf ul/a
b]zx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] s'/fsf] w]/}n] c8sn ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
o:tf]df k'/fgf] tf/o'Qm k|0ffnLsf] nflu nufgL ug'{ jf To;dfly
a9L e/ kg'{ pko'Qm b]lvFb}g . ;fy} xfn ef/sf] ;xof]udf
alg/x]sf] of] kmfOa/ clK6s nfOgn] g]kfnsf] eGbf ef/tsf] a9L
;]jf ug]{ 5 eGg] sltkon] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . lsgls lbNnLnfO{
k"jL{ ef/t;Fu hf]8g pQ/ k|b]z / ljxf/nfO{ 5n]/ ;f]em} g]kfn
eP/ pQ/L efudf tf/ k'¥ofpFbf e/tsf] xhf/f}F lsnf] ld6/sf]
kmfOa/ clK6s lj5Øfpg] vr{ hf]luG5 . olb o:tf] xf] eg]
;"rgfsf] uf]kgLotf / ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] klg of] kl/of]hgf g]kfnsf]
lxtdf gx'g;S5 . PS;]; g]6js{n] PS;r]+h / u|fxssf] kmf]gaLr
;Dks{ u/fpF5 . ;fdfGotof :yfgLo PSr]+hb]lv u|fxssf] kmf]g;Fu
;Dks{ ug]{ sfd tfdf]sf] tf/n] u5{ . t/ ca /]l8of] l;Ugndf
cfwfl/t df]afOn kmf]g, jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k, dfOqmf]j]e ln+s,
/]l8of] k]lhªh:tf k|ljlwx¿ a9L ;:tf], ;lhnf] / e/kbf]{ x'Fb}
uPsf 5g\ . ufpFufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g PS;]; g]6js{sf] ¿kdf
eLPrPkm, o'PrPkm, df6{;\ k|0ffnLx¿sf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;j{;'ne u/fpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt
g} PS;]; g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ xf] . o;df
s'n nufgLsf] $) k|ltzt;Dd vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff /
b'u{d:ynsf] sf/0fn] xfn s]xL lhNnfdf ;f]em} :of6]nfO6af6
l;Ugn u|x0f / k|;f/ ug{;Sg] :of6]nfO6 kmf]gsf] pkof]u x'g
yfn]sf] 5 . oGqpks/0fx¿ tyf ltgnfO{ ;+rfng / Jojl:yt ug]{
k|0ffnL, lah'nL, jftfg's"ng cflb b"/;+rf/ ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/
sfod ug]{ k|d'v c+u x'g\ .
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|bfg ul//x]sf ;]jfx¿ M
!= cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
h8fg ePsf] PS;r]~h Ifdtf $,#$,)$#
latl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfO{g ;+Vof #,^@,#%#
;+rflnt PS;r]~h ;+Vof !^&
t/ b]zleqsf k|d'v gu/x¿aLrsf PS;r]+hx¿
dfOqmf]j]e ln+s sf] dfWodaf6 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5
. of] k|0ffnL ljzfn dfqfdf :j/, lrq, rnlrq k|]if0f ug{sf nflu
32
rflxg] u'0f:t/sf] 5}g . kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ lj5Øfpg] sfd k"/f
ePkl5 b]zsf] ;+rf/ d]?b08 dfOqmf]j]e ln+ssf] t'ngfdf lgSs}
;Ifd, ljZj;gLo / u'0f:t/Lo x'g]5 . of] kl/of]hgf cGtu{t
k"j{df eb|k'/b]lv klZrddf ndxL;Dd / sf]xnk'/b]lv
g]kfnu+h;Dd kmfOa/ clK6s tf/ la5ØfOg] 5 . o;sf] s'n
nDafO *(! lsnf]ld6/ x'g]5 . ;fdfGotof of] tf/ k"j{klZrd
/fhdfu{sf] 5]j}5]pm hldgeGbf 8]9 ld6/d'lg lj5ØfOg] 5, t/
s8f 9'+Uofg hldgdf Ps ld6/ tndfq} ufl8g] 5 . k'n / sNe{6
ePsf 7fpFdf alnof] hLcfO{ kfOkaf6 tf/
nlug] 5 . of]hgf k"/f ePkl5 eb|k'/b]lv emfkfsf] uf]bf/;Dd
la5ØfOg] (% lsnf]ld6/ clK6sn tf/af6 @( j6f PS;r]+h
hf]l8g] 5 . uf]bf/b]lv gjnk/f;Lsf] sfjf;f]tL;Ddsf] #@#
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf @* j6f PS;r]+h hf]l8g] 5g\ . clg
sfjf;f]tLb]lv g]kfnu+haLr @&$ lsnf]ld6/ nfOgdf @@ j6f
PS;r]+h x'g]5g\ . o;/L !* lhNnfsf &( j6f PS;r]+hx¿ /
kf6g u]6 j]sf] Pp6f PS;r]+h / u/L *) j6f PS;r]+hx¿ /
afsL PS;r]+hx¿ dfOqmf]j]eaf6 hf]l8P/ Pp6f alnof] /fli6«o
;Dks{ d]?b08 cyf{t\ Jofsaf]g 6«fG;ld;g ln+s tof/ x'g]5 .
o;sf] ;b'kof]u ePdf b]zsf clwsf+z zx/x¿n] sf7df8f}Fs}
h:tf] :t/Lo, e/kbf]{ / b|'t OG6/g]6 ;]jf kfpg]5g\ . kmn:j¿k
b]zsf] ljsf;df o;n] alnof] 6]jf lbg]5 . ef/t ;/sf/sf] Ps
ca{ #% s/f]8 cg'bfg ;xof]udf ef/tsf] ;L6LcfO{Pn sDkgLn]
of] kl/of]hgf @))$ cu:6;Dd k"/f ug]{ nIf 5 .
g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/nfO{ e/kbf]{, :t/Lo / ;Ifd
agfpg] of] of]hgf dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;sf af/]df ljleGg
z+sf / cfnf]rgf klg ePsf] 5 . b]zdf JofKt lx+;fTds
cfGbf]ngsf] rk]6fdf k/]/ clxn] Ps ;oeGbf w]/} b"/;+rf/sf
6fj/x¿ lau|]sf 5g\ / !( lhNnf k/Dk/fut 6«fG;ld;g ln+saf6
a+lrt eP/ tf//lxt eL:of6 / :of6]nfO6 kmf]g k|0ffnLsf] pkof]u
ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf hldgd'lg af6 nlug] olt
dxTjk"0f{ nfOg s;/L ;'/lIft x'g;S5 eGg] k|Zgsf] ;lhnf]
hjfkm 5}g . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf lg/Gt/ / lgs} l56f]l56f]
ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . ca s]xL jif{ tf//lxt b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLn]
k|e'Tj hdfpg]5 eGg] s'/f lglj{jfb 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf la:tf/ M gjf}+
k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] cGTo ;Dddf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf gk'u]sf
dWodf~rn, klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn tyf ;'b'/klZrdf~Rfn
ljsf; If]qsf uflj;x¿df g]b";+n] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/
ug]{ of]hgf 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf lghL If]qjf6 b"/;+~rf/
;]jf pknJw u/fpg]af/] g]kfn b"/;+~rf/ k|flws/0fjf6 sf/jfxL
eO/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] s'g}klg efudf /x]sf JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6
cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dfu ePsf] ^ dlxgfleq ;]jf
lbg;lsg] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf d'Vo zx/x¿df 6]lnkmf]g dfu ePsf]
;ft lbgleq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw u/fpg;Sg] kl/l:yltsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ nIf /flvPsf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{
clw/fHoJofkL agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df al9 k|f]T;fxg
ug]{Ù d'Vo d'Vo zx/x¿df a|f]8Jof08 Aofsaf]g ln+s :yfkgf ug]{
tyf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfjZostfnfO{
k"lt{ ug]{ ;]jf / cfw'lgs k|ljlw leq\ofpFb} hfg] nIf /fv]sf] 5 .
;|f]t M g]=k"=;+ sf] k|sfzg -@)^) c;f/;Dd_
lghL If]qsf b"/;+rf/ tyf cfO6L ;]jf k|bfosx¿
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf]
Psflwsf/af6 d'Qm u/]/ lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg
cGt/f{li6«o bafjsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfn b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%# aGof] .
;f] P]gsf] cfwf/df s]xL lghL If]qsf sDkgLx¿nfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;]jf
;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ePtf klg clxn];Dd sfof{Gjog ePsf]
5}g . b"/;+rf/ ;]jfn] k|bfg ug]{ EjfO; jf Wjlg k|]if0f ug]{
clwsf/ ;g\ @))$ ;Dd ;+:yfnfO{ dfq} 5 eg]/ ts{ cufl8
;fl/P klg lghL If]qsf] k|j]zdf w]/} afwfx¿ 5g\ h;af/] ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:of /
xfFsx¿ zLif{s cWofodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk oxfF Ohfht
kfP/ b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ t/v/ ul//x]sf s]xL sDkgLx¿ /
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf sDkgLx¿sf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5
. cfu|x u/]sf] ;Gb]z lbof] eg] k]h/df cfjfh cfpF5 jf sDkg
8An'PnPn
g]kfnL / ef/tLo sDkgLx¿sf] nufgLdf v'n]sf]
o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 -o'l6Pn_ n] jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k -
8An'PnPn_ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht
kfPsf] 5 . kf]xf]/ g} Ohfht kfPsf] of] sDkgLn] Ps jif{leq}
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf tLg lhNnfdf %&,!)) 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
ljt/0f ug]{ / c? b'O{ jif{leq pkTosfaflx/sf !@ j6f k|d'v
zx/x¿
/fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj !=%$
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'u]sf uf=lj=;=;+Vof !,&^!
@= df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
h8fg l:jr Ifdtf -kf]i6–k]8_ &),)))
h8fg l:jr Ifdtf -lk|–k]8_ $),)))
latl/t df]jfO{n 6]lnkmf]g ;+Vof $),^!$
df]jfO{n ;]jf k'u]sf lhNnf @!
-lk|–k]8 ;]jf lgs6 eljiodf g} ;+rfng x'g] ._
#= OG6/g]6 tyf O–d]n ;]jf M
OG6/g]6 u|fxs ;+Vof @,#*&
O–d]n u|fxs ;+Vof !,!%#
$= ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgf
le–:of6 cfof]hgf
le–:of6 6ld{gn h8fg ;+Vof %*
;+rflnt le–:of6 6ld{gn ;+Vof %$
ljtl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;+Vof &
le–:of6af6 ;+rflnt PS;r]~h ;+Vof -hf]d;f]d_ !
8An'= Pn= Pn= cfof]hgf
8An'=Pn=Pn= ;+rflnt lhNnf+ ;+Vof #
-gjnk/f;L , ¿kGb]xL tyf slknj:t'_
8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/Psf ufflj; ;+Vof %#
8An'=Pn=Pn= ;]jfjf6 ljtl/t nfO{g ;+Vof !@!
6]ln3gTj M gjf}F k~raifL{o of]hgfsf] cGtdf /fli6«o 6]lnkmf]g
3gTj k|lt
!)) JolQm !=#% /x]sf]df bzf}F of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf /fli6«o
6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k|lt !)) JolQm @=& k'¥ofpg] nIf /flvPsf] 5 .
o;df lghL ;]jf k|bfosaf6 pknAw x'g] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof
;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g . df]jfOn 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj gjf}+ k~rjifL{o
of]hgfsf] cGt;Dddf cg'dflgt )=! /x]sf]df bzfF} of]hgfsf]
cGt;Dddf )=^ k'¥ofpg] nIf 5 . o;df ;Defljt lghL df]jfOn
;]jf k|bfosaf6 pknAw x'g] ;]jf ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g .
;+rfng ul//x]sf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] of] ;]jf
pkof]u ug{yfn]sf 5g\ . of] kmf]gaf6 OG6/g]6 / ˆofS; klg
33
rnfpg;lsG5 . sG:6n];gsf] ;]jfdfkm{t (( b]zdf s'/fsfgL
ug{;lsG5 .
:of6nfO6 kmf]g ;+rfng ug]{ Ifdtf g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfg;Fu klg 5 . To;n] clt cfjZos jf ;+s6 k/]sf] a]nfsf]
nflu eg]/ &% yfg :of6]nfO6 kmf]g NofPsf] 5 . @)%( sf]
:ylut ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf] cj;/df k|of]u ug{ egL tL ;]6
NofOPsf lyP .
/]l8of] k]lhª ;]jf M
/]l8of] k]h/ uf]hLdf c6fpg] ;fgf] pks/0f xf] .
k]h/ lng] JolQmnfO{ s;}n] s'g} 5f]6f] ;Gb]z, jf 6]lnkmf]g ug{
cg'ej ug{;lsG5 . To;sf] ;fgf] kbf{df x]/]/ cfjZos lgb]{zg jf
cg'/f]w yfxf kfOG5 . o;af6 PstkmL{ ;Gb]z k|fKtx'G5 .
k]h/jfnfn] k]h/ sDkgLdf kmf]g u/]/ lj:t[t ;Gb]z kfpg;S5
jf ;fdfGo 6]lnkmf]gdfkm{t ;Gb]zbftf;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{;S5 .
g]kfn /]l8of] k]lhª k|fln, ef6e6]gL -sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf nflu_Ù
l;6L k]lhª ;le{;, sflnsf:yfg -sf7df8f}F pkTosf, k"jf{Frn,
dWodf+rn / klZrdf+rn ljsf; If]q_, s]P6L OhL k]h k|fln,
Go'/f]8 -sf7df8f}F / klZrdf+rn ljsf; If]q_, clUg k]lhª ;le{;,
l8NnLahf/ -sf7df8f}F_, l8lh6n 6]Nsd OG6/g];gn k|fln -
sf7df8f}F_ n] pkTosf / aflx/sf nflu a]Unfa]Un} /]l8of]
k]lhª ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ Ohfht lnPsf 5g\ .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ -cfOP;kL_
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf ;+rng ug]{ sfddf
lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . l5d]sL
d'n'sx¿df ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] lgsfon] dfq} of] ;]jf
yfn]sf lyP eg] g]kfndf of] ;]jf lghL If]qsf] cu'jf ;+:yf
ds{G6onn] ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] b"/;+rf/
;+:yfgn] @)%* b]lv of] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht lnPsf lghL
If]qsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof !* k'lu;s]sf] 5 . tLdWo] !% hltn]
;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfaflx/sf s]xL
zx/L If]qdf klg ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ Ohfht kfPsf !* j6f ;+:yfx/dWo] !^ j6f ;+:yfx¿
sf7df8f}Fdf 5g\ . Pp6f kf]v/f / csf]{ w/fgdf 5 . cfwf
bh{geGbf -kf]v/f, aL/u+h, e/tk'/, a'6jn, ag]kf, e}/xjf,
lj/f6gu/, w/fg, O6x/L, latf{df]8, x]6f}F8f, g]kfnu+h_df 6]lnkmf]g
;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] nIf lnPsf] 5 . o;n] ljt/0f ug]{ s'n
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;}s8f !% u|fdL0f If]qdf x'g] k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] :jLs[t u/]sf] dx;'n b/ cg';f/
o;n] lng] w/f}6L / ;]jf z'Ns ;+:yfgn] xfn lng] eGbf s]xL sd
x'g]5 .
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] tf/ k'¥ofpg ufx|f] u|fdL0f
tyf b'u{d Onfsfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu k/LIf0fsf]
¿kdf n'lDagL c+rnsf s]xL lhNnfdf tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg ef/tsf] lxdf+rn ˆo'rl/l:6s sDo'lgs];g
lnld6]8 -PrPkm;LPn_ ;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 .
clxn] of] gd'gf kl/of]hgfsf] ¿kdf gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL /
slknj:t'df ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . ;'?df of] k|0ffnL u'NdL,
c3f{vfFrL / kfNkfsf ufpFx¿df klg nfu" ug]{ of]hgf lyof] t/
;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] kxf8L lhNnfx¿df of] of]hgf nfu" ul/Pg . xfn
of] k|0ffnLdf w]/} sdL b]lvPsf] 5 / u|fxsx¿ c;Gt'i6 5g\ . olb
of] ;kmn ePdf klZrdf+rnsf !^ j6} lhNnfdf of] k|0ffnL nfu"
ug]{ of]hgf lyof] t/ o;af/] k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .
:of6nfO6 kmf]g
:of6nfO6 cyf{t\ ;+rf/ e"pku|x;Fu ;f]em} ;Dks{ ug]{
:of6nfO6 kmf]g
;]jfsf] nflu g]kfndf b'O{ j6f ljb]zL sDkgL — sG:6n];g k|fln
/ PEsf] P;LOP; OG6/g];gn — n] Ohfht kfPsf 5g\ .
sG:6n];gn] ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6;\sf] y'/fof :of6nfO6
6]lnsDo'lgs];g k|flnsf] :of6nfO6 ck/]6/af6 g]kfndf ;]jf
;+rfng u5{ eg] PEsf]n] P;LOP; OG6/g];gn lnld6]8, ad{'8f
:of6nfO6 l;:6daf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng u5{ . sG:6n];gn]
@)^) a}zfv !^ ut]b]lv ;]jf ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . :of6nfO6
6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] df]n clxn] em08} *% xhf/ k5{ / ;]jf z'Ns klg
lgSs} rsf]{ 5 . k|ltsn z'Ns klg ;fdfGo 6]lnkmf]g snsf]
bfFhf]df w]/} dxFuf] 5 . t/ k|fKt snsf] z'Ns nfUb}g . g]kfnleq
s'/f ubf{ xfn s/;lxt ;fdfGotof k|ltldg]6 () ¿k}ofF z'Ns
ltg'{ k5{ . a]Unfa]Un} d'n'ssf nflu km/skm/s kfFr j6f Jof08
k|of]u ug]{ / To;cg';f/ z'Ns klg km/s 5 . o;df lk|k]8 cyf{t\
lglZrt ;dosf nflu klxn] g} z'Ns ltg]{ Joj:yf klg
5 . clxn];Dd sG:6n];gaf6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf / b'u{d lhNnfdf
sfo{qmd
efof g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F
ah| g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F
;}n'ª 86sd k|fln, w/fg
km]jf g]6 k|fln, sf:sL
;|f]t M www.nta.gov.np
eL:of6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿ tyf u|fxsx¿
g]kfnleq eL:of6 k|of]u u/]/ 6]8f 6«fGkm/ ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] sfd ljleGg ;+rf/ ;+:yfx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ .
o;afx]s sltko ljQLo sDkgLx¿ tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n]
eL:of6 ;]jf lnP/ b]zel/sf cfˆgf sfof{nox¿aLr g]6js{
sfod u/]sf 5g\ . ds{G6fOn clkm; l;:6d k|fln, sDo'lgs];g
P08 sDo'lgs]6 -g]kfn_ k|fln, jN8{ln+s sDo'lgs];G; k|fln,
Unf]an OG6/g]6 ;le{;]h k|fln, g]kfn u]6j] sDo'lgs];g k|fln,
OGkmf]sd k|fln, gfDr] g]6js{ k|fln, j]a ;km{ g]kfn sDo'lgs];g
k|fln, :Sjfo/ g]6js{ k|fln / cglnld6]8 g'ldl8of k|flnn]
u|fxx¿nfO{ eL:of6dfkm{t 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug]{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
nfO;]G; lnPsf 5g\ .
eL:of6 k|of]u ug{sf] nflu hg'h'g 7fpF jf zx/df
ln+s hf]8g] xf] tLtL 7fpFx¿sf] nflu a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{
Joj:yf 5 . kmn:j¿k s'g} a}+s jf cfOP;kLsf] g]kfnsf bz j6f
zx/df zfvf 5g\ / tL 7fpFx¿df eL:of6dfkm{t ;]jf ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg'k¥of] eg] ;f] ;+:yfn] bz j6f nfO;]G; lng'k5{ .
g]kfndf pkTosf aflx/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cfOP;kLx¿,
a}Fsx¿, s]xL 7"nf pBf]u / 7]s]bf/ sDkgLx¿n] w]/}n] u|fxsx¿nfO{
;]jf k|bfg ug{ / s]xLn] cfGtl/s k|of]usf] nflu eL:of6 ;+rfng
ug]{ nfO;]G; lnPsf 5g\ .
j]a xf]l:6ª / l8hfOlgª sDkgLx¿
OG6/g]6 ;]jf hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfddf b"/;+rf/
k"jf{wf/ / cfOP;kLsf] e"ldsfkl5 j]a xf]l:6ª, j]a l8hfOlgª
sDkgLx¿ ;fy} ;fOa/ Sofkm] / 6]ln;]G6/x¿sf] e"ldsf x'G5 .
34
s;}n] j]a;fO6 agfpg rfXof] eg] xf]l:6ª sDkgLn] Tof]
j]a;fO6nfO{ rflxg] :k]; jf 7fpF pknAw u/fpF5 . w]/} ;fdu|L
ePsf] jf lrq, lel8of] jf Wjlg;lxtsf] j]ak]h 5 eg] w]/} 7fpF -
d]ufafO6_ rflxG5 . cfjZos d]ufafO6sf] cfwf/df jflif{s
xf]l:6ª z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . yf]/}n] b]zsf s]xL 7"nf, vf; u/L t/fO{
If]qsf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pkTosf aflx/sf]
Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf pkTosfdfeGbf w]/} dxFuf] 5 . OG6/g]6 /
Od]n ;]jf ;+rfngdf lghL If]qsf sDkgLx¿ cufl8 /x] klg tL
sDkgLx¿ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;xof]u lng
afWo 5g\ . lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿n] cGt/fli6«{o sDkgLx¿nfO{
k};f lt/]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;]jf g]kfndf pknAw u/fPtf klg ;f] ;]jf
;f]em} :of6]nfO6af6 cfOP;kLsf] cfˆgf] g]6js{df hf]8g k|fljlws
¿kn] ;lhnf] ePklg sltko sfg'gL
afwfx¿ 5g\ . EjfO; cyf{t\ Wjlg k|]if0f ug]{ Psflwsf/
;+:yfgnfO{ dfq 5 . cfOP;dLx¿n] s]jn 8]6f ;+k|]if0f ug{kfpF5g\
. csf]{ k|d'v afwf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] xf] . cfOP;kLx¿sf] ;e{/b]lv
u|fxsf] sDKo'6/;Dd ;fdfGo tfdf]sf]
tf/, /]l8of] l;Ugn jf lnhnfOgdfkm{t ;Dks{ ug{ pgLx¿n]
;+:yfgsf] klAns l:jlrª 6]lnkmf]g g]6js{ -kLP;6LPg_ dfly e/
gk/L x'Fb}g . sf7df8f}F aflx/ OG6/g]6 Od]n ;]jf k'¥ofpg klg
OP;kLx¿n] eL:of6 ls/fof lt/]/ lhNnfdf l:yt
PS;r]+hx¿dfkm{t dfq u|fxs;Dd k'Ug;S5g\ . o;sf]nflu
;+:yfgn] tf]s]sf] z'Ns / lgodx¿ dfGg'kg]{] jfWotf 5 .
OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht lnPsf cfOP;kLx¿
Soflk6n cgnfOg k|fln, sf7df8f}F
ds{06fOn sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, sf7df8f}F
jN8{ln+s sDo'lgs];G; k|fln, sf7df8f}F
sDKo'6/Nof08 sDo'lgs];G; l;:6d ln, sf7df8f}F
Pr6LkL sDo'lgs];g k|fln, sf7df8f}F
lxdfnog cgnfOg k|fln, sf7df8f}F
Unf]an OG6/g]6 ;le{;]h k|fln, sf7df8f}F
Pe/]:6 g]6 k|fln, sf7df8f}F
OGkmf]sd k|fln, sf7df8f}F
cglnld6]8 g'ldl8of k|fln, sf7df8f}F
g]6js{ 6]Sgf]nf]lhh k|fln, sf7df8f}F
g]kfn u]6j] sDo'lgs];g k|fln, sf7df8f}F
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg, sf7df8f}F
:Sjfo/ g]6js{ k|fln, sf7df8f}F
;ˆ6j]o/ lgof{tstf{x¿ tyf ;/sf/aLr ;dGjo
ug]{5 . lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{tsf] of] kl/of]hgfsf]
kl/sNkgf em08} b; jif{cl3 ul/Psf] lyof] . sfe|] lhNnfsf]
ag]kfdf em08} @@& /f]kgL hUufdf dGqfnon] pRr ultsf] 8]6f
sDo'lgs];g ;'ljwf tyf u'0f:t/Lo OG6/g]6 ;]jf;lxtsf] k|:tfljt
kfs{sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd yfln;s]sf] 5 . kfs{ tof/
ePkl5 o;n] ;"rgf k|ljw pBf]u tyf Joj;foLx¿nfO{ rflxg]
u'0f:t/Lo k"jfwf{/, ejgsf] nflu hUuf, e/kbf]{ ljh'nL, kfgL / b|'t
ultsf] 6]lnkmf]g / 8]6f sDo'lgs];g ;]jf, ;ef–;Dd]ng cfof]hgf
ug]{ xn / ;'ljwfx¿, ef]hgfno, kfx'gf3/, a}+s, k':tsfno,
cWoogsIf, Sna, dgf]/+hgsf] Joj:yf, k;n OToflb Ps} 7fpFdf
pknAw x'g] 5 . cg'dlt k|fKt ug]{, eG;f/;DaGwL tyf ;/sf/L
txdf ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfd oxLFaf6 x'g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw;DaGwL
pBf]usf] ljsf; b|'t ultn] u/fpg], pRr Ifdtfsf] ;xhstf{sf]
¿kdf cfO6L kfs{sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o;df ljb]zL
nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ klg nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] 5 .
cfO6L kfs{sf k|d'v p2]Zox¿ M
• 8]6f sDo'lgs];g, cltcfjZos sDKo'6/ ;'ljwf, ;'ljwfo'Qm
38]/L, cGo cfjZos ;'ljwf / dgf]/+hgsf ;fwgh:tf k"jf{wf/x¿
tyf ;|f]tx¿sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg ug'{Ù
• ;ˆ6j]o/sf] ljsf;df nfUg], lgsf;L ug]{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k}7f/L k|df0fLs/0f, ;ˆ6j]o/sf] d"Nof+sg,
kl/of]hgf :jLs[lth:tf ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ ;fy} tL
Joj;foLx¿nfO{ k|ljlwsf] d"Nof+sg, ahf/ ljZn]if0f, ahf/
juL{s/0f, ahf/ ;xof]u cflb ;]jfåf/f ;3fpg] . Joj;foLx¿nfO{
tflnd lbg] tyf ;ˆ6j]o/ k|ljlw / ;ˆ6j]o/ OlGhlgol/ªsf]
If]qdf l8hfOg / ljsf; ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf
• ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]u–Joj;fosf] nflu ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ul/g]
:jLs[lt / gLlt sfof{Gjog;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf ;fy} k}7f/L
k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{, ;ˆ6j]o/ d"Nof+sg, k|df0fLs/0f cflb ljljw
sfdx¿ Ps} 7fpFaf6 ug]{ .
;|f]t M www.most.gov.np
j]a;fO6sf] xf]l:6ª w]/}h;f] cd]l/sfl:ylt ljzfn
sDKo'6/x¿df ul/G5 . g]kfndf b'O{ bh{g hlt xf]l:6ª
sDkgLx¿n] xfn of] ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . tL sDkgLx¿dWo]
sltkon] 8f]d]g g]d cyf{t\ j]a;fOnfO{ lrgfpg] / kQfnufpg]
7]ufgf klg lbG5g\ . j]a l8hfOg/x¿n] j]ak]h agfpg] sfd u5{g\
. s'g} lrq gePsf] s]jn s]xL kf7Ø ;fdu|L dfq} ePsf] ;fdfGo
j]ak]h klg x'g;S5 . lrq, rnlrq, Wjlg, uLt, ;+uLt ePsf] klg
x'g;S5 . cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L j]ak]h agfpg bIf
j]a l8hfOg/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . j]a;fO6 agfpg] sfd ;fdfGo
tflnd lnP/ hf];'s}n] klg ug{;S5 t/ cfsif{s, :t/Lo, pkof]uL
j]a;fO6 agfpgsf] nflu l8hfOlgªsf] cjwf/0f a'em]sf] / ;f]
j]a;fO6sf] ljifoj:t' / p2]Zo /fd|/L cWoog cg';Gwfg u/]sf]
l8hfOg/n] dfq ug{;S5 . g]kfndf em08} b'O{ bh{g j]a l8hfOg
ug]{ sDkgLx¿ 5g\ h;n] cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] j]ak]h
agfO/x]sf 5g\ .
;fOa/ Sofkm], 6]ln;]G6/ / ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿
;fOa/ Sofkm]sf] d"n cy{ o:tf] skmL xfp; jf
rd]gf u[x xf] hxfF k};f lt/]/ OG6/g]6 x]g]{ Joj:yf x'G5 .
OG6/g]6df dflg;x¿n] Rof6 k|f]u|fdaf6 jf Od]n k7fP/ 5nkmn,
s'/fsfgL ug]{ cef}lts -er'{cn_ rf}tf/LnfO{ klg ;fOa/ Sofkm]
elgG5 . clxn] g]kfndf ;a}h;f] zx/L If]qdf / s]xL u|fdL0f
If]qdf klg cfdhgtfnfO{ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfd rd]gf/lxt
;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ / stfst} 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfk;L
k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] z'Ns pNn]vgLo ¿kn] 36]sf]
5 . pkTosf aflx/sf sltko zx/x¿df ;d]t k|lt306 @)
¿k}ofF lt/]/ OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug{;lsg] ePsf] 5 . s]xL ljsf;]
;+:yfx¿n] hgtfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;'ne u/fP/ ;"rgf /
1fgdf kx'Fr a9fpg] p2]Zon] ufpFdf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ :yfkgf
ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿
uflj;, gu/kflnsf tyf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df OG6/g]6sf]
pkof]u a9fpg] kl/of]hgf yfn]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] ufpFufpFdf
!%)) ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 .
cfO6L kfs{
35
;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ cyf{t\ cfO6L kfs{ g]kfnaf6
;ˆ6j]o/ lgsf;L ug]{ k|d'v p2]Zon] :yfkgf ug{ nfluPsf] 5 .
o;sf] nflu kfs{n] e/kbf]{ pRr ultsf] 8]6f sDo'lgs];g ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] tyf cfO6L;DaGwL ;fdfg, ;]jf / xfn g]kfnsf
cfOP;kLx¿n] cfcfˆg} u'0f:t/ agfpg nflu/x]sf 5g\ .
cfO:kfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfddf /fli6«o u'0f:t/ -g]kfn
:6f088{_ sfod ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] 5 . cfO:kfgsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{
of]hgf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Pp6f OG6/g]6 PS;r]+h
:yfkgf ug'{ xf] . of] PS;r]+h :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnleq
Od]n k7fpg cGt/fli6«o af6f], OG6/g];gn Jof08ljy, sf] pkof]u
ug'{ kg]{5}g . g]kfnleqsf cfOP;kLx¿sf Od]n u|fxsx¿n]
g]kfns} cfOP;kLsf] csf]{ u|fxsnfO{ k7fpg] Od]n ;f]
PS;r]+hdfkm{t cfk;df cfbfgk|bfg x'g]5 . o:t} g]kfnleqsf
j]a;fO6x¿ g]kfns} u|fxsn] x]g{ l56f] / ;lhnf] x'g]5 .
g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'k (NIUG)
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u ug{ OR5's
dflg;x¿n] ;'?df ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ cgf}krfl/s ;d"xsf] ¿kdf
;g\ !((& df g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'ksf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ .
o;n] gjfuGt'sx¿nfO{ gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg /
o;sf] pkof]u ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] tflnd klg ;+rfng
ug]{ u/]sf] lyof] . !((* df of] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf btf{
eP/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdfkm{t ;dflhs ;]jf / ljsf; ug]{
klxnf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw d"ns u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf aGof] .
g]kfndf cgnfOg ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] sfddf of]ubfg lbg] jf
To;df kx'Fr ePsfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfddf pTs[i6tf xfl;n
ug]{Ù ;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ OG6/g]6 / o;;Fu ;+a+lwt k|ljlws]f
pkof]uaf/] 1fg a9fpg]Ù :yfgLo ljifoj:t'df :yfgLo efiffdf
;fdu|L tof/ kfg{ k|]l/t ug]{Ù g]kfndf On]S6«f]lgs k|sfzg ug]{ d+r
pknAw u/fpg] tyf ;fwf/0f g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t ;dfwfgx¿df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;3fpg] of] ;+:yfsf k|d'v
p2]Zo x'g\ .
g]kfn OG6/g]6 o'h;{ u|'kn] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"lt{ x'g]
u/L !((* df OGb|]0fL "INDRENI" gfds lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jf
:yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] ;:tf] b/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] sfo{qmd /fv]sf] lyof] . OGb|]0fLsf] p2]Zo :yfgLo kmf]g]sn
u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o sfd ug'{ lyof] . o;n] g]kfng]6 NepalNet gfds
ljsf;d"ns g]6js{ ;+rfng ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5 . ;|f]t M www.nepaliug.org.np
;+a+lwt ;+3;+:yf sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g g]kfn (CAN)
sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn, ;+If]kdf Sofg, sf]
:yfkgf !((@ l8;]Da/df ePsf] xf] . of] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zo
gePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;df sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu
;DalGwt Joj;foLx¿, ljz]if1x¿, lgdf{tfx¿ tyf ;+3;+:yfx¿
5g\ . Sofgsf] p2]Zo sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / k|j4{g
ug{ tyf sDKo'6/ lj1fg;DaGwL ;fIf/tf / ;Lk ljsf; ug{
cfjZos sfo{gLlt agfpg ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . o;n] cfˆgf
sfo{qmdx¿;Fu ;DalGwt JolQm, ;+3;+:yf tyf sDkgLx¿nfO{
cfjZos ;'ljwfx¿ lbnfpg] / pgLx¿sf] xs /Iff ug]{ p2]Zo
lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} cfˆgf ;a} ;fwf/0f, ;+:yfut tyf dfgfy{
;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u / ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' klg o;sf] p2]Zo
xf] . sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{, sDKo'6/ lzIff /
tflndsf] ;dGjo
a9fpg] / :t/Ls/0f ug{], sDKo'6/ Joj;fodf nfu]sfx¿aLr
;dGjo a9fpg,] uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf, 5nkmn tyf tflnd
sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf tyf ;+rfng ug{] tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg], sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf b]zleq / aflx/sf sfd
ug]{ ;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ tyf
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, lgsf;L, k}7f/L / /fli6«o gLlt agfpg] sfddf
;3fpg] cflb ultljlw o;n] ul//x]sf] 5 .
Sofgn] x/]s jif{ ;"rgf k|ljlw k|bz{gL u/]/ g]kfndf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] r]tgf km}nfpg / of] k|ljlwnfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 .
;|f]tM www.can.org.np
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ (ISPAN)
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lghL If]qsf
;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yf …OG6/g]6 ;le{; k|f]efO8;{ P;f]l;P;g ckm
g]kfnÚ, ;+If]kdf cfO:kfg g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/df k|efj kfg{;Sg] ljifox¿df 5nkmn ug]{ d+rsf] ¿kdf
;g\ @))! df u7g ePsf] xf] . o;sf] d"n p2]Zo ;j{;fwf/ 0fsf]
lxtdf OG6/g]6sf] k|j4{g ug'{, ljZjdf OG6/g]6sf] tLj| ultdf
eO/x]sf] ljsf;sf] cg'¿k g]kfndf klg To;sf] kmfObf k'¥ofpg]
ultljlwx¿ ug'{, OG6/g]6 Joj;fodf Jofkfl/s p2]Zodfq geP/
;]jfsf] efjgf klg xf];\ eGg] xf] .
;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ ufpFufpFdf klg e]l6G5g\ .
o:tf clwsf+z k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] lbg] tflndn] hgtfdf
sDKo'6/k|lt ?lr / ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] r]tgf hufP tfklg ltgn]
k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] w]/}h;f] tflnd /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/x¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ vfnsf eg] 5}gg\ . l5d]sL
b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf lzIffdf nufgL ;du| ¿kdf yf]/} 5
.cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df nfu]sf j}1flgs tyf Ol~hlgo/x¿sf]
;+Vof g]kfndf ;aeGbf yf]/} 5 . cGo d'n'sx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw
If]q / vf;u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{ h'g pRr k|fyldstf
lbPsf 5g\ g]kfnn] lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfe
lngsf nflu of] If]qsf] lzIffdf nufgL ga9fOx'Fb}g . g]kfndf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lzIffdf :ki6 ¿kdf b]lvg] sdhf]/L s] xf] eg]
o;sf] ljsf; of]hgf lagf eO/x]sf] 5 / lzIffdf u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfosf] cefj 5 . kmn:j¿k ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n]
cfcfˆg} Ifdtfcg';f/ tflnd lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df g]kfnsf]
;"rgf k|ljlwl;t ;DalGwt hgzlQmsf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g .
o'jf k':tfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf cfslif{t ug{ / o;df
l6sfO/xg w]/} sfd ug{ afsL 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt;DaGwL
sfo{kqdf æ;a}sf nflu sDKo'6/Æ sfo{qmd cGtu{t
;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ;a} ljBfyL{, lzIfs, k|zf;s tyf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff k|bfg ug]{, 5flgPsf ljBfno
tyf SofDk;x¿nfO{ æ;]G6/ km/ PlS;n]G;Æ sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L
gd"gf ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf v]Ng lbg] / ;g\ @))%
;Dddf OG6«fg]6 tyf OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf b"/
lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf ljBfnox¿
tyf !) hf]8 b'O{ sfo{qmdx¿df sDKo'6/ lzIff clgjfo{ ug]{,
/fli6«o z}lIfs ;~hfnsf] :yfkgf ug]{, ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIff;DaGwL
hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ ;~hfnsf] s]Gb|Lo gf]8nfO{ z}lIfs ;"rgf
k'nsf] ¿k lbg], / ¿lr /fVg] If]qnfO{ lhNnf tyf If]qLo :t/df
o; ;~hfndf nufgL ug{ cg'dlt lbg] s'/fx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ ,
h'g lgSs} dxTjfsf+IfL b]lvG5 .
36
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnosf] :s'n ckm Dofg]hd]06sf]
OPdaLP klxnf] ;]d]:6/sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] u/]sf]
cWoogsf] glthfcg';f/ /fli6«o / ljZjJofkL cy{tGqsf] ;Gbe{df
Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fd|f] bIftf xfl;n u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o
:t/sf] Jofj;flos hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
u'0f:t/Lo tflnd / :t/Ls/0fsf] vfFrf] 5 . o;sf] nflu
hgzlQmM lzIff / ;Lk
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& n] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf nflu
g]kfnsf nflu jflif{s lgDg:t/Lo tLg xhf/, dWod:t/Lo Ps
xhf/ / pRr:t/Lo tLg ;o hgzlQmsf] vfFrf] kg]{ cg'dfg u/]sf]
5 . ;g\ @))) b]lv @)!@ ;Ddsf nflu s/La %) xhf/ pRr
bIftf;lxt s'n Ps nfv #@ xhf/ hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{ csf]{
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k|:6
p2]Zo / sfo{qmd;lxt hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df /
sfof{Gjog u/L /fli6«o kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg'{kg]{ s'/f ;f] gLltn]
cf}FnofPsf] 5 . sDKo'6/ P;f]l;P;g g]kfnsf cg';f/ clxn]
xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/, g]6jls{ª, OG6/g]6, 8]6f k|f];]l;ª, lzIff tyf
tflnd, 8]:s6k klAnl;ª cflb ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ljljw If]qdf bz
xhf/eGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . sDKo'6/ tflnd lbg]
;+:yfx¿ Ps xhf/hlt 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} cgnfOg k/LIf0f ;'ljwf
/ b"/lzIff sfo{qmd klg ;'? ePsf] 5 .
;g\ !(&! df hgu0fgfsf nflu bf];|f] k':tfsf] æd]g
k|]mdÆ sDKo'6/ - cfOaLPd !$)!_ leqØfPkl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf
k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt hgzlQm ljsf;sf] sfd klg yflnPsf] xf] .
lghL If]qn] ;g\ !(*@ df sDKo'6/ k|of]u tyf tflnd pknAw
u/fpg yfn]sf xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt;+a+wL sfo{kqcg';f/
g]kfndf k|fljlws lzIffsf] yfngL ;g\ !($) sf] bzssf] ;'¿df
g} ePsf] eP klg On]lS6«sn Ol~hlgol/ªsf] k7gkf7g eg] ;g\
!(^) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ ;'¿ eof] . To;sf] em08} @% jif{kl5
OlGi6Ro"6 ckm Ol~hlgol/ª\n] On]S6«f]lgS; tyf On]lS6«sn
Ol~hlgol/ª ljifodf :gfts :t/sf] k9fO yfNof] . ;g\ !(() sf]
bzsdf Psflt/ lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 eof] eg] csf]{lt/
sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfnonufotsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿n] ;"rgf
k|ljlw;DaGwL k7gkf7g ;'? u/] .
pRr:t/sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIffsf nflu o'jfx? ljb]zdf
hfg] rng 5Fb}5 . clxn] b]zleqsf rf/j6f ljZjljBfnox¿df
a;]{gL em08} kGw| ;o ljBfyL{x¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt
cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL
cGt/f{li6«o Voflt kfPsf k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] klg g]kfndf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] tflnd lbP/ pRr:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] vfFrf] k"/f ub}{5g\ .
ljb]zL ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;DaGwg k|fKt u/]/ ;"rgf
k|ljlw;DaGwL lzIff lbg] sn]hx¿ klg v'ln/x]sf 5g\ . cf}krfl/s
tyf cgf}krfl/s tflnd sfo{qmd
cWofo *
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u sxfF s;/L / s'g ¿kdf eO/x]5
egL ug]/ ;fWo 5}g . ufla;b]lv dGqfno;Dd, k|fylds
ljBfnob]lv ljZjljBfno;Dd, ;fgf k;nb]lv l8kf6{d]G6n
:6f]/;Dd, a; oftfoftb]lv xjfO oftfoft;Dd,
gl;{ª xf]db]lv lzIf0f c:ktfn;Dd, leQ]klqsfb]lv
6]lnlehg;Dd, cfo{3f6b]lv kz'kltsf] k"hf;Dd, 3/sf] efG;fb]lv
tf/] xf]6n;Dd, /fhgLlt, cy{tGq, ;dfh;]jf, wd{sd{, s[lif,
Jofkf/, b}lgs Jojxf/ ;j{q eO/x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwn]
/f]huf/sf] cj;/, ljb]z Jofkf/, ljsf;sf] ult, /fHo zf;gsf]
bIftf, kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj, ahf/, gful/s ;]jf, ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] If]q / u'0f:t/ a9fO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf vf; u/L lgof{t
Jofkf/df o;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u eO/x]sf]5 . To:t}
cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o / :yfgLo ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿n] o;sf] clwstd
kmfObf p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . lzIff, ko{6g, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;'zf;g,
k|hftGq, dfgjclwsf/, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;dfh ;]jfsf]
If]qdf o;sf] pkof]u eO/xsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u g]kfndf ;"rgf / 1fg k|;f/ ug]{ ;+rf/
k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, :jb]z / ljb]zdf pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgf k|zf]wg
k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf, ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg u/]/ ljb]zL d'b|f leq\ofpg]
sfddf / s]xL dfqfdf xf8{jo] /sf] lgdf{0f, P;]lDalnª / Jofkf/df
— rf/ k|sf/n] — eO/xsf] 5 . g]kfndf Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u s'gs'g If]qdf s;/L eO/x]5 / o;sf
;+efjgfx¿ s;/L al9/x]5g\ eGg] emns tnsf s]xL
pbfx/0fx¿n] lbg;S5g\ M
;+rf/sf] ;+;f/df
s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn a9\b}5
plxn] x'nfsLx¿ ufpFdf lr7L afF8g hfFbf emf]nfel/
lr7L / sfut d;L snd af]s]/ hfGy] . lr7L afF8]kl5 s;}n]
hjfkm k7fpg vf]Hof] eg] x'nfsLn] ufpFn]n] eg]cg';f/ p;}sf]
efsfdf lr7L n]lvlbGYof] . o:tf] ug]{ x'nfsLn] ufpFdf /fd|} :jfut
;Tsf/ kfpFYof] . clxn] ef/tsf ufpFx¿df x'nfsLx¿
Jofj;flos tflnd tyf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ga9fO x'Fb}g ;fy}
tflndk|fKt hgzlQmnfO{ b]zleq} /f]s]/ /fVg pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ cfjZos 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf]
bIftf a9fpg ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw lzIffdf k|j]z ug{ / j[lQ
ljsf; ug{ cfwf/e"t k|df0fLs/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] ;f] cWoogn]
;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . tflnd lbg] ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu
;'emfOPsf dfkb08x¿dWo] u'0f:t/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg, ;]jf
of]hgfsf] k|lqmof, ;]jfsf zt{x¿df ;xdlt, ;|f]t / ;]jfx¿sf]
Joj:yfkg, ;]jf pknAw uf/fpg] sfd, u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cg'udg, ;xL sfd / sd{rf/L tflnd
k5{g\ . cWoogn] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw tflnd;Fu ;+a+lwt ;a}
lqmofsnfkx¿– af/] k"jf{wf/ tof/ kfg{, lgoGq0f, lgodg /
cg'udg ug{ Pp6f alnof] lgofds lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{kg]{
;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L / lghL If]q ldn]/ To:tf] lgsfo u7g
x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] P]glgod nfu" u/fpg]
lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng' / lghL If]qn] k/LIf0f tyf :t/Ls/
0fsf] ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;3fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fy} g]kfndf
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf nflu hgzlQm pTkfbg ug'{ g]kfnsf]
nflu dfq xf]Ogljb]zsf] nflu klg xf] eGg] s'/f la;{g' x'Fb}g .
eLcf]cfOkL -EjfO; cf]e/ OG6/g]6 k|f]6f]sn_ k|ljlw
w]/} k|rlnt 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] eLcf]cfOkL k|of]u u/]/
sDKo'6/af6 ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gdf :j/ ;fg]{ Joj:yf u/]kl5
6]lnkmf]gaf6 sDKo'6/df, sDKo'6/af6 6]lnkmf]gdf / kmf]gaf6
kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . kmn:j¿k OG6/g]6 ;]jf lnPsf
s'g} klg sDKo'6/af6 ljb]zdf kmf]g ug{;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu
www.dialpad.com / www.mediaring.com h:tf
j]a;fO6x¿sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . dflg;x¿ OG6/g]6, Od]n /
37
kmf]gdf dfq xf]Og /]l8of]df klg s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\ . PkmPd
/]l8of]sf] ;+Vof /fhwfgLdf b; / aflx/ kGw| u/L klRr;
k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] cem} ylkFb} 5 . To:t} 6]lnlehg :6];gsf] ;+Vof
klg a9b}5 . ufpFufpFdf 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd x]g{;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
oL ;a}n] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;';"lrt x'g, af]Ng, ljrf/ kf]Vg / lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf efu lng pS;fpFb}5 .
v'nf, kf/bzL{ / cgj/t 5nkmn g} k|hftGqsf]
cfTdf xf] . ;+rf/ljxLgtfn] cljZjf;, e|d l;h{gf u5{ / k|hftGq
cf]OnfpF5 . leGg leGg ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿aLr hlt
w]/} ;+rf/ eof] plt w]/} k|hftGq df}nfpF5 .
;fy} b'O{ ;+:s[ltsf] e]6n] ljsf;sf] ult tLa| x'G5 .
cfd;+rf/df nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwfn] ubf{ ;+;f/el/ g} kqsf/x¿n]
clwstd kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t;Dd
k'Ug, ;"rgf ;+sng, n]vg / k|]if0f ug{ lgSs} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
kmn:j¿k kqsf/x¿sf] ;Lk a9b}5 / w]/} kqsf/x¿ ca
lk|mnfG;/ cyf{t\ :jtGq kqsf/ aGb}5g\ . csf]{ k|efj, ljZj >d
;+u7gsf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/, dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof kqsfl/tfdf a9]sf]
5 . ca klqsfdf ;dfrf/ n]v jf kmf]6f] k7fpgsf] nflu x'nfs,
ˆofS; jf dflg;sf] k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g . sDKo'6/df tof/ kf/]sf]
;fdu|L kne/d} ljleGg ldl8ofnfO{ k7fpg ;lsg] x'gfn] kqsf/
tyf n]vsx¿ Pp6fdfq klqsfdf afFlwg rfxGgg\ . Ps} rf]l6 w]/}
ldl8ofdf k7fpg;Sg] ePsf]n] kqsf/, :tDesf/, n]vsx¿nfO{
o;n] lgSs} kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og
pgLx¿n] ljZjsf] s'g} klg efuaf6 ;+rfng x'g] ldl8ofsf] nflu
n]Vg jf tL ldl8ofn] v6fPsf] sfd ug{;S5g\ . oL ;'ljwfx¿af6
efiff cg'jfbsx¿n] klg nfe p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
lr7L;Fu} s;}n] df]afOn kmf]g / s;}s;}n] ;fgf]
sDKo'6/ klg af]s]/ hfG5g\ . sDKo'6/df Od]n kfpg] / k7fpg]
Joj:yf x'G5 . ufpFdf k'u]/ x'nfsLn] sDKo'6/df 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/
jf df]afOn kmf]g hf]8]/ Od]n rnfpF5 / sDKo'6/ rnfpg ghfGg]
ufpFn]x¿sf] ljb]z / zx/af6 cfPsf lr7L k9]/
;'gfOlbG5 . s;}sf] hjfkm n]Vg' k¥of] eg] p;}n] n]v]/ k7fOlbG5 .
olb s'g} ufpFn]n] aflx/ a;]sf cfkmGt;Fu kmf]gdf s'/f ug{ rfXof]
eg] x'nfsLn] df]afOn kmf]g ug{ lbG5 . oL sfd u/]afkt x'nfsLn]
ufpFn];Fu z'Ns lnG5 . clxn] sf7df8f}Fsf lzlIft / ;DkGg
dflg;x¿;Fu x'nfsaf6 lr7L k7fpFbf slt k};fsf] l6s6 6fF:g'k5{
eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Wof] eg] sd}n] ;xL hjfkm lbg;Snfg\ lsgls
pgLx¿n] vfddf lr7L /fv]/ l6s6 6fF;]/ x'nfsaf6
gk7fPsf] w]/} eof] . vfdsf] sfd lajfx j|tjGw tyf ;fj{hlgs
sfo{qmdsf] lgDtf] afF8g] sfddf dfq} ;Lldt ePsf] 5 .
zx/af;Lx¿ lr7L xf]Og Od]n k7fpF5g\, s'/fsfgL xf]Og Rof6
u5{g\ . plxn] o'jf / lszf]/x¿ u'Rrf 808Llaof] tf; v]n]/ ;do
kmfNy] eg] clxn]sf o'jf / lszf]/x¿ 306f}F Rof6 u5{g\ jf
OG6/g]6sf] er'{cn ;+;f/df dUg x'G5g\ . g]kfn clw/fHoe/
ljtl/t 6]lnkmf]g nfOg tLg nfv ;Q/L xhf/ k'lu;s]sf]
5 . o;sf] dtna lbglbg} rf/kfFr nfv dflg;x¿ cfk;df
s'/fsfgL u5{g\ . o'uf}Fb]lv gaf]nL a;]sf g]kfnLx¿ ca af]Ng
yfn]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns aGwg, oftfoftsf] sl7gfO, hflt, wd{,
;+:s[lt, efiff / ;+:sf/sf] aGwg
km's]sf] 5 . hftLo, eflifs, n}+lus, wfld{s e]befj cGt gtf]l8P
klg ;+rf/df tf]l8Psf] 5 . tf]l8Fb}5 . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] nflu
cflbslj efg'eQmn] gu/]sf] sfd ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ub}{5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwn] b]zleq dfq} xf]Og ;+;f/sf] s'g} klg b]zdf a;]sf
dflg;x¿;Fu ;:tf]df s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Dej agfPsf] 5 . of]
k|ljlwnfO{ OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gL elgG5 . k|rlnt 6]lnkmf]g pkof]u
u/]/ g]kfnaf6 cd]l/sfdf kmf]g ug'{k¥of] eg] em08} @)) ¿k}ofF
nfU5 eg] OG6/g]6af6 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ !) ¿k}ofFdf ug{
;lsG5 . OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 :j/ k7fpg] sfd ;g\ !((% b]lv
;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng x'g yfn]sf] xf] . o;sf] nflu pkof]u ul/g]
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lgSs} b|'t ultn] eO/x]sf] 5 ;fy} ljleGg vfnsf
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ klg pkof]udf cfPsf] 5 . :j/nfO{ c? 8]6f;Fu
ld;fP/ OG6/g]6 dfkm{t cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ j]a;fO6df :j/ /
rnlrq klg /fVg;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] l;4fGttM x/]s
sDKo'6/ /]l8of] :6];g / 6]lnlehg :6];g x'g;S5 . ca /]l8of]
g]kfn, sflGtk'/ PkmPd, aLaL;L sf] 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]sf
;dfrf/ / d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿ OG6/g]6df klg ;'Gg / x]g{;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6n] klqsf, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgsf] sfd ug{ yfn]kl5
cfd;+rf/sf] kl/efiff, e"ldsf / cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf/] k'glj{rf/ ug'{
kg]{ ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg ;dfrf/ cvaf/df 5flkg'eGbf klxn]
ljZjsf s'g} klg efudf a;]/ x]g{ k9\g ;lsg] ePkl5
cfd;+rf/sf k/Dk/fut dfWodx¿sf] dxTj 36\g' :jfefljs xf] .
;'?df sDKo'6/, ˆofS;, :Sofg/, Od]n, Go'hu|'k, l8:s;gh:tf
gofFgofF cf}hf/x¿n] kqsf/x¿nfO{ l/kf]l6{ª, ;Dkfbg / ldl8of
pTkfbg ug{ ;3fof] h;nfO{ sDKo'6/ Pl;:6]8 hg{lnhd elgG5 .
;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ldl8ofnfO{ clt b|'t ultdf Ps} k6sdf
c;+Vo nIfdf k'¥ofpg / kf7s, >f]tf jf bz{sx¿af6 l56f] /
7"nf] kl/df0fdf k|ltlqmof kfpg dbt u¥of] eg] clxn] cfP/
k/Dk/fut cfd;+rf/sf] kl/b[Zodf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6
ul/g] gofF vfnsf] cfd;+rf/ — Ohg{lnhd, OG6/g]6 hg{lnhd,
cgnfOg kqsfl/tf cflb — ljleGg ¿kdf k|fb'ef{j ePsf] 5 .
o;n] Psflt/ k/Dk/fut ldl8ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;3fPsf]
5 eg] csf]{lt/ To;sf] dxTj 36fPsf] klg 5 .
cgnfOg kqsfl/tf
t'?Gtft'?Gt} ;dfrf/, lrq, rnlrq tyf Wjlg
;+;f/el/ km}nfpg;lsg] tyf o;df ;]G;/ nufpg g;lsg]
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;fKtflxs, kflIfs tyf dfl;s klqsfx¿ j]a;fO6df x]g{;lsG5 .
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hgu0fgf, lgjf{rg, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u, k|x/L, ;]o/ dfs]{6, Jofkf/,
ahf/ efpm cflb ljleGg ljifodf ;+a+lwt lgsfox¿, cg';Gwfg
tyf cWoog ;+:yfx¿n] j]a;fO6df hfgsf/L /fv]sf] x'gfn] g]kfnL
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xbaGbL tf]Sg, a9L hUuf x'g]x¿sf] tYof+s lgsfNg, ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTjdf /x]sf hUufhldgsf] ljj/0f tof/kfg{ ;lhnf] ePsf]
5 . k'/fgf] tl/sfn] sfut, kmfOn / sk8fsf kf]sfdf /x]/ gi6
x'gnfu]sf clen]vx¿ ca ;'/lIft x'g]ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ef}uf]lns
;"rgf k|0ffnL tof/ kfg{ klg ;3fpg]5 . ;|f]tx¿sf] afF8kmfF8 ug{
;Ifd agfpg',
• gful/snfO{ /fd|f] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd
agfpg',
• sDKo'6/ ;~hfnsf] dfWodaf6 dGqfno, ljefu, lgb]{zgfno
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40
• k|fljlws tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu ;fd~h:o sfod ug{ tyf
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jf:tljstf / s]xL kl/sNkgfdf cfwfl/t pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't 5g\ M
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lgoldt ¿kdf k|Zg /fv]/ ;+lIfKt pQ/ lbg cg'/f]w u5{g\ /
j]a;fO6df lbOg] pQ/sf] cfwf/df s'g} klg ljifodf hgdt s] 5
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klg o;af6 nfe kfpF5g\ . nf]slk|o pDd]åf/sf] rog M r'gfjdf
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j]a;fO6dfkm{t cg'/f]w ug{;S5g\ . dflg;x¿n] Od]n jf
OG6/g]6af6 cfkm"n] /f]h]sf pDd]åf/sf] gfdsf] ;'emfj k7fpg
;S5g\ . k|hftflGqs k|lqmof ckgfP/ pDd]åf/ 5fGbf
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klg ;sf/fTds x'g;S5 . hgtfsf] cfjfh ;+;bdf M ;f+;bx¿n]
j]a;fO6dfkm{t ;+;bdf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] ljifoaf/] cfkm\gf
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ckgfP/ cfˆgf] lgjf{rg If]qsf hgtfsf] dt a'em]/ ;+;bdf
dtbfg ug{ yfn] eg] hgtfsf] lxt x'g] ljw]osx¿ kl/t x'g
yfN5g\ . hglj/f]wL ljw]osx¿ ldlNsFb} hfG5g\ .
sDKo'6/ k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] uflj;
nlntk'/, % a}zfv -/f;;_ – nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] ;}+a'
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt k|zf;sLo sfd sf/jfxL l56f]5l/tf] / e/kbf]{
tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug{ sDKo'6/ k|ljlw ;+rfng ug]{ clw/fHosf]
klxnf] uflj; ePsf] 5 . pQm uflj;sf cWoIf cd[t v8\sfsf
cg';f/ uflj;df n]vf / u|fdL0f clen]v /fVg, k|zf;sLo sfd
ug{ / :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ OG6/g]6 Od]nnufot ljljw ;"rgf
;'ljwf lbg sDKo'6/ k|ljlw ;+rfng ul/Psf] xf] . ;|f]t M sflGtk'/
b}lgs, @)%& a}zfv, ^ lhNnf k|zf;g sfo{no wgs'6fn] OG6/g]6
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ul/g] ;]jf;'ljwf / lhNnfsf] kl/ro To;df /fv]sf] 5 . of]
j]a;fO6df lhNnfsf] P]ltxfl;s / ko{6sLo :ynsf] kl/ro,
k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 lbOg] ;]jf;'ljwf / tL ;]jf;'ljwf lnFbf
ckgfpg'kg]{ k|lqmof, ckf+u;DaGwL ;+3;+:yfsf] ljj/0f /flvPsf] 5
. ;f] sfof{noaf6 xfn;Dd ljtl/t kf;kf]6{sf] ljj/0f, sfof{nosf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] kl/ro ;d]t /flvPsf] 5 .
sfof{nosf k'/fgf gi6 x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf
kmfOnx¿af6 ^))) gful/stf ljj/0f ;fy} bz xhf/ /fxbfgLsf]
ljj/0f oxfFsf] sDKo'6/df /lv;lsPsf] 5 . ca ljZjsf] h'g;'s}
s'gfaf6 hf];'s}n] klg wgs'6fnfO{ lrGg ;lsG5 / k|zf;g
sfof{nosf ;'ljwf tyf s'g} sfd ug'{k¥of] eg] cfjZos kg]{
sfuhftaf/] yfxf x'G5 . ;|f]t M sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^), c;f/ @!
o:t} u/L clw/fHosf s]xL lhNnf, gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;x¿sf]
clen]v, gful/stf, /fxbfgL, hGd tyf d[To' btf{ cflb
clen]vx¿ sDKo'6/df /fVg] / cgnfOg ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|of;
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sfo{qmn] ljleGg kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ;3fO/x]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g,
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cfˆg] dfl;s ljn OG6/g]6af6 x]g{;S5g\ . cGo sltko
;+:yfgx¿n] u|fxsx¿sf] lan OG6/g]6df /fv]sf 5g\ / sf]8 gDa/
k|of]u u/]/ lan x]g{ / e'Qmfg ug{;lsG5 .
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b'O{ jif{sf] k|of;kl5 sf:sL dfnkf]tdf sDKo'6/
…cgnfOgÚ af6 sfd ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . k'/fgf 98\8fnfO{ lj:yflkt
u/L ;a} sfd sDKo'6/ cgnfOgaf6 ;? ug]{ of]hgf ;/sf/n]
sf:sL / eQmk'/sf b'O{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf Ps};fy ;'? u/]sf]
lyof] . wld/fn] vfPsf / Roflt+b} uPsf bzsf}F cl3sf ;|]:tfaf6
8f6f OG6«L ug{ Ps jif{ nfu]sf] lyof] . )%* r}tb]lv g} 8f6f /fVg]
sfd ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . To;sf nfludfq} Psbh{g k|fljlws
sd{rf/L vl6Psf lyP . klxnf] r/0fdf sDKo'/6/af6 …xs
x:tfGt/0fÚ ;DjGwL sfdx¿ ;'? ul/g] / kl5 hUuf /f]Ssf, wgL
k'hf{ k|df0fkq ;d]t To;}af6 lk|G6 u/]/ lbg] of]hgf 5 .
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x]g{ ;lsof];\ eGg] p2]Zo /fvL o:tf] sfo{qmd ;'? u/fPsf] xf] .
o;nfO{ cGo lhNnfdf klg yk ul/+b} nluPsf] 5 . o; jif{
bh{geGbf a9L lhNnfx¿df sDKo'6/ ck/]6/sf] b/aGbL lbP/ sfd
;'? u/fOPsf] 5 . sf:sL / eQmk'/df …gd'gfÚ sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf
;'? ul/Psf] xf] .
;|f]tM sn'rGb| Gof}kfg] sflGtk'/ @)^) ;fpg #
gful/s ;]jf M xfn;Dd s]xL gu/kflnsf / ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx¿n] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df gful/sx¿nfO{ lbOg]
;]jfsf] ljj/0f / kmf/fdx¿ /fv]sf 5g\ . OG6/g]6 dfkm{t hGd
d[To' btf{, a;fO;/fO, ljjfx btf{ kmd{ e/]/ k7fpg / hjfkm
kfpg ;lsG5 . gful/stf tyf ljleGg sfdsf] l;kmfl/; klg
OG6/ g]6af6 lng;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu e/tk'/
gu/kflnsfsf] j]a;fO6 www.bharatpurmun.org.np / x]6f}F8f
gu/kflnsfsf] j]a;fO6 www.hetaudamun.org.np x]g{ ;lsG5 .
oL a]j;fO6dfkm{t gu/af;Lx¿n] 3/d} a;La;L sDKo'6/af6
gu/kflnsfn] lbg] ;]jf ;'ljwf lng;lsG5 . gu/kflnsfnfO{
ltg'{kg]{ s/ b:t'/ ltg{;lsG5 / hGd, d[To', lax], ;+a+wljR5]b,
a;fO;/fO btf{ cflb sfd u/fpg rflxg] kmf/fd eg{;lsG5 .
o;af6 gu/kflnsfx¿sf] sfo{s'zntf a9g'sf ;fy} bIftf,
kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/L klg a9g;S5 / gful/sx¿n] l56f] 5l/tf]
;]jf kfpg;S5g\ . clVtof/df Od]ndfkm{t ph'/L lbg ;lsg]
sf7df8f}+, kmfu'g ^ ut] . sxLF st} e|i6frf/ ePsf] jf cGo
clgoldttf ePsf] kfOPdf ca clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]unfO{ Od]ndfkm{t hfgsf/L, ph'/L jf ;'/fsL lbg;lsg]
ePsf] 5 . ph'/L lbg] jf cfof]usf sfd st{Jo / cGo
lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] cfof]uåf/f
vf]lnPsf] www.akhtiyar.org.np nfO{ cfh ;fj{hlgs ul/Pkl5
;f] ;'ljwfsf] hf] sf]xLn] klg pkof]u ug{;lsg] atfOPsf]
5 . pQm j]a;fO6df cfof]usf] ;+/rgf If]qclwsf/, e|i6frf/
;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfgx¿sf] hfgsf/L / e|i6frf/;DaGwL
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sfd u5{ eGg] af/]sf] hfgsf/L / cfof]uaf6 ePsf sfd
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/fhf]kfWofon] lbg'eof] . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] kbf{ k5fl8 a;]/
e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttf ug]{sf] af/]df ;'/fsL lbg
41
rfxg]x¿sf nflu l56f], 5l/tf] / ;lhnf] x'g;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 .
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af/]df ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf kqsf/, tyf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf
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clej[l4 ug]{ clek|fon] pQm a'n]l6g k|sflzt ug{ yflnPsf]
cfof]usf ;x;lrj lbg]zxl/ clwsf/Ln] atfpg'eof] . a'n]l6gdf
e|i6frf/;DaGwL n]vsf cltl/Qm cfof]usf] sfo{If]q sfo{k|0ffnL,
e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{sf] lrgf/L, k|]; rrf{, cfof]usf
ultljlwx¿, e|i6frf/;DaGwL d'2fdf cbfntaf6 ePsf s]xL
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5g\ . ;fy} pQm a'n]l6gdf e|i6frf/ cg'lrt sfo{sf af/]df
sf/jfxL cl3 j9fpg] pkfox¿ klg lbOFb} hfg] ;x;lrj
clwsf/Ln] atfpg'eof] . j]a;fO6 tyf a'n]l6gdfkm{t e|i6frf/
;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] sfg'gsf ljBfyL{x¿ / To;
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a9'jf, lgj[lQe/0f cflbsf] n]vf ;a} 5n{u+ ¿kdf x]g{;lsG5 .
sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if M sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]if, g]kfnu+h zfvfdf
sDKo'6/ cgnfOg ;]jf ;'? ePkl5 sf]ifaf6 ;fk6L lng rfxg]
;+rostf{x¿nfO{ dfu kmf/d btf{ u/fPsf] s]xL ldg]6leq} ;fk6L
k|fKt ug{;Sg] ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] 5 . cgnfOg ;]jfsf]
;'?jftaf6 ;+rostf{sf] vr{, ;do / ofqfsf] hf]lvddf /fxt
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g]kfnu+h t];|f] zfvf xf] / of] ;'ljwf ;j{k|yd utjif{sf] dlxgfdf
kf]v/f zfvfdf ;'? ePsf] lyof] . cgnfOg ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6
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bf];|f] r/0fdf /fv]/ ToxfF ;f}o{ zlQmaf6 j}slNks ljh'nL lgsfNg]
/ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg k'¥ofpg] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .
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/ sfo{qmdx¿aLr ;xof]u / ;dGjo ug]{, g]6jls{ª ug]{,
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hfgsf/L lbO/fv]sf] 5 . OG;]sn] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6
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;+:yfx¿n] cfcfˆgf] Od]n a'n]l6g tyf j]a;fO6 dfkm{t b]zsf]
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¿kdf km}nfpg / k|df0f k/LIf0f ug]{ sfddf lgSs} pkof]u ug{
yfn]sf] 5 . a}+sx¿n] klg gSsnL d'b|f / r]sdf ul/Psf] x:tfIf/
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kfg{;S5 . kLl8t kIfn] Od]naf6 xhf/f}F JolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg]
sfd g]kfndf klg ;'? eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g} b]zdf kqsf/nfO{
42
cGofok"j{s y'lgof] jf s;}sf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg eof] eg] Gofo
lbnfpgsf nflu ;+;f/sf s'gfsfKrfaf6 ;+a+lwt b]zsf] ;/sf/
k|d'v;dIf xhf/f}F nfvf}F cg'/f]wkq Od]naf6 k'U5 . dfgj
clwsf/jfbL ;+:yfx¿sf] j]a;fO6n] ljz]if ;fdu|Lx¿ /fv]/ ;f]
ljifonfO{ rrf{df NofpF5g\ .
;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u ug]{ cu'jf lhNnf M s+rgk'/
dxfsfnLkfl/ g]kfnsf] bf]wf/frfFbgL uflj;df ;d]t
s+rgk'/ lhlj;n] OG6/g]6 k'¥ofO;s]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ultdf kl5
k/]sf] ;'b"/ klZrdf+rnsf] ;a}eGbf klZrdsf] lhNnf s+rgk'/n]
;'zf;gdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf pkTosfaflx/ gd'gf
b]vfPsf] 5 . s+rgk'/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;Dk"0f{
sfd sDKo'6/af6 x'G5 / ;a} sDKo'6/sf] g]6jls{ª ul/Psf] 5 .
lhNnf tyf uflj;x¿sf] gS;f, ljleGg hfgsf/L, hGd tyf d[To',
ljjfx, a;fO;/fO btf{, hUufsf] ljj/0f cflb ljljw hfgsf/L
sDKo'6/df /flvPsf] x'gfn] of]hgfx¿ agfpg / gful/sx¿nfO{
;]jf ;'ne u/fpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . dx]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf /
;a} uflj;sf] g]6jls{ª u/]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
clwstd pkof]u ug]{ of]hgf cGtu{t @)%* df3;Dddf cf7
j6f uflj;nfO{ OG6/g]6df hf]l8;s]sf] lyof] .
afF8g] / kfpg] cj;/ cfPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf]
ult klg crfgs a9]sf] 5 .
clxn]sf] o'udf k/nf]s ;'wfg]{ 1fgn] dfq}
afFRg;lsGg . afFRgsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfd, ;Lk / 1fg tyf b}lgs
hLjgdf kfng gul/gx'g] s'/fx¿ olt w]/} eO;s] ls ca k':t}gL
jf afh]n] gfltnfO{ afa'n] kgfltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k/Dk/fut
1fgn] afFRg d'l:sn 5 . v]tLkftL, kz'kfng, ahf/, lzIff,:jf:Yo,
;/;kmfO, pBf]u Joj;fo cflbsf] If]qdf k/Dk/fut 1fgn] sfd
grNg] eO;s]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf efF8f df‰g jf b/afgL ug{ hfg]
lbg klg ca w]/} afsL 5}g . ;"rgf, 1fg / ;Lk geO{ ljb]zdf
;fdfGo sfd kfpg klg ufx|f] eO;ssf] 5 . of] l:yltdf ;}s8f
;f7L cgk9 g]kfnLnfO{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] cIf/ lrgfP/ lzlIft
agfpg w]/} ;do / cs"t ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . of] xfFs
;fdgf ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn] dfq ;S5 . cfw'lgs dfgj
ljsf;sf tLg k|d'v nIf — cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{,
;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg] / ;'vdo hLjg — k|fKt ug{ ;"rgf / 1fgsf]
k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . 1fg / ;"rgf k|;f/, u|x0f, k|zf]wg, ;+sng
ug]{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;fwg cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwn]
k|bfg u/]sf] x'gfn]
clxn]sf] ljsf;sf s'g} klg k|of;, gLlt, of]hgf, kl/of]hgf,
cfof]hgf, sfo{qmd cflbdf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] e"ldsf gePsf] ljsf; kl/of]hgf, ljsf;] ;+:yf
tyf sfo{qmdsf] sNkgf klg ug{;lsFb}g . JolQmsf] JolQmTj
ljsf;b]lv lnP/ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts,
wfld{s, eflifs, tyf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ef]hg, ;'/Iffnufot dfgj
hLjgsf] nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] u'0f:t/Lo kl/k"lt{sf nflu
;"rgf k|ljlwn] of]ubfg lbO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv
:yfgLo sfo{qmd ;+rfng / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfddf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 .
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lhcfOP; cyf{t\ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL -lhof]u|flkms
OGkmd]{;g l;:6d_ n] sDKo'6/sf] dbtn] ljleGg k|sf/sf
ef}uf]lns 8]6fnfO{ ;+of]hg, ljZn]if0f u/]/ a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g] u/L
k|:t't u5{ . h:t}, s'g} lhNnf jf ufpFsf] gS;f x]/]/ Tof] ufpF jf
lhNnfdf vfg]kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ sxfFsxfF 5g\ < :s'n sxfF 5 <
a:tL, dlGb/, v]t, ag, r/g, k'n, wf/f cflb sxfF 5g\ eGg] yfxf
kfpg ufx|f] x'G5 . lhcfOP;n] s'g} klg 7fpFsf] s'g} klg ef}lts,
;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf / ultljlwnfO{ :ki6 ¿kn]
b]vfOlbG5 . n8g], ;dflhs kl/jt{sf nflu k}/jL ug]{ g]kfnsf
ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] cfcfˆgf] j]a;fO6dfkm{t ljZj:t/df cfjfh
p7fpg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|z:t dfqfdf pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .
afn lxtsf] sfddf cu'jf ;+:yf l;ljgsf] j]a;fO6 www.cwin-
nepal.org df ;+:yfsf k|sfzg tyf gjLgtd hfgsf/Lx¿
g]kfnL, c+u|]hL, k|m]+r / hd{g efiffdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf
afnaflnsfx¿sf] cj:yfaf/] hfGg of] j]a;fO6 lgSs} pkof]uL 5
. afn>d zf]if0fsf] lj?4 ljZjofqf sfo{qmdn] ;+rfng u/]sf]
j]a;fO6 www.childlabournews.info df ljleGgb]zsf
afnaflnsfsf] zf]if0f / zf]if0fsf] lj/f]wdf p7fOPsf sbdx¿ tyf
afnlxt;DaGwL pkof]uL hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu ;+rfl/sf ;d"x,
;fyL, / ;]G6/ km/ lnun l/;r{ P08 sle{;sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf dlxnf
clwsf/ k}/jL sfo{qmdåf/f ;+rflnt dlxnfnf j]a
www.mahilaweb.org.np df g]kfndf n}+lus ;dtf tyf dlxnf
xslxtsf] af/]df ;+rflnt cfGbf]ng, sfo{qmd, of]hgf tyf ljljw
hfgsf/Lsf] vhfgf kfOG5 . dlxnf kqsf/x¿sf] ;+:yf ;+rfl/sf
;d"xsf] j]a;fO6 www.sancharika.org df ;+rf/;+u ;+a+lwt
n]v, n]vdfnf,
ultljlw, kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] hfgsf/L /flvPsf 5g\ .
cl:dtf dlxnf k|sfzg u[x sf] j]a;fO6 www.asmita.org.np df
;+rf/åf/f dlxnfx¿sf] xslxtdf k}/jL, n]v /rgfx¿ tyf
ljleGg hfgsf/L x]g{ ;lsG5 .
blntx¿sf] xslxtsf] nflu sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿,
kqsf/x¿sf] ;+:yf hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/,
www.jagaranmedia.org.np hgpTyfg k|lti7fg
www.jupdalitmedia.org.np cflb ljleGg ;+:yfx¿, cflbjf;L
tyf hghfltsf] xslxtsf] nflu sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿sf klg
cfcfˆg} j]a;fO6x¿ 5g\ . x]g'{;\ M www.nefen.org ,
www.tamangghedung.org.np
ljsf;sf] If]qdf
dfgj ;dfhdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] d'Vo tTj ;"rgf / 1fg
xf] . plxn] b'O{ leGg ;d'bfo, ;dfh, ;+:s[lt / /fi6«sf] e]63f6,
d]n jf d'7e]8 x'Fbf Ps csf{sf /fd|f / g/fd|f s'/fx¿sf] ;"rgf /
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;"rgf / 1fg u|x0f ug]{ dfWod / k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g cfof] . clxn]
cfP/ ;"rgf k|ljlw dfgj Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf l56f], ;lhnf], ;:tf]
/ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;"rgf / 1fg ul/x/]sf 5g\ . sltn] k[YjLsf]
df};dsf] cWoog u/]/ s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn]
;d'b|leq s'g7fpFdf df5f w]/} 5 egL df5f pBf]uLx¿nfO{ kmfObf
k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] k[YjLsf] ue{df /x]sf] vlgh / vfgLsf]
n]vfhf]vf ub}{5g\ . s'g 7fpFdf v]tLdf ls/f jf /f]u nfu]sf] 5,
sxFf ;nxn] xdnf ug]{ ;+efjgf 5, sxfF ;}lgs ultljlw a9]sf] 5
cflb s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;xL 9+un] lbg] e"pku|xx¿ lgSs} bIf
ePsf 5g\ Unf]an kf]lh;lgª l;:6d -hLkLP;_ k|ljlwn]
/fi6«x¿sf] ;Ldf/]vf lgwf{/0f / `lg/LIf0f ug]{b]lv x/fPsf] la/fnf]
e]§fpg klg ;xof]u ub}{5 .
43
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf k}/jL
lSng OghL{ g]kfnn] @)%( h]7b]lv jftfj/0f;+a+wL
lgSs} w]/} hfgsf/L lbg] kf]6{n www.environmentnepal.com
;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;df g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fsf ljljw kIf;Fu
;+a+lwt ;dfrf/, n]v cflb 8fpgnf]8 ug{;lsg] ;fdu|Lx¿,
cGtjf{tf{, jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ cu'jfx¿sf] ljrf/, xflh/L
hjfkm, jftfj/0faf/] ;+lIfKt tyf pkof]uL s'/fx¿sf ;fy} phf{,
jftfj/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf, kof{j/0f, l;d;f/ If]q, /fli6«o lgs'+h
cflbaf/] hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jftfj/0faf/] 5nkmn
ug]{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf klg o;nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . o;dfkm{t
ljBfyL{x¿n] ljz]if1x¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{;S5g\ . tyf jftfj/0fLo
¿kn] xfgL/xLt s[lif tyf cGo pTkfbgsf]
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;+/If0fsf] r]tgf hufpg] p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yf PSsf
cyf{t\ Ogef/Gd]G6n SofDk km/ sGh/e];g cj]o/g];n] cfˆgf]
j]a;fO6 www.ecca.org.np df ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmd, ultljlw,
k|sfzg, pTkfbg, ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿, ultljlw / pTkflbt
;fdfgsf kmf]6f]x¿ /fv]sf] 5 .
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j]a;fO6 www.nefej.org.np df ;+:yfsf >Job[Zo, /]l8of]
nufot ljleGg ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L lbg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0f tyf
h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] k}/jL ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ /fv]sf] 5 .
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ljleGg dfWoddfkm{t k}/jL ug]{ qmddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] klg kof{Kt
pkof]u ul//xsf] 5 . To:t} lSng OghL{ g]kfnsf] j]a;fO6
www.cen.org.np df klg jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;+a+wL sfo{qmd tyf
of]hgfx¿ / ljljw hfgsf/L kfOG5 . lhcfOP;n] sDKo'6/df s'g}
klg hUufhldg, e"efusf] dflyNnf] ;txdf ePsf k|fs[lts tyf
dfgj lgld{t a:t' jf ;+/rgfx¿sf] clen]vg, ;+sng / ljZn]if0f
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kfgLsf kfOk cflb :ki6 b]vfpg] b'O{–cfoflds jf tLg–cfoflds
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nfUg;S5 . ufpFdf vfg]kfgL of]hgf agfpg' k¥of] eg] kfgLsf]
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;lhnf] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu lhcfOP;sf] ;xof]u lng' a]; x'G5 .
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tyf lrqx¿ l8lh6n :j¿kdf kl/0ft u/]/ sDKo'6/ jf cGo b[Zo
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;'kl/lrt u/fPsf] lyof] .
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cgluGtL j]a;fO6x¿ ;+rflnt 5g\ . o'Pgl8kLsf] ljleGg
kfl/of]hgf dfkm{t dGqfno, ljefu, lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿, lhlj;, gu/
kflnsf, uflj;, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu sfo{/t
u};;x¿ tyf s[lif tyf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ j]a;fO6 agfpg
/ OG6/g]6df hf]8g tflnd, hgzlQm tyf ljleGg vfnsf] ;xof]u
ul//x]sf] 5 . To:t} cGo bft[ ;+:yf tyf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿n] klg
g]kfnsf u}/;/sf/L, Jofj;flos, s[lif,
Jofkfl/s ;+:yf tyf ;+u7gx¿nfO{ klg j]a;fO6 ;+rfng ug{
;3fO/x]sf 5g\ .
lzIffsf] If]qdf
lzIffsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw M 1fg u|x0f, ;+sng /
k|;f/ ug'{ g} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf]
;a}eGbf a9L pkof]u lzIff If]qdf x'g' :jefljs / ckl/xfo{;d]t
5 . lzIff / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] s'/f ubf{ b'O6f s'/f Wofgdf /fVg'kg]{
x'G5 M lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
/ ;"rgf k|ljlw l;sfpg lzIff . ca v]tLkftL, n'uf l;pg], skfn
sf6g]h:tf ;fdfGo ljifob]lv lnP/ hl6ntd ljifosf] k9fOdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] x'gfn] k|fylds ljBfnob]lv
ljZjljBfno;Dd, sv/f l;Sg]b]lv uxg cg';Gwfg
ug{ ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L sDKo'6/ ;fIf/tf clgjfo{ eO;s]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf zx/L If]qsf, vf; u/L lghL ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/
lzIff clgjfo{h:t} alg;s]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fo, pTkfbg, ;]jf ;+rfng cflb sfdsf
nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL, dWod tyf pRr k|fljlws lzIffsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . o;sf] nflu klg g]kfnsf sn]
xf] . o;sf] df]n ;f9] b'O{ 8n/ lyof] . rf/ nfveGbf w]/}
dflg;x¿n] of] k':ts df]n lt/]/ 8fpgnf]8 u/]sf lyP . t/
pgsf] bf];|f] pkGof; b Knfg]6 Oa'ssf] ¿kdf Tolt ;kmn ePg .
Oa's ;kmn eof] eg] n]vsx¿ / kf7sx¿sf] ;f]em} ;Dks{ /
n]gb]g x'g] x'gfn] gfd rn]sf n]vsx¿sf] nflu k|sfzssf]
cfjZostf gx'g;S5 . Oa'ssf] klxnf] cjwf/0fut 9fFrf !($%
df tof/ kl/Psf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; ev{/ ;'?
ePsf] lyof] . !(&) sf] bzsdf cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0fkq,
ljlnod ;]S;lko/sf gf6sx¿ cflb dxTjk"0f{ kf7Ø
;fdu|Lsf] sDKo'6/Ls[6 ¿k tof/ kfg{ k|f]h]S6 u'6]gau{ yflnPsf]
lyof] . !(() df ;f]gL skf]{/];gn] ;L8L /f]daf6 k':ts k9\g]
pks/0f agfPsf] lyof], t/ Tof] ahf/df rn]g . jN8{jfO8j]a ;'?
ePkl5 On]S6«f]lgs kf7Ø ;fdu|Lx¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf pknAw x'gyfNof]
. !((* df xftdf lnP/ k9\gldNg] klxnf] Oa's pks/0f aGof] .
o;df !),))) k[i7 kf7Ø ;fdu|L c6fpFYof] .
/ -;|f]t M dfOqmf];ˆ6 OGsf6f{ OG;fSnf]lkl8of, @))@_
;a}eGbf 7"nf] Ok':tsfno M cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf
ljZjljBfnox¿ / k':tsfnox¿n] cgnfOg k':tsfno cyf{t\
OnfOa|]/L ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . www.fathom.com j]a;fO6df
/flvPsf] of] Ok':tsfnodf cgnfOg ;Dks{ u/]kl5 k':tsx¿ x]g{,
k9\g, / ;fg{;lsG5 . of] cgnfOg lzIff ;|f]tdf n]Sr/ ;'Gg, n]v,
44
cGtjf{tf{x¿ / k|bz{gx¿ x]g{ tyf lgMz'Ns ;]ldgf/df efu lng
;lsG5 . ;+;f/sf sltko k':tsfnox¿n] sfut/lxt
k':tsfnosf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] k'/fgf]
k':tsfno la|l6; sfplG;nsf] k':tsfnodf klg k]k/n]; nfOa|]/L
;'? ePsf] 5 . lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª / cgnfOg Snf; M g]kfnsf]
s'g} sIff sf]7f jf ;ef sIfdf a;]sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ jf
jQmf / >f]tfx¿ tyf cd]l/sf jf s'g} b]zsf] sIff sf]7f jf ;ef
sIfdf a;]sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿ jf jQmf / >f]tfx¿n] Ps
csf]{nfO{ x]g{ / k|Zgf]Q/ ug{;Sg] k|0ffnLnfO{ lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª
elgG5 . b"/lzIffsf] nflu of] clt pkof]uL k|ljlw xf] lsgls
o;dfkm{t Ps hgf lzIfsn] ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf sltko
sIffx¿df Ps} ;dodf n]Sr/ ug{ / ljBfyL{x¿;Fu ;jfn hjfkm
ug{;S5 . ljleGg :yfgdf a;]sf a'l4hLjLx¿ tyf kqsf/x¿ /
g]tfx¿aLr k|ToIf s'/fsfgL u/fpg] of] lgSs} pkof]uL ;fwg xf] .
o;af6 oftfoft / xf]6nx¿df x'g] vr{ hf]luG5 / ;dosf] art
x'g] s'/f t 5Fb}5 .
g]kfnL efiffdf of]hgf, gLlt, P]g, sfg'g,
lgodfjnL, sfo{kqx¿ tyf ljleGg pkof]uL ;fdu|Lx¿
j]a;fO6df /fv]sf 5g\ . j]a;fO6df zAbsf]z / Jofs/0f klg
kfOG5 . t/ g]kfnLdf clxn];Dd ;f] k|of; ePsf] 5}g . s'g}
klg k':ts cfˆgf] sDKo'6/df 8fpgnf]8 u/]kl5 To;nfO{ rfx]sf]
a]nfdf x]g{ / g]6js{dfkm{t c?nfO{ k7fpg;lsG5 . sfutdf
5flkPsf k':tssf] t'ngfdf Oa'ssf w]/} kmfObf 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf]
kbf{df Ps} k6sdf w]/} Oa's vf]n]/ pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . n]vs,
kqsf/ tyf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] Ps} rf]6L ljZjsf]if, l/kf]6{x¿,
sfo{kqx¿, gLlt / P]gsfg'gsf k':tsx¿ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df
vf]n]/ x]g{ / cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf pkof]u ug{ tyf ;Fu;Fu}
sDKo'6/df n]Vg Pj+ ;Dkfbg ug{;S5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ emf]nfel/
ux|'Fuf] u/L k':ts af]Sg'kb}{g . ljBfnodf ePsf] sDKo'6/ / g]6js{
pkof]u u/]/ kf7Øk':ts tyf cgluGtL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
/f]hL/f]hL pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .
OG6/g]6df pknAw Oa'sx¿ s'g} lgMz'Ns 8fpgnf]8
ug{ ;lsG5 eg] s'g} k};f lt/]/ dfq pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k':ts
5fKg gkg]{ x'gfn] k|sfzssf] vr{ klg hf]luG5 . n]vsx¿n]
;lhn};Fu cfˆgf] s[lt OG6/g]6df /fVg;S5g\ . gjf]lbt
n]vsx¿sf nflu of] yk ;'ljwf xf] . Oa'ss} nflu ljz]if vfnsf]
sDKo'6/ klg ag]sf] 5 . of] sDKo'6/ lstfah:t}
cfsf/sf] xNsf x'G5 . of] pks/0f af]s] kl5 emf]nfel/ lstfa
af]Sg'kb}{g . o;nfO{ OG6/g]6df hf]8]/ rfx]sf] j]a;fO6 x]/]/ k':ts
jf cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L vf]Hg ;lsG5 . cgnfOg k':ts k9\g klg
;lsG5 / OG6/g]6af6 k':ts 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ ;'/lIft u/L rfx]sf]
a]nfdf k9\g klg ;lsG5 . o;df ;}s8f}F k':ts c6fpF5 ;fy}
o;df Pp6f zAbsf]z klg x'G5 . o;sf] kfgf kN6fpg' kb}{g .
lSns ug]{ lalQs} s'g} klg k]h jf ljifodf t'?Gt} k'luG5 .
Oa'ssf sdhf]/ kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ sDKo'6/sf]
kbf{df k9g ufx|f] nfUg;S5 . kf7Ø ;fdu|LnfO{ l8lh6n ¿kdf
9fn]/ k|bz{g ug]{ / 8fpgnf]8 ug]{ k|ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/ rfF8}rfF8}
km]l/g;S5 . gofFgofF sDKo'6/df k'/fgf] ;ˆ6j]o/ gx'g;S5 .
Oa'ssf] df]n, n]vs:j, kf7Ø;fdu|L rf]l/g] tyf ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
:t/Lo dfgssf] cefj cflb sf/0fn] 7"nf k|sfzsx¿n] Oa's
k|sfzg ug{ Tolt w]/} rf;f] b]vfPsf 5}gg\ .
pkGof;sf/ :6]kmg ls+u cfkm}n] dfr{ @)))df
Oa'ssf] ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf] pkGof; /fOl8ª b a'n]6 Ps} k6s
45
w]/} las]sf] pNn]vgLo k':ts 5f8g g;Sg]x¿sf nflu a/bfg
;flat x'Fb}5 . o;af6 dfGotfk|fKt l8u|L jf k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]/
/f]huf/L / Joj;fo a9fpg;lsG5 .
kqfrf/ / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 pRr lzIff cWoog
ug{;lsg]
sf7df8f}F, ;fpg !@ ut] . tkfO{Fn] pRr lzIff u|x0f
ug]{ ;kgf b]Vg'ePsf] 5 t/ ;Fw} SofDk; wfpg ;Sg'x'Gg jf
pd]/sf sf/0f SofDk; hfg nfh dfGg'x'G5 eg] of] lrGtf lnO/xg'
kb}{g lsgls lxdfnog v'nf lzIff -xf]k_ n] tkfOFsf] OR5f k"/f
ul/lbg]5 . xf]ksf ;Nnfxsf/ gL/ zfxsf cg';f/ kqfrf/,
6]lnlehg jf ODKo'6/ OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 pRr lzIffsf]
cWoog ug{;lsg] 5 . xf]kn] cfh cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf
v'nf tyf b"/lzIff k|0ffnL cg';f/sf] ;f] dfWodaf6 lnOg] lzIff
cf}krfl/s ;/x dfGotf g} dfGotf /xg] pxfFn] atfpg' eof] .
pxfFsf cg';f/ lqe'jg, k"jf{+rn, kf]v/f, db|f; / elh{lgof
ljZjljBfnodf k9fOg] ljleGg ljifox¿ o;/L cWoog ug{;lsG5
. zx/L If]qdf a:g g;Sg] ljBfyL{sf nflu /fd|f] cj;/ x'g]5 .
:gfts tyf :gtsf]Q/ txsf ljleGg @^ ljifodf cWoog
ug{;lsG5 . ;fef/ M uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)^) ;fpg !#
Onlg{ª M OG6/g]6af6 h'g;'s} ljifosf] 1fg / ;Lk l;Sg] l;sfpg]
sfd Onlg{ª xf] . OG6/g]6af6 vfgf ksfpg], skfn sf6\g], n'uf
l;pg], 3/]n' ;fdfg d/dt ug]{, 3/, sfof{no / Joj;fo
Joj:yfkg ug]{, ahf/ vf]Hg] clb cgluGtL sfd s'/f l;sfOG5 .
s'g ljifosf] 1fg s'g j]a;fO6df kfOG5 egL hfGg' cfjZos 5
gq j]a;fO6sf] eL8df x/fOg] 8/ x'G5 . ;"rgf ;fIf/tf n]
OG6/g]6df cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg] Ifdtf a9fpF5 .
dlN6ldl8of / OG6/PlS6e k|ljlwn] ubf{ Onflg{ªnfO{ cToGt} /f]rs
/
k|efjsf/L agfPsf] 5 . ljZjljBfnox¿ sIffsf]7f, tflnd xn,
k':tsfnodf nufgL sd u/]/ cef}lts ljZjljBfnodf nufgL
ub}{5g\ . ef}lts lgdf{0fsf] bfFhf]df cef}lts ljBfno w]/} ;:tf] /
;/n x'g;S5 . g]kfndf lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{
k|ljlw / pks/0f g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] @)%* ;fnd}
leq\ofO;s]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfgn] sf7df8f}Fleq ljleGg 7fpFx¿aLr
tyf sf7df8f}F / lj/f6gu/aLr lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ªsf] ;kmn k|of]u
ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljZj a}+ssf] g]kfnl:yt sfof{non] of] ;'ljwf
pkof]u ug{ Ohfht lnPsf] b]lvG5 . xfn c? s]xL ;+:yfx¿ klg
lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª ;]jf pknAw u/fpg;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . k/LIffsf]
glthf M kf]xf]/ kx|f/;Dd P;Pn;Lsf k/LIffyL{x¿n] glthf x]g{
cvaf/ s'g'{kYof]{ . a]nfdf cvaf/ x]g{ cvaf/sf] sfof{no aflx/
xf/fn'5 ug'{kYof]{ / of] d];f]df slxn]sflxF s'6fO vfg'kYof]{ . b'u{d
lhNnfsf ljBfyL{n] t w]/} lbgkl5 dfq} cvaf/ x]g{ kfpFy] . t/
clxn] P;P;nL, pRr dflj tyf ljZjljBfnosf k/LIffsf
glthfx¿ j]a;fO6df /flvPsf] x'gfn] h;n] klh hxfFaf6 klg
t'?Gt} glthf x]g{;S5 .
sn]h, ljZjljBfno / 5fqj[lQsf] vf]hL tyf tof/L M P;Pn;L
kf; ePkl5 s] k9\g] sxfF k9\g], s'g sn]h, SofDk; jf
ljZjljBfnodf s] k9fO x'G5, s;n] ljBffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'ljwf,
5fqj[lQ lbG5 cflb k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm kfpg ca zx/ jf ljb]z
wfpg kb}{g . g]kfnsf sltko sn]hx¿n] clxn] cfcfˆgf]
j]a;fO6df o;af/]df hfgsf/L /fv]sf 5g\ . www.afterslc.com
 j]a ;fO6df klg eljiosf] k9fO / sn]hx¿af/]
hfgsf/L kfpg;lsG5 . ljb]zL ljZjljBfnox¿sf] sf];{ x]/]/
cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] ljifodf k9\g g]kfnaf6} egf{ kmf/d eg{
;lsG5 . tL ;+:yfx¿n] lbg] ;'ljwf / 5fqj[lQaf/] oxLFaf6}
;'lglZrt u/]/ ljb]zdf 9'Ss eP/ k9g hfg ;lsG5 . ljb]zdf
k9g hfgsf nflu TOEFL / IELTS h:tf, efiff;+a+wL s]xL
cfwf/e"t 1fg / Jojxf/sf] k/LIff lbg'k5{ . ;f];+a+wL lzIff
;L8Laf6 xfl;n ug]{ / k/LIff lbg] ;'ljwf OG6/g]6df pknAw 5 .
b"/lzIff M 3/df jf sfof{nodf a;]/ :jb]z / ljb]zsf
ljZjljBffnoox¿af6 ;+rflnt kf7Øqmdcg';f/ cWoog ug]{,
cEof; ug]{ / k/LIff lbg] k|0ffnL nfO{
l8:6ØfG; nlg{ª cyf{t\ b"/lzIff elgG5 . klxn] of]
x'nfs jf /]l8of]af6 ;+rfng ul/GYof] eg] clxn] OG6/gg]6n] ubf{
b"/lzIff lgs} ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . lel8of] sGk|m]lG;ª
;'ljwfn] ubf{ ca Ps hgf n]Sr//n] ;}s8f}F sIffdf Ps} ;dodf
sIff lng / xhf/f}F ljBfyL{x¿;Fu 5nkmn ug{;S5g\ . b"/lzIff
jf:tjdf ul/ab]zsf ljBfyL{ tyf ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
zf/Ll/s cflb ljleGg sf/0fn] 3/ jf sfo{:yn hfgsf/L
lbg;lsG5 . b'u{d jf b"/:y :jf:Yo rf}sLdf lel8of] jf l:6n
l8lh6n Sofd]/f /fv]/ ;'ud :yfgdf a:g] 8fS6/n] la/fdLsf]
l:ylt x]g{ ;S5 . o;af6 la/fdLnfO{ vt/f sd x'G5 / ;do
hf]luP/ la/fdLn] ;dod} pkrf/ kfpg;S5 . h'Dnf x'Dnfsf
la/fdLn] klg sf7df8f}Fsf ;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfnsf 8fS6/x¿sf]
;]jf kfpg;S5g\ . of] k':tssf n]vssf] b'O{ k6s d'6'sf] afOkf;
zNolqmof eO;s]sf] 5 . kxnf] k6s ef/tdf ;g\ !((@ df
;h{/L ePkl5 ;+rf/sf] cefjn] 8fS6/;Fu ck/];gkl5sf] lgoldt
hfFr / k/fdz{ lng / cf}ifwLdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPg . kmn:j¿k
bf];|f] k6s @))! df a}Fssdf zNolqmof ug'{k¥of] . clxn] g]kfndf
lgoldt k/LIf0f u/fP/ To;sf] l/kf]6{ Od]naf6 k7fPkl5 t'?Gt}
;+j+lwt 8fS6/n] Od]naf6 hjfkm, ;'emfj k7fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . km]l/
km]l/ hFrfpgsf] nflu ef/t jf yfONof08 hfg'kg]{ b'n{e ;fwg /
;do hf]luPsf] 5 .
hxfF a;]sf] la/fdLn] klg 8fS6/;Fu t'?Gt ;Dks{
ug{;Sg], hlt;'s} 6f9f a;]sf] 8fS6/n] klg la/fdL hfFr]/ k/fdz{
lbg;Sg], la/fdLsf] lgbfg / pkrf/;+a+wL ;a} ;"rgfx¿ l8lh6n
¿kdf ;+sng ug{ / tTsfn pknAw ug{;lsg], vr{ / ;do
hf]lug] cflb Od]l8l;gsf kmfObf x'g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlw
gLltdf Ox]Ny cyf{t\ b"/:jf:Yo / 6]lnd]l8l;g cyf{t\ b"/pkrf/
;]jf a9fpg cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 .
6]lnd]l8l;gåf/f ;du| :jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] cg'udg tyf
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] x'g'sf ;fy} lrlsT;sLo ;"rgf tTsfn
k|]if0f ug{;lsG5 . dxfdf/L km}lnPsf] a]nfdf o;sf] cg'udg ug{
;lhnf] x'G5 . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ tyf ljBfyL{x¿n] :jf:Yof]krf/ /
lrlsT;f;+a+wL 1fg, ;"rgf / k|sfzgx¿ tTsfn, ;/n / ;:tf]df
kfpg;S5g\ . :jf:Yo ;]jf / /f]usf] af/]df hgr]tfgf
km}nfpg] sfddf OG6/g]6 / Od]nsf] Jofks pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t ;/n ¿kdf ;]jf
k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf sltko u}/;/sf/L
cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfx¿ nflu/x]sf 5g\ . www.telemed.org df
:jf:Yo lzIff;+a+wL c;+Vo 1fgsf] e08f/ kfpg ;lsG5 .
cd]l/sfl:yt u}/Jofkfl/s ;+:yf ;]6nfOkmn] k[YjLdfly tNnf]
sIfdf :yflkt x]Ny:of6 @ gfds e"pku|xdfkm{t ljsf;zLn
b]zdf :jf:y ;+a+wL ;"rgf k|]if0f / e08f/0f ug]{ ;]jf pknAw
46
u/fPsf] 5 . www.healthnet.org n] :jf:Yo lzIff;+a+wL ;fdu|L,
cg';Gwfgsf tfhf hfgsf/L, 8fS6/x¿aLr 5nkmn, ljz]if1x¿sf]
/fo ;'emfj, ;fd'bflos
:jf:Yosf] If]qdf
g]kfnsf 8S6/x¿n] ;g\ !((% b]lv x]Nyg]6dfkm{t
cfk;df :j:Yo;+a+wL ljrf/ ljdz{, 5nkmn ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u
ub}{ cfPsf lyP . clxn] cfP/ :jf:Yo If]qdf la/fdL hfFRg], /f]u
v'6Øfpg], cf}ifwf]krf/sf] k/fdz{ lbg], /ut bfg lbg], /ut,
lb;flk;fa hfFRg] cflb sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ;'? x'g
nfu]sf]5 . sltko ;]jfx¿ ;'? eO;s]sf 5g\ . g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6Lsf] An8 a}Fsn] ;+rfng u/]sf] j]a;fO6
www.bloodmembers.com n] /ut bfg ug{ rfxg] jf /utsf]
vfFrf] k/]sf JolQmaLr ;Dks{ ul/lbg] / o;af/] ljljw hfgsf/L
pknAw u/fpF5 . /ut rflxof], OG6/g]6df
www.bloodmembers.com j]a;fO6dfkm{t /ut bfg u/L
:jo+;]jf ug{ rfxg]x¿n] cfˆgf] gfd cfkm} btf{ ug{;S5g\ .
OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ePsf] g]kfnsf] s'g} klg zx/ / ufpFb]lv lnP/
ljZjsf s'g} klg b]zdf /x]sf c:ktfn jf gl;{ªxf]ddf /x]sf]
tkfO{Fsf lj/fdLsf nflu cfjZos k/]sf] u|'ksf] /ut sxfF a:g]
s'g :jo+;]js;Fu 5 eg]/ kQfnufpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . aL/u+hdf /x]sf
la/fdLsf cfkmGtx¿n] of] j]a;fO6df cfˆgf] la/fdLnfO{ cfjZos
k/]sf] u|'ksf] /ut aL/u+hd} /x]sf :jo+;]jsx¿sf] gfd 7]ufgf
kQfnufP/ /ut bfgsf nflu cg'/ f]w ug{;S5g\ eg] a]nfotdf
xf];\ jf cd]l/sfdf hxfF klg /ut bfg ug]{ :jo+;]js / /ut
rflxg] la/fdLaLr k'nsf] sfd ug{ of] j]a;fO6 agfOPsf] xf] . —
/fdz/0f kf08], sflGtk'/, a}zfv @&, @)%(
Od]l8l;g M OG6/g]6af6 pknAw x'g] oL ljleGg vfnsf ;]jfx¿
Od]l8l;g, 6]lnd]l8l;g, g]6 8S6/ cflb gfdn] lrlgg yfn]sf] 5 .
g]kfnh:tf] b'u{d / :jf:Yo ;]jf / lrlsT;s;dIf clt sd kx'Fr
ePsf] b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ cfjZos ;]jf
k'¥ofpg;lsg] kof{Kt ;+efjgfx¿ 5g\ . b'u{d If]qdf a:g]
la/fdLx¿ / cGosf/0fn] rnlkm/ ug{ g;Sg] la/fdLx¿nfO{
ljz]if1 8fS6/sxfF hFrfpg n}hfg g;lsg] / 8fS6/nfO{ klg
la/fdLsxfF k'¥ofpg g;lsg] cj:yfdf la/fdLnfO{ :yfgLo
:jf:YosdL{n] cgnfOg ;Dks{ ub}{ 8S6/sf] lgb{]zg cg';f/
la/fdLnfO{ hfFRb} 8fS6/nfO{ rflxPsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/
b]zleq plrt gLlt, k"jf{wf/ / P]g sfg'gsf cfefjn] ubf{ of]
If]qdf g]kfn c?sf] bfFhf]df lgs} k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . ;ˆ6j]o/
pBf]uaf6 g]kfnn] ;fFRr} g} nfe lng] xf] eg] o;sf] nflu gLlt,
P]g sfg'g k"jf{wf/ ljb]zL tyf cfGtl/s nufgL, pko'Qm hgzlQm
pTkfbg, u'0f:t/df lgoGq0f, ljb]zL ljlgdodf ;x'lnot
nufotsf ljleGg ljifodf cg's"n jftfj/0f agfpg' cfjZos 5
.
;sf/fTds sbd
sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ lgdf{tf sDkgLx¿n] ;/sf/af6
lgof{tssf] dfGotf gkfPsfn] Psflt/ cj}w ¿kn] ;ˆ6j]o/
k7fpg] k|rng a9]/ /fh:j u'd]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ s/ ltg]{
sDkglx¿n] a9L s/ ltg'{k/]sf] 5 . lgof{ltt a:t'df s/ 5'6sf
nflu sDkgLn] ;Demf}tfkq, OEEjfO; skL, Koflsª ln:6, sfuf]{
lan, a}+s e'QmfgL / aLdf ;+a+wL sfuhft k]z ug'{k5{ . t/,
;ˆ6j]o/ OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 k7fOg] x'Fbf ;Demf}tfkq, OGEjfO;
skL / a}+s e'QmfgL dfq} sDkgLn] b]vfpg;S5 . sf7df8f}Fsf
em08} bz j6f sDkgLx¿n] hd{gL, g]b/Nof08, k|mfG;, hfkfg,
cd]l/sf, a]nfot nufotsf b]zx¿df ;ˆ6j]o/ / d]l8sn
6«fG;lqmK;g tof/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf
;ˆ6j]o/ c?lt/sf] t'ngfdf () k|ltzt;Dd ;:tf / …OSj]NnL
u'8Ú ePsf sf/0f o:tf] pBddf nufgL ug{ ljb]zLx¿ pT;'s
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg s/ 5'6 gePsf sf/0f To:tf] sfg'g kv]{/ a;]sf 5g\
. sf]7fdf sDKo'6/ /fv]/ l;w} ;ˆ6j]o/ lgof{t ug]{ JolQmx¿n]
ljlwjt btf{ ePsf sDkgL a/fa/s} sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
OG6/g]6af6 k7fOPsf] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] /]s8{ gx'g] x'Fbf s;n] slt
…pTkfbgÚ k7fof] / To;afkt slt /sd k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ df]6fdf]6L
cg'dfg dfq} ug{;lsG5 . ljb]zLn] lt/]sf] k};f g]kfnL sDkgLx¿n]
ljb]zL a}+sdf / fVg] jf To;sf]
;§fdf dfn;fdfg lemsfpg] ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ .
ev{/} cfPsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw P]gn] -ljw]os <_
;ˆ6j]o/nfO{ lgof{tof]Uo a:t'sf] ;"rLdf /fvL )=% k|ltzt eG;f/
z'Ns tf]s]sf] 5 . o;n] sDkgLnfO{ s/ 5Ngaf6 /f]Sg;S5 t/
JolQmnfO{ eg] c;/ kfg{;Sb}g . —uf}/j/fh pkfWofo, lxdfn va/
klqsf, ! – !% df3, @)%& 5nkmn ug]{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5 .
of] j]a;fO6 :jf:Yo;+a+wL ljljw ;"rgf
/ 1fgsf] e08f/ g} xf] . o:tf 6]lnd]l8l;g;+a+wL cg]sf}F j]a;fO6
/ kf]6{nx¿ OG6/g]6df e]§fpg;lsG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Joj;fodf
;km\6j]o/ pTkfbg / lgof{t
æd]l;gn] k9\g, ;Rofpg tyf ;Dkfbg ug{] u/L d]l;gleq
/flvPsf] jf l/s8{ ul/Psf] lgb]{zg, tYof+s, Wjlg jf lrq g}
;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . o;cGtu{t s'g} a:t' jf ;]jfsf] cfjZostf–
ljZn]if0f, ;+:yf jf pBf]u Joj;fosf] Joj:yfkg jf k|0ffnLsf]
uxg ljZn]if0f, k|0ffnL l8hfOlgª, ;f+s]lts juL{s/0f -sf]l8ª_,
k/LIf0f, clen]vg, Kofs]lhª, u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf sfof{Gjog
h:tf pk– k|lqmofx¿ k5{g\ . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbgsf ljljw sfd
cGtu{t Kofs]h ul/Psf ;ˆ6j]o/x¿, s;}sf] cfjZostfcg';f/
ag]sf -6]n/d]8_ ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf sDKo'6/;Fu} cfPsf -ODa]8]8_
;ˆ6j]o/x¿ 3/]n' tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df a]Rgsf] nflu ;'wf/ jf
ljsf; ug]{ sfd klg k5{ . ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pkof]u u/L ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] d"Nodf clej[l4 ug'{ g} ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u jf ;"rgf k|ljlw
;]jf xf] . 8]6f OG6«L, l8lh6fOh]zg, d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g, sn
;]G6/, j]a sG6]G6 l8hfOg nufotsf s'/f ;"rgf k|ljlw ;]jf;Fu
ufFl;Psf 5g\ .Æ —
;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt tyf /0fgLlt;+a+wL sfo{kqx¿,
/f=of]=cfof]u, af6 . ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]un] ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg tyf
k|of]u b'a}nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . of] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt a:t' lgof{t
ug{ ef}lts oftfoft rflxFb}g . ljb]zL d'b|f sdfpg / /f]huf/L
lbnfpg clxn] of] pBf]un] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}5 . of] pBf]un]
jftfj/0f ljgfz ub}{g . ;ˆ6j]o/ pTkfbg pBf]usf nflu cToGt
bIf hgzlQm rflxG5 . g]kfndf lghL If]qn] ;g\ !(*) sf]
bzsdf ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf; tyf k|of]usf] If]qdf k|j]z u¥of] / ;g\
!(() sf] bzsdf ;"rgf k|ljlwhGo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/,
tflnd, 8]:s6k k|sfzg, j]a k|sfzg, ;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf;,
;Nnfxsf/ ;]jf h:tf Joj;fox¿ lgs} km:6fP . l5d]sL
b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf g]kfnn] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] lgsf;L lgSs} klxn]
yfn]sf] lyof] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno / g]kfn b"/;~rf/
k|flws/0fnfO{ ;3fpg ljZj a}ª\sn] ;g\ !((* df ;"rgf
47
k|ljlw;DaGwL cWoog u/]sf] lyof] h;df ;"rgf k|ljlw pBf]unfO{
!% b]lv @) jif{sf] cjlwdf jflif{s Ps ca{ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/
lgsf;L ug{;Sg], d'n'ss} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lgsf;L pBf]usf ¿kdf
:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ef}uf]lns lx;fan] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f kmfObf s]
5 eg] of] cd]l/sfsf] l7s ljk/Lt efudf k5{ . ToxFf /ft x'Fbf
oxfF lbg x'G5 . o;}n] cd]l/sfdf /ftL lbg'kg]{ ;]jf g]kfnaf6
lbpF;} lbg;lsG5 . sltko ;]jf /ftL dxFuf] x'G5 . ;fy}
cd]l/sfdf lbpF;f]sf] t'ngfdf /ftL kmf]gnfOg sd Jo:t x'G5 .
o; sf/0f klg g]kfnnufotsf of] If]qsf b]zx¿df /x]sf sn
;]G6/n] lbg] ;]jf cd]l/sfsf] nflu a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .
sn ;]G6/n] lbg] ;]jf ljleGg k|sf/sf 5g\ . tL
dWo] w]/} k|rlnt ;]jf d]l8sn 6«fG;lqmK;g xf] . lrlsT;s jf
lrlsT;f If]q;Fu ;+a+lwt JolQmx¿n] la/fdL hfFRbf l6kfPsf
s'/fx¿ jf d]l8sn l/s8{x¿ ;xL / b|'t 9+un] tof/ kfg]{ sfdnfO{
d]l8sn 6«flG;lqmK;g elgG5 . o:tf l/s8{x¿df la/fdLsf] /f]usf]
;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L tyf ljBdfg zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L,
c:ktfn jf lSnlgsnfO{ rflxg] hfgsf/L, cf}ifwLsf] gfd,
lrlsT;f;+a+wL lgb]{zg, Nofa l/kf]6{, PS;/] l/kf]6{, 8fS6/sf]
lgb]{zg tyf ;'emfj cflb ;"rgfx¿ k5{g\ . o:tf hfgsf/Lx¿
ljb]z, vf; u/L cd]l/sfaf6, EjfO; kmfOndf jf
:j/sf] ¿kdf ;fy} l8lh6n / 6]kdf klg k|fKt x'G5 . :j/sf]
¿kdf cfPsf tL ;fdu|LnfO{ ljsf;zLn b]zdf kf7Ø jf 6]S:6df
sDk'6/df n]v]/ k|]ifs ;+:yfdf k7fOG5 . of] sfd ug]{nfO{ d]l8sn
6«fG;lqmK;lg:6 jf Pd6L elgG5 . Pd6Ln] xfn Ps 306fsf] !)
b]lv @) 8n/ kfl/>lds kfpF5 . g]kfnn] sn ;]G6/dfkm{t
lbO/x]sf ljljw ;]jfx¿dWo] ef}uf]lns ;"rgf
k|0ffnL ;]jf klg xf] . ljb]zsf s'g} gu/, lhNnf jf a:tLsf] sfut
jf cGo ¿kdf ePsf] gS;fnfO{ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf abNg] sfd
g]kfnsf sn ;]G6/x¿n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . To:t}, ladf;DaGwL
sfutkq, a}Fssf sfut kqx¿, qm]l86 sf8{sf 8]6fx¿ eg]{,
kf;a's eg]{ cflb ljleGg dWod bhf{sf sfdx¿ sn
;]G6/x¿dfkm{t eO/x]sf 5g\ .
hf]lvd M sn ;]G6/ P;f]l;P;gsf] :6Øf088{ af]8{sf
;b:o l;df]g /f]Gsf]/fgLsf cg';f/ a]nfotdf sf]Onf vfgL, l:6n
sf/vfgf / uf8L pTkfbs ;+:yfx¿df sfd ug]{ ;a}
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] s'n ;+VofeGbf sn;]G6/df sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿sf]
;+Vof w]/} 5 . ljsl;t b]zaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf
sn;]G6/sf] sfd gk7fpg /fhgLlts bafa a9g] ;Defjgf 5 .
olb o;f] eof] eg] g]kfnsf] sn ;]G6/ Joj;fodf klg o;n]
wSsf k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5 .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf / ;fOa/ Sofkm]
g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof Psb]lv
8]9 nfv k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Ohfht
kfPsf !* j6f cfOP;kLx¿dWo] !% j6fn] of] ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf
5g\ . s]xLn] /fhwfgLaflx/ klg eL:of6sf] dbtn] of] ;]jf pknAw
u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] OG6/g]6 u|fxs -Psfp06
xf]N8/_ ;+Vof @% xhf/ gfl3;s]sf] 5 . Ps hgf u|fxssf]
kf;j8{af6 w]/}n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug]{ / ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿n] klg
u|fxsx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6 pkof]u u/]sf] ;dosf] lx;fan] z'Ns lnP/
;]jf lbg] x'gfn] OG6/g]6 pkof]u stf{sf] ;+Vof 8]9 nfvsf]
xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] xf] . clxn] OG6/g]6sf] u|fxs
z'Ns c;Lldt -cglnld6]8_ pkof]usf] nflu jif{sf] bzxhf/
¿k}ofFsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 .
 clxn] /fhwfgL aflx/sf 7"nf, vf; u/L t/fO e]ssf,
zx/x¿df u|fxsx¿nfO{ sDKo'6/, Od]n, OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf lbg]
s]Gb|, ;"rgf s]Gb| jf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ w]/} ;+Vofdf v'n]sf 5g\ .
k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ z'Ns klg 36]/ em08} @) ¿k}ofF k|lt306f ePsf]
5 . sltko ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿ / 7"nf sfof{nox¿n]
cfOP;kLx¿af6 lnh nfOg lnP/ OG6/g]6 rnfO/x]sf 5g\ h;n]
ubf{ pgLx¿sf] sfof{nodf cljlR5Gg OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw 5 .
sn ;]G6/
sn ;]G6/ g]kfndf km:6fO/x]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t Joj;fo xf] . sn ;]G6/df ljb]z, vf; u/L cd]l/sf /
o'/f]kaf6 s'g} sfd ug]{, ;"rgf jf ;]jf lbg] cg'/f]w jf cfb]z k|Kt
x'G5 / oxfFsf] sDkgLn] cfb]zcg';f/sf] sfd ul/lbP afkt k};f
kfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cd]l/sfdf s;}nfO{ xjfOhxfhsf] ofqfsf]
;do tflnsf rflxof] eg] p;n] ;+a+lwt xjfOhxfg sDkgLdf kmf]g
u5{ jf Od]n k7fpF5 . cd]l/sfdf To:tf] ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm lbgsf]
nflu ToxLFsf] dflg;nfO{ hflu/ lbP/ /fVg' eGbf g]kfnh:tf] ;:tf]
hgzlQm kfOg] b]zsf] s'g} sDkgLnfO{ To:tf ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm lbg]
lhDdf lbg' w]/} ;:tf] k5{ . To;}n] To:tf hfgsf/L vf]Hg] ;f]wk'5–
kmf]gsn jf Od]nsf] hjfkm g]kfns} sDkgLn] lbG5 . o;afkt
g]kfnsf] sn ;]G6/n] xjfOhxfh sDkgLaf6 k};f kfpF5 . yf]/}
zAbdf eGg'kbf{ sn ;]G6/sf] sfd ;d'b|kf/Lsf sDkgLx¿sf] nflu
g]kfnaf6 ul/g] ;]jf xf] . o;sf] nflu dWod bhf{sf] hgzlQm eP
k'U5 .
hLkLP; ;]jfdf k[YjLeGbf !! xhf/ dfOndfly l:yt
e"pku|xn] zx/ tyf a:tLdf /x]sf l/l;e/x¿nfO{ ;+s]t k7fpF5 .
kfNt' ufO{a:t', s's'/ la/fnf jf uf8L cflb bfdL ;fdfgdf em08} %)
u|fd tf}nsf] ;]G;/ pks/0f h8fg ul/G5 . ;]G;/ pks/0fnfO{
z/L/leq h8fg ug'{ kb}g 3fF6Ldf em'08ØfO lbP k'U5 . df]afOn
kmf]g;Fu kmf]gsf] 6fj/n] 6]lnkmf]g l;Ugn k|;f/ u/]em}F ;]G;/n] k|;f/
u/]sf] l;Ugn l/l;e/ 6fj/n] u|x0f u/]/ :of6]nfO6df k7fO/xG5 .
;]G;/n] k7fPsf] ;+s]tsf] ;do / lbzfsf] cfwf/df :of6]nfO6n]
u|xssnfO{ kfNt' hLjhGt' / uf8L sxfF 5 eGg] ;xL hfgsf/L lbG5
. clxn] o;sf] k|of]u s]6fs]6Lx¿, j[4j[4f tyf dfgl;s cj:yf l7s
gePsf dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . of] ;]jf k|bfg
u/]afkt ;]sdn] s's'/ kfns u|fxsx¿af6 btf{z'Ns $# 8n/ /
dfl;s z'Ns & 8n/ lnG5 . s's'/ x/fP/ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ k|lt
;f]wk'5sf] @ 8n/ lnG5 .
pBf]u Jofkf/sf] If]qdf
Osd;{÷ljB'tLo Jofkf/
Osd;{ cyf{t\ On]S6«f]lgs Jofkf/ OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6
ul/g] cfly{s sf/f]af/ xf] . o;af6 ljleGg dfn ;fdfg /
cef}lts ;]jfsf] vl/blaqmL ug{;lsG5 . Osd;{df j]a;fO6df
dfn ;fdfg, tyf ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/, df]n / cGo ljj/0f cIf/,
lrq jf rnlrqsf] ¿kdf lbOG5 / To;nfO{ x]/]/ OR5's u|fxsn]
OG6/g]6af6} ;f] ;fdfg jf ;]jf vl/b ug{ c8{/ lbg;S5 . u|fxsn]
a}+ssf] sf8{ k|of]u u/]/ e'QmfgL u5{ / ljqm]tfn] pko'Qm
dfWod jf ;fwgaf6 dfn;fdfg u|fxssxfF k'¥ofpF5 . rnlrq,
uLt, ;+uLt, l6s6 a'lsª ug]{, jf cGo dgf]/+hsf ;]jf, Oa's,
;"rgf ;]jf, sn;]G6/, ladf, sfg'gL ;]jf, 3/hUuf lsga]rsf]
bnfnL cflb cef}lts a:t' jf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] / e'QmfgL ug]{ sfd
OG6/g]6af6} ;DkGg x'G5 . s'g} klg JolQm Pp6f sDKo'6/ /
6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/L aGg;S5 . p;n]
cfkm";Fu ePsf] t/ cfkm"nfO{ sfd gnfUg] lstfa, sDKo'6/,
48
Sofd/fb]lv lnP/ cfˆgf] 3/v]t;d]t OG6/g]6dfkm{t laqmL ug{
j]a;fO6df /fVg;S5 . Osd;{df ;fdfg / ;]jf pTkfbs tyf
pkef]QmfaLr ;f]em} ;Dks{ / sf/f]af/ x'g] x'gfn] aLrsf
Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ gfkmf jf sld;g Vjfpg' kb{}g . lj1fkg vr{ sd
x'G5 . 3/ axfn / oftfoftsf] vr{ x'Fb}g . kmn:j¿k
;fdfg / ;]jfsf] df]n sd x'G5 . uLt, rnlrq, tyf cGo ;]jf
cflb cef}lts a:t'x¿ t'?Gt} u|fxs;dIf k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . s[ifs
tyf ;fgf sn ;]G6/ Joj;fodf csf]{ 7"nf] vt/f k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
xf] . ef]ln af]n]sf] s'/f n]Vg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePkl5 tyf
oftfoft, a}Fs lx;fa, ahf/ efpm cflbaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] sfd
ldl;gn] g} :jrflnt ¿kdf ug{ yfn]kl5
ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf sn ;]g6/x¿sf] pkof]u
ug'{gkg]{ cj:yf cfpg;S5 .
6]lnjs{ M 3/af6 clkm;sf] sfd
sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3/d} jf
sDKo'6/ ePsf] 7fpFdf -js{:6];g_ a;]/ sfd u/fpg] k|0ffnLnfO{
cgnfOg js{, OsDo'6, 6]lnsDo'6, 6]lnjs{ cflb ljleGg gfd lbOsf]
5 . o;sf] d'Vo kmfObf uf8L r9]/ clkm;df hfFbf cfpFbf nfUg] vr{
/ ;do, jftfj/0fdf t]n / w'jfFn] x'g] k|b"if0f 36fpF5 . ;fy}
clkm;sf] axfn / ;+rfng vr{ sd x'G5 . cgsn ;kf]6{ vf]Hg]x¿n]
l56f] ;]jf kfpF5g\ . k'm;{tsf] ;do a9\5 . cf/fd;fy
sfd ug{;lsG5 . lrGtf / wk]8L sd x'G5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿df
6]lnjs{sf]
k|rng lgs} al9/x]sf] 5 . lgoldt hflu/]x¿ klg 3/df a;La;L
clkm;sf] sfd ug{yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfnh:tf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf
sf/0fn] w]/} x8tfn / aGb eO/xg] 7fpFdf 6]lnjls{ª lgs} pkof]uL
b]lvG5 . 6]lnsDo'6sf nflu ;fdfGotof sDKo'6/ / cfjZos
;ˆ6j]o/, df]8]d / 6]lnkmf]g nfOg, / ;+rf/ ;'ljwf rflxG5 .
6]lnsDo'6 cN5L nfu]/ ckgfOg] k|0ffnL xf]Og . o;df lgDg s'/f
x'g'k5{ M lbOPsf] sfd ;dodf k"/f x'g'k5{ / k|efjsf/L 9+un] x'g'k5{ .
3/df a;]sf] sd{rf/L sfdsf] a]nfdf pknAw x'g'k5{ jf cgsn
;]jf vf]Hg]n] tTsfn ;]jf kfpg'k5{ . 3/df klg clkm;df
h:t} k"/f ;do lbg'k5{ . ;fdfGotof clkm; / 3/aLr lgSs} b"/L
x'g'k5{ .
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agdf rg{ uPsf] ufO{ x/fof] ls < 3/df kfn]sf] s's'/
la/fnf] sxfF uof] < kfs{ ul//fv]sf] sf/ s;n] nUof] < oL s'/fsf]
hjfkm vf]Hg hf]vgf x]/fpg hf]ltif jf wfdL emfFqmLsxfF hfg' kb}{g
ca . hLkLP; cyf{t\ Unf]an kf]lh;lgª l;:6daf6 ca x/fPsf] s'g}
klg a:t' t'?Gt} kQf nufpg ;lsg] ePsf]5 . hfkfgsf] clkm; tyf
3/df ;'/Iff ;]jf lbg] sDkgL ;]sdn] :of6]nfO6sf
;xfotfn] rNg] hLkLP; k|0ffnL nfu" u/]/ cfˆgf u|fxsx¿sf] x/Psf]
kfNt' hfgj/ b]lv bfdL dfn;fdfg kQf nufP/ pgLx¿sf] lrGtf
x6fOlbg] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 . /sd :yfgfGt/0f ug{', 8«fˆ6 agfpg',
6«fen;{ r]s vl/b laqmL ug'{ tyf cGo k|sf/sf a}+lsª sf/f]af/
ug'{ xf] . g]kfnsf sltko a}+sx¿n] u|fxsx¿nfO{
a}+sdf wfpg' gkg]{ u/L Oa}+lsª jf OG6/g]6af6 a}+lsª sf/f]af/ ug]{
;'ljwf lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . t/ pko'Qm sfg'g / k"jf{wf/sf]
ckof{Kttfn] ubf{ Oa}+lsª clxn] k|f/lDes cj:yfd} 5 .
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g]kfndf klg k;ndf guOsg k;ndf ePsf ;fdfg
/f]hL/f]hL lsGg] Osf8{ jf a}+ssf] qm]l86 sf8{af6 k};f ltg]{ /
;fdfg 3/ jf sfof{nod} a'lemlng] O;lkª ;'? ePsf] s]xL jif{
eO;s]sf] 5 . d'+rfxfp; 86 sd, 7d]n 86 sd, g]kfn;k 86
sd cflb bh{gf}F g]kfnL j]a;fO6x¿ OG6/g]6df 5g\ . 7d]n 86
sd j]a;fO6af6 g]kfn aflx/sf g]kfnL jf s;}n] klg g]kfndf
a:g] cfkmGt jf lk|ohgx¿nfO{ bz}F, ltxf/, gofF jif{, lqm;d;,
hGdlbg, cfdf, af sf] d'v x]g]{ lbg tyf ljleGg rf8kj{sf
cj;/df pkxf/ k7fpg ;S5 . bxL, km'n, ld7fO{, s]s, kmnkm"n,
km"nsf] dfnf jf u'R5f, bf}/f;'?jfn, ;f8Lrf]nf], ;'s'Gbf, sn;
cflb ;u'gsf ;fdfg nufot em08} Psxhf/ lsl;dsf
;fdfgx¿df /f]h]/ cfkmGtnfO{ k7fpg ;lsG5 . pkxf/ lbFbfsf]
kmf]6f] lvr]/ k7fOlbg] Joj:yf klg 5 . k|To]s ;fdfg / ;]jfsf]
df]n %) cd]l/sL 8n/ nfU5 . qm]l86sf8{af6 pQm /sd g]kfnsf]
a}Fsdf hDdf ug{;lsG5 . o:tf] ;'ljwf lbg] c? klg j]a;fO6
g]kfndf v'n]sf 5g\ . www.nepalhomepage.com g]kfnsf
Jofkf/L / u|fxsx¿sf nflu lgSs} pkof]uL j]a;fO6 xf] h;df
ljleGg pBf]u, Jofkf/, x:tsnf, xf]6n, ko{6gnufotsf
g]kfn;+a+wL hfgsf/Lsf] e08f/ g} kfpg;lsG5 . d'+rfxfp;n]
cfˆgf] j]a;fO6 www.munchahouse.com df b}lgs pkef]usf
/ 3/fo;L cfjZostfsf cg]s ;fdfg /fVg'sf ;fy} vfgfsf]
kl/sf/ klg ;hfPsf] 5 . u|fxsn] ljleGg tf/] xf]6ndf tof/
kf/]sf kl/sf/ kmf]6f] x]/]/ /f]h]/ 3/d} lemsfpg;S5 . www.food-
nepal.com df g]kfnL vfgfsf ljz]if kl/sf/x¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
o;df s;}n] klg cfkm"n] hfg]sf] g]kfnL kl/sf/ agfpg] tl/sf
k7fpg / To;df ePsf kl/sf/ ksfP/ vfg;S5 . ljz]if u/L
ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿ / g]kfnsf] kl/sf/ ld7f] dfGg]x¿sf nflu
ljb]zdf g]kfnL vfgf ksfpg of] j]a;fO6 pkof]uL b]lvG5 .
www.dhukuti.com csf]{ pkof]uL j]a;fO6 xf] hxfF g]kfnL
x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L nufot cfw'lgs ;fdfg / k':tsx¿ klg
/flvPsf 5g\ .
pBf]ux¿n] ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] df]n yfxf kfpg / rfx]sf] ahf/df a]Rg;S5g\ .
Osd;{ Jofkf/L / pkef]QmfaLr, Jofkf/L Jofkf/LaLr -aL 6' aL_ ,
Jofkf/L / ;/sf/aLr, ;/sf/ / pkef]QmfaLr tyf pkef]Qmf
pkef]QmfaLr klg x'g;S5 . o;sf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6
sg]S;g, j]a;fO6, pko'Qm ;ˆ6j]o/
/ xf8{j]o/, kof{Kt Jof08ljy, sf8{af6 e'QmfgL x'g] a}+lsª k|0ffnL,
P]g lgod, ;'/Iff, 9'jfgL;]jf cflb k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5
. g]kfnh:tf] e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sdf Osd;{ ljb]z Jofkf/sf] cToGt}
pko'Qm dfWod x'g;S5 . sd vr{df g]kfnL ;fdfg cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . g]kfnL Joj;foLx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{
Ifdtf a9\5 . g]kfnsf] nflu Osd;{ cToGt pkof]uL x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
o;sf] ljsf; gx'g'df On]S6«f]lgs
sf/f]af/nfO{ dfGotf lbg] / lgodg ug]{ P]g lgodsf] cefj g} d"n
;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . P]g lgodsf] cefjdf On]S6«f]lgs l;Ug]r/ /
On]S6«f]lgs ;Demf}tfn] dfGotf kfPsf] 5}g . af}l4s ;DklQdfly
clwsf/ / pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff, ;'/Iff, uf]Kotf /
ljZj;gLotf cflb ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug'{ klg afsL g} 5 .
Osd;{n] Jofkf/af/] dflg;sf] ;f]rfOdf dfq xf]Og
Jojxf/df klg kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 . cfly{s ljZjLs/0fsf] gofF,
k|efjsf/L / b"/ufdL kl/0ffd Nofpg] k4ltsf] ¿kdf o;nfO{
lnOFb}5 . o;n] /fi6«sf] ;LdfnfO{ klg k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] o;sf]
k|efj /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df dfq} xf]Og /fhgLltdf ;d]t
kg]{ b]lvG5 . clxn] o;af6 ul/a b]zsf ;fgf pTkfbsx¿n] klg
kmfObf lng] ;+efjgf b]lvP klg ef]ln ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdfly
49
bafa k/]/ wgL /fi6«x¿n] o;df c+s"z gnufpnfg\ eGg ;lsFb}g .
ctM o;n] ljZjdf JofKt wgL / ul/a b]zx¿aLrsf] vf8n
36fpF5 ls a9fpF5 eGg] s'/f clxn] g} lglZrt ¿kdf eGg;lsGg
. t} klg clxn] o;n] g]kfnh:tf ljkGg b]zx¿sf nflu
ljZjahf/df Jofkf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o'Pg8LkLn] ufpF gu/ ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdcGtu{t
g]kfnsf s]xL lhNnfdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x¿nfO{ j]a;fO6
agfOlbP/ Osd;{nfO{ a9fpg ;3fO/x]sf] 5 .
Oa}+lsª
Oa}+lsª eg]sf] 3/ jf hxfFaf6 klg a}+sdf vftf vf]Ng',
cfˆgf] vftfdf sl /sd 5 egL x]g'{, Pp6f vftfaf6 csf]{ vftfdf,
Pp6f a}+saf6 csf]{ a}+sdf ;u/dfyf r9\g] qmddf s'g} klg a]nf, s'g}
klg prfOdf a;]/ Nofk6k / df]afOn kmf]g hf]8]/ OG6/g]6 rnfpg'
ca gf}nf] s'/f ePg . ;fy} o;af6 5f]6f] lel8of] sfo{qmd klg
k7fpg ;lsg] x'gfn] s;}n] klg lel8of] hf]l8Psf] l8lh6n
Sofd]/faf6 5f]6f]5f]6f] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
s[lifsf] If]qdf
s[lifsf] If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u clxn] d'Vo ¿kdf s[lif
pTkfbgsf]
ahf/ efp / /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf dfuaf/] a'‰g,
df};dsf] eljioaf0fL ug{, /f]uJofwLsf] k"j{hfgsf/L / lgoGq0f ug{
eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf] pkof]u ljsl;t b]zsf ls;fg tyf b"w,
df;', km'n tyf df5f Joj;foLx¿n] k|r"/ dfqfdf ul//x]sf 5g\ .
l:j8]gsf] sfNdf/ k|fGtsf] Pp6f ufpFdf of] k':ts n]vsn] ufO{
uf]7df o;sf] pkof]u x]g]{ cj;/ kfPsf] lyof] . uf]7sf x/]s
ufO{sf] sfg jf 3fF6Ldf 6«fG;ld6/ hl8Psf] 5 . ufO{ uf]7df jf
rf}/df hxfF eP klg 6«fG;ld6/n] ufO{sf] tfkqmd, /Qmrfk cflb
ljleGg hfgsf/L uf]7sf] sDKo'6/df k7fO/xG5 . ufO{n] bfgf
vfPsf] /]s8{ klg /fV5 . s'g} ufO{n] b'O{ k6s jf csf]{ ufO{sf]
bfgf vfg vf]Hof] eg] bfgf vfg] efF8fsf] lasf]{ cfkm} aGb x'G5 .
s'g} ufO{sf] b"w b'x'g afsL 5 ls, ufO{n] ax/ vf]h]sf] 5 ls <
ufO{nfO{ ;+rf] 5}g ls cflb w]/} k|sf/sf hfgsf/L sDKo'6/n] /fV5
/ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbG5 . ToxfF xfd|f] ufpFdf h:tf] Psb'O{ j6f
ufO{ kfNg] rng 5}g . Pp6f uf]7df Ps ;oeGbf w]/} ufO{ x'G5g\ .
To;}n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dbt glnO{ ;a} ufO{sf] Joj:yf ug{ ufx|f]
x'G5 .
ef/t / a+unfb]zsf ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n] klxn] cfˆgf]
v]tsf] cgfh a]Rg zx/ ahf/ hfg'kYof]{ jf z/xaf6 cfPsf
Jofkf/LnfO{ a]Rg'kYof]{ . clxn] ufpFufpFdf ePsf ;"rgfnox¿df
/flvPsf sDKo'6/df ufpF glhssf] ahf/ b]lv cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
cGgsf] efpm s] 5 egL pgLx¿n] a'‰g kfpF5g\ . kmn:j¿k
pgLx¿ 7lugaf6 hf]luG5g\ . o;/L dxf/fi6«sf skf; pTkfbs
ls;fg, a+ufn / s]/nfsf df5f pTkfbs dfemLx¿, xl/of0ff /
k+hfasf ux'F pTkfbs ls;fgx¿n] cfˆgf] dfnsf] /fd|f] df]n
kfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf pTkflbt s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cflwsfl/s
hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu Pu|Lk|fO;g]kfn www.agripricenepal.com
j]a;fO6 @)%( ebf} ! ut]b]lv ;'? ePsf] 5 . o;df dx]Gb|gu/,
s}nfnL, bf+u, afFs], ;'v]{t, ¿kGb]xL, kfNkf, tgx'F, sf:sL, sf7df8f}F,
dsjfk'/, lrtjg, wg'iff, df]/+u, emfkf, w/fg, wgs'6fsf], !* d'Vo
ahf/sf !%) eGbf w]/} s[lif pTkfbgsf] d"No;"rL /flvPsf] 5 .
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;:tf] / ;lhnf] dfWod xf] . g]kfnsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] klxnf]
j]a;fO6 g]kfn e|d0f jif{sf] pknIfdf ;g\ !((( df tof/
ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf xf]6nx¿ / ko{6g Joj;foLx¿n]
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 ;'? ePsf] a]nfb]lv g} j]a;fO6df xf]6nsf]
ljj/0f, g]kfnsf ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] ljj/0f, ;f+:s[lts ;df/f]x,
hfqf, kj{, hflt, hghflt, wfld{s :yn cflbsf af/]df
ko{6sx¿nfO{ sfd nfUg] / nf]Eofpg] vfnsf hfgsf/Lx¿ /fVg
yfn]sf lyP . g]kfnsf] af/]df dlN6ldl8of ;L8L agfP/ oxfFsf]
ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ k|of; ;/sf/n] @)%# ;fnd} u/]sf]
lyof] . clxn] g]kfnsf clwsf+z 7"nf xf]6n, ko{6g Joj;foLx¿,
jfo';]jf tyf ;DalGwt cGo ;]jfx¿n] cfcfˆgf] j]a;fO6 /fv]/
ljZjsf ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ . sltko
j]a;fO6x¿ g]kfnLx¿sf] nflu klg g]kfn;+a+wL 1fg / ;"rgfsf
/fd|f ;|f]t x'g\ .
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;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . of] j]a;fO6 klxn]sf j]a;fO6x¿ / g]kfnsf]
hfgsf/L lbg] cGo j]a;fO6x¿sf] bfFhf]df lgSs} cfsif{s, x]g{
;lhnf] / ljljw ljifosf] hfgsf/L d"ns 5 . o;df g]kfnsf ;a}
lxdfnx¿, wfld{s tyf dgf]/d :ynx¿, xf]6n, 6«fen Ph]G6x¿,
6«]lsª l/hf]6{ cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 . of]
j]a;fO6af6 ljZjsf] s'g} efuaf6 klg lxdfn r9\g] Ohfht
lng;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
s]xL jif{cl3 Pshgf kj{tf/f]xLn] ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf
d[To'k"j{ cfˆgf] kl/ jf/;Fu :of6nfO6 kmf]gdfkm{t s'/f u/]sf]
36gf lgSs} rlr{t ePsf] lyof] . kj{tf/f]xLx¿n] Ohfht lnP/ jf
glnP/ ;]6nfO6 kmf]gsf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] w]/} eO;s]sf] 5 . ca
cfP/ ;u/dfyf / nf]T;] lxdfn cleofgdf
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;u/dfyf cf/fx] /0fsf ] :j0f { dxfT] ;jsf ] cj;/df @)^) az}
fvbl] v; u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'? pknAw
u/fPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws Joj:yf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
k|bfos ;+:yf jN8{ln+sn] u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ rflxg] ljh'nL ;f}o{
zlQmaf6 lng] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b"/;+rf/
;Dks{ eL:of6 6ld{gn h8fg u/]/ :of6]nfO6af6 lnOPsf] 5 /
Nofk6k sDKo'6/df OG6/g]6 x]g{;lsG5 . ;u/dfyfsf] pQ/L efu
lrglt/ eg] lrlgofx¿n] clxn] Jofks dfqfdf df]afOn kmf]g
k|of]udf NofPsf 5g\ . km:j¿k
;+:s[lt / wd{sd{sf] If]qdf
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kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]ifn] @)^) h]7b]lv
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s'g} klg 7fpFaf6 kz'kltgfysf] k"hf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
j]a;fO6df /flvPsf] cgnfOg k"hf kmf/fddf k"hf ug{ rfx]sf]
JolQmsf] gfd tyf ;Dks{ ug]{ 7]ufgf e/]/ s'g >]0fLsf] k"hf ug]{
xf] ToxLcg';f/sf] /sd a}Fs, qm]l86sf8{ jf cGo dfWodaf6
sf]ifnfO{ k7fPkl5 sf]ifn] ;f]xL cg';f/ k"hf ul/lbG5 / kz'kltsf]
k|;fb b|'tt/ dfWod, x'nfs jf s'l/o/ ;]jfaf6 eQmsf] 7]ufgfdf
k7fOlbG5 . j]a;fO6df eQmhgx¿sf] u'gf;f] / ;'emfjsf] nflu
a]Un} kmfd{ /flvPsf] 5 .
50
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rfxg'x'G5 eg] Ps5fs] a:g] tof/L u/] x'G5 . j]e—kfs{ g]kfnn]
z'qmaf/ dWo/ft ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] j]a;fO6df pknAw cgnfOg
>f4 ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6 klxnf] ltlyd} >f4 ug{;lsG5 . o:tf] ;]jf
pknAw www.jhacas.com sf] dfWodaf6 ljZjsf s'g} klg s'gfdf
/x]sf lxGb'n] cf/fWob]j kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ kl/;/l:yt
cfo{3f6d} cfˆgf] lkt[hgnfO{ >f4 ck{0f ug{;S5g\ . kz'kltdf z'4
a|fXd0fåf/f k"0f{ k|lqmof cjnDag u/L To;sf] ;lrq ljj/0f
;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k7fOlbg] Joj:yf sDkgLn] u/]sf]5 . sDkgLn]
l;h{gf u/]sf] O–>f4;DaGwL ;ˆ6j]o/sf ljsf;sf sf/0f ca
wd{eL? g]kfnLn] lkt[sf] d[To' ePsf] b'vb lbg dgdf s'07f af]s]/
a:g' kb}{g . xf]6n xf];\ ls Gofgf] zogsIfdf a;]/ sDKo'6/ vf]n]/
j]a;fO6sf] gfd 6fOk u/]kl5 aQL aln/x]sf] / 6'KkL kfn]sf]
kl08tsf] b[Zo b]Vg;lsG5 . To;df lSns u/]kl5 cfpg] /lh:6«];g
kmd{df >f4 ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd, uf]q, d[t JolQmsf] gfd, d[To' ltly,
6fOk ug'{k5{ . sDkgLn] To:tf] c8{/ kfpg] lalQs} kl08tsf] Joj:yf
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Tof] uLt ;+uLt hf];'s}n] cfˆgf] sDKo'6/df 8fpgnf]8 ug{;lsg]
;ˆ6j]o/ alg;s]sf] 5 . ;L8L /f]ddf l;+u} rnlrq c6fpg] /
h'g;'s} sDKo'6/df x]g{;lsG5 . Pp6f ;L8Ldf ;o b'O{ ;o
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sfo{qmd /]s8{ ug{;lsG5 . !=@ ldnLld6/ kftnf] of] l8:sdf @&
luufafO6 d]df]/L c6fpF5 . o;n] k|lt;]s]08 #% d]ufafO6sf] b/n]
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ag]sf] s'g} klg rnlrq ca s]xL 3+6fleq} ljZjsf cg]s efudf
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lkmNdxnx¿df b]vfpg;lsG5 . s/f}8f}F ¿k}ofFsf] nufgL clxn]
dlN6ldl8of pBf]udf eO/x]sf] 5 .
dgf]/+hg pBf]u clxn] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf nfebfos
pBf]usf] ¿kdf km:6fO/x]sf] 5 / g]kfndf klg o;sf] k|efj
ljleGg ¿kdf kl//xsf] 5 . On]S6«f]lgs ldl8ofsf] e"ldsf ca
k|hftGqsf] kx/]bf, hgtfsf] ;]jsaf6 km]l/P/ s]jn ;'gsf] km'n
kfg]{ s'v'/f aGb}5 .
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g]kfnsf] Vofltk|fKt dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfno sf] j]a;fO6
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cfwf/df, k|sfzssf] gfdsf] cfwf/df klg ;+;f/el/af6 x]g{
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kfOg] 5 ;fy} g]kfnL lnlkd} sdf08 lbP/ sDKo'6/ rnfpg;lsg]5
. d'lb|t ¿kdf klg k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . -;|f]t M g]kfn ;dfrf/kq
j]a;fO6df g]kfnL ;flxlTos klqsf
x'gt g]knL efiffsf ljljw ljifo ;d]6]sf s]xL kflIfs tyf dfl;s
klqsfx¿ j]a;fO6df /fVg yflnPsf] s]xL jif{ eof] t/ j]a;fO6df
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uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] dfl;s k|sfzg xf] . ljb]zdf cWoog/t
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/fv]sf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnL lkmNd tyf snfaf/] rrf{ / lrqx¿ klg
o;df /flvPsf 5g\ . jN8{jfO8 g]kflnh :6'8]G6;\ cu{gfOh];gn]
;+rfng u/sf] k/b]z www.paradesh.com n] g]kfnL / ljb]zL
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u/]sf] 5 . @)%( df3] ;+qmflGtb]lv g]kfnsf] d}lynL efiffsf] klxnf]
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ul/Psf] 5 . of] klqsf
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;flxlTos ;fdu|L /flvPsf 5g\ . x/]s dlxgf o;sf ;fdu|Lx¿
cBfjlws ul/G5 .
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j]a;fO6 /fv]/ ljb]zaf6} blIf0fsfnL tyf dgsfdgfdf af]sf
r9fpg], cfo{3f6df >f4 ug]{, bz}Fltxf/df g]kfnsf cfkmGtnfO{
v;Laf]sf / cGo pkxf/ k'¥ofpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ oL
k+lQmx¿ n]Vbf s'g} klg j]a;fO6 ;lqmo lyPgg\ .
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pkxf/ k'¥ofOlbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn h}g 86 sd
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51
h}g dlGb/x¿sf] la:t[t ljj/0f /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy} o;df h}g;Fu
;DalGwt ;dfrf/, sfo{qmd cflb af/] klg hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .
of] j]a;fO6 @)%( ebf}b]lv OG6/g]6df /flvPsf] xf] .
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kL8LPkm kmDof{6df ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfnL lnlkdf slQklg ljs[t gkf/L
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k':ts www.kasajoo.com j]a;fO6df 5 . ;fdfGotofM ^ ldg]6df
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b}lgs, @)%*, a}zfv !#_
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/flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] d'lb|t ¿kdf k|sfzg u+uf s;h"åf/f @)%&
;fndf ul/Psf] xf] / ToxL jif{ j]a;fO6df /flvPsf] xf] . o;df
ePsf /]vflrq ;lxtsf k|To]s syf a]Unfa]Un} j]ak]hdf /flvPsf
5g\ . oL syfx¿ gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon] h;n] klg k'gM k|sfzg,
k|;f/0f ug{;S5 .
g]kfnL jfª\donfO{ cfO6Ldf /fVbf cfOnfUg] ;d:of
g]kfnL efiff / lnlkdf sDKo'6/ sdf08 M g]kfndf
k|rlnt k|foM ;Dk"0f{ sDKo'6/ c+u|]hL efiffsf] sdf08n] rN5 .
g]kfnLefifLx¿n] lgjf{w ¿kdf sDKo'6/ / cfO6L rnfpgsf] nflu
g]kfnL efiff / lnlksf] sdf08n] rNg] sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ aGg'
cfjZos 5 . xfn g]kfnL ahf/sf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] l:yltnfO{ x]bf{
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g]kfnL lnlk lagf s'g} :t/ cfkm"v'zL agfOPsf x'g\ . a]Unfa]Un}
kmG6sf] nflu sL af]8{sf] a]Unfa]Un} sL lyRg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . Pp6f
kmG6df n]lvPsf] kf7Ø ;fdu|L csf]{ kmG6df
kl/0ft ubf{ jf j]a ;fO6df /fVbf tL h:tfsf] t:t} kl/0ft x'Fb}gg\
. o;n] ubf{ s]xL cIf/x¿ k9g ;lsFb}gg\ .
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k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . t/ Ps¿ktf jf :t/Ls/0fsf] cefjn] ubf{
cfkm"v'zL agfOPsf lnlkaf6 ;d:ofx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . Pp6f
x'gfn] ;do / d]xgt v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;d:of ;'Nemfpgsf]
nflu ;g\ !((& df g]kfnL kmG6 :t/Ls/0f ;ldlt
u7g ePsf] lyof] . ;ldltsf] k|of;n] sfd w]/} cufl8 al9;s]sf]
5 . o;} d];f]df ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL jflif{s pT;j tyf k|bz{gL
Sofg OGkmf]6]s @))# sf] cj;/df dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfnon]
g]kfnL kmG6 :t/Ls/0f of]hgf cGtu{t klxnf] r/0fcGtu{t tof/
kf/]sf] o'lgsf]8 ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{ nfu" ug{;s]df
;"rgf k|ljlwdf g]kfnL afª\dosf] k|of]u w]/} ;lhnf] x'g;S5 .
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o; cfof]hgfsf k|f]h]S6 8fO/]S6/ cd/ u'?ª;Fu Od]n
amar.gurung@info.com.np df ;Dks{ ug{;lsG5 . gofF s'/fsf]
8/ M clxn] klg k|foM w]/} g]kfnL ;h{sx¿n] n]vgsf] k'/fg} k|ljlw
k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . w]/} s[lt k|sflzt eO;s]sf / lgoldt
¿kdf n]lv/x]sf sltko n]vsx¿ sDKo'6/df n]Vg 8/fpF5g\ . sL
af]8{ lyRg] ls ;f]Rg] eGg] lrGtf pxfFx¿df clxn] klg 5 . gofF
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. of] wf/0ffn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{
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k|ljlwnfO{ gckgfO{ g]kfnL jfªdosf] ljsf; ug'{ ;Dej 5}g .
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xhf/ yfg lstfa 5fDg dxFuf] k5{ . d'b|0f vr{, n]cfp6 l8hfOg /
n]vssf] d]xgt ;a} hf]8bf 8]9 ;o k[i7sf] lstfa xhf/ yfg 5fKbf
Ps yfg lstfasf] df]n em08} Ps ;o ¿k}ofF k5{ . t/ Ps xhf/
yfg lstfa g]kfnel/ k'¥ofpg / lasfpg em08} kfFr jif{ nfU5 .
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vf; u/L ;d'b|kfl/ a:g] g]kfnLx¿sxfF lstfa k'¥ofpg' a]Un} ;d:of
5 . j]a;fO6df lstfa /fVg' ;lhnf] / ;:tf] dfq xf]Og Ps} ;dodf
nfvfF} kf7s;dIf k'Ug klg ;lsG5 . s'g b]zsf slt kf7sn]
lstfa x]/] egL yfxf kfpg klg ;lhnf] 5 . b sfp06/ 86 sdsf]
ut jif{sf] l/kf]6{ cg';f/ æyf]kf yf]kfÆ n3'syf ;+u|x g]kfnafx]s
Sofgf8f, c:6«]lnof, cd]l/sf, l;Fufk'/ nufot ljleGg b]zdf a:g]
kf7sx¿n] x]l//x]sf lyP . @))@ sf] hgj/L @@ sf] lbg Ps}
lbgdf %@ hgfn] of] k':ts x]/]sf lyP eg] xfn o;sf] b}lgs
Go'gtd bz{s !^ hgf 5g\ . cfO6Ln] lstfa 5fKbf nfUg] sfut
d;L, 5fkfvfgf rnfpFbf / lstfa 9'jfgL ubf{ nfUg] OGwg hf]ufP/
aftfj/0fnfO{ ;sf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . OG6/g]6df /+lug lrq 5fKbf
d;L / sfut klg nfUb}g . lstfa /fVg b/fh klg rflxFb}g .
sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ePsf] s'g} klg 7fpFaf6 k9\g / 5fKg ;lsG5 .
o;/L ag / jftfj/0f hf]ufpg klg ;xof]u k'U5 . gofF ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf g]kfnL efiff / lnlksf] k|of]u a9]kl5 To;df Ps¿ktf
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tof/ kfg'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnL efiff / lnlksf] k|of]udf xfn
b]lvPsf efiffut
/ Jofs/0fut q'6L / c/fhstf ;dfKt eO{ Ps ¿ktf cfpg;S5 .
cGo k':tsem}F g]kfnL k':tsnfO{ klg j8{ kmfOndf h:t} kL8LPkm
kmfOndf lstfas} cfsf/df / lstfa kN6fPh:t} PsPs kfgf
kN6fP/ x]g{ / ;f]em} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] kfgf kN6fpg l;sG5 . l;+u}
lstfa Od]ndf P6]r u/]/ k7fpg klg ;lsG5 .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] sdL M gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nflu
sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/ To;nfO{ rnfpg] l;:6d jf ;ˆ6j]o/, 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg / ljh'nL geO x'Fb}g . g]kfndf /fhwfgL / df]km;naLr
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] b[li6n] ;fx|} w]/} cGt/ 5 . df]km;ndf OG6/g]6
/ Od]n rnfpg' /fhwfgLsf] bfFhf]df dxFuf] 5 . pknAw 6]lnkmf]g
nfOgsf] Jof08ljy sd x'gfn] OG6/g]6 /fd|/L rnfpg ;lsFb}g .
;fOa/ slk/fO6 sfg'gsf] cefj M g]kfnL ;flxlTos s[ltx¿nfO{
OG6/g]6df /fVgsf] nflu pko'Qm k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g
lgodx¿sf] cefj 5, h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿sf] lxt ;+/If0f
x'g ;Sb}g . ;f/ M k|l;4 ;+rf/ljb Dofs n'xfgn] eg]sf lyP,
ædfWod g} ;Gb]z xf] .Æ xfdL o;f] eGg] cj:yfdf t 5}gf}F t/
dfWodn] ;Gb]znfO{ w]/} tl/sfn] k|efljt / lgolGqt u5{ eGg]
s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . ;+rf/ dfWodx¿ hlthlt
52
hl6n tyf cw'lgs x'G5g\ pltplt dflg;sf] ;f]Rg] tl/sf /
k|:t't ug]{ z}nL hl6n tyf gofF x'Fb}hfG5 . kmn:j¿k o;sf]
k|efj /rgf jf s[lt tyf ljwf / z}nLdf k5{ . ;|i6fx¿ dfWodsf]
cg's"n rNg afWo x'G5g\ . o;n] ;flxTo jf nlntsnfsf]
ljwfnfO{ klg k|efljt gkf/L 5f]8b}g . gofF ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Pp6f
k|d'v ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] of] lbgx'F ;:tf] ;/n
/ zL3| x'Fb}5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfnL jfª\donfO{ yf]/} ;dodf ;s];Dd
w]/} / ljljw If]q / ju{sf >f]tf jf bz{s;dIf k'¥ofpg ;lsg]
ePsf] 5 . gofFgofF dfWod kfP/ k'/fgf n]Vo jf d'lb|t /rgfx¿n]
rdTsfl/t ¿kn] bz{s;fd' k|:t't x'g] cj;/ kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
;fy} nf]k x'g nfu]sf s[ltx¿sf] ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t ;+/If0f ug'{ /
k'gM pTkfbg ug'{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo ;+uLt l;h{gf /
k|;f/0fdf cfO6Ln] qmflGtsf/L k/jt{g NofP em}F ;flxTo l;h{gf
ug]{ / cfd g]kfnL kf7s;dIf k|efjsf/L 9+un] k'¥ofpg] sfddf
klg cfO6Ln] dxTjk"0f{ / b"/ufdL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] s'/fdf z+sf
5}g . vfFrf] 5 g]kfnL ;h{sx¿sf] hfFu/, d]xgt / b"/ b[li6sf] .
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6]saL/ d'lvof, pQd g]kfnL, zzLsnf ltjf/L, zzL zfx cflbsf
lrq snfs[ltx¿ /fv]sf] 5 . ;f] ;+:yfn] @)%& ;fpgb]lv
snfs[ltx¿ j]a;fO6df /fVg yfn]sf] xf] .
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g]kfndf ljut !) jif{b]lv gf6s, vf; u/L ;8s
gf6s ljwfdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbg'sf ;fy} of] ljwfdf gofFgofF k|of]u
ul//x]sf] / hgtfsf] nflu hg gf6Ø, ;fd'bflos gf6s cflb
gofFgoFf cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ul//x]sf] cf/f]x0fn] cfˆgf] ultljlwaf/]
hfgsf/L lbgsf] nflu j]a;fO6sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . x]g'{;\ M
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gf6s l;sfpg] ljBfno ;+rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;sf afns[i0f
;d gf6Øzfnfdf a]nfa]nfdf Vofltk|fKt gf6sx¿sf] d+rg eO/xG5,
h;sf] hfgsf/L ;f] j]a;fO6af6 kfpg / l6s6 a's ug{ klg
;lsG5 . ljkGg tyf zf]liftkLl8t hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf
nflu gf6s ljwfnfO{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{' o;sf] Pp6f
ljz]if cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf] af/]df cg';Gwfg / k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 /
l5d]sL d'n'sx¿af6 klg o; ljifodf cg';Gwfg, cEof; tflnd
lng / lbg oxfF cfO/xG5g\ .
z'esfdgf Osf8{
OG6/g]6df cfsif{s z'esfdgf / awfO sf8{x¿ /fVg
yfn]sf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sof] . g]kfndf klg o'jfju{df o;sf] k|rng
al9/x]sf] 5 . t/ /fli6«o lbj; tyf g]kfnL ;+:s[lt / g]kfnsf]
;f}Gbo{ emNsfpg] Osf8{x¿ ePsf] j]a;fO6sf] cefj xfn} l8«D;
P08 cfOl8ofhn] k"/f u/]sf] 5 . www.ecards.com.np df s]jn
g]kfnL b[ZofjnL, dlGb/, hghflt, e]ife"iff, uxgf, gfr, d"lt{,
;f+:s[lts rfnrng emNsfpg] () k|ltzt hlt cfkm}n]
lvr]sf df}lns kmf]6f]sf sf8{x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;af6 s'g} klg
dflg;n] s'g} klg cj;/sf] nflu ;'xfpg] Osf8{df ;Gb]z n]v]/
k7fpg ;S5 . xfn of] ;a}eGbf w]/} k|of]u x'g] g]kfnL Osf8{
j]a;fO6 xf] .
c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g;Sg] / :yfgLo efiffdf pNyf u/]/
a'emfpg;Sg] x'g'k5{ . dWo:yx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw, o;sf]
pkof]lutf, cfdhgtfsf] ;"rgf cfjZostf cflb a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ .
;fy} pgLx¿ ljZj;gLo x'g'k5{ . o:tf dWo:yx¿ ljBfno, Sna,
u};;h:tf :yflkt ;+:yfx¿sf] cu'jfOdf :yfkgf ug{ klg ;lsG5
. uflj;h:tf hglgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg ;+rfng
ug{;S5g\ . x'nfs, 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no, kL;Lcf]x¿n] klg dWo:ysf]
e"ldsf v]Ng;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'u]sf]
x'nfsdf Ps b'O{ j6f sDKo'6/ /fv]/ dfl;s jf k6s] z'Ns lnP/
;}of}F JolQmnfO{ Od]n Psfp06 ;+rfng ug]{ ;'ljwf lbg;lsG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlw eg]s} sNkgfzLn dl:tissf] pkh ePsf] x'Fbf
;lqmo, l;h{gzLn lbdfun] :yfgLo cfjZostf / ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df gofFgofF ;]jf ;+rfng ug{;S5 .
6]ln;]G6/ M uf“pn]nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw
ljsf;zLn b]zsf clwsf+z hgtf cfkm}n] sDKo'6/ /fv]/ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . vf; u/L ufpFdf a:g], ul/a /
c+u|]hL k9g n]Vg g;Sg] dflg;x¿n] clxn] OG6/g]6 pkof]u ug]{
;Defjgf b]lvFb}g . t/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfeaf6 6f9f
/fVg' jf j+lrt ug'{ cGofo xf] . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L
OG6/g]6nfO{, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg]
k|efjsf/L dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]ln;]G6/ pkof]uL dfGg yflnPsf] 5 .
o;af6 ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ub}{ yf]/}
;dod} w]/}nfO{ ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg;lsG5 . o;/L s'g} ;d'bfo jf
ufpFnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg] pkfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/
s]Gb| jf 6]ln;]G6/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .
6]ln;]G6/ ljsf;zLn b]zsf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] / o;af6 nfe lbnfpg] pkfo xf] .
6]ln;]G6/ o:tf] s]Gb| xf] hxfF sDKo'6/, 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;, /]l8of]
cflb ;+rf/sf] ljleGg ;'ljwf pknAw x'G5 . ToxfF ufpFn]x¿n]
6]lnkmf]gsf ;fy} ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw, vf; u/L OG6/g]6sf]
;/n tyf ;'ljwfhgs 9+un] pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . o;df b"/lzIff
klg ;dfj]z x'g;S5 . clzlIft tyf sDKo'6/ rnfpg ghfGg]
dflg;n] klg sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] lrqsf] cfwf/df cfkm}n]
sDKo'6/ rnfP/ jf s;}sf] dbtn] cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] hfgsf/L
lng, ljb]zdf a;]sf cfkmGtx¿;Fu kqfrf/ s'/fsfgL ug{;S5 .
o;sf] nflu p;n] clnslt z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . ufpFn]x¿nfO{ of]
k|ljlw pkof]u ug{ cEo:t agfpgsf nflu st} st} of] ;]jf
l;Q}df klg pknAw u/fOPsf] x'G5 .
cWofo (
cfdhgtfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] ;g\ @)!) ;Dd ;a}sf]
nflu sDKo'6/ lzIff eGg] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clt dxTjfsf+IfL
/0fgLlt th'{df u/]tf klg o;leq lglxt p2]Zo cfdhgtfnfO{
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] nfe lng;Sg] t'Nofpg' xf] eGg] s'/f emlNsG5 .
;/sf/n] bzf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfdf !%))) dflg;nfO{ sDKo'6/
lzIff lbg] nIf /fvL sfd ;'? ul/;s]sf] 5 g]kfndf cfdhgtf
;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kxF'r guGo 5 / o;sf] d"n sf/0f
b"/;+rf/sf] k"jf{wf/sf] cefj ;fy} r]tgf / lzIffsf] sdL xf] eGg]
s'/f af/+af/ pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf ;a} g]kfnLnfO{
sDKo'6/ rnfpg l;sfpg ;lsFb}g g t ;a}sf] 3/3/df sDKo'6/
/ OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . t/ cfd hgtfnfO{ of]
k|ljlwaf6 nfeflGjt u/fpg cGo pkfox¿ 5g\, h;sf] k|of]u
g]kfnh:tf ljkGg / sd lzlIft hgtf a:g] b]zx¿df eOx/sf]
53
5 . o;af/] ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTj
zLif{sdf kfFrf}F cWofodf 5nkmn eO;s]sf] 5 .
dWo:yx¿sf] e"ldsf
g]kfndf ufpFufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg kL;Lcf]
k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 h;cg';f/ ufpFdf s;}sf] kmf]g cfof] eg]
p;nfO{ af]nfOlbg] / s;}n] kmf]g ug'{k¥of] eg] kL;Lcf]df cfP/ kmf]g
ug]{ ul/G5 . of] k|0ffnL g]kfndf ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 . o:t} Joj:yf
;"rgf k|ljlw cfdhgtf;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
clxn] zx/L If]qdf ;fOa/Sofkm]dfkm{t cfdpkef]Qmfx¿n] ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ dWo:ytf k|0ffnL
eGg;lsG5 . cfdhgtf;Dd ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L sDKo'6/ /
Od]n ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg s:tf] vfnsf] dWo:y k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'G5
eGg] s'/f cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo
x'g;S5 . t}klg c? b]zsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df dWo:yx¿sf]
ljz]iftf / s]xL ;+efljt 9fFrfx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ a]; xf]nf .
o:tf dWo:yx¿ ;s];Dd :yfgLo x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfly{s
cj:yfn] wfGg;Sg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . hgtfsf] cfjZostf k"/fug]{ /
cfjZostf a'‰g;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
cfd hgtfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlw
>Ln+sfsf] sf]6dn] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df /]l8of] /
OG6/g]6sf] kx'FrnfO{ ld;fOPsf] 5 . >f]tfx¿n] kmf]g u/]/ jf lr7L
k7fP/ u/]sf] k|Zg jf cg'/f]wcg';f/sf] hgsf/L /]l8of] sfo{qmd
k|:t'tstf{n] j]a;fO6df x]/]/ >f]tfx¿nfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf
/]l8of]dfkm{t k|;f/0f u5{g\ . j]a;fO6df ePsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{
ufpFn]n] a'‰g] u/L JofVof ug]{ sfddf jlsn, 8fS6/ cflb
ljz]if1x¿sf] dbt lnOG5 . ;fGble{s :yfgLo ljifoj:t' s;/L
pknAw u/fpg] eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f kf]08]r]/Ldf
rnfOPsf] ;"rgf k;n OGkmf];k xf] . k/LIf0fsfndf :yfgLo
hgtfnfO{ s]s:tf hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf cfjZos x'G5g\ egL
klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 ufpFsf :jo+;]jsx¿n] :yfgLo 8]6fa]; jf
;"rgf e08f/ tof/ kf/] . To;df sd cfDbfgL x'g] ufpFn]
u[x:ysf nflu ;/sf/n] ;+rfng u/]sf] sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L,
s[lifsf nflu rflxg] dn tyf lapsf] efpm, ljleGg ahf/df
cgfhsf] efpm, afnLsf] ladf / kl/jf/ ljdf of]hgfx¿af/]
hfgsf/L, wfg / pv' afnLnfO{ ls/faf6 hf]ufpg] of]hgf,
c:ktfn, 8fS6/, kz'lrlsT;sx¿ / ljz]if1x¿sf] kmf]g
8fO/]S6/L, /]n / a;sf] ;do tflnsf, kz':jf:Yo, tyf
kz'kfngaf/] hfgsf/L /flvPsf lyP .
6]ln;]G6/ pkof]uL agfpgsf nflu /fVg'kg]{ s]xL ljifoj:t' M
• ;/sf/L ;]jf, ;'ljwf, of]hgf cflbaf/] hfgsf/L .
• hGd, d[To' btf{ ug]{ ;'ljwf .
• hg;+Vof, s[lif pTkfbg, l;+rfO, lzIff, of]hgf OToflb ;a}
k|sf/sf tYof+s / lg/Gt/ gjLs/0f .
• ljb]zdf /f]huf/L, ;]gfdf etL{, ;/sf/L hflu/af/] hfgsf/L .
• ljb]zaf6 jf zx/af6 ufpFdf k};f k7fpg] Joj:yf .
• s[lif ahf/, pTkfbg a]rlavg, k/Dk/fut tyf gofF k|ljlw,
lap, dn, ahf/ efpm, df};d, s[ifssf cGo cfjZostfx¿af/]
hfgsf/L .
• zx/ ahf/, ljb]zdf lzIffsf] cj;/af/] hfgsf/L .
• ufpFsf] jflif{s tyf k+rjifL{o ;/sf/L, :yfgLo of]hgf /
ah]6sf] hfgsf/L .
• kf7Ø, >Jo tyf rnlrqdf lg/If/n] klg a'‰g ;Sg] u/L
8]6fa]; :yfkgf / ;+rfng .
• oftfoft, a;sf] ;do tflnsf .
• dxTjk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ .
ljleGg ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ljleGg df]8]nsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿sf]
k/LIf0f tyf pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . st} o;nfO{ 6]ln;]G6/, st}
;fOa/ Sofkm] t st} ;fOa/ lsof]:s gfd lbOPsf] 5 . sltko
;kmn ePsf 5g\, sltko Jofkfl/s lx;fan] 3f6fdf rn]sf 5g\ .
s]xL t ko{6sx¿sf] nflu dfq} pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ .
6]ln;]G6/x¿ s'g} ;fgf / lghL Joj;foLn] rnfPsf 5g\ eg] s'g}
kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;xfotfaf6 rn]sf 5g\ . lghL Joj;foLn]
rnfPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ gfkmf x'g] jf vr{ wfGg ;lsg] 7fpFdf
Jofkfl/s lx;fan] rnfOPsf x'gfn] ltgLx¿ ;DkGg o'jf
u|xsx¿sf] kx'Frdf eP klg vf; ufpFn] hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf
ef}lts kx'Fraflx/ 5g\ . ltgn] pknAw u/fpg] ljifj:t' klg
:yfgLo cfjZostfcg';f/sf x'Fb}gg\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt, aflx/L
;xfotfaf6 rnfOPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ cfly{s ¿kn] k|foM lbuf] geP
klg ufpFsf ul/a ;d'bfosf nflu pkof]uL b]lvPsf 5g\ .
ljsf;] ;+:yfåf/f jf ltgsf] dbtn] rnfOPsf 6]ln;]G6/x¿ a9L
ul/a / kfvfk/]sf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;fy}
ltgn] ufpFn]x¿nfO{ rflxg] ljifoj:t', tflnd, ;Lk, ;fdflhs
tyf :jf:Yo / lzIff ;]jf cflbdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . o;sf] ljk/Lt
gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] rnfOPsf Jofj;flos 6]ln;]G6/ tyf
;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿sf] k|efj u|fdL0f If]qdf gx'g' :jfefljs xf]
lsgls ufpFdf gfkmf x'Fb}g .
ljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿n] klg 6]ln;]G6/ rnfPsf
b]lvG5g\ . ljBfno ejgdf / ToxLFsf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ jf
sd{rf/Lx¿af6 rnfOg] x'gfn] o;sf] ;+rfngdf sd vr{ nfU5 .
;fy} ljBfnon] kf7Øqmddf ;"rgf k|ljlw ljifo ;dfj]z u/]/ yk
;]jf k|bfg ug{;S5 . sd vr{df tflnd rnfpg;lsG5 . t/
o:tf 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] ufpFn]x¿sf nflu cfˆgf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] pbf/tf
b]vfpg' k5{ . ;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tyf :yfgLo
hgtfsf nflu pkof]uL tyf ;fGble{s ljifoj:t' pknAw
u/fpgdf Wofg lbg' k5{ . lbuf]kg, ;:tf] / k|efjsfl/tfsf]
lx;fan] ;d'bfo / ljBfnosf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ;+rflnt
6]ln;]G6/x¿ a9L k|efjsf/L x'g;S5g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
k|ljlwnfO{ cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] / pgLx¿sf] lxtdf pkof]u
ug]{ w]/} pkfox¿ 5g\ . sfd / p2]Zo x]/]/ ljleGg tl/sf ljleGg
sfddf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ToxL tl/sf a9L ;kmn x'G5
h;df :yfgLo ljifoj:t' w]/} x'G5 , ax';+Vos lg/If/ / ul/a
hgtfsf nflu klg rflxg], pgLx¿sf] ?lr / cfjZostf ;+u d]n
vfg] / pgLx¿s} efiffdf ljifo j:t' x'G5 .
eg]/ 8/fpg' kb}{g . rfx]sf] ;dodf OG6/g]6af6 ;dfrf/
;'Gg;S5g\ . To:t}
g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt x'g] sltko g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffsf
b}lgs / ;fKtflxs cvaf/x¿ OG6/g]6 dfkm{t ljZjel/ k9g
;lsG5 . oxL k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ b'u{d ufpFx¿df ;+rfng
ul/g] 6]ln;]G6/, cl8of] 6fj/, ;"rgf s]Gb| cflbdfkm{t ufpFn]x¿n]
klg cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;"rgf / 1fg vf]Hg, kfpg, /
pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] kfn' df ;+rflnt ;"rgf
k|ljlw kl/of]hgfn] o'jfx nfO{ cfkm\gf] / ufpFsf] eljiosf] af/]df
5nkmn ug{ / of]hgf agfpg nufpg] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf] 5 .
54
ljZjel/sf o'jfx nfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ul7t
ljZjJofkL OG6/g]6 o'jf d~r Dof08]6 km/ b km\o'r/ / jN8{Eo'
OG6/ g];gn ldn]/ gjnk/f;Ldf b'O6f, bf8=, w'lnv]n / kfn' df
PsPs 7fpFdf OG6/g]6o'Qm ;+rf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ lgwf] u/] .
kfn' df klxn]b]lv ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ sfo{qmdn] ;fd'bflos >j0f
s]Gb| -cl8of] 6fj/_ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] x'gfn] kfn' o;sf nflu
lgSs} pko'Qm lyof] . of] sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf s] 5 eg]
o;df k|ljlwnfO{ ;fwgsf] kdf dfq pkof]u ul/G5 . k|ljlwnfO{
s] sfddf nufpg] eGg] lg0f{o ;d'bfon] g} u5{ .
;j{k|yd ljleGg 7fpFsf o'jfx nfO{ e]nf u/fP/ 5nkmn rnfOof] .
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePkl5 s]s] sfd ug{;lsG5 eGg]
5nkmn eof] . ;d'bfosf] lxtdf sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] s;/L
pkof]u ug{
;lsG5 egL hfg]kl5 ca cfcfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] nflu s'gs'g sfd
ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ / sfo{qmd agfpg] lhDdf klg o'jfx s} lyof] .
pgLx nfO{ s;}n] klg ;d'bfosf] enfOsf] nflu of] sfd ug'{k5{
eg]/ nfb]gg\ .
;d'bfosf] eljio / b}lgs hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{
s'/fx s]s] x'g\ . ;+rf/n] o;df s] k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fx
;d'bfosf o'jfx n] cl8of] 6fj/ rnfpFbfb]lv g} cg'ej ug{
yln;s]sf lyP . ;dfhsf cu'jf tyf k|f}9x ;Fu ;d'bfosf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ / lg0ff{os s'/fx df o'jfx n] ;+jfb rnfpg] of]
dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ lyof] . ;/;kmfOb]lv s[lif, lzIff,
ehg, uLt, gf6s, rnlrq cflb ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s /
dgf]/+hgfTd ;fdu|L .
dtbftf gfdfjnL .
hUuf hldg / dfnkf]tsf] nut tyf lt/f] ltg]{ Joj:yf .
vfg]kfgL lah'nL cflbsf] dx;'n ltg]{ Joj:yf .
u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb|;+a+wL ;/sf/L of]hgf
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] bzf}F of]hgf cjlwel/df
b]zsf ljleGg ufpFdf kGw|;o u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb| vf]Ng] nIf
/fv]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0f;Dd k'¥ofO{ o;sf]
dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L a9fpg], 1fgdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo a9fpg],
s[lif ahf/ la:tf/ ug]{ cflb p2]Zon] oL s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug{
nfluPsf x'g\ . k|To]s s]Gb|df b'O6f sDKo'6/, b'O6f l8lh6n
Sofd/f, Pp6f :Sofg/, Pp6f lk|G6/, Pp6f kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, Pp6f
ˆofS; d]l;g / Ps nfOg 6]lnkmf]g x'g]5 . oxfF /flvg] sDKo'6/df
g]kfnL lnlk / g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . o;n] ufpFn]x¿nfO{
Od]n, OG6/g]6, 6]lnkmf]g, ˆofS;sf] ;'ljwf lbg]5 . ;'?df afSnf]
a:tL ePsf] / 6]lnkmf]g / lah'nLsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf ufpFdf o:tf
s]Gb|x¿ vf]lng]5g\ .
;f] kl/of]hgfsf] k/LIf0f sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf lj1fg
tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] o'Pgl8kLsf] ;xof]udf …ljsf;sf nflu
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwÚ cu'jf kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ub}{5 . of]
kl/of]hgf cf]vn9'+uf, ;'g;/L, kj{t, 8f]6L, bfª, 88]Nw'/f, g'jfsf]6,
c5fd / a}t8L u/L gf} lhNnfsf !% uflj;df nfu"
ul/g] 5 . s]Gb|sf] ;+rfng tLg ;b:oLo ;"rgf kl/rfng ;dGjo
;ldltn] ug]{5 . ;ldltdf 6]ln;]G6/ Dofg]h/, k|fljlws /
;d'bfosf ;b:o x'g]5g\ . :yfgLo zf;g P]gcg';f/ ;ldltsf]
lgo'lQm lhlj;n] ug]{5 . o;afx]s ufpFdf Pp6f 6]ln;]G6/
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt x'g]5 h;df ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ?lr /fVg] :yfgLo
dflg;x¿ x'g]5g\ . -;|f]t M uf]/vfkq b}lgs, @)^) c;f/ ^_
;"rgf k|ljlw / ;fd'bflos ;+rf/sf] d]n
 cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw / k/Dk/fut ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
d]nn] rdTsf/L k|efj pTkGg ug{;S5 . ufpFsf cl8of] 6fj/,
;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] OG6/g]6dfkm{t tfhf va/ lnP/ ufpFdf
;'gfpg;S5g\ . sltko PkmPd :6];gx¿n] g]kfndf of] sfd ul/x]sf
5g\ . clxn] /]l8of] g]kfn / sflGtk'/ PkmPdn] k|;fl/t
u/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ j]q;fO6df /fVg] ul/Psf] x'Fbf >f]tfx¿n] ;dfrf/
5'6\nf
;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] :yfgLo
hgtfsf nflu 6]ln;]G6/sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf pbfx/0fx¿
5g\ . ufpFn]nfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf 1fg / dgf]/+h lbg] dfq} xf]Og
ufpFn]n] vf]h]sf] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] dfWod jf bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/
dfWodsf] ¿kdf xfn ljZjsf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df ;fd'bflos
/]l8of] lgSs} k|efjsf/L / nf]slk|o aGb}5g\ . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]un] ubf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;/n, ;:tf] / k|efjsf/L klg
ag]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/df :6'l8of] M lr7Lkq jf kf08'lnlk, n]v cflb
n]Vg] / sfo{qmd tyf l/s8{x¿ ;"rLj4 tyf juL{s/0f ug]{h:tf
;fdfGo sfddf sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u w]/} klxn]b]lv x'g yfn]sf] xf] .
/]l8of] :6'l8of]sf] e08f/ jf cfsf{Oadf ;+slnt uLt, ;+uLt,
cGtjf{tf{ cflb l/s8{ ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] y'k|f]af6 rflxg] s'g}
ljifo jf ;du|L km]nf kfg{ sDKo'6/n] ;lhnf] kf/]sf] 5 . ;a}
;fdu|Lsf] OG8]S; -;"rL_ / Sof6nu sDKo'6/df /fv]sf] v08df
;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df ;+lIfKt ;"rL / ljj/0f ;fy} ;f] ;fdu|L
sxfF slt gDa/sf] 6]kdf 5 eGg] hfgsf/L;d]t t'?Gt} yfxf
kfpg;lsG5 . sDKo'6/af6 sfo{qmd pTkfbg M l8lh6n /]lsl8{ªn]
ubf{ Sof;]6 6]kdf x'g] vr{ 36]sf] 5 / :j/sf] u'0f:t/ a9]sf] 5 .
s'/fsfgL, ;+uLt, ;fp08 Okm]S6, lh+un cflb /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf
nflu rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L sDKo'6/sf] Pp6f xf8{l8:sdf
/fVg;lsG5 . Ps} kN6 !% hgf;Dd sfo{qmd pTkfbsx¿n]
a]Unfa]Un} sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn rnfP/ Pp6f xf8{l8:sdf ePsf
;fdu|L /f]Hb} sfo{qmddf ld;fpg, sfo{qmd agfpg / ;Dkfbg
ug{;S5g\ . tof/ ePsf] sfo{qmd xf8{l8:sdf /fv]kl5 olt ah]
of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug'{ eg]/
sDKo'6/nfO{ cfb]z lbg;lsG5 . :6'l8of]df sd{rf/L ga;] klg
sfo{qmdx¿sf] >[+vnf qmlds ¿kdf k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L
oGqpks/0fsf] vr{ / dflg;sf] d]xgt 36]sf] 5 .
;fd'bflos /]l8of] / OG6/g]6sf] d]n M :jf:Yo,
s[lif, jf jftfj/0f– ;DaGwL ;"rgf OG6/g]6af6 k|fKt u/]/ tyf
:jf:Yo sfo{stf{x¿, s[lif sfo{qmdsf cu'jfx¿ jf ;fdfGo
ufpFn]x¿nfO{ OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|ljlws ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;Dks{ u/fP/
s'g} ljifo jf ;d:ofaf/] /]l8of]dfkm{t 5nkmn u/fpg
;lsG5 . ljleGg ;d'bfox¿nfO{ Pscsf{;Fu ;Dkls{t u/fP/
pgLx¿nfO{ sfd nfUg] ljifox¿df jf ;d:of / ;dfwfgx¿sf
af/]df cgnfOg 5nkmn rnfpg ;lsG5 . :jf:Yo tyf cfDbfgL
a9fpg] ljljw ljifodf pgLx¿n] sfo{qmd agfO;s]sf lyP .
sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePkl5 :yfgLo o'jfx¿sf] hfFu/ emg
a9Øf] . cleefjsx¿n] klg cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ of] sfddf
xf}:ofP . kRrL; hgfsf] ;d"xdf clxn] !% b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf
o'jfx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] !! hgf k'?if 5g\ eg] ax';+Vos dlxnf 5g\
. of] kl/of]hgfdf dlxgfsf] b'O{ kN6 ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ e]nf eP/
cl8of] 6fj/df k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] pTkfbg tyf OG6/g]6af6
g]6jls{8+ ug]{af/] 5nkmn u5{g\ . :yfgLo hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu
s:tf] sfo{qmd cfjZos 5 tyf s'gs'g j]j;fO6df :yfgLo
55
hgtfnfO{ kmfObf x'g] s'/f 5g\ eg]/ 5nkmn rnfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n]
cfkm\gf] ljsf; s;/L
x'G5 / cfDbfgL s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df gofFgofF
ljrf/x¿ Nofpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
t/ of] kl/of]hgf ;d:of/lxt eg] 5}g . af/+af/
ljh'nLsf] nfOg sfl6G5 sDKo'6/ lalu|/xG5 . d/dt ug{sf nflu
a]nfa]nfdf sDKo'6/ af]s]/ sf7df8f}F k'¥ofpg'k5{ . sDKo'6/ s;/L
rnfpg] eGg] pko'Qm tflndsf] cefj ;a}sf] ;d:of xf] .
pgLx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6 rnfpg] tflnd lbOPsf] eP tfklg cfkm"nfO{
rflxg] ljifo s;/L vf]Hg] jf ;r{ OlGhgsf] k|efjsf/L 9+un]
pkof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] tflnd lbOPsf]
5}g . o;n] ubf{ Pp6f ljifo vf]Hg w]/} ;do nfU5 . vr{ w]/} x'G5
. Pp6f dfq} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg / Ps ;]6 dfq} sDKo'6/ ePsf]
7fpFdf w]/} hgfn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] nflu s'g'{kg]{ x'g;S5 jf aflx/af6
cfpg] 6]lnkmf]g /f]lsg;S5 . ;d:of cfPkl5 ;dfwfg klg x'Fb}u5{
. kfn'ªsf o'jfx¿n] ef]u]sf] ;d:of / pgLx¿n] u/]sf] gofF
sfdaf6 c? ufpF7fpFsf c;+Vo o'jfx¿n] kmfObf p7fpg;S5g\ .
tf; / Sof/daf]8{ v]n]/ laTg] ;do 6f9f6f9fsf
ckl/lrt dflg;x¿;Fu kl/ro a9fP/ tyf cfˆgf] / ufpFn]sf
nflu pkof]uL hfgsf/L h'6fP/ ;b'kof]u ug{;lsG5 . cfˆgf
ljrf/, cfjfh / klxrfg ca ufpFdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL ljZjel/
km}lnPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 kfn'ªsf o'jfx¿sf] lxDdt lgSs} a9]sf] 5
. ;|f]tM kfn'ª :6f]/L, uf}/j/fh pkfWofo, g]kfnL 6fOD;, @$–#)
cu:t, @))@
>Ln+sfdf /]l8of]dfkm{t uf“pn]x¿sf] OG6/g]6df kx'“r
sf]6dn] ufpF g} ufpFsf] a:tL ePsf] em08} !%)))
hg;+Vof ePsf] lgjf{rg If]q xf] . oxfFsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
:yfgLo dflg;x¿ / OG6/g]6sf] d]n u/fOlbg] k|efjsf/L ;fwgsf]
¿kdf /]l8of]nfO{ pkof]u ug]{ gf}nf] / df}lns k/LIf0f ynf] ag]sf]
5 . of] /]l8of] :6];gn] x/]s lbg æ/]l8of]af6 OG6/g]6 ljr/0fÆ -
/]l8of] a|fplhª b OG6/g]6_ sfo{qmd k|;f/ u5{ . sfo{qmd k|;f/
eO/x]sf] a]nfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/sx¿n] /f]lhPsf]
j]a;fO6df pknAw ;"rgfaf/] 5nkmn ug]{ / To;sf] cy{ nfpg] /
JofVof ug{] sfd u5{g\ . o;df c+u|]hL efiff a'‰gg;Sg] / cfkm}n]
;Lw} OG6/g]6 rnfpgg;Sg] dflg;x¿sf nflu OG6/g]6df pknAw
;"rgfnfO{ ;lhnf];Fu :yfgLo efiffdf a'emfpg] / OG6/g]6sf]
;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] ul/G5 .
>f]tfx¿n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'g} ljifosf] ;"rgf lbg cg'/f]w
ug{;S5g\ . ahf/ efpmsf] 36a9, s[lif, ul/aL 36fpgsf nflu
cfjZos ;Lk / pkfo, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs
;fdu|L, :jf:Yo pkrf/, cf}ifwL cflbaf/] hfgsf/L ljz]if pkof]uL
;"rgf x'g\ . o'g]:sf] / >Ln+sf ;/sf/sf] of] cu'jf kl/of]hgfn]
JolQmut ¿kdf ;Lw} jf cfkm}n] OG6/g]6 ljr/0f ug{ rfxg]
dflg;x¿sf] nflu klg OG6/g]6 Sofkm]df lgz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf]
kxF'r tyf b'O{ j6f sDKo'6/ 6ld{gn pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
o;sf ;fy} /]l8of]n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿n] k|foM cg'/f]w
u/]sf ;"rgfx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] e08f/ -8]6fa];_ klg tof/ kfb}{5 .
o;df ;+slnt hfgsf/L w]/}h;f] :yfgLo efiffdf, :yfgLo
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos / :yfgLo ?lrcg';f/sf x'G5g\ .
OG6/g]6df kfOg] tof/L ;"rgfx¿ :yfgLo dflg;x¿sf nflu
Tolt pko'Qm gx'g] x'gfn] :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/ 8]6fa];
tof/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . ;fef/ M sDo'lg6L /]l8of] Xof08a's,
o'g]:sf], @))! zx/sf cvaf/ ufpFdf M sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt x'g]
cvaf/x¿sf k|d'v ;dfrf/ oxfFsf PkmPd :6];gx¿n] Psflaxfg}
3/3/df k'¥ofP/ b]zsf] /fhgLlts tyf cGo ultljlwaf/]
cfdhgtfnfO{ ;"lrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6;Fu ld;fpg' ufpFn]x¿;dIf k'Ug]
/fd|f] pkfo xf] . /]l8of] :6];gdf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf 5 eg] sfo{qmd
pTkfbsx¿n] cfˆgf >f]tfx¿sf] rf;f]sf ljifox¿sf] hfgsf/L
OG6/g]6sf] ljzfn e08f/df vf]Hg;S5g\ . ;fy} OG6/g]6df
pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n]
p7fPsf ljz]if k|Zg jf lh1f;fx¿sf] pQ/ lbg klg
;S5g\ . o;/L 6]lnkmf]g hf]8g] sNkgf gu/]sf 3/x¿df ;d]t
OG6/g]6sf] nfe k'¥ofpg;lsG5 . sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf OG6/g]6sf]
;xof]u M sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu /]l8of] :6];gn] OG6/g]6af6
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;"rgfsf] ljzfn e08f/ kfpg;S5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu, w/}h;f] ;dfrf/bftf ;+:yfx¿ / cgnfOg
cvaf/x¿ OG6/g]6df kfOG5g\ . To:t} ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿,
u}/;/sf/L tyf ;/ sf/L lgsfox¿, ljZjljBfnox¿ cflbsf
;"rgf kfpg;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy}, OG6/g]6af6 :jf:Yo, lzIff,
dlxnf clwsf/h:tf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifox¿
/ >Jo sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;fg{ -8fpgnf]8_ / /]l8of]af6
k'gM k|;f/0f ug{;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6dfkm{t ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] cfkm"n]
pTkfbg u/]sf /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;f6f;f6 ug{;S5g\ . jg jN8{,
Unf]an /]l8of] ;le{; tyf P–OGkmf]hh:tf ;]jfx¿n] cfˆgf]
j]a;fO6df cGo pTkfbsx¿sf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd /fVg lbG5g\
h'g sfo{qmd c? pTkfbsx¿n] klg pkof]u ug{;S5g\ . To:t} c?
pTkfbsx¿n] /fv]sf sfo{qmdx¿ klg cGo pTkfbsx¿n] pkof]u
ug{ / k|;f/ ug{;S5g\ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfˆg} j]a;fO6 /fv]/
cfˆgf]af/] hfgsf/L lbg;S5g\ .
;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfkm{t 6]ln;]G6/ M ufpFn] 6]ln;]G6/
cyf{t\ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] p2]Zo ufpFn]x¿sf] nflu ;"rgf kfpg;Sg]
ynf] agfpg' xf] . oxfF l;Q}df jf s]xL z'Ns lt/]/ ufpFn]x¿n]
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . o;nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]
:6];g;Fu hf]l8of] eg] o;sf] k|efj a9\5 . ufpFn]x¿n] /]l8of]af6}
cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] jf dfu]sf] ;"rgf kfpg;S5g\ . o:tf] 6]ln;]G6/n]
OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g / ˆofS; ;]jf, lel8of],
cl8of]–leh'cn ;fdu|L / k':tsfno ;'ljwf klg lbg;S5 . s'g}
6]ln;]G6/n] Sof;]6 / l/s8{x¿ a]Rg], lel8of] / cl8of]–leh'cn
pks/0fx¿ ef8fdf nufpg] 8]:s6k klAnl;ª / kmf]6f]skL ;]jf
lbg]h:tf sfdx¿ ug{;S5g\ . o;/L 6]ln;]G6/nfO{ cfTdlge{/
agfpg;lsG5 .
6]k jf cl8of] Sof;]6df e/]/ ufpFufpFdf k7fpg] uy]{ .
k/b]zdf a;]sf cfkmGt;Fu 6]kdf af]n]/ lr7L ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg
ug]{ pkfo lg/If/x?sf nflu pkof]uL dfWod ag]sf] 5 . clxn]
klg ^) k|ltzt ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf] 5}g . 6]lnkmf]g k'u] klg
OG6/g]6 rnfpg sl7gfO k/]sf 7fpFx¿df
cgnfOg ;+rf/sf] ljsNkdf ;L8L /f]d k7fpg / ljqmL ljt/0f
ug{;lsG5 . cgk9x¿nfO{ ;'gfpg / cdhgtfsf nflu ;fGble{s
/ pkof]uL ;"rgf / 1fg pgLx¿n] a'‰g] efiff / z}nLdf ufpFdf
k'¥ofpg æ;'Gg] klqsfÆ -cl8of] Sof;]6_ / lel8of] Sof;]6 k|of]u
u/]h:t} OG6/g]6df /flvg] ;fdu|L / To;n] lbg] ;]jf cflb ;L8Ldf
/fv]/ sDKo'6/ ePsf hf];'s}n] kflg pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ug{
;lsG5 . ;L8L /f]ddf xhf/f}F kfgf / kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, rnlrq,
56
Wjlg cflb /]s8{ ug{ ;lsG5 . cl8of] Sof;]6 / lel8of] Sof;]6sf]
bfFhf]df of] w]/} ;:tf] / pTkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] klg 5 . uLt ;'Gg]
Sof;]6nfO{ ;"rgf / 1fg lbg] ;'Gg] klqsfdf kl/0ft u/]/
cfdhgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofP em}F lkmNd x]g]{ / uLt ;'Gg] ;L8LnfO{
klg 6]lnkmf]g nfOg gk'u]sf t/ ljh'nL k'u]sf 7fpFdf ;"rgf /
1fg km}nfpg] sfddf k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] gu/af;L jf ufpFn]x¿nfO{ lbg]
;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L tyf hGd, d[To', a;fO;/fO btf{,
gful/stf jf /fxbfgLsf]
l;kmfl/; cflb uflj;n] lbg] ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg] kmf/fdx¿
;L8Ldf /fv]/ afFl8of] eg] ;L8L 8«fOe ePsf sDKo'6/x¿dfkm{t
hgtfn] hfgsf/L kfpg / kmfd{ e/]/ lk|G6/af6 5fk]/ yf]/} ;dod}
;DalGwt lgsfodf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . ;f] lgsfon] klg sDKo'6/df
/flvPsf] clen]vsf] cfwf/df cfjZos ;]jf tTsfn e/]/ jf
;L8Laf6} ;f/]/ gful/sx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg;S5 . OG6/g]6
rnfpg c+u|]hL a'‰g}kg]{ jfWotf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;L8Ldf g]kfnL
efiffdf sfd ug{;lsg] x'gfn] klg c+u|]hL ga'lemg] ufpF7fpFsf
nflu of] Joj:yf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 .
ufpF / lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnLaf6 tof/
kfl/Psf ;"rgf / 1fgsf e08f/x¿ -8]6f a];_ tyf
dGqfno;Ddsf] cfjZos hfgsf/L ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg ;L8Lsf]
k|of]u ug{' pko'Qm pkfo x'g;S5 . o;/L dGqfno, ljefu /
;+a+lwt nfOg Ph]G;Lsf ;"rgf / tYof+sx¿ ;L8Laf6 ufpFufpFdf
k'¥ofpg' w]/} ;/n, ;:tf] / l56f] klg x'G5 . 6]lnkmf]g jf OG6/g]6
;'ljwf gePsf 7fpFdf of] tl/sf pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L x'g;S5 .
ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} sDo'lgs];g sg{/n] sf7df8f}Fsf
cvaf/x¿sf k|d'v ;dfrf/ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 k9]/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /
cGo PkmPd :6];gx¿dfkm{t ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . of] sfd
OG6/g]6af6 cem} Jofks ¿kdf / k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;lsG5 .
ufpF3/df sf7df8f}Faf6 k|sflzt x'g] cvaf/sf ;dfrf/x¿,
vf;u/L /fhglts 36gf / ljZn]if0f yfxf kfpg] lgSs} pT;'stf
x'G5 . k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 of] ?lr :ki6 ¿kdf a9]sf] xf] .
@)%( ;fn c;f]hkl5 /fhgLlts ultljlwdf cfdhgtfsf] ?lr
cem} a9]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6sf] dfWodn] sf7df8f}Faf6 dfq xf]Og
lhNnfsf ;b/ d'sfdx¿af6 k|sflzt x'g] ;dfrf/kq k"/} cvaf/
jf dxTjk"0f{ k[i7 jf v08nfO{ :Sofg u/]/ jf l8lh6n Sofd/faf6
j]ak]hdf /fv]/ tTsfn} ;j{JofkL agfpg;lsG5 . PkmPd /]l8of],
cl8of] 6fj/ jf h'g;'s} ldl8ofn] klg To;nfO{ k'gM k|rf/ k|;f/
u/]/ cfdhgtf;Dd tTsfn tL ;fdu|L k'¥ofpg;S5g\ .
6LeL s]a'n, OG6/g]6 / /]l8of]sf] d]n
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf /]l8of]dfq o:tf] ;fwg xf]
h;sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} pkof]u ul/a hgtfn] ug{;S5g\ . /]l8of]sf]
k/Dk/fut Ifdtf / e"ldsf a9fpg] sfddf OG6/g]6n] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Nb}5 . :yfgLo cfjfhnfO{ ljZjJofkL agfpg] sfd
l8lh6n /]l8of] k|;f/0f, sDKo'6/ k|;f/0f tyf s]a'n 6LeLsf]
tf/dfkm{t /]l8of] k|;f/0f cflb k|ljlwn] ul//x]sf] 5 . Psflt/
OG6/g]6dfkm{t :j/ k|;f/0f ug]{ ;'ljwfn] ubf{ OG6/g]6 hl8t x/]s
sDKo'6/ /]l8of] ;]6 aGg;S5 eg] csf]{lt/ j]a;fO6 ;+rfng ug]{
x/]s JolQm jf ;+rfnsn] cfˆgf] :j/ sfo{qmd OG6/g]6dfkm{t
k|;f/0f ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} clxn] cfP/ g]kfndf klg s]a'n
6LeL ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] s]a'ndfkm{t OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf lbg;Sg]
Joj:yf x'Fb}5 . tL s]a'ndfkm{t /]l8of] k|;f/ ubf{
slQ klg yk vr{ pks/0f jf nfO;]G; rflx+b}g / s]a'neGbf
em08} @%–#) ld6/k/ ;Dd /]l8of] ;'Gg;lsG5 . oL k|ljlwx¿n]
cfdhgtf;dIf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ;/n, ;:tf] / u'0f:t/Lo
x'g] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g .
cgnfOgsf] ljsNk ;L8L /f]d
lghL If]qdf PkmPd /]l8of] k|;f/0f ug]{ k|fjwfg gx'Fbf;Dd
sltko ;+:yfx¿n] hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;"rgf, ;dfrf/ / ljljw
ljifosf 1fgsf/Lx¿ ;'Gg]
cWofo !)
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg ;d:of / xf“sx¿
kx'“r / pkof]u
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zsf]
cfly{s ljsf;df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u a9fP/ b]zdf ul/aL
36fpg ;3fpg' dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu cfdhgtf;dIf ;"rgf
k|ljlw k'¥ofP/ dfq} x'Fb}g hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTjk|lt ;r]t
u/fP/ hgtfnfO{ o;sf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] agfpg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf,
Psflt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg] xfFs 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{;Sg]
Ifdtf lbnfpg' k/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw cyjf
OG6/g]6sf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} b"/;+rf/ ePsf] x'gfn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;sf] d"n xfFs g} b"/;+rf/ / ljh'nLsf] pknAwtf xf] .
l8lh6n l8efO8 cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] vf8n
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug{;Sg] /
g;Sg] dflg;x¿, ;d'bfox¿, b]zx¿ / Pp6} b]zleqsf ljleGg
efux¿sf] aLrdf cGt/fn jf vf8n dfgj Oltxf;df gofF s'/f
xf]Og . t/ of] vf8n clxn] cfP/ ce"tk"j{ ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 .
k|ljlwsf] c;dfg kx'Fr / pkof]un] ljZjsf clwsf+z
dflg;x¿nfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nfex¿af6 a+lrt
u/fpFb}5 . OG6/g]6 / Od]nh:tf gofF ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf k|ljlw
/ ;fwgx¿ k|efjsf/L 9+un] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] / g;Sg]x¿aLrsf]
vf8nnfO{ hgfpgsf] nflu clxn] æl8lh6n l8efO6Æ zAbfjnL
sf] k|rng al9/x]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/, b"/;+rf/, On]S6«f]lgs pks/0f,
lah'nLh:tf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfngsf k|d'v k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
pknAwtf, ltgdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr / pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf s'g}
;dfhdf l8lh6n l8efO8 slt km/flsnf] 5 egL gfKg] s]xL
cfwf/ x'g\ .
;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u
;"rgf k|ljlw rnfpg] phf{ lah'nL xf] . lah'nLlagf
sDKo'6/, Od]n, OG6/g]6 tyf b"/;+rf/sf pks/0fx¿ rNb}gg\ .
t/ g]kfndf nueu ;os8f aL; kl/jf/n] dfq} lah'nL pkef]u
ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u s;/L
x'g;S5 < cGtl/Ifdf klg lah'nL k7fpg ldNb}g, t}klg ToxfF
:yflkt xhf/f}F e"pku|xx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . e"pku|xnfO{
lah'nLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfd To;df hl8Psf ;f}o{ Kofgnn] u5{ .
g]kfndf 3fdaf6 lah'nL lgsfn] / ladfg:ynsf ;+rf/ pks/0f
;+rfng ug]{ sfd klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf eb|k'/
ljdfg:yndf ul/Psf] pNn]v kfOG5 . g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn]
klxnf] kN6 !(&$ df bdf}nLdf 3fd lah'nLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] xf] .
;/sf/n] 5}6f}F k+rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv ;f}o{ phf{df hf]8 lbPsf] xf] .
xfn ;/sf/ n] aL; jif]{ gjLs/0fLo phf{ gLltcg';f/ ;f}o{ phf{
k|j4{gsf nflu C0f, cg'bfg / k|ljlws ;xof]u lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
of] sfddf ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿n] klg ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . @)^)
57
;fnsf] c;f/;Dddf g]kfnsf ^^ lhNnfsf !!)@ uflj;df em08}
@% xhf/ kl/jf/ jf sfof{non] ;f}o{ phf{sf] pkof]u
ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;f}o{ phf{sf] dfu lbglbg} al9/xs]f 5 . g]kfndf
clxn] lah'nL gk'u]sf ufpFx¿df klg ;f}o{ zlQm pkof]u u/]/
pHofnf] kfg]{, 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt ;f}o{ zlQm pTkfbg k|ljlwdf
lbgel/ hDdf ePsf]
lah'nL a]6«Ldf ;+sng u/]/ ;fFem pkof]u ul/G5 . xfn lah'nL
gk'u]sf sltko b'u{d lhNnfdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;f}o{
lah'nLaf6 sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 / cGo ;+rf/ ;]jf pkof]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofpg / o;af6
hgtfnfO{ kmfObf lbnfpgsf nflu ;f}o{ phf{sf] ljsf; ug'{
cfjZos 5 .
dfnlbE;sf] !)=@& / a+unfb]zsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L )=%%
-ljZjs} ;a}eGbf sd_ 5 eg] pQ/L l5d]sL b]z lrgsf]
6]ln8]lG;6L @$=(* 5 . g]kfnleq klg sf7df8f}F pkTosf /
aflx/sf] b"/;+rf/sf] l:yltdf sxfnLnfUbf] leGgtf 5 . g]kfnsf]
s'n hg;+Vof @#)))))) dWo] ;}s8f !% eGbf sd
hg;+Vof zx/L If]qdf a:5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq em08} @)
nfv df cyf{t\ s'n hg;+Vofsf] ( k|ltzt a:5g\ / b'O{ s/f]8 b;
nfv dflg; pkTosf aflx/ a:5g\ . t/ sf7df8f}Fdf a:g] (
k|ltzt hg;+Vosf] lx:;fdf s'n 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] ^* k|ltzt
k5{ eg] (! k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] nflu s]jn #@ k|ltzt 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg pknAw 5 . o; lx;fan] sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf]
6]ln8]lG;6L @# k|ltzt 5 eg] pkTosf aflx/sf] 6]ln8]lG;6L
)=!$ k|ltztdfq} 5 . ^) k|ltzt ufpFdf 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf] 5}g .
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] df]afOn kmf]g Ifdtf &) xhf/ nfOg 5
. o;dWo] ;fpg d;fGt;Dd $) xhf/ nfOg afFl8;lsPsf] 5 .
$) xhf/dWo] sf7df8f}Fdf #% xhf/ / aflx/ % xhf/hlt df]afOn
kmf]g afFl8Psf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTofleq OG6/g]6 / Od]n pkof]u
ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof 8]9 nfv gfl3;s]sf] 5 eg] pkTosf aflx/
OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] cj:yf l67nfUbf] 5 .
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ Ohfht kfPsf !* j6f
;+:yfx¿dWo] !^ j6f ;+:yfx¿ sf7df8f}Fd} cjl:yt 5g\ . afsL
b'O{dWo] Pp6f kf]v/f / csf]{ w/fgdf 5 . tLdWo] !% hltn] ;]jf
lbO/x]sf 5g\ . cfwf bh{geGbf yf]/}n] b]zsf s]xL 7"nf, vf; u/L
t/fO{ If]qsf zx/x¿df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pkTosf
aflx/sf] Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf pkTosfdfeGbf w]/} dxFuf] 5 /
u'0f:t/ w]/} tNnf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ;+rflnt s'n j]a;fO6x¿dWo]
;}s8f (% eGbf w]/} j]a;fO6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf JolQm,
;+:yf, sDkgL tyf cGo lgsfox¿sf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf /
aflx/sf] aLr b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwfdf ePsf] of] e]befjsf] vf8n /
;du|df /fli6«o ¿kd} b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] bogLo l:yltsf] nflu
b]zsf] ljifd ef}uf]lns l:ylt, ul/aL, rsf]{ z'Ns cflb ljleGg
sf/0fx¿ atfOPtf klg o;sf] nflu b"/;+rf/;+a+wL lgoGq0fsf/L
gLlt g} k|d'v ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] b"/;+rf/sf]
lat]sf] bz jif{sf] Oltxf; s]nfpg] xf] eg] of] s'/f 5n{Fu x'G5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] d]?b08 g} b"/;+rf/ ePsf]n] b"/;+rf/sf]
lgoGq0fsf/L gLltsf] k|ToIf k|efj g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;df k/]sf] :ki6 5 . ;"rgfsf] vf8n ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn
b]zx¿aLr dfq xf]Og Pp6} b]z / ;d'bfoleq klg ljleGg
ju{x¿sf] aLrdf klg of] vf8n a9\bf] 5 . b]zsf] ;du| /
Gofok"0f{ ljsf;sf] nflu of] vf8n 36fpg' clt cfjZos 5 .
k|ljlw / pks/0fdf kx'“rdf c;dfgtf
kmf]g ug{ b'O{ lbg lxF8]/ vf]6fªaf6 ef]hk'/ cfpg'kg]{
jfWotf -sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^) ;fpg @^_, aofln; xhf/
x'DnLnfO{ Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g -:k];6fOd b}lgs @)^) h]7 &_, gAa]
xhf/ ef]hk'/af;L ;+rf/ ;]jfaf6 a+lrt -sflGtk'/ b}lgs @)%(
ebf} @&_, Ps sn kmf]g ug{ tLg lbgsf] ofqf Û -sflGtk'/ b}lgs,
@)%( ebf} @*_, 6]lnkmf]g ug{ 306f}F nfOg a:5g\ d':tfª\uLx¿ -
sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h %_, ls;fgn] klg OG6/g]6 rnfP/
Jofkf/ ug'{kg]{ -uf]/ vfkq b}lgs @)%& d+l;/ @(_, ;f9] tLg
jif{leq k|To]s uflj;df b'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'Ug] -g]kfn
;dfrf/kq b}lgs, @)%^ d+l;/ !^_, ;+rf/ ;Dks{ ljR5]b ePsf
!( lhNnfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ul/g] -uf]/vfkq
b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h @(_, ljB't\ ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf afx| xhf/
u|fxs cft+ssf sf/0f xfn ljB't\ ;]jfaf6 a+lrt -uf]/vfkq
b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h !*_, Aof6«L gkfpFbf /]l8of] ;'Ggaf6 /f]NkfnL
a+lrt -sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%( c;f]h !_, b'O{ ca{ kGw| s/f]8
ljB't\ dx;'n afsL -:k];6fOd b}lgs_ . o:tf ;dfrf/
zLif{sx¿ g]kfnsf cfd;+rf/ dfWodx¿df b}lgsh;f] b]Vg kfOG5
. l;+ufk'/df df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof @))# h'gdf
*) k|ltzt gfWof] . tf/jfnf kmf]g pkof]u ug{]x¿sf] ;+Vof $%=(
k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo] cfwfeGbf w]/}
dflg; a:g] Plzof dxfb]z clxn] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf]
;a}eGbf km:6fpFbf] ahf/ ag]sf] 5 . ;jf c/j hg;+Vof gfw]sf],
pQ/sf] l5d]sL lrgdf df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof !%
k|ltzteGbf w]/} k'lu;s]sf] 5 eg] Ps c/aeGbf w]/} hg;+Vof
ePsf] blIf0fsf] l5d]sL ef/tdf klg df]afOn kmf]g / ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/ k|ljlwdf ce"tk"j{ ljsf; eO/xsf] 5 . lrgsf] xf8{j]o/
pBf]u / ef/tsf] ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]usf] ljsf;n] ;"rgf ;dfhsf]
l;h{gfdf w]/} cl3 a9]sf
hfkfg / cd]l/sfnfO{ ;d]t lrlGtt agfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
ljsl;t d'nsx¿sf] s'/} 5f8f}F ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf s]xL jif{cl3 ;Dd g]kfneGbf kl5 k/]sf] ef/t klg clxn]
b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf g]kfneGbf lgSs} cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5 . @)^)
c;f/;Ddsf] tYof+scg';f/ g]kfnsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L cyf{t\ !)) hgf
dflg;sf] nflu !=%^ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw 5 ;fs{
;+u7gsf c? b]z, e'6fgsf] @=*$, ef/tsf] #=(*, kfls:tfgsf]
@=$*,
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg ;d:of / xf“sx?
nflu g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g ePsf] s'/f
b"/;+rf/gLlt df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)%^ sf]
p2]Zo M /fi6«n] cËLsf/ u/]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+ v'nfkgsf]
cjwf/0ff cg'¿k b"/;+rf/ If]qdf klg pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt nfu" u/L
lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf
pRr:t/Lo, e/kbf]{ Pj+ plrt ;]jf z'Nsdf ljleGg lsl;dsf
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfx¿ ;j{;'ne jgfpg' b"/;+rf/ gLltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
/x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . jt{dfg / eljiosf] dfusf] k"lt{, Jofks tyf
;j{;'ne kx'Fr -o'lge;{n PS;];_, u|fdL0f tyf b'u{e If]qdf b"/;~rf/
;]jf, cfly{s bIftf, k"+hL nufgLdf ;'b[9Ls/0f, g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g, k|lt:kwf{af6 u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf k|bfos
/f]Hg cj;/ lbg], :jR5 cGt/cfj4tf cyf{t\ ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Ps
csf{sf pks/0f aLr pko'Qm :yfgx¿df :jR5 cGt/cfj4tf -OG6/
sg]S;g_ cflb p2]Zo ;f] gLltsf] /x]sf] 5 .
58
P]g / gLlt hlt ;'Gb/ b]lvP klg To;sf]
Jofjxfl/s kIf eg] lgSs} s'¿k b]lvG5 . lsgls gLltn] lnPsf
p2]Zox¿, vf; u/L :j/ ;+rf/ -EjfO; sDo'lgs];g_ / lghL If]qsf]
;+nUgtf / ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f / ljljlws/0f cem} klg ;+:yfgs}
Psflwsf/leq lg;fl:;Psf] 5 .
b"/;+rf/ lghL If]qdf, Jojxf/df xf]Og sfutdf
b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/af6
d'Qm u/]/ lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfpg] k|of; / cg'ej lgs}
lttf] 5 . lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf lagf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; /
cfdhgtf;Dd kx'Fr x'gg;Sg] s'/f lglZrt eO;s]kl5 ;fy}
ljZjLs/0fsf] nfe cfdhgtfdf k'¥ofpg b"/;+rf/nfO{ pbf/Ls/0f /
lghLs/0f ug'{kg]{ ljZjJofkL bafa cfPkl5 g]kfnn] klg
cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df em08} bz jif{cl3b]lv b"/;+rf/sf] lghLs/0f,
pbf/Ls/0f / ;s];Dd sd lgoGq0f ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfpFb} cfPsf]
xf] . t/ ;/sf/L k|ltj4tf sfutd} ;Lldt 5 jf b]vfj6L ¿kddf
dfq 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu @)%& ;fnsf] ;'?lt/} g]kfn b"/;+rf/
k|lws/0fn] v]tfg ;d"xn] ef/tLo sDkgL;Fu ldn]/ u7g u/]sf]
:kfO; ;]n g]knfnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt lbg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gx'Fb} g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3n] ;f] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gu/fpg e]befjsf]
dfgl;s vf8n b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwfsf] afwfnfO{ gLlt, P]g / lgod
agfP/, gofF k|ljlw / nufgL leq\ofP/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf t/
g]kfndf b"/;+rf/dfq xf]Og ;du|df ;"rgf k|ljlws} ljsf;df
afwf k'¥ofpg] k|d'v sf/s tTj ef}lts eGbf klg dfgl;s xf] h'g
xfd|f] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ / lkt[;QfTds lrGtgdf u8]/ a;]sf]
5 . g]kfndf kl/jf/leq, ;dfhdf / ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;a}
sfof{nox¿df jl/i7tfqmdsf] Pp6f l;F9L -xfO/fsL{_ 5 h'g l;F9L
;"rgf / ;+rf/sf] If]qdf klg nfu" x'G5 . of] l;F9Ldf ;a}eGbf
al/i7;Fu ;a}eGbf w]/} s'/f, ;"rgf jf 1fg ePsf] jf x'g'k5{ /
p;}sf] lgoGq0fdf ;a} ;"rgf / 1fg x'g'k5{ . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf
PdP k9]sf] d'lvof / aLP k9]sf] xflsd x'g'x'Fb}g . s'g} ljifo klg
xflsdn] eGbf dftxtsf sd{rf/Ln] w]/} hfGg' jf hfg]sf] x'g' x'Fb}g
. o;}n] g]kfnsf sfo{nox¿df sDKo'6/x¿sf] g]6jls{ª u/]/ ;"rgf
/ 1fgsf] kmfOn jf e08f/ ;a}n] b]Vg;Sg] u/L jf pkof]u
ug{;Sg] u/L /fVg' xflsdx¿sf] nflu ;xh eO;s]sf] 5}g .
dGqfnoleq, dGqnox¿aLr / dftxtsf ljefu / sfof{nox¿sf
aLr g]6jls{ª c;kmn x'g' jf sfd gug'{sf] k5fl8 Pp6f d"n
sf/0f oxL xf] .
g]kfnsf sfof{nox¿df sDKo'6/ cfPsf] w]/} jif{;Dd
klg Tof] rnfpg] lhDdf 6fOlk:6s} 7flgof] . xflsd, ;'Aaf jf
v/bf/n] sDKo'6/ rnfpg' ckdfg 7fGg]x¿ g]kfndf cem} klg 5g\
. clxn] klg sltko xflsdx¿ cfˆgf] Od]n clkm;sf] sDKo'6/df
grnfP/ 3/sf] sDKo'6/df rnfpF5g\ . of] xflsdL / ;fdGtL ;f]r
gTofu];Dd ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] oy]i7 nfe kfpg]
;+efjgf 5}g .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx¿
gLlt, P]g lgod / Jojxf/ aLrsf] vf8n
b"/;+rf/ P]g, @)%# M b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf pbf/Ls/0fsf]
gLlt ckgfpg, o; If]qsf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/sf] sfo{df lghL
If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfx¿ ;lhn} /
plrt d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg] p2]Zon] b"/;+rf/ P]g, @)%#
NofOPsf]Ù ;f] P]gn] b"/;+rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ cfw'lgstftkm{
pGd'v u/fPsf] tyf P]gsf] p2]Zocg'¿k g]kfndf b"/;+rf/ ;]jf
ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf Nofpg b"/;+rf/ g]6js{ ;+rfns / ;]jf
k|bfosx¿af6 :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ;]jf ;+rfng
u/fpg] sfdsf]
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg ;d:of / xf“sx?
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf
cfOP;kLx¿ ;fy} b"/;+rf/nufot ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
;fgfltgf ;]jf lbg] JolQm tyf ;fgf Joj;foLx¿dfly ;/sf/ /
;+:yfgsf] Jojxf/n] b"/;+rf/ eg]sf] ;+:yfgsf] Psnf}6L ;DklQ xf]
/ o;df s;}sf] klg e"ldsf ;+:yfgnfO{ ;Xo 5}g eGg] :ki6
b]vfpF5 . ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgn] cg]s k|sf/sf] cfly{s tyf sfg'gL
af]em nfb]/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf cfdhgtfsf] nflu b'n{e t'NofPsf] 5 .
;+:yfg cfkm}n] klg OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;+rfng u/]/ k|lt:kwf{df pq]sf]
5 . ;+:yfg / lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿aLr k|lt:kwf{ kxndfg /
l;s'6]aLr s':tLsf] v]nh:t} xf] . 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lbg] Ifdtf eP/
klg ;+:yfgn] cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] dfu]hlt 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
lbO/x]sf] 5}g . clxn] !* j6f cfOP;kLx¿n] ;+rfng u/]sf]
OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|of]u ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] pkof]u u/]afkt
;+:yfgnfO{ em08} #% s/f]8 cfDbfgL x'G5 . of] cfDbfgLdf
cfOP;kLx¿sf] b]gnfO{ ;/sf/ / ;+:yfg b'a}n] laNs'n} a]jf:tf
u/]sf 5g\ . o;df cfOP;kLx¿sf] lx:;fsf] t sNkgf klg
ul/Psf] 5}g .
6]lnkmf]g dx;"n ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf ;:tf] eGg]
;+:yfgsf] unt bfaL 5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/td} df]afOn kmf]gsf]
dx;"n g]kfnsf] eGbf w]/} ;:tf] eO;s]sf] 5 . To;dfly g]kfndf
b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsdf ;/sf/n] @^=% k|ltzt s/
lnG5 . of] s/ ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf dxFuf] xf] . cfOP;kLx¿n]
Jof08ljysf] nflu a]Un} / :yfgLo PS;]; g]6js{sf] nflu a]Un}
z'Ns ;+:yfgnfO{ ltg'{k5{ . ef]ln ;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgLdf kl/0ft u/]
klg p;s} k"jf{wf/x¿ pkof]u ug'{kg]{ jfWotf /x];Dd s'g} klg
cfOP;kLn] To;sf] k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . o;sf] nflu
t p;sf k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ afOkf; u/]/ ;f]em} ljb]z / u|fxs;Fu
;Dks{ ug{;Sg] k|ljlw
gckgfO{ ;'v} 5}g . b]zdf b"/;+rf/nfO{ lgodg ug]{ :jtGq lgsfo
g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ ljleGg ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ Ohfht
lbg] clwsf/ / k|bfosx¿aLr ljjfb p7]df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
lbOPsf] 5 . t/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g ;/sf/n] ug]{, d'Vo ;]jf
k|bfos b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfg ;/sf/ sf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf]
cwLgdf x'g] clg dGqfnosf] ;lrj g} ;+:yfgsf] cWoIf x'g]
Joj:yfn] ubf{ aflx/ hlt pbf/ b]vfpg vf]h] klg
jf:tjdf k|flws/0f ;/sf/ / ;+:yfgsf] lxtljk/Lt hfg g;Sg]
:ki6} 5 .
k|flws/0fsf] lj?4 cbftndf ph'/L gnfUg] / s'g} klg
ph'/L ;/sf/;dIf dfq} ug{ kfOg] k|fjwfg ePsf] x'gfn] To:tf]
ph'/Lsf] s'g} cy{ b]lvFb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg lbof] .
@)%* cyf{t\ Ps jif{kl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;f] l/6 vf/]h
ul/lbof] . olb lg0f{o ug]{lalQs} cg'dlt kfPsf] eP ;ft dlxgf
leq :kfO; ;]nn] cflxn] g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] lbPsf]
;'ljwfeGbf w]/} ;'ljwfx¿ ePsf] df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{
3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .
59
v]tfg ;d"xsf] egfOcg';f/ bz nfv u|fxsnfO{
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] pgLx¿n] ;f] of]hgfdf bz s/f]8
¿k}ofF vr{ ul/;s]sf lyP . cbfntdf d'2f k/]sf] / km};nfkl5
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] lk|mSj]G;L ljt/0f dxfzfvfn]
lk|mSj]G;L lgwf{/0f ug{ cf7 dlxgf;Dd em'nfPsf] x'Fbf
sDkgL 3f6fdf uof] . cGTodf ;a} s'/f ldn]kl5 ;/sf/n] yk 8]9
s/f]8
¿k}ofFsf] a}+s Uof/]06L dfUof], h'g s'/f klxn] pNn]v g} lyPg .
kmn:j¿k v]tfg ;d"xn] Tof] kl/of]hgfnfO{ :ylut u¥of] . g]kfn
b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fsf] egfOcg';f/ ;f] ;d"xn] bz jif{kl5 b'O{
v/a ¿k}ofF gjLs/0f b:t'/ a'emfpg] egL lgSs} a9L /sd sa'n
u/]sf] x'Fbf ;/sf/n] ;'?df ;f] sDkgLaf6 s]xL k|ltj4tf rfx]sf]
xf] . :kfO;n] ;'?df of] s'/f d+h'/ u/] klg kl5 of] ;t{ k"/f
ug{;s]g . kmn:j¿k sDkgLsf] cfly{s l:ylt ga'‰bf;Dd
nfO;]G; /f]lsPsf] 5 . t/ of] s'/f lglZrt 5 ls :kfO; ;]n
g]kfnn] a]nfd} sfd ug{ kfPsf] eP clxn] g]kfnsf] 6]ln8]lG;6L /
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]usf] :t/ a]Un} eO;Sg] lyof] . o;}aLr
g]kfn / ef/tsf sDkgLx¿sf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf o'gfO6]8 6]Nsd
lnld6]8n] 8An'PnPn k4ltdf cfwfl/t tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
;+rfng ug]{ cg'dlt kfPsf] klg jif{ lbg lalt;s]sf] 5 .
sDkgLn] nfO;]G; / lk|mSj]G;L afkt z'Ns clg u|fdL0f
b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu;d]t u/L em08} bz s/f]8 ¿k}ofF
a'emfO;s]sf] atfPsf] 5 . To;n] u/]sf] cfDbfgLdf $ k|ltzt s/
/ @ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; s/ nfUg]5 . sDkgLn] g]kfn
b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] xfnsf] b/eGbf ;:tf]df cGt{/fli6«o, cGtb]{zLo
6«+ssn / :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] 3f]if0f ul/;s]sf]
5 . o;}aLr of] sDkgLn] lnld6]8 df]laln6Lsf] Ohfht lnP/
cglnld6]8 df]laln6L k|0ffnLsf] pks/0f h8fg u/L clgoldttf
u/]sf] cf/f]kdf sDkgL dfly sfjf{xL x'g] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfPsf]
5 . -g]kfn ;dfrf/kq, @)^), ;fpg & ut]_ . o;n] ubf{ of]
sDkgLn] klg lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ s'/fdf z+sf
p7]sf] 5 .
lng'k5{ . o;/L nfOg lnFbf cfOP;kLx¿n]
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf, g]b";+ / ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf z'Nsx¿
ltg'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @)%* h]7df ;/sf/n]
cfOP;kLx¿dfly ljleGg s/ a9fPkl5 cfOP;kL jN8{ln+sn] ;f9]
rf/ d]ufafO6 8]6f j;f/k;f/ ug{;Sg] Jof08ljysf] pkof]u
u/]afkt ?= b'O{ s/f]8eGbf w]/}sf] ljb]zL d'b|f e'QmfgL
ug'{kg]{ eof] . klxn] ljb]zL d'b|f e'Qmfg ;'ljwf lbPafkt tLg
k|ltzt z'Ns ltg'{ kYof]{ eg] Tof] z'Ns a9fP/ !% k|ltzt ul/of] .
o;/L ?= ^ nfvhlt lt/]sfn] ?= !% nfv ltg'{kg]{ eof] . o;/L
cfOP;kLx¿n] ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ ;]jf lnPafkt z'Ns, ;f] z'Ns
ljb]zL d'b|fdf ltl/lbPafkt # k|ltzt -a9fP/ !% k|ltzt
ul/Psf]_ 6L8LP; z'Ns, s'n cfDbfgLsf] $ k|ltzt /f]oN6L, !)
k|ltzt d"No clej[l4s/ -Eof6_, @ k|ltzt u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/
ljsf; z'Ns, clg d'gfkmfdf @% k|ltzt cfos/ a'emfpg'k5{ .
@)%& ;fnsf] sflt{sdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno /
cfOP;kLx¿aLr lk|mSj]G;Lsf] pkof]usf] cfwf/df Ohfht
gjLs/0f b:t'/ lng]af/]df ljjfb p7]sf] lyof] . s]xL jif{cl3
dGqfno / cfOP;kLx¿aLr ^$ lsnf] afO6 k|lt;]s]08nfO{ Ps
EjfO; Rofgn dfg]/ k|ltjif{ lk|mSj]G;L nfO;]G; z'Nsafkt #)
xhf/ ¿k}ofF / To;sf] %) k|ltztsf b/n] gjLs/0f z'Ns lng]
;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . o;aLr cfOP;kLx¿sf] ;]jf Joj;fo
a9]sf]n] ltgLx¿n] lk|mSj]G;L Ifdtf a9fP/ b'O{ d]uf afO6
k|lt;]s]08;Dd k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . dGqfnon] cfOP;kLx¿n] a9L
lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u u/]sf]n] a9L /sd ltg'{k5{ eGg] c8fg lnPsf]
lyof] . dGqfnon] eg]cg';f/ lk|mSj]G;Lsf] z'Ns ltg]{ xf] eg] Ps
d]uf afO6 lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ cfOP;kLn] em08} ;f9] rf/
nfv ¿k}ofF Ohfht gjLs/0f z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 egL
cfOP;kLx¿ eG5g\ . 5fn ug]/ k};f sdfpg] / OG6/g]6nfO{
hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg afwf kfg]{ of] klg Pp6f tl/sf b]lvG5 .
6]lnkmf]g, Od]n tyf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u ul/a
hgtfsf] nflu xf]Og . of] dWod / pRr ju{sf] nflu xf] .
pgLx¿n] ;'ljwf kfPeg] hlQ klg s/ ltg{;S5g\ eGg] ;f]r
;/sf/ / ;+:yfgsf] b]lvG5 . hgtfn] ;'ljwf kfpg\, b]zdf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eof] eg] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ / cj;/ a9]/
b]znfO{ g} kmfObf x'G5 eGg] b"/b[li6sf] cefj 5 . ;+:yfgsf]
ultljlw b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg] elgP klg s]jn
jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k -8An'PnPn_ h:tf] ;Lldt df]laln6L
k|0ffnLdfq lbOg] x'gfn] b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] df]afOn kmf]gsf]
t'ngfdf To;sf] cfsif{0f gx'g] s'/f :ki6 5 . o;af6 klg ;/sf/
/ k|flws/0fsf] nflu ;+:yfgsf] lxt g} ;jf]{kl/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
clxn]sf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ s;}n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u u5{ eg]
p;n] :jtM ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿ pkof]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 h'g s'/f
cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ klg yfxf gx'g;S5 . t/ P]gdf b"/;+rf/sf
Od]n÷OG6/g]6, lel8of] 6]S:6, ˆofS; d]n, cl8of] sGk|m]lG;ª,
nf]sn 8]6f sDo'lgs];gh:tf ljljw ;]jfx¿ Pp6} k|ljlwaf6
lbg;lsg] x'gfn] tL ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'kg]{
Joj:yf laNs'n} cJofjxfl/s b]lvG5 .
gofF k|ljlwcg';f/ ca cfOP;kLx¿n] ;+:yfgsf]
s'g} k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf pkof]u gu/L sg cfˆg} tf//lxt g]6js{ jf
s]a'n 6]lnlehgh:tf] tf/af6 OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{;Sg] k|ljlw
cfO;s]sf] 5 t/ o;af/]df sfg"g / gLlt df}g 5 . of] k|ljlwsf
nflu ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] yk nufgL ug{'k5{ t/ u|fxsx¿n] ;:tf]df
l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf kfpg;S5g\ . eL:of6sf] pkof]u g]kfnh:tf]
ef}uf]lns ljifdtfePsf] b]zsf] nflu a/bfg
g} xf] t/ o;sf] Ohfht b:t'/ / 7fpFklR5] a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht
lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg sDd/ efFRg] vfnsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb
s'g} cfOP;kLn] g]kfnsf %) j6f gu/kflnsfdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
;+rfng ug{ rfx]df To;n] %) j6f nfO;]G; lng'k5{ / k|To]s
nfO;]G;afkt To;n] tL;tL; nfvsf] b/n] !% s/f]8 ¿k}ofF
b:t'/ a'emfpg'k5{ . clg oGq pks/0fsf] nflu nufgL sxfFaf6
h'6fpg] < t/ ;/sf/n] eL:of6sf] nflu Ohfht lbP afkt s]xL
kfgf sfutafx]s s]xL vr{ ug'{ kb}{g . s] of] 5fn ug]/ k};f
sdfpg] sfdh:t} ePg / < k+rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ ljsNk/lxt
dflgPem}F b"/;+rf/sf] nflu g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ lglj{sNk
;]jfk|bfos jf k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf h;/L ljsf; ul/of] Tof] 9fFrf /
dfgl;stf cem} klg km]l/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . b]zdf ;"rgf
k|ljlwnfO{ ;fFRr} g} ul/aL 36fpg] sfddf pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] of]
9fFrf / dfgl;stf TofUg' klxnf] cfjZostf xf] .
;"rgf k|ljlw Joj;fodfly 9f8 ef“Rg] s/
cfOP;kLx¿n] u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbgsfnflu tyf
cGt/f{li6«o g]6js{;Fu ;Dks{ u/L 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu
ljb]zL sDkgLx¿;Fu :of6]nfO6 ;]jf lnPsf x'G5g\ . g]b";+af6
6]lnkmf]g nfOgnufot w]/} k|sf/sf ;]jfx¿ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
60
dGqfnon] tLg jif{leq ljleGg txsf %) xhf/ dflg;nfO{
/f]huf/Ld"ns sDKo'6/ k|lzIf0f lbg] nIf ah]6sf] cefjdf gf} xhf/
dflg;df ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . !%)) ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf u|fdL0f
;fd'bflos ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ kfFr jif]{ sfo{qmd b'O{ jif{ laTbf
!& ufla;df gd'gf sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;Lldt 5 .
afO; s/f]8sf] ;Qnkf6L <
ag]kfdf @@ s/f]8 ¿k}ofFdf ;"rgf k|ljlw kfs{ aGg
nfu]sf] w]/} jif{ eO;Sof] . o;sf] nflu clxn];Dd ;ft s/f]8 ¿k}ofF
vr{ eO;s]sf] 5 / of] jif{ 5 s/f]8 ¿k}ofF 5'6ØfOPsf] 5 . cfO{6L
kfs{ eg]sf] jf:tjdf o:tf] cef}lts ;+/rgf xf] h;leq /x]/ sfd
ug]{ ljleGg lgsfox¿n] Pp6f ljz]if Joj:yf, g]6js{, tyf lgod
sfg'gcGtu{t /x]/ sfd u5{g\ / /fHon] lbg] ;'ljwf tyf cGo
;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] xsbf/ x'G5g\ . o;sf] nflu kvf{nn]
3]l/Psf] ef}lts ;+/rgfleq a:g' cfjZos 5}g . of] t ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] d"n cjwf/0ffs} lvnfkm xf] . 6]lnjs{sf] o'udf ef]ln of]
ef}lts kfs{ afO; s/f]8sf] ;Qnkf6Ldf kl/0ft gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg
. a? of] ah]6 b"/;+rf/sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;df jf OG6/g]6
pkof]ustf{x¿nfO{ ;'ljwf lbg] sfddf vr{ u/]sf] eP pNn]vgLo
pknlAw x'g;SYof] . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] :t/Lo lzIff lbg]
p2]Zo lnP/ ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿n] w]/} k6s k|of; ul/;s]sf
5g\, t/ :ki6 gLlt / b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj / dGqfnox¿aLr
;dGjon] ubf{ k|foM ;a} lg/fz eO kms]{sf 5g\ .
;'b"/ klZrddf ef/tn] agfO lbg] elgPsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw cWoog
;+:yfg klg clglZrt cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ ljw]ossf] ljrNnL Û
;/sf/n] @)%& ;fnd} æljB'tLo sf/f]jf/ / l8hL6n
x:tfIf/ P]g, @)%&Æ sf] th'{df u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:tfljt ;f]
ljw]osdf æljB'tLo :j¿kdf ul/Psf] x:tfIf/ -l8lh6n l;Ug]r/_
nfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ub}{ ljB'tLo clen]vx¿nfO{ sfg'gL
dfGotfÆ k|bfg ug]{Ù ljlgdo clwsf/ kqx¿, crn ;DklQsf] xs
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lnvtx¿, o:tf] ;DklQdfly xs jf :jfldTj
hgfpg] lnvtx¿, jf/];gfdf, lkm/fbkq, k|ltpQ/kq, jf o:t}
cGo k|sf/sf cbfntL sf/afxLdf k|of]u x'g] lnvtx¿ tyf
k|rlnt sfg'gn] ljB'tLo
:j¿kdf /fVg gx'g] egL :ki6 tf]s]sf lnvtx¿afx]ssf cGo
;fdu|Lx¿df ljB'tLo clen]v sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGo x'g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . sd{rf/Lsf] lxt;Fu a9L hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}
cGt/f{li6«o PS;r]+hdf s]xL cGt/f{li6«o txsf Jofkf/L /
sd{rf/Lsf] dflkmof xfjL eO/x]sf] cg'dfg klg a]nfa]nfdf ul/G5
.
k|flws/0fn] u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu s]xL
k|ltzt s/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿af6 p7fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ Tof]
sf]ifsf] ;+rfng s;n] ug]{ eGg] :ki6 5}g . s'g} If]q ljz]if jf
s'g} u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;+rf/sf] ljsf;sf] gfddf s'g} sDkgL
ljz]ifnfO{ cg'lrt nfe k'¥ofpg sf]ifsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] ;+efjgf 5
. xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/df ! k|ltzt eG;f/ dx;'n b/ s]jn lzIff
If]qsf] nflu / cfO6L kfs{df cjl:yt pBf]ux¿sf] nflu ;Lldt
ul/Psf] 5 . cfO6L kfs{sf] cl:tTj g} gePsf] cj:yfdf of]
slyt eG;f/ ;'ljwf klg b]vfj6L g} 5 . ;a} 36gfjnLnfO{ x]bf{
g]kfndf b"/;+rf/nfO{ lghLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0f ug]{ k|of;x¿
cGt/f{li6«o hutnfO{ b]vfpg] d's'08f] dfq xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6
x'G5 .
dxTjfsf+IfL ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt Û
 æd'n'sdf JofKt xTof, lx+;f, cft+s / ef}lts ;+/rgf
Wj+;sf sf/0f l;lh{t cGof}n, clglZrttf, cefjdo jftfj/0f, ah]6
/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] cefj Pj+ dxTjfsf+IfL sfo{qmd / kl/jlt{t
;/sf/L /0fgLltn] ubf{ ;"rgf k|ljlw gLltn] cfzfltt ;kmntf
xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .Æ —
/f;;, @)^) ;fpg !&, uf]/vfkq b}lgs, ;fpg !* . æcfpFbf] kfFr
jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug]{Æ
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt @)%& c;kmn ePsf] ;DalGwt
dGqfnon] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . gLlt ag]sf] tLg jif{ eO;Sbf klg
gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ P]g sfg'g, lgodfjnL / cfjZos k"jf{wf/
v8f x'g g;Sg'Ù ;g\ @)@) ;Dd k"0f{ ;fIf/tfsf] nIf /fv]sf] b]zdf
;g\ @)!) ;Dd k|To]s
g]kfnLnfO{ sDKo'6/ lzIff lbg] p2]Zo lng'Ù kfFr jif{leq cfO6L
;ˆ6j]o/ / xf8{j]o/sf] lgsf;L !) lalnog ¿k}ofF k'¥ofpg] nIf
lng' cflb s'/fx¿ g} g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt slt dxTjfsf+IfL /
cJofjxfl/s 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{ kof{Kt 5 .
s'/f lyof] eg] ;'ljwf;DkGg ;+:yfg / x/]s k"jf{wf/sf]
nflu ;+:yfgs} d'v tfSg' kg]{ jf ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ / b:t'/
ltg'{kg]{ lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿sf] nflu of] 3fts sbd klg
x'g;SYof] . ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLltsf] ljk/Lt
;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] eGg] cf/f]k klg cGo
cfOP;kLx¿n] nufP . ;d:of d"No 36fPsf] eGbf klg cGo
cfOP;kLx¿n] ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ ;+:yfgs} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg / cGo
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn] ;+:yfg :jo+ k|lt:kwL{
ag]kl5 ;+:Yffgn] c? cfOP;kLx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf lbG5 ls lbFb}g eGg]
d"n s'/f xf] eGg] pgLx¿sf] egfO lyof] ;+:yfgn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf
lbg yfn]sf] s]xL lbg leq} OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] z'Ns 36]/ dfl;s ?
&%) ;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 lghL If]qsf cfOP;kLx¿
;+ul7t eP/ cfOP;kL g]kfn u7g u/] . pgLx¿n] OG6/g]6sf]
c;Lldt pkof]usf] z'Ns k|ltdlxgf ?= !^)) eGbf g36fpg] /
olb s;}n] 36fPdf ?= krf; xhf/ hl/jfgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/] .
cfk;df d"No 36f36sf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{nfO{ /f]Sg / ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ 36\g glbg of] sbd p7fOPsf] eGg] cfOP;kLx¿sf]
egfO lyof] . t/ pkef]Qmfx¿sf] nflu of] k|lt:kwL{ df]ndf
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg] cfˆgf] xs vf]l;Psf] 36gf lyof] . o;n]
pkef]Qmx¿sf] clwsf/ vf]l;of] .
cfOP;kLx¿n] u'6aGbL u/L d"No lgwf{/0f u/]sf],
sf6]{lnªsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] 5fglag u¥of] .
rf/ dlxgfkl5 @)%& sf] bz}F / ltxf/sf] pknIfdf cfOP;kLx¿
cfkm}n] $) k|ltzt;Dd OG6/g]6 z'Ns 36fP/ sf6]{lnª cGTo u/] .
clxn] pkTosfaflx/ klg s]xL zx/L Onfsfdf k|ltdlxgf ;f9]
;ft ;o ¿k}ofFdf c;Lldt OG6/g]6 pkof]u ;'ljwf kfOg] u/]sf]
5 . clxn] klg ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] jflif{s cfosf] t'ngfdf
OG6/g]6 z'Ns w]/} dxFuf] 5 . To;dfly OG6/g]6 k|of]u ubf{ nfUg]
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n t 5Fb}5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] e"ldsf / k|j[lQ
xfjf / kfgLh:t} k|sfz, Wjlg / /]l8of] t/+u k|s[ltsf
lx:;f x'g\ . o;sf] nflu s'g} klg hLjn] z'Ns ltg'{ kb}{g . kof{Kt
dfqfdf pknAw x'g] a:t' jf ;]jfx¿nfO{ klg cefj u/fpg]Ù tL
j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{ u/fpg]af/]df cg]s k|sf/sf
lgodx¿ agfP/ lgoGq0f ug]{Ù tL j:t' pTkfbs
tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfosx¿af6 Ohfht b:t'/ tyf ljleGg
k|sf/sf s/x¿ p7fpg], ;fy} pkef]Qmf / pkof]ustf{x¿nfO{
61
;d]t pkef]u u/]afkt ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ lt/fpg] k|j[lQ
sltko /fHo tyf ;/sf/x¿df b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] ljw]osn]
sDKo'6/ ;fdu|Ldf cglws[t kx'Fr, sDKo'6/ / ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf
Iflt k'¥ofpg] sfo{ -Xoflsª_, ljB'tLo :j¿kdf u}/sfg'gL s'/f
k|sfzg ug]{,
uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ sDKo'6/ ck/fw dflgPsf] 5 . o:tf
ck/fwx¿df s;'/sf] uDeL/tf x]/L bz xhf/b]lv kGw| xhf/
¿k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf tyf Ps dlxgfb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'a}
;hfo x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
To:t}, ljB'tLo clen]v / l8lh6n x:tfIf/x¿ sfg'gL
¿kdf dfGo x'gsf nflu clwsf/k|fKt lgsfoaf6 k|df0fLs/0f
u/fpg'kg]{ / o:tf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] Ohfhtkq lng'kg]{
Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a} k|sf/sf Goflos cbfntx¿df
sDKo'6/;DaGwL ck/fwx¿sf] ljifodf
ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf GofofwLzx¿sf] sdLnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/
5'§} ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ GofofwLs/0f :yfkgf ul/g] Joj:yf;d]t ;f]
ljw]osdf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} g]kfnaflx/ a;]/ sDKo'6/, sDKo'6/
k|0ffnL jf sDKo'6/ g]6js{ k|0ffnLdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] g]kfnL jf
u}/g]kfnLnfO{ o:tf s;'/df d'2f rnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
klg ;f] ljw]osdf ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] ljw]os P]g gagLsg
ljw]ossf] ¿kd} lanfof] . kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf]
Osd;{ dfq} xf]Og g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; g} w]/} k5fl8
ws]lnof] . P]gsf] cefjdf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df cfwfl/t Jofkf/
Joj;fosf] nfeaf6 ;/sf/ / Joj;foLx¿ b'a} kIf a+lrt x'g'
k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljwsf] If]qdf ck/fw a9]sf] 5 .
clxn] cfP/ ;/sf/n] kl/dfh{g;lxt gofF ljB'tLo Jofkf/ P]g
NofpFb}5 . t/ of] gofF P]g klg klxn]sf] h:t} hl6n efiffdf
ePsf] / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kl/jt{gzLn rl/qnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf]
cfnf]rgf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . klxn]sf] ljw]osn] ljB'tLo sf/f]af/
tyf ;fOa/ ck/fwnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] lyof] eg] gofF cfpg]
ljw]os ljB'tLo sf/f]af/df a9L s]lGb|t ePsf] l6Kk0fL ul/Psf]
5.
cfOP;kLx¿sf] c3]{nf] <
@)%& a}zfvdf g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] klg OG6/g]6
;]jf lbg yfn]kl5 lghL If]qaf6 ;]jf lbO/x]sf cfOP;kLx¿ eml:sP
. ;+:yfgn] h'g b/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg yfNof] Tof] b/ lghL If]qsf
cfOP;kLx¿sf] b/eGbf lgSs} ;:tf] lyof] . ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf]
;+:yfgn] cfˆgf k|z:t k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pkof]u u/L sd d"Nodf ;]jf
lbg] /0fgLlt pkef]Qmfsf] nflu :jfut of]Uo ;+:yfgk|lt pQ/bfloTj
eg] k6Ss} gb]lvPsf] / u|fxsx¿n] sd{rf/Lx¿af6 Go"gtd
;'ljwf;d]t kfpg g;s]sf] u'gf;f] a9\b} uPsf] 5 . — g]kfn
;dfrf/kq b}lgs, @)^) h]7 @# ut] .
;+3n] 6fj/ d/dt ug{ bz nfv ;xof]u ug]{
nDh'ª, @# h]7 – dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 Ifltu|:t
b"/;+rf/sf] l/lk6/ 6fj/ tTsfn dd{t ;'? eP pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
nDh'ªn] !) nfv ¿k}ofF ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5 . of] lhNnf 8]9
jif{b]lv ;Dks{ljxLg 5 . ;+:yfgn] clxn];Dd 6fj/ agfpg ;'?
gu/]kl5 ;+3n] d/dtsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] xf] . ====== —
sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)^) h]7 @$ ut] .
df]afOn kmf]g ;+rfng cg'dltlj?4 l/6 vf/]h
:kfO; ;]nn] tLg dlxgfleq ;]jf ;'? ug]{
 sf7df8f}F, @# ;fpg – lghL If]qnfO{ df]afOn kmf]g
;]jf ;+rfngsf nflu b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0fn] lbPsf] c'gdlt /2 ug{
k/]sf] ph'/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] vf/]h u/]sf] 5 . ===== GofofwLz
åo s]bf/gfy pkfWofo / /fh]Gb|/fh gfVjfsf] ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;af6 l/6 vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ===== ;+3n]
lgj]bgdf of] ljifo sd{rf/L / ;+:yfgsf] lxt;Fu ufFl;Psf] pNn]v
u/]sf] lyof] . of] kIfdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{ pkfWofon] eGg'eof],
æ;+:yfgsf] lxt ;fj{hlgs lxt gx'g klg ;S5, To;}n] ;fj{hlgs
lxtsf] bfjL :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsPg .Æ
of] k|flnsf] g]kfnL ;fem]bf/ v]tfg ;d"xsf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs /fh]Gb|s'df/ v]tfgn] ca !) — !% lbgdf cg'dltkq
lng] / To;sf] sl/a tLg dlxgfdf ;]jf ;'? ug]{ hfgsf/L
lbg'eof] . t/ g]kfn b"/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf k|jQmf lx/0os'df/
e§/fO{n] To; k|flnn] ltg]{ eg]sf] @) ca{ ¿k}ofFsf] 6'Fuf] gePsf] /
!) jif{leq ;]jf ;+rfng x'g] ljZjf;;Dd gnfu]sf]n] cg'dltkq
lbg gx'g] wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] . — sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)%*, ;fpg
@$ ut] . dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;;Fu} lgoGq0fsf/L k|j[lQ 36b}
uP/ sNof0fsf/L / ;fj{hlgs lxt, pbf/Ls/0f tyf pkef]udf
;dfg clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] dfGotf kfpg yfn]sf] 5 .
kmn:j¿k clxn] lzIff kfpgsf nflu pRr hftsf] x'g' clgjfo{
5}g, j]b jf zf:q k9]df z"b| jf gf/Lsf] sfgdf kUn]sf]
l;;f vGofpg] lgod 5}g, /]l8of] ;]6 /fVg Ohfht kq lng' kb}{g
. x'nfs ljefun] lghL If]qn] s'l/o/ ;le{; rnfpg kfpGg eGb}g
. g t Od]ndf /f]s nufP/ vfdd} l6s6 6fF;]/ lr7L k7fpg'k5{
eG5 . ul/aL 36fpg, pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/, ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf]
ult a9fpgÙ zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ / k|hftGq alnof] kfg{
tyf ;dfh, /fHo / hLjgsf cgluGtL sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u clxn] ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}n] g]tf, gLlt
lgdf{tfb]lv lnP/ ufpF:t/sf ;r]t tyf lhDd]jf/
JolQmx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] u'0f ufpg / o;sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{
eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kIfdf olt
Jofks hgdt ag]/ ax';+Vos ;r]t hgtfaf6 z'esfdgf JoQm
eP klg o;sf] ljsf; rfx]h:tf] x'g;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf] sf/0f
gLlt, P]g, lgodb]lv lnP/ b]zsf] /fhgLlts tyf zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
l:ylt tyf cfly{s cj:yf, s/, b:t'/, ah]6, hgtfsf]
Ifdtf / r]tgfsf] sdLh:tf ;}of}F sf/0fx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{
;lsG5 . t/ hlt nfdf] ;"rL tof/ kf/] klg ;"rLsf k|To]s zAbn]
Pp6} zAbnfO{ cf}FNofO/x]sf] x'G5 — lgot .
P3f/ dlxgfsf] af]g;kl5 8]9 s/f]8sf] eQf dfu
dfcf]jfbL ultljlwsf sf/0f u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf
b"/;+rf/ ;+/rgfx¿ tf]8kmf]8 eP/ nfvf}F hgtf 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{af6
j+lrt eO/xsf] ;dodf af]g; / k|f]T;fxgsf] gfddf !! dlxgfsf]
tna a/fa/sf] /sd lng ;kmn g]kfn b";;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf
sd{rf/Lx¿n] n'ufeQf Pjd\ jflif{s pT;jsf] gfddf yk Ps s/f]8
¿k}ofFsf] dfu /fVb} ;+:yfgsf dxfk|jGwsnfO{ bafa lbPsf 5g\ .
======= ;+:yfgsf] $& s/f]8 ^$ nfv %) xhf/ ?lkofF a/fa/sf]
ef}lts ;+/rgf tf]8kmf]8 eP/ xfn;Dd klg & xhf/ & ;o @)
nfOg 6]lnkmf]g k|efljt ePsf] cj:yfdf tnaeQfafx]s @# s/f]8
#* nfv @% xhf/ # ;o !( ¿k}ofF ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n]
cltl/Qm ;'ljwf of] cfjdf kfpg] ePsf 5g\ .
bz}F vr{;d]t u/]/ Ps jif{eGbf klg a9Lsf] /sd lng]
sd{rf/Lx¿df gLltn] b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{;s]df
62
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df pNn]vgLo pknlAw x'g] cfzf
ug{;lsG5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg] pkfox?
g]kfnL efiff a'‰g] sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df g]kfnL efiff
clxn] k9]n]v]sf dflg;x¿ klg sDKo'6/sf] cufl8
a:g jf OG6/g]6 rnfpg xRsg'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f efiff xf] .
OG6/g]6df pknAw x'g] (% k|ltzt eGbf w]/} hfgsf/L c+u|]hLdf
x'G5 . g]kfnL efiffdf Ps k|ltzt ;"rgf klg OG6/g]6df kfOGg .
sDKo'6/ ;+rfng ug]{ ;a} ;ˆ6j]o/ / sdf08x¿ c+u|]hLdf
rN5g\ . c+u|]hLdf ;+rf/ ug{;Sg] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof !) k|ltzt
hltdfq} 5 . Tof] klg zx/L If]qdf s]lGb|t 5 . ef/tLo
pkdxfåLkdf g]kfnnfO{ 5f8]/ c? b]zdf c+u|]hx¿n] rf/ ;o
jif{;Dd zf;g ubf{ c+u|]hL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L tyf /fHox¿aLr
cGt;{DjGwsf] efiff agfPsf] x'gfn] ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z /
>Ln+sfdf c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g] / af]Ng]x¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} 5 . x'g t
c+u|]hL efiff cf}klgj]lzs bf;Tjsf] k|tLs / cjz]if xf] eg]/ k|foM
w]/}n] luNnf u5{g\ t/ clxn] oxL s'/f tL b]zdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;sf] ;xfos ag]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ;+rf/lagf /fi6«sf] ljsf; xF'b}g / cGt/f{li6«o
;Dk{ssf] d"n efiff c+u|]hL xf] eGg] s'/f tLtf] ;To xf] . @)@*
;fndf nfu" ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lzIff gLltn] c+u|]hL
efiffnfO{ ;s];Dd b'?T;fxg u/]sfn] klg clxn] b]zdf c+u|]hL
efiffdf ;+rf/ ug{;Sg] hgzlQmsf] sdL ePsf] xf] . clxn]
k5'tfP/ s]xL x'g] t xf]Og t/ efiffsf] of] ;d:ofaf6 kf/ kfpg
b]zn] 7"n} df]n r'sfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . csf]{lt/ g]kfnL efiff a'‰g]
;ˆ6j]o/ ljsf; ug{] k|of; klg ;kmn x'g;s]sf]
5}g . o;sf] Pp6f d'Vosf/0f t ahf/sf] sdL g} xf] . g]kfnleq
;ˆ6j]o/ a]Rg] ahf/ ;fx|} ;Lldt 5 . g]kfnL efiffdf pTkflbt
;ˆ6j]o/sf] pTkfbgsf] vr{ klg p7g;St}g . g]kfnL efiff a'‰g]
/ g]kfnL efiffdf lbPsf] cfb]z cg';f/ sfd ug]{ PlKn]s];g
;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg ljz]if of]hgf / cg'bfg ;xof]usf] vfFrf] 5 .
dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfnon] g]kfnL efiffdf rNg] ;ˆ6j]o/
pTkfbgdf cu'jfO u/]tf klg of] rng rNtLdf cfpg ;s]sf]
5}g . ;a} ;fIf/ g]kfnLn] sDKo'6/ rnfpg jf OG6/g]6df g]kfnL
efiffdf /flvg] kf7Ø ;fdu|Ldf ljs[lt x6fP/ Ps¿ktf Nofpg
hlt;s]sf] rfF8f] Pp6f Jofks k|of; yfNg'kg]{ :ki6 5 .
jf:tjdf l5d]sL b'O{ b]zx¿df eGbf w]/} klxn] g]kfndf
sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u / o;;DaGwL sf/f]af/ ;'? ePsf] xf] . t/
clxn] ;ˆ6j]o/ pBf]udf ef/t / xf8{j]o/ pBf]udf lrg ljZjd}
cu|0fL :yfgdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfn kl5 kb}{ uPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gx'g'df ;d:ofsf] d"n r'/f]
lgoGq0fsf/L k|j[lQ g} xf] . o;n] ubf{ oxfF ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fo, Jofkf/ cflbsf] ck]lIft ljsf; x'g;s]g,
ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿ klg efUg] l:ylt cfof] . jf:tjdf clxn]
g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; lghL If]qsf s]xL pT;fxL
JolQmx¿sf] nugzLntfsf] e/df s5'jfsf] ultdf
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;j{;'ne, ;/n / ;:tf] k|ljlwnfO{ klg cg]s lgod
sfg'gsf] hfnf]df afFw]/ To;sf] pkof]u cfdhgtfsf] kxF'reGbf
w]/} 6f9f, ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu b'n{e agfP/ b:t'/ / s/sf] ef/Ln]
cg'knEo agfP/ cfDbfgLsf] ;lhnf] ;|f]t agfpg] k'/fgf]
dfgl;stf jf k|j[lQ sltko ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df cem} klg
sfod 5 . b]zn] ;"rgf k|ljlwaf6 nfe kfpgg;Sg'df of] k|j[lQ
d'Vo afws b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f g]kfn b"/;+rf/
;+:yfg xf] h;n] OG6/g]6 6]lnkmf]gdfly /f]s nufpgfsf ;fy}
lghL If]qnfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;+rfng ug{ lbFg' x'Fb}g eg]/ sd{rf/L
;+u7gn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ph'/L u5{ . æ;+:yfgsf] lxt
;fj{hlgs lxt gx'g klg ;S5Æ eg]/ cbfntn] :ki6 km};nf
u/]kl5 klg ;+:yfgsf] lxtnfO{ g} clxn] klg ;jf]{kl/ g} dfg]/
sfd eO/xs]f 5 h;n] ubf{ k"/} d'n's ljsf;sf] 7"nf] cj;/af6
j+lrt x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] af6f]df ;a}eGbf
ufx|f] / d"n uf}F8f] / uN5]F8f] oxL g} xf] . /fhgLlts ;+sNk /
cfFl6nf] g]t[Tjlagf of] uN5]F8f] kf/ ug{ c;+ej 5 . t/ of] uN5]F8f]
kf/ gu/L g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f ca n's]sf] 5}g .
b"/;+rf/ If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf M Pp6f lemgf] cfzf Û
;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{
ljBdfg b"/;+rf/ gLlt ckof{Kt ePsf] x'Fbf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/
dGqfnon] ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf kfFr jif]{ b"/;+rf/ ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf
sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] b]ze/df l56f] / tTsfn b"/;+rf/
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpgÙ lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf k"jf{+rnsf %#$
uflj;df sDtLdf b'O{ nfv 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pknAw u/fpgÙ dGqfno
cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpg tyf b"/;+rf/ ;]jfdf
lghL If]qnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g] 5 . dGqfnon]
b"/;+rf/ gLlt @)^! th'{df ub}{5 . ;f] kl/of]hgf / k|:tfljt
OsGk|m]G; tyf dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h -kf7Ø, Wjlg / rnlrqsf]
¿kdf_ k|sfzg cflb sfdaf6 Okqsfl/tfnfO{ cfsif{s / pkof]uL
agfpg;lsG5 . g]kfnsf cgnfO{g klqsfx¿n] ug{;Sg] / ug'{kg]{
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf]
sf7df8f}Faf6 lg:sg] kqklqsfx¿ Psflaxfg} j]a;fO6df /fv]/
pkTosf aflx/ sf kf7sx¿;dIf k'¥ofpg' . pkTofsfaflx/sf
kf7sx¿ sf7df8f}Fsf] ;dfrf/ yfxf kfpg x'?Ss} u5{g\ .
sf7df8f}Faf6 laxfg} lg:sg] cvaf/x¿sf dxTjk"0f{ c+z jf l;+u}
cvaf/ klg OG6/g]6df /fVg;lsG5 . j]a;fO6df /flvPsf tL
cvaf/sf ;fdu|Lx¿ :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of], s]a'n 6LeL ;]jf
k|bfosx¿, cl8of] 6fj/ tyf kqklqsfx¿n] klg cfd >f]tf jf
kf7s;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;+rf/ dfWodx¿;Fu /
lj1fkg Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ of] sfdnfO{ lbuf] /
gfkmfd"ns klg agfpg;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6 gk'u]sf] 7fp“df ;L8L /f]d
g]kfnsf clwsf+z ufpFx¿ 6]lnkmf]glaxLg ePsf x'gfn]
of]hgf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u h:tf hg;/f]sf/sf ljleGg cfof]u dGqfno, ljefu,
lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox¿, ljsf;] sfof{nox¿, nfOg Ph]G;Lx¿,
:yfgLo lgsfo tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] j]a;fO6df /flvg]
;fdu|Lx¿ ;L8L /f]ddf /fv]/ ufpFufpFdf k'¥ofP/ ufpFn]x¿nfO{ ;"rgf
k|ljlwdfkm{t lbOg] k|hftGq, ;'zf;g, ljsf;, :jf:Yo cflb ljljw
hfgsf/L, r]tgf / ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . c+u|]hL efiff j'‰g g;Sg]
clwsfz+ g]kfnLsf nflu g]kfnL efiffdf lgld{t ;L8L a9L pkof]uL
klg x'G5 .
OG6/g]6 ;xof]uL -:qmfOa_
g]kfndf (( k|ltzteGbf w]/} dflg;x¿ sDKo'6/–
lg/If/ 5g\ . () k|ltzt hgtfn] c+u|]hL efiff a'‰g;Qm}gg\ .
cgk9x¿sfnflu k9\g n]Vg ;3fpg cbfntdf n]vgbf;÷/fO6/
63
/ ;dfhdf n]vg– ;xof]uL -:qmfOa_ sf] k|rng ePem}F sDKo'6/–
lg/If/sf nflu OG6/g]6 ;xof]uL JolQm / ;+:yfx¿sf] hdft tof/
ug'{k5{ .
3fd, kfgL, xfjf / dnaf6 lah'nL
xfn g]kfndf em08} @) k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df dfq}
lah'nL k'u]sf] 5 . Tof] klg
w]/}h;f] zx/LIf]qdf ;Lldt 5 hxfF s'n hg;+Vofsf] !%
k|ltzteGbf yf]/} dflg; a:5g\ . ct ufFpdf 3fd, xfjf kfgL /
uf]j/Uof; af6 ljh'nL lgsfNg] j}slNks pkfosf nflu ;s];Dd
w]/} cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
g]kfnL j]a;fO6 nf]slk|o agfpg]
g]kfndf j]a;fO6 agfpg] nx/ rn]sf] 5 / of]
k|lti7fsf] ljifo klg ag]sf] 5 . t/ j]a;fO6 lsg < o;sf] nlIft
bz{s sf] xf] < o;sf] p2]Zo s] xf] < egL /fd|/L ga'emL sltkon]
/x/s} e/df / s;}n] bftf ;+:yfn] lbPsf] e/df j]a;fO6 /fv]sf]
b]lvG5 . cvaf/, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgsf] lglZrt
kf7s, >f]tf tyf bz{s ju{ / ef}uf]lns If]q x'G5, t/ j]a;fO6
ljZjJofkL x'G5 . j]a;fO6 h'g efiffdf agfOPsf] 5 Tof] efiff
hfGg] ljZjsf] s'g} klg efudf a:g], s'g} klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
wfld{s ;d'bfosf dflg;n] Tof] j]a;fO6 x]g{;S5 . To;}n]
ljZjJofkL bz{snfO{ a'emfpg s:tf] efiff, s:tf] z}nL / s:tf]
l8hfOg k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f lgSs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljZjdf em08}
5 s/f]8 dflg;x¿n] OG6/g]6 k|of]u u5{g\ . j]a;fO6sf]
;+Vof klg s/f]8 gfl3;s]sf] cg'dfg 5 . bz{snfO{ cfslif{t ug]{
s'/f j]a;fO6df ePg eg] ju/sf] afn'jfsf] s0fem}F j]a;fO6
eL8df x/fpg;S5 . To;}n] j]a;fO6 6SnSs b]lvg] vfnsf]
x'g'k5{ . ;fy} j]a;fO6 x]g{ yfn]kl5 bz{s csf]{ j]a;fO6df
ghfcf];\ eGgsf nflu j]a;fO6sf] ljifoj:t', l;+uf/k6f/ tyf
k|:t'lt plQs} nf]Eofpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . g]kfnL j]a;fO6x¿sf]
a]Un} klxrfg u/L rfx]sf] j]a;fO6 x]g{;Sg] agfpg g]kfn ;+a+wL
l;+uf] kf]6{n jf ljifo / If]qcg';f/ kfFr ;ft j6f kf]6{n -PsLs[t
j]a;fO6_ agfpg' cfjZos 5 .
j]a;fO6 lg/Gt/ gjLs/0f jf ck8]6 ul//fVg' k5{ .
hlt k6s x]/] klg pxL cg'xf/ / ljifoj:t' b]lvg] j]a;fO6af6
bz{sx¿ lbSs x'G5g\ . j]a;fO6df k9g}kg]{ ljz]if ;fdu|L ge}
af;L j]a;fO6df sf]xL klg kms{g rfxGgg\ . clxn] j]a
l8hfOlgªsf ;fy} j]a /fOl6ª k|ljlw klg cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .
klxn] /fd|f] n]vgsf] nflu ;+lIfKt / ;/n -;6{ P08 l;Dkn_ n]Vg]
lgod lyof] eg] ca csf]{ Pp6f P;, :jL6 ylkPsf] 5 . cyf{t\
j]a n]vg ;+lIfKt -a'Fbfa'Fbfdf_, ;/n -;a}n] a'‰g;Sg] efiff /
z}nLdf_, clg k9'Fk9'F nfUg] ld7f] x'g'k5{ .
cgnfOg kqsfl/tfnfO{ cem pkof]uL agfpg]
OG6/g]6df klqsf /fVb}df bz{sn] x]5{ eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g
. cgnfOg klqsfx¿n] bz{ssf] ;+Vof a9fpg lgoldt k|rf/
k|;f/ / ljleGg sfo{qmd ug'{k5{ . bz{ssf] k|Zgf]Q/, lh1f;f
:tDe, ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ sfdnfUg] s'/f, pgLx¿sf]
;Gb]z, hgdt ;+sng, Kofgn jf u|'k l8:s;g, a]nfa]nfdf
;+rfng / lbuf]kgsf] nflu :yfgLo ;+:yf jf lghL If]qnfO{ lbg'
Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . 6]ln;]G6/x¿n] 3/axfn hf]ufpg jf ufFpsf
cu'jfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] lgotn] klg uflj; ejg, :s'n jf
s'g} ;fj{hlgs ejgdf /fVg ;S5g\ . t/ pkof]lutf, lbuf]kg,
cfDbfgL / ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] ahf/ If]q jf dflg;x¿ w]/} cfpg],
cfjthfjt a9L x'g] 7fpFdf 6]ln;]G6/ /fVg'k5{ .
oGqpks/0f / ;'ljwfsf] lg0f{o
6]ln;]G6/df /flvg] oGqpks/0f / ;'ljwfx¿ ;a} 7fpFdf Ps}
k|sf/sf] jf a/fa/ /fVg' cfjZos / Aofjxfl/s b]lvFb}g . st}
6]lnkmf]gsf] a9L pkof]u x'g;S5 . st} ˆofS; rflxFb} grflxg;S5
. st} lk|G6/ / kmf]6f]skLsf] b'¿kof]u x'g;S5 . glhssf] ahf/df
sltko ;]jf ;:tf]df kfOg;S5g\ . ctM :yfgLo cfjZostf,
pkof]u / IfdtfnfO{ a'em]/ :yfgLo hgtfs}
;xdltcg';f/ s] slt ;'ljwf /fVg] eGg] lg0f{o ul/g'k5{ .
ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfx tyf :yfgLo ;xof]u / ;+sNk
a]nfa]nfdf aGb eO/fVg] ce/kbf]{ lah'nL, cg'ko'Qm
6]lnkmf]g k|0ffnL, xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ km]g]{ jf d/dt ug]{
;'ljwfsf] cefj, ;"rgf k|ljlwn] lbg] ;]jfaf/] ufpFn]x¿sf]
cgle1tf jf cljZjf;, :yfgLo hgzlQm / ;+rfngsf] nflu ;|f]t
;fwg / Joj:yfkgsf] sdL cflb afwf Jojwfgx¿ kf/ ug{sf
nflu ;DalGwt ljz]if1 / :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xdlt ;fy} :yfgLo
g]t[Tjsf] ;+sNk lnP/ 6]ln;]G6/ ;'? u/] dfq ;kmn x'g;S5 .
nufgL
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / g]t[Tj txdf k|ljj4tfsf] sdLn]
ubf{ ljb]zL 7"nf tyf :jledfgL Jofkfl/s lgsfox¿ g]kfndf
nufgL ug{ cfP/ klg kms{g' k/]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRr
lzIff lbg] ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ cfPsfx¿ kms]{/ uPsf 5g\ . clxn]
g]kfnsf ljleGg sn]h / ljZjljBfnodf kl9x]sf %))) hlt
;"rgf k|ljlwsf :gftsx¿n] b]zleq sfd gkfpg] cj:yf cfpg]
;+efjgf 5 . o'jfx¿nfO{ :j/f]huf/ agfpg ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t Joj;fodf nufpg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnsf
a}Fsx¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|j4{g ug]{ vfnsf] C0f lbg] of]hgf
;+rfng ug'{k5{ . ;s];Dd cfO6L ljsf; a}Fs :yfkgf ug'{k5{ .
gof“gof“ pkof]ustf{x¿
klxn] cg'dfg} gul/Psf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿
6]ln;]G6/sf pkof]ustf{ aGg ufp“sf] nflu zx/sf ;fOa/
Sofkm]x¿sf] pkof]u t/fO{sf clwsf+z ufFpx¿ zx/LIf]qsf]
glhs ePsf] / kxf8L Onfsfdf klg zx/ / ufpFjLr glhssf]
;DjGw ePsf] x'gfn] zx/L If]qdf ePsf ;'ljwfx¿af6 ufFpn]x¿n]
nfe lnO/x]sf 5g\ . xfn sltko zx/x¿df ;+rflnt ;fOa/
Sofkm]x¿df u|fdL0f o'jfx¿ em'lDfPsf b]lvG5g\ . of] k|j[lQnfO{
a9fP/ zx/LIf]qdf ;+rflnt ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿nfO{ ufFp ljsf;
;ldlt, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ /
ljsf;] ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dlGjt u/L sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ .
x'nfsn] ufFpdf lr7L afF8]em}+ lab]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx¿sf] Od]n
zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿, x'nfsx¿, ufFpdf rn]sf 6]ln;]G6/x¿
dfkm{t ufFpdf jf sDKo'6/ gePsfx¿sxfF
k'/\ofpg] / k7fpg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . zx/df l:yt ;fOa/
Sofkm]x¿nfO{ of] sfdsf] lhDdf lbg;lsG5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf
gePsf ufpFdf sfd ug]{ kl/of]hgf jf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n]
klg zx/sf ;fOa/ Sofkm]x¿;Fu ldn]/ Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf
pkef]u ug{;S5g\ .
x'nfsdf Od]n / OG6/g]6 ;]jf
ljh'nL / 6]lnkmf]g k'u]sf x'nfs sfof{nox¿df OG6/g]6
hl8t sDKo'6/ /fv]/ u|fxsx¿nfO{ Go'gtd z'Ns lnP/ Od]n
Psfp06 vf]Ng] ;'ljwf lbOg'k5{ .
64
:yfgLo g]t[Tj / Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{
:yfgLo g]t[Tjsf]
ljsf; ug'{k5{ . s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] ;"rgf cfjZostf / pko'Qm
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] af/]df ;a}eGbf a9L ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ yfxf
x'G5 ctM lbuf]kgsf] nflu klg o;sf] dxTj 5 . dflg;x¿nfO{
;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] ;Lk l;sfP/ tyf ;/n / ;'ne k"jf{wf/ tof/
kf/]/ dfq} ljkGg ;dfhx¿n] cfˆg} ;+rf/ dfWodx¿dfly a9L
lgoGq0f ug{;S5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿ cfˆgf] eljiodfly a9L
lgoGq0f ug{;Sg] x'G5g\ . of] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/L, lghL,
:yfgLo, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o, ljleGg kIf jf sf/s jf
kfqx¿aLrsf] ;femf k|of; cfjZos x'G5 .
;s];Dd w]/}sf] kx“'rdf
;/sf/n] !% ;o ufFpdf 6]ln;]G6/ :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf
agfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;+:yfx¿n] clxn] g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{
;j{;'ne agfP/ ljsf;, k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] ultljlwnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg] ljleGg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .
dGqfnob]lv uflj;;Dd ltgLx¿n] ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ ljleGg
;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo gx'gfn] e|d, bf]xf]/f] sfd / ljs[lt klg
pTkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ltgLx¿n] dGqfnob]lv lnP/ :yfgLo
lgsfo / ;fd'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿;Fu klg ldn]/ ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug'{k5{ / s]Gb|Lo eGbf :yfgLo
Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg a9L hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
Osd;{sf] ljsf;sf] nflu
klxnf] sfd t On]S6«f]lgs sf/f]af/nfO{ dfGotf lbg] /
o;;+a+wL ck/fw /f]Sg] sfg'g aGg' cfjZos 5 . To;f] ePkl5
cgnfOg ljqmL ljt/0f / e'QmfgL ;Dej x'G5 . Osd;{ dfkm{t
cfh{g u/]sf] ljb]zL d'b|f b]zdf leq\ofpg] / a}Fsdf /fVg]af/]df
pbf/ gLlt Nofpg'k5{ . Jofkfl/s j]a;fO6sf] lgoldt ck8]6
x'g'sf ;fy} To;dfkm{t a]lrg] ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ .
Pp6f sDkgLn] 7Uof] eg] ;a} j]a;fO6k|lt ljZjf; u'D5 .
b"/;+rf/ dx;'ndf lx:;]bf/L / lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6
OG6/g]6 / b"/;+rf/ Pscsf{sf] kof{ojfrL zAbh:t}
eO;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 k|of]u a9g' eg]sf] b"/;+rf/sf] k|of]u /
cfDbfgL a9g' xf] . ctM ljleGg b]zdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg]
sDkgLx¿n] b"/;+rf/ dx;'nsf] lx:;f kfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;/L
b"/;+rf/sf] cfDbfgLn] OG6/g]6 ;]jf wflgg] dfq} xf]Og gfkmfd}
rNg yfn]kl5 OG6/g]6 lgMz'Ns x'g' :jfefljs xf] .
Ps sfd b'O{ dGqfno
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt,
;fOa/ sfg'g agfpF5 ./fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]Gb| oxL dGqfnosf]
cGtu{t 5 . csf]{lt/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] d]?b08 b"/;+rf/sf] gLlt,
P]g, lgod agfpg] b]lvlnP/ lk|mSj]G;L, eL:of6 cflbsf] Ohfht
lbg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] lhDdf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno
cGtu{t k5{ . b"/ ;+rf/ k|flws/0f / ;+:yfg oxL dGqfnosf]
dftxtdf 5 . Pp6} If]q b'O{ dGqfnon] x]g]{ k|jwfg ePsf] x'Fbf
sltko ljifodf lj;+ult / cK7Øf/f] klg k/]sf] 5 . ctM ;"rgf
k|ljlw;+a+wL ;a} sfd Pp6} dGqfnocGtu{t /fVg' Jofjxfl/s tyf
k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
cGt/f{li6«o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -cfO{6Lo"_ sf] ;'emfj
OG6/g]6 k|j4{gsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 -
cfO{6Lo"_ n] u/]sf b'O{ ;S5g\ . h:t}, zx/af6 dfn;fdfg
lemsfpg] :yfgLo Jofkf/L tyf ufpFsf] pTkfbg zx/df a]Rg
n}hfg] Jofkf/Lx¿, ufpFaf6 zx/df sfd ug{ dhb'/ hDdf ug]{
7]s]bf/, 7]s]bf/nfO{ kv]{/ a:g] dhb'/x¿, lg/Gt/ cfO6L k|of]u
ug]{ cfuGt'sx¿, gofF of]hgf, kl/of]hgf jf ;+:yfsf] sfof{no
cflb . s]jn ;+rf] la;+rf] hfGgsf] nflu dfq} 6]ln;]G6/ :yfkgf
ug'{ lemFuf dfg{ aGb'ssf] Joj:yf ug'{h:t} xf] .
;"rgf / 1fgsf] ljs]lGb|t / ;'ne e08f/sf] lgdf{0f
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljz]iftf g} 1fg / ;"rgfsf]
;j{;'netf xf] . o;}n] ;/sf/L, z}lIfs, Jofj;flos, :jf:Yo;+a+wL
tyf c? s'g} klg ljifo / If]q;Fu ;+a+lwt ;"rgf / 1fgsf] e08f/
-8]6f a];_ s]Gb|Ls[t jf Ps}7fpFdf jf ;Lldt JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf
x'g'x'Fb}g . ;s];Dd w]/} j]a;fO6df /fVg'k5{ . o;/L ;a} tx /
Ifdtfsf pkof]ustf{ – JolQm / ;+:yfx¿ – n]
1fg / ;"rgf kfpg / pkof]u ug{;S5g\ .
k/Dk/fut k|ljlwx¿sf] pkof]u
;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ ;j{;'ne agfpg sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6df
dfq e/ gk/]/ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, lel8of], s]a'n 6LeL,
cvaf/h:tf k/Dk/fut ;+rf/ dfWodx¿sf] klg pkof]u ug'{k5{ .
leGg k|ljlwx¿sf] d]naf6 ag]sf] ;+s/ k|ljlw -xfOla|8_ sf]
pkof]u tyf gofF / k'/fgf k|ljlwx¿sf] d]naf6 l;h{gf ePsf gofF
k|0ffnLx¿n] k|efjsf/L, :yfgLo vr{n] wfGg;Sg] / ;an agfpg]
vfnsf ;+rf/sf ;fwgx¿ pknJw x'g;S5g\ . ;fgf] kl/df0f, sd
vr{, ;d'bfod'vL tyf ;]G;/l;keGbf aflx/ x'g' cflb u'0fx¿ gofF
dfWodsf kmfObfx¿ x'g\ .
tf//xLt b"/;+rf/ k|ljlwdf hf]8
ca df]afOn kmf]gaf6 Od]n / OG6/g]6 rNg yfn]sf] 5
. ef]lnsf] ul/asf] 6]lnkmf]g df]afOn kmf]g g} xf] . lgs6 eljiodf
u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|0ffnL tf//xLt b"/;+rf/
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'g] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . df]afOn / :of6]nfO6
kmf]gn] sDKo'6/sf] klg sfd ug{ yfNg]5 . ctM b"/
;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw;+a+wL of]hgf agfpFbf of] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf
/flvPg eg] ;|f]t / ;fwg dfq} v]/ hfg] 5}g b]z g} ljsf;sf]
ultdf kl5 kg]{5 .
aflx/L ;xof]u :yfgLo ;d'bfo;“u
g]kfndf sfo{/t /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox¿, bft[;+:yfx¿ tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;] vf]Ng ;3fpg'k5{ . hgtfnfO{ lgMz'Ns jf
;x'lnot b/df 6]lnkmf]g / OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg] ;dfh;]jL
;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/ tyf bft[;+:yfx¿n] cg'bfg / cGo ;xof]u
lbg'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6 ;]jf lbg]x¿aLr :j:y k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ o;sf] b/
36fpg'k5{ .
• cfOP;kL / b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lbg] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿aLr tyf
;+:yfg;Fu klg cfk;df b"/;+rf/ / OG6/g]6 cfbfgk|bfg, PSr]Fh
ug]{, s]lGb|o Joj:yf x'g' clt cfjZos 5 .
• lnh nfOgsf] dx;'n nfut d"Nocg';f/ x'g'k5{ .
• xfn eL:of6 ;+rfngsf] nflu Ohfht b:t'/ lgSs} dxFuf] 5 /
ljleGg :yfgsf] nflu a]Unfa]Un} Ohfht lng'k5{ . kmn:j¿k
eL:of6dfkm{t b"/;+rf/ ;+a+wL ljljw ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf
sd 5 . eL:of6sf] nflu w]/} 7fpFsf] nflu Pp6} Ohfht lnP k'Ug]
x'g'k5{ . nfO;]G; k|lqmofdf ePsf afwf c8rg x6fP/ l56f]5l/tf]
agfpg'k5{ .
65
• Pp6f zx/df w]/} cfOP;kLx¿n] ;]jf lbFbf Pp6f OG6/g]6
PSr]Fh KjfOG6 :yfkgf u/]/ Pp6f eL:of6 k|of]u u/]/ w]/}n] ;]jf
;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
• k|efjsf/L tyf :yfgLo ¿kn] ;fGble{s÷pkof]uL ljifoj:t'
tof/ kfg'{ k5{ . ljifoj:t' :yfgLo efiffdf g} ljsl;t / k|j4{g
ug'{k5{ . ;fy} ;d'bfo :jo+n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / ;d'bfosf]
cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . ;d'bfox¿sf] Ifdtf
a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆg} ljifoj:t' tof/ kfg{;Sg] agfpg'k5{ .
;'?df :yfgLo ljifoj:t' pTkfbg, gd'gf k|bz{g ug{ cg'bfg
;xof]u lbg'k5{ . ;fy} af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / k|ltlnlk
clwsf/;+a+wL sfg'gnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" u/fpg'k5{ .
• lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ tyf ;dfh;]jL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot
b/df OG6/g]6 rnfpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ug]{ ;'ljwfdfly nufOPsf] /f]s t'?Gt}
x6fpg'k5{, lsgls g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf nflu of] k|ljlw lgSs}
pkof]uL, pko'Qm / ;:tf] k|ljlw xf] .
• OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpg ;/sf/n] ;fIf/tf tyf ljh'nLsf]
pTkfbg / pkef]u a9fpg] gLlt / sfo{qmd Nofpg'k5{ .
OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;nfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu
hf]8\g'k5{ . cWoogx¿n] g]kfnh:tf] b]zdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u
a9fpgsf nflu s]xL 7f]; ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . !((( sf]
cS6f]j/df ul/Psf] cWoog, æRofn]Gh]h 6' b g]6js{ OG6/g]6 km/
8]EnKd]06Æ / gj]Da/ @))) df ul/Psf] cWoog æb OG6/g]6 k|md
b 6k ckm b jN8{ M g]kfn s]; :68LÆ df lbOPsf
;'memfjx¿sf] cf;o / ;f/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
• ;/sf/sf] dflyNnf] txdf OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u a9fpg'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6sf] pkof]lutfaf/] hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{qmd
rnfpg'k5{ .
• lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg'k5{ . ;/sf/n] lghL If]qnfO{
;xefuL agfpg t vf]h]sf] 5 t/ k"/} lhDdf lbg vf]h]sf] 5}g .
lghL If]qnfO{ k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] /fli6«o b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{
cg'dlt lbg'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o sn, EjfO; 6]lnkmf]g, 8An'PnPn,
df]afOn cflb ;a} vfn] ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ cj;/ gkfP;Dd
cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{x¿n] nufgL ub}{gg\ . g]kfndf 6]08/n] g}
;/sf/sf] gLlt / lgot emNsfpF5 . ;+:yfgn] ul//fv]sf] sfddWo]
s]xL sfd ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ 6]08/ sn gu/L k"0f{ k|lt:kwL{
;+rfnssf] nflu 6]08/ sn ug'{k5{ . k|flws/0fnfO{
a'emfpg'kg]{ s/ tyf u|fdL0f b"/;+rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] nflu lbg'kg]{
z'Nsx¿ ;s] x6fpg'k5{, g;s] 36fpg'k5{ .
• cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/ ;s];Dd w]/} vfnsf
Joj;foLx¿sf nflu vf]Ng'k5{ . OG6/g]6 Joj;foLx¿,
cfOP;kLb]lv ;fOa/ Sofkm];Dd ;fgf7"nf ;a} vfnsf
Joj;foLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ b'x'gf ufO{
7fGg' x'Fb}g . clxn] nfu" ul/Psf cg]s s/ tyf Ohfht /
gjLs/0fsf em+eml6nf k|lqmofx¿ x6fP/ OG6/g]6 Joj;foLx¿nfO{
k|f]T;fxg lbg'k5{ .
• 6]lnkmf]g s'/fsfgLsf] t'ngfdf OG6/g]6df w]/} a]/;Dd
6]lnkmf]gsf] pkof]u x'G5 . ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg pkof]u u/]/
OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|rlnt dx;'neGbf sd dx;'n
lng] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• cfOP;kL gePsf lhNnfaf6 cfOP;kL ePsf zx/x¿sf
;e{/x¿dfkm{t OG6/g]6 rnfpFbf ;fwf/0f jf sd 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n
nfUg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
• OG6/g]6 sg]S;g z'Ns lng'sf] ;§f cfOP;kLx¿n] :yfgLo
kmf]gsnsf] dx;'nsf] lx:;f kfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
• OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf l;w} pkof]u ug{g;Sg] ;d'bfox¿sf nflu
6]ln;]G6/
ljt/0f, 8]6fa];;dIf kx'Fr tyf tflndsf] nflu ul/G5 .
OG6«fg]6 OG6/g]6;Fu cfj4 x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . o;nfO{
OG6«fg]6 elgPsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df OG6/g]6df h:t} j]a
k]hx¿ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} o;df OG6/g]6df pkof]u ul/g] j]a
a|fph/h:tf sltko ;ˆ6j]o/x¿ pkof]u x'G5 . Od]n sDKo'6/
lj1fgdf Od]n On]S6«f]lgs d]n jf On]S6«f]lgs ;fwgaf6
k7fOg] x'nfssf] 5f]6s/L ¿k xf] . o;df OG6«fg]6 jf
OG6/g]6dfkm{t 8]6f jf kf7Ø ;fdu|L Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 csf]{
sDKo'6/df k7fOG5 . Od]n k|of]ustf{x¿n] :yfgLo g]6js{, /fli6«o
g]6js{ jf ljZjJofkL g]6js{dfkm{t ;Gb]z / 8]6f b'|t ultdf
k7fpg;S5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Od]nsf] Jofks k|rng ;'?
ePsf] xf] . On]S6«f]lgS; ljB'tLo s0f cyf{t\ On]S6«f]gsf] k|jfxsf]
cfwf/df x'g] ;"rgf jf 8]6f pTkfbg, k|;f/0f÷ljt/0f, k|fKt tyf
e08/0f÷;+sng ug{ pkof]u ul/g] On]S6«f]lgs pks/0fx¿, k|foM
On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6;Fu ;DalGwt
pks/0fx¿sf] lgdf{0f, l8hfOlgª tyf k|of]u ug]{ ljBf . o:tf
;"rgf jf 8]6fleq >JooGqdf ;'lgg] :j/ / ;+uLt tyf lel8of] jf
6]lnlehgdf b]lvg] b[Zonufot sDKo'6/df x'g] cg]s k|sf/sf 8]6f
klg kg{;S5g\ . Prl6PdPn Prl6PdPn cyf{t\ xfOk/6]S:6
dfs{ck Nof+Uj]h xf] . j]ak]h agfpg o;sf] cfjZostf x'G5 .
o;n] kf7Ø ;fdu|L, lrq, Wjlg / rnlrq cflbnfO{ hf]8\5 .
ljZjel/sf j]a;fO6x¿, Pp6} j]a;fO6sf klg ljleGg k]hx¿,
Ps} k]hsf klg ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿aLr ;Dks{ -ln+s_ ufF:g] sfd
o;}n] u5{ . o;}af6 jN8{jfO8j]adf pkof]u x'g] xfOk/6]S:6
8s'd]06 agfOG5 .
Pgfnu Pgfnu oGq pks/0f jf ;+s]t h;sf] ef]N6]h,
WjgL cflb u'0f lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ef]N6]h jf WjgLh:tf
u'0fx¿ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] :jefj ePsf oGq pks/0f jf
;+s]t;Fu ;DalGwt ;+rf/ k|0ffnL . sDKo'6/ sDKo'6/ o:tf] oGq xf]
h;n] tLg j6f sfd u5{ M o;n] ;'lgof]lht, ;'ul7t tyf
lgolGqt ;"rgf ;fdu|L lnG5, Tof] ;fdu|LnfO{ To;nfO{ lbOPsf]
lgod cg';f/ k|zf]wg u5{, clg pTkfbgsf] ¿kdf kl/0ffd lbG5 .
s;{/ sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvg] ljz]if ;+s]t h:t} ‰ofk‰ofk
ul//xg] ;f]emf] jf t];f]{ wsf{, rf}sf]0f, tL/sf] 6'Kkf], cfF}nf cflb
lrgGx . s;{/ lsaf]8{, dfp; jf sndsf] 6'Kkf] cflbsf] O;f/f jf
rfndf rN5 .
kl/lzi6 !
;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL
clK6sn kmfOa/ cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ;"rgf jf
8]6fnfO{ t/+u jf n]h/ ls/0f÷k|sfzsf] ¿kdf k|]if0f ul/g] z'4
l;;f jf Knfl:6sn] ag]sf] wfuf]eGbf dl;gf] vf]qmf] g/d tf/ .
x]g'{;\ kmfOa/ clK6S; . cfOP;kL OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos .
u|fxsnfO{ OG6/g]6 ;Dks{ / ;+a+lwt cGo ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug]{
Joj;foLnfO{ cfOP;kL jf OG6/g]6 ;le{; k|f]efO8/
66
elgG5 . cfOP;kL s'g}, :yfgLo, s'g} /fli6«o, s'g} cGt/f{li6« x'G5g\
. cfO6L ;"k|, ;"rgf k|ljlw . Og\kmd]{;g 6]Sgf]nf]hL . ;"rgf jf
hfgsf/LnfO{ k|fKt ug]{, e08f/ jf ;+sng ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ /
;+rf/ jf k|;f/ ug]{ On]S6«f]lgs tl/sf, pkfo jf ;fwg . o;df
ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf] Ps} kN6 pkof]u ul/G5 . o;leq sDKo'6/;Fu
;+a+lwt xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/ / cGo pks/0fx¿sf ;fy} b"/;+rf/ /
;"IdOn]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwx¿ k5{g\ .
OG6/PlS6e dflg;x¿ jf oGqpks/0fx¿aLr cfk;df ;+rf/ jf
;xsfo{ . dflg; / SDKo'6/aLr ;"rgf jf cfb]z cfbfgk|bfg .
lsaf]8{ jf cGo OGk'6 l8efO;sf] dbtn] sDKo'6/ k|of]ustf{sf]
lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfd u/fpg] k|0ffnL .
OG6/g]6 OG6/g]6 sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfnx¿sf] klg
;+hfn jf g]6js{x¿sf] ljZjJofkL g]6js{ xf] . of] ;+hfndf cfj4
;a} sDKo'6/x¿n] ;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdf eP klg Pscfk;df
;+rf/ ug{, 8]6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{;S5g\ . o;dfkm{t
;+;f/e/df ePsf OG6/g]6df hf]l8Psf sDKo'6/x¿df ePsf
c;+Vo 1fg, ;"rgf / ;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L kfpg j]a;fO6 /
Od]ndfkm{t pknAw ug{ / u/fpg ;lsG5 . clt b|'t ultsf]
b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLlagf OG6/g]6 rNg;Qm}g . ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf
ljleGg b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLx¿ / tL k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4 s/f]8f}F
Jofkfl/s, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, z}lIfs, dgf]/+hgfTds, cfd;+rf/
sf g]6js{¿ ldn]/ OG6/g]6 rN5 . OG6«fg]6 OG6«fg]6 :yfgLo
sDKo'6/x¿sf] ;+hfn xf] . s'g} vf; ;+:yf jf sfof{noleq
;"rgfsf] ;femf pkof]u jf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu o;sf] pkof]u
ul/G5 . o;sf] pkof]u kmfOn jf 8s'd]06x¿ / ;ˆ6j]o/x¿
;fGble{s Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL
l8lh6 l8lh6 eg]sf] ;fdfGo cy{df c+s xf] . o;n] !
b]lv ) ;Ddsf bz j6f cfwf/e"t c+s a'emfpF5 . sDKo'6/
afOg/L l8lh6sf] cfwf/df rN5 . afOg/L l8lh6 eg]sf] ! / ) xf]
. sDKo'6/df h]hlt 8]6f jf ;"rgf /flvG5 Tof] log} b'O{ c+sdf
x'G5 . cIf/, zAb, Wjlg, lrq, rnlrq ;a} log} b'O{
c+sdf x'G5g\ . sDKo'6/n] 8]6f, ;+sng, k|zf]wg, k|]if0f ug]{ sfd
;a} ! / ) d} u5{ . x]g'{;\ afOg/L l8lh6 . l8lh6n l8efO8 xfn
k|rngdf /x]sf clwsf+z sDKo'6/n] 8]6f jf ;"rgfnfO{ b'O{ c+s !
/ ) sf] ¿kdf dfq a'‰g, ;+u|x ug{ / v]nfpg;S5 . l8lh6df
dfq ;+rfng x'g] x'gfn] of] k|ljlwnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw elgPsf] xf]
. To;}n] clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ljZjdf b]lvPsf] c;dfgtf jf
vf8nnfO{ l8lh6n l8efO6 eGg yflnPsf] 5 . l8lh6n l8efO8
zAbfjnLn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwg, pks/0f / pkof]udf s'g} b]z
jf ;dfhsf] kx'Frdf c;dfgtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;leq sDKo'6/
;+rfng ug]{ pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿, b"/;+rf/ ;'ljwf, On]S6«f]lgs
pks/0fx¿, ;"rgf k|ljlw ;+rfng ug{;Sg]
hgzlQm, lzIff, tflnd, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Ifdtf /
jftfj/0fnufot ljleGg s'/f k5{g\ .
8]6f tYof+sfTds hfgsf/L, s'g} k|of]u jf k/LIf0faf6 jf
;j]{If0faf6 lx;fa u/]/ jf lgisif{sf] ¿kdf k|fKt ul/Psf] tYo /
c+s, k|f/+les hfgsf/L . c+s, kf7Ø, lrq, Wjlgh:tf sDKo'6/n]
;+sng / k|zf]wg ug{ ldNg] u/L k|fKt sDKo'6/df k|zf]wgsf] nflu
pkof]u ul/g] tYof+s . 8]6fx¿sf] d]naf6 ;"rgf aGg;S5 .
Go'hu|'k OG6/g]6df s'g} vf; ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpgsf] nflu
;+rflnt d+r . o;df ;+a+lwt ljifodf n]v /rgf / ;f] n]vdfly
l6Kk0fL tyf yk hfgsf/L x'G5 . Go'hu|'ksf ;b:ox¿n] cfcfˆgf]
ljrf/ jf k|ltlqmof yKb} hfG5g\ . s'g} Go'hu|'k ;Lldt ;b:ox¿sf]
nflu x'G5 eg] s'g} OG6/g]6sf pkef]Qmf hf];'s}n] efu lng ldNg]
vfnsf x'G5g\ .
kf;j8{ sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL, vf; u/L g]6js{ / dxTjk"0f{ kmfOn, sf]
;'/Iffsf] nflu uf]Ko ;+s]t jf kf;j8{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
u|fxs jf pkof]ustf{n] p;nfO{ lbOPsf] cIf/ jf ;+s]tx¿ 6fOk
u/]kl5 dfq} sDKo'6/ jf g]6js{df k|j]z kfOG5 .
kf]6{n OG6/g]6df, c? j]a;fO6sf] ln+s / ljleGg k|sf/sf]
hfgsf/L pknJw u/fpg] j]a;fO6 .
sf]clS;on s]a'n s]a'n 6]lnlehg / sDKo'6/
g]6js{df k|of]u x'g] Ps lsl;dsf] tf/ . sf]cflS;on tf/sf]
kmfObf s] 5 eg] o;n] ;fdfGo tf/n] eGbf /fd|f];Fu clt pRr
lk|mSj]G;Lsf] t/+u k|]if0f ug{;S5 . lrk lrknfO{ dfOqmf]lrk klg
elgG5 . of] c4{ ;'rfns kbfy{af6 ag]sf] pks/0f xf], h;df
Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6 x'G5 . Pp6f On]S6«f]lgs ;ls{6df cfk;df
h]lnPsf ;}of}F, xhf/f}F jf s/f8f}F 6«flGh:6/x¿ / cGo clt;"Id
On]S6«f]lgs lx:;fx¿ x'g;S5g\ . o;nfO{ cfO{;L cyjf OlG6u|]6]8
;ls{6 klg elgG5 . cfw'lgs sDKo'6/sf] cfwf/ oxL lrk xf] .
o;sf] n3' cfsf/n] ubf{ sDKo'6/ l56f], ;fgf] / ;:tf] x'G5 .
lrksf] ljsf; lg/Gt/ x'Fb}5 . x/]s 8]9 jif{df lrksf] Ifdtf b'O{
u'gf x'Fb}5 . kmn:j¿k sDKo'6/sf] Ifdtfsf] klg lg/Gt/ ljsf;
eO/x]sf] 5 .
Rof6 6]lnkmf]gdf pxL ;dodf af]n]/ s'/f u/]h:t}
sDKo'6/sf] dfWodaf6 pxL ;dodf (real time) n]v]/ s'/fsfgL
ug'{ . o;df ;xefuLx'g]x¿ dWo] k|To]sn] s]xL zAb jf jfSo
sDKo'6/df 6fOk u/]/ OG6/ sL lyRbf tL zAb jf jfSo c?
;xefuLx¿sf] sDKo'6/sf] kbf{df b]lvG5 . clg c? ;xefuLx¿n]
cfcfˆgf k|ltlqmof o;} u/L 6fOk u/]/ cGo ;xefuLx¿nfO{
k7fpF5g\ . o;/L b'O{ jf w]/} hgfaLr Ps} ;dodf 5nkmn, ljrf/
cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . Rof6?d Rof6 ubf{ ljifosf] cfwf/df 5'6\ofOg]
;d"x . x]g'{;M Rof6 . 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]+h ;a} 6]lnkmgx¿ hl6n
l:jlrª k|0ffnLdf hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no jf
PS;r]+h elgG5 . o;n] 6]lnkmf]g ;Dks{ ug'{kg]{ gDa/sf]
6]lnkmf]g;Fu ;Dks{ ul/lbG5 .
6]ln;]G6/ 6]ln;]G6/ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlw;dIf cfdhgtfsf]
kxF'r pknAw u/fpg] ;femf :yfg xf] . 6]ln;]G6/sf] d'Vo sfd
hg;fwf/0fnfO{ OG6/
g]6;dIf kx'Fr a9fP/ pgLx¿nfO{ OG6/g]6dfkm{t k|fKt
x'g] ;]jf pkof]u ug{ ;3fpg' xf] . clxn] ;"rgf k|ljlw, vf; u/L
OG6/g]6nfO{, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df cfdhgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg]
k|efjsf/L dfWodsf] ¿kdf 6]ln;]G6/sf] cjwf/0ff lgSs} pkof]uL
dfGg yflnPsf] 5 . ul/a / clt sd cfo ePsf b]zx¿sf nflu
3/3/df sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g;Dks{ clt dxTjfsf+IfL s'/f x'g;S5
. t/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sDKo'6/ / 6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng ub}{ yf]/} ;dod}
w]/}nfO{ ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 . o;/L s'g} ;d'bfo jf ufpFnfO{
cfw'lgs ;+rf/ ;'ljwf lbg] pkfonfO{ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| (C3)
/ 6]ln;]G6/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .
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68
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ug{ rflxg] k"jf{wf/x¿nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;leq lghL g]6js{x¿, Technologies, Poverty and Empowerment, Andrew Skuse,
cgnfOg ;]jfx¿ OToflb klg k5{g\ . Og\kmd]{;g ;'k/xfOj] cyf{t\ July 2001, Social DevelopmentDepartment, Department
for International Development, London,
;"rgfsf] dxfdfu{ eGg] zAbfjnL ;j{k|yd ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf UK. Information Technology for Development: IT Policy
e"tk"j{ pk/fi6«klt cn uf]/n] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . pgn] of] and Stretgy Papers for Nepal, National Planning
zAbfjnL b"/;+rf/ sf] o:tf] pRr Jo08ljynfO{ hgfpg k|of]u Comission, 2001. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Delux
u/]sf lyP h;n] ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;nfO{ ;a} dflg;;Fu hf]8\5 / 2002 The Internet from the top of the World: Nepal Case
h;n] ;+rf/sf ;a}vfnsf dfWodx¿ — kf7Ø, lrq, >Jo / Study, International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
rnlrq — cf];f/k;f/ ug{ ;S5 . ;"rgf o'u sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] 2000. The Singnificance of Information and
pkof]u u/]/ Jofks dfqfdf ;"rgf kfpg / k7fpg ;lsg] Communication Technologies for Reducing Poverty, Phil
Marker, Kerry McNamara, and Lindsay Wallace, January
;donfO{ ;"rgf o'u eGg] ul/G5 . dfgj Oltxf;sf] jt{dfg ;do 2002, DFID, UK Understanding e-Governance for
b}lgs hLjgb]lv lnP/ /fi6« / ljZjs} cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf Development, Richard Heeks, 2001, Institute of
/fhgLlts If]qdf ;"rgfsf] dxTj / pkof]lutf al9/x]sf] ;do xf] Development and Policy Management, UK
. eljioljbx¿ eG5g\ clxn] t ;"rgf o'usf] k|f/Dedfq ePsf] 5 Websites:
. ;+rf/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b'lgofFdf ;+rf/ eGgfn] Pp6f sDKo'6/af6 http://www.itu.int/ti/casestudies/nepal/nepal.htm
csf]{ sDKo'6/;Dd jf sDKo'6/x¿sf] aLrdf 6]lnkmf]g, dfOqmf]j]e http://www.techknowlogia.com
http://www.itcd.net
l/n], :of6]nfO6 ln+s jf s]a'n tf/h:tf ;+rf/sf] s'g} dfWodåf/f http://www.nepalmedia.org
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k|ljlw dGqfno . ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)%& , /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u . j]a;fO6x¿ M ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u,
;+:yfg tyf ljleGg lgsfosf j]a;fO6x/?, cGt/f{li6«o tyf
/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf j]a;fO6x¿,
Challenges to the Network INTERNET FOR
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