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4D9 Handout1
4D9 Handout1
(INO 31)
Outline -1!
This part of the module consists of seven lectures and will focus on finite elements for beams, plates and shells. More specifically, we will consider
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Review of elasticity equations in strong and weak form Beam models and their finite element discretisation
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Plate models and their finite element discretisation Shells as an assembly of plate and membrane finite elements Introduction to geometrically exact shell finite elements Dynamics
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F. Cirak
Outline -2!
There will be opportunities to gain hands-on experience with the implementation of finite elements using MATLAB
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One hour lab session on implementation of beam finite elements (will be not marked) Coursework on implementation of plate finite elements and dynamics
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Beam, plate and shell FE are available in almost all finite element software packages
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The intelligent use of this software and correct interpretation of output requires basic understanding of the underlying theories
Analytic methods introduced in the first part of the module are only suitable for computing plates and shells with regular geometries, like disks, cylinders, spheres etc. Many shell structures consist of free form surfaces and/or have a complex topology
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Computational methods are the only tool for designing such shell structures
FEM is able to solve problems involving large deformations, non-linear material models and/or dynamics FEM is very cost effective and fast compared to experimentation
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Literature
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JN Reddy, An introduction to the finite element method, McGraw-Hill (2006) TJR Hughes, The finite element method, linear static and dynamic finite element analysis, Prentice-Hall (1987) K-J Bathe, Finite element procedures, Prentice Hall (1996) J Fish, T Belytschko, A first course on finite elements, John Wiley & Sons (2007) 3D7 - Finite element methods - handouts
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Civil engineering
Consumer products
Nature
Crusteceans
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0.49 m
0.74 m 0.025 m 0.123 m Shell mesh: 10176 elements Fluid mesh: 48x48x62 cells
6m 0.8
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As introduced in 3D7, there are two distinct ingredients that are combined to arrive at the discrete system of FE equations
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In the derivation of the weak form for beams, plates and shells the following approach will be pursued
1) 2) 3)
Assume how a beam, plate or shell deforms across its thickness Introduce the assumed deformations into the weak form of three-dimensional elasticity Integrate the resulting three-dimensional elasticity equations along the thickness direction analytically
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The body deforms due to loading and the material points move by a displacement
Axial strains
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Shear components
Stresses
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Equilibrium in x-direction
Equilibrium in y-direction
Equilibrium in z-direction
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The notation used on the previous slides is rather clumsy and leads to very long expressions Matrices and vectors can also be expressed in index notation, e.g.
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Kronecker delta
Examples:
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Kinematic equations
Equilibrium equations
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Inverse relationship
Instead of the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio the Lame constants can be used
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The equilibrium, kinematic and material equations can be combined into three coupled second order partial differential equations
Next the equilibrium equations in weak form are considered in preparation for finite elements
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In structural analysis the weak form is also known as the principle of virtual displacements To simplify the derivations we assume that the boundaries of the domain are fixed (built-in, zero displacements) The weak form is constructed by multiplying the equilibrium equations with test functions vi which are zero at fixed boundaries but otherwise arbitrary
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The integral on the left hand side is the internal virtual work performed by the internal stresses due to virtual displacements
The integral on the right hand side is the external virtual work performed by the external forces due to virtual displacements
Note that the material equations have not been used in the preceding derivation. Hence, the principle of virtual work is independent of material (valid for elastic, plastic, ) The internal virtual work can also be written with virtual strains so that the principle of virtual work reads
Try to prove
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