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Unit 1: DC Circuits: Summary and Learning Outcomes
Unit 1: DC Circuits: Summary and Learning Outcomes
Unit 1: DC Circuits: Summary and Learning Outcomes
1.1
Resistive Circuits
Fig 1.1.1
V = IR
Conductor resistance =
resistivity x conductorl ength conductor area
(1.1.1a)
R=
l
A
(1.1.1b)
Fig 1.1.2
Fig 1.1.3a
I1 =
V R1
I2 =
V R2
I3 =
V R3
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3
V I (1.1.3a)
Note V = I 1 R1 = I 2 R2 = I 3 R3
(1.1.3b)
Fig 1.1.3b
1.
Fig 1.1.3c
Where
1 1 1 = + R6 R3 R4
R6 =
R3 R4 R3 + R4
2.
1.2
Kirchoffs Laws
i = 0
1.2.2 Kirchhoffs Voltage law
The algebraic sum of potential differences (voltages) around a closed loop is zero
v = 0
1.3 Circuit Analysis
The current flow and voltage distribution in any electrical or electronic circuit may be determined using either Mesh Analysis or Nodal Analysis. Although it is not essential for you to know these methods for this module you might find them useful if you take optional modules in electricity and electronics. The two techniques are explained on the Module Web site in Appendix A1.3
1.4
(1.4.1) (1.4.2)
W = Pt joules
(1.4.3)
1.5
Bridge Measurements
Fig 1.5.1
When the bridge is balanced, no current flows through the voltmeter, the voltages of nodes and are equal. R A RB = (1.5.1) RC RD
(1.5.2)
Substitution for
R B in equation 1.5.2 RB
voltmeter reading, v =
4v 1 V G
V G 4
strain, =
(1.5.3)
V 4
4v 1 V (1.5.4)
temperature change, =
Fig 1.5.3
Gauge 1
Force
Gauge 2
Fig 1.5.4
1.6
Inductance
Fig 1.6
A coil of N turns is wrapped around a toroid. When a current i flows in the coil a magnetomotive force (mmf) equal to iN ampere-turns* is produced, establishing a magnetic flux . *Strictly magnetomotive force has the units of amperes (as turns have no units), however, as the magnitude of the flux is dependent on the (current number of turns) it is often easier to consider the units of mmf to be ampere-turns. By analogy with Ohms Law [V = IR ] for resistive circuits mmf = flux reluctance
iN = S
(1.6.1)
(1.6.2)
e=N
e=
N 2 di S dt
N2 equals the inductance, L, of the coil in henries S
where
e=L
di dt
(1.6.3)
Fig 1.6.2
When the switch is closed current starts to flow in the inductor establishing a voltage, e, across the coil which opposes the current. Instantaneous power = instantaneous voltage instantaneous current
p = ei = L
di i dt
di i dt dt = Li di
Energy supplied in dt = L
Li di
0
1 2 LI joules 2
(1.6.4)
1.7
Capacitance
Fig 1.7
When a voltage, V is applied to the plates they will eventually became charged at equal magnitude |Q|, but with opposite sign, such that total charge, Q = CV where C = capacitance in Farads. and C = (1.7.1)
A
l
= r 0
where r = relative permittivity Values of r for the more common dielectrics are Air Paper Porcelain Mica 1 2 6 3
2.5 7 7
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Fig 1.7.2
Assuming that the capacitor is initially uncharged. When the switch is closed a current will flow until the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the voltage source. The charging process consists of transferring electrons from the upper plate through the external wiring to the lower plate, leaving a positive charge on the upper plate and a negative charge on the lower one. Instantaneous current, i =
i=C dv dt
dq dt
(1.7.2)
where v = instantaneous voltage instantaneous power = instantaneous voltage instantaneous current p = iv dv p=C v dt Energy supplied in dt = p dt dv = vC dt dt = vCdv
1 = CV 2 joules 2
(1.7.3)
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Problem Sheet 1
Q1.1. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown in Fig Q1.1 and hence find the current and power supplied by the battery. (Answer: 10mA 0.2W)
R1 = 800 R4 = 250 R6 = 1000 R3 = 1500 R2 = 600 R5 = 750
I 20V
R7 = 500
Figure Q1.1
Q1.2. A strain bridge comprises two 150 resistors, one active gauge and one unstrained gauge for temperature compensation. The two gauges have unstrained resistances of 150 and a strain gauge factor of 2.5. The bridge supply voltage is 5V. Calculate the strain when the voltmeter reading is 2mV. (Answer: = 640 microstrain) Q1.3. A toroid wound with a coil of 400 turns has a reluctance of 500 000 H-1. Calculate its inductance.A steady current of 2A flows through the coil. Find the flux and stored energy. (Answer: 0.32H, 1.6mWb, 0.64J)
Q1.4. A capacitor comprises two strips of aluminium 30cm x 15cm separated by a strip of mica 2mm thick. The relative permittivity of mica is 6.0. Calculate the capacitance. A voltage of 250V is applied across the capacitor. Calculate the stored energy.
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