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數學家書寫歷史:兼評John Stillwell 的 「數學與它的歷史」
數學家書寫歷史:兼評John Stillwell 的 「數學與它的歷史」
, (
)
, ,
( (AMS)
(in context)
Mathematical Review
), ,
, ,
, Oystein Ore
, ,
History, 1988) , :
,
, , Morris
Kline (Mathemati-
, ,
Times, 1972) , ,
[Ore 1988,
(a historical introduction to
p. v]
mathematics),
John Stillwell
, ()
, :
:
54
55
Stillwell
, ,
() (
,
, ,
[Stillwell 1989, p. vii]
,
(organic
whole), Richard Courant
Herbert Robinson
? (What is Mathematics? 1953)
, ,
, ),
Stillwell
,
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
Kline ,
, Stillwell
? ,
(primary
source), , ,
, , Ivor
Grattan-Guinness
, (mathematics in con-
text)
(Biographical Notes) ,
, ,
( 1948 ),
, :
, ,
(Pythagoras) (Eu-
clid) (Diophantus)
(Archimedes) (Tartaglia)
56 25 2 90 6
(Cardano) (Viete)
, J. J.
(Descartes) (Desargues)
Sylvester
, Stillwell ()
(Abel) (Jacobi)
() ,
Stillwell ,
(Riemann) (Lagrange)
(Cauchy) (Harriot)
(Gauss) (Bolyai)
() (infinitesimal)
(Lobachevsky) (Galois)
(Poincare) (Godel)
(secondary source)
, , ,
(minor) ,
, Stillwell , !
Stillwell
( ) ,
Stillwell
, , Stillwell
,
, :
P. L.
Wantzel 1837
,
, (Galois theory) , ,
Wantzel
1882
F. Lindemann Stillwell
( ),
, Lindemann
, Stillwell
, ,
, Stillwell
),
57
, (Lie
, (anachronistic)
, ,
, ,
, ,
1.6 , ,
()
, : ,
. (I):
(incommensurables) , ,
,
, ,
:
1) ; 2) ; 3)
) ()
; 4) ; 5) ;
6) ; 7) ; 8) ;
9) ; 10) ; 11)
(The Elements) ,
; 15) ; 16) ;
, Stillwell
(Diophantine equation) ,
(elementary roots)
(strong interconnections)
, ,
, Stillwell
, ,
(algebraic geome-
try) ,
(algebraic geometry)
58 25 2 90 6
, Stillwell
) [Heath 1956
: (There
vol. I, p. 154]
1989, p. 29]
(discourse) , Ore
(There is an infinitude
IX 20 : ()
(Prime num-
, )
infinitelyinfinitude
; ,
,
23 ,
(postulate) ,
,
:
, indefinitely
infinitely, ,
,
(the reductio ad
absurdum) (the method of exhaustion),
I.23:
Parallel straight
, Stillwell
, (
) ()
tion. (
59
, (nota-
, Still-
tion)
well
, ,
(Eudoxus)(
) ()
: , ,
()
; ,
, ;
, ,
, Stillwell
,
(Fibonacci) ,
,
, [Fibonacci 1987] ,
, algebra
, (al-
Stillwell
,
,
,
(Viete)
, Stillwell
,
Khwarizmi, ) ,
(Brahmagupta,
, ,
628 A.D.) ,
, ,
( ),
, ,
, Stillwell
, ,
, Stillwell
, Quadratic Equa-
tionsAngle Division,
, Stillwell
Stillwell:
60 25 2 90 6
, (
(entity), ,
(Apollonius)
Oresme
, Monge
Lacroix
, (elementary geometry)
, Stillwell
(higher geometry) ,
(four-line problem) , ,
, Stillwell
() ,
, ,
, Stillwell
(construction of
equations) ,
3 2 ( x3 = 2)
Bezout
m n mn
, ,
, ,
, ,
, Bezout
, , Stillwell
,
. (II):
etry) , Stillwell
, ,
Is Calculus? ,
, calcu-
107-108]
lus calculation ! ,
,
,
(Cavalieri) (Torricelli)
,
,
( 8.4,8.5, 8.6
), Stillwell
61
, Stillwell
()
,
(),
Stillwell
,
8.5 , 8.6
,
, ,
The Calculus of Leibniz , Stillwell
, ,
, ,
,
, Stillwell
(A Treatise of the Methods
of Series and Fluxions, 1671),
:
, Stillwell
,
, Zeno
,
,
, Stillwell
,
,
- (Gregory-
(common Arithmetic),
62 25 2 90 6
(1650s
, ()
1850s) Stillwell
, (Taylors theo-
rem) ,
, Stillwell
, p ,
on Interpolation)
(torus) (
R[t,
p(t)]dt , R
, ,
e ,
, 1800
(inversion)
! ,
, , ,
() ,
, ,
, ,
, , Stillwell
, (lem-
(combinatorial numbers)
niscate of Bernoulli),
(binomial coefficients)
(James
(figurative numbers)
Bernouolli)
, Stillwell
1694
R
0k dt/ 1 t4
,
,
, ,
, ,
( (genus) 0 1) ,
1,
(additive theorem),
Stillwell , (
Fagnano
1751 12 23 , ,
63
, : ()
Fagnano
R
arc sin x = 0k dt/ 1 t2
() ! ,
, , Stillwell
()
() ()
, ,
, ,
(Mechanical Curves)
1800-1830
, Stillwell
, ,
(elastica)
, ,
, ,
1827 n
n = 2m p1 p2 pk ,
pj n
, Stillwell
n n Still-
well,
, sin n
(5.6) (
5.7 ) ( 7.4 )
) ( 10.611.6 )
Stillwell ,
, Stillwell
(The Method)
, ,
Oresme -
, (imaginary solution)
; ()
64 25 2 90 6
194] ,
, ,
Bombelli (1572)
,
,q
q
3
2 + 11 1 + 3 2 11 1 4
, Stillwell
, ,
Stillwell ,
, ,
(geometric
representation)
, : ,
, ,
1770 ,
2 3 = 6
. (III):
, ,
(complex projective
Stillwell y =
line)
tan n y = tan ,
, ()
, , tan n
tan (x i)n (y +
() , ,
, Stillwell
, 13.5 5.6
i) = (x + i)n (y i)
y = x(x )(x )
Hadamard :
15.1 , Stillwell
(The
Cotes
1714 : ,
()
dx/(1 + x)
dx/(1 + x2 ),
65
(isomorphic), ,
()
(uniformization)
, (Felix
: (cos x + i sin x)
inx
Klein)
cos x + i sin nx
formation),
() Cauchy-
Riemann ,
, Stillwell
( 15.2 ) ( 15.3 ),
, !
= e
( 15.4 ),
Stillwell
( 15.5 ) , Still-
( 16.2
) ( 16.3 )
d, ,
( 16.4 ) ( 16.5 )
Gauss-Bonnet (16.6) ,
Stillwell
, Still-
(manifestation),
(Lectures on
(1997) ,
, , Stillwell
x = f (z) y = f (z)
, f , f
Stillwell 1663
1 , 2 ,
{m1 + n2 |m, n Z} ,
, , ,
66 25 2 90 6
, ,
, Sac-
17.4 17.5
cheri 1733 ,
, Stillwell
: !
Stillwell
, , ,
Stillwell ,
(Lambert) ,
(1766),
, ,
, :
r 2R sin hr/R
Taurinus
,
(Betrami) 1868
(pseudosphere)
(hyperbolic plane) ,
,
, ! ,
(combination)
( ),
(mathematical objects) ( )
,
,
,
Stillwell
,
( 18.5 )
,
18.1 (The Group
Concept),
, ,
, , Stillwell
, Stillwell Vandermonde
Ruffini
, ,
, ,
(group)
(1777-1855) ,
(1831), , Stillwell
cept) ,
67
(referent)
(Legendre)
, (Arthur Cay-
1794 ,
ley) Dyck ,
()
(1895 )
, Stillwell
19.3 (The
Classification of Surfaces),
, Still-
Stillwell 1850
well 18.4
1880 ,
18.5 (
(Riemann
surface representation) ,
(Mobius)
, (Fe-
lix Klein) ,
(generalized polyhe-
Erlangen (1872)
dron)
() ,
Stillwell:
(orientability),
Erlanger
(Euler characteristic) ,
() , Stil-
, , , Still-
well
well ,
(geometrical topology) ,
(surface topology),
, ()
, ,
Gauss-Bonnet : = 2
19.2 Stillwell
, , ,
, ,
68 25 2 90 6
, 1,
2) (
, 1870 )
Gauss-Bonnet :
3) ,
( 19.7 ) 19.6
4) ?
(covering) ,
(fundamental group)
, ,
20.2 ,
(con-
, (closed path)
tunuum hypothesis), ,
, (ordinal number) ,
, , ,
(Georg Cantor)
, Still-
well , 20.3
, ,
, (measure)
(point sets) ,
? ,
, , ,
? Stillwell
(Fourier series) ,
Stillwell
(Fourier)
: ,
, , (measure the-
? , Stillwell
(an explana-
tion):
, Lebesgue
1) ,
(1902) ,
69
, Stillwell
(Turing
machine) ,
; ,
(unsolvability)
(smallness) ,
(continuum hypothesis) ,
(Principia Mathe-
matica) , (formal
, Stillwell
language),
1970 Solovay
, ,
, , (computability)
(completeness)
1931
, Stillwell 20.4
(Incompleteness Theorem)
(diagonal argument)
, :
PA(Peano ,
) , ,
: ,
, Con() ( )
! ,
, ,
, Con()
(It is
impossible to compute a list of all computable real numbers);
(It is impossible to compute a list of all com-
, (provability)
(truth) ,
(20.6)
, Stillwell Post 1941
, :
putable functions) ,
(Turing) Post
70 25 2 90 6
PA
, PA
, , ()
(re-
covered) ,
, ,
Con (PA)
, ,
PA ,
: N
,
, PA
Con (PA) ,
(the power of formal proof)
[Stillwell 1989, p. 328]
[ 1996]
,
,
() (
) , ,
,
,
, , (format)
, ,
, ,
1996]
, ,
, ,
, ,
(Felix Klein)
71
, [Stillwell 1989,
, , ,
(Joseph W. Dauben)
(mathe-
, ,
, ,
[Dauben 1993]
(incommensurables)
, ,
(incom-
mensurable),
, Stillwell,
, Morris Kline
[Kline 1972,
(rational reconstruc-
tion),
, ,
, ,
()
(Kant) , Still-
() ,
well
, , ;
, ,
tually infinite) ,
(infinitesi-
mal) ,
, , Stillwell
, ,
[Boyer
Ore
190-196], ,
Stillwell , Stillwell
, , ,
), , ,
, ,
() ,
),
1959, pp.
72 25 2 90 6
, ,
, Stillwell ,
, ,
( ) ,
, ,
Stillwell
, ,
(2) , ,
,
.
,
;
; ,
, ,
:
( HPM),
! [1999b]
(3) ,
, ,
, /
(4) ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, !
(5) ,
, ,
(1) ,
: ,
,
,
,
, ,
() ,
,
, ,
, ,
73
The Story of
1.
New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1998.
14. Rowe, David E., New Trends and Old
Images in The History of Mathematics,
In Calinger, Ronald ed., Vita Mathematica (Washington, D. C.: MAA,
1996), pp. 3-16, 1996.
15. Seltman, Murie and Eddie Mizzi,
Thomas Harriot: Father of English Algebra? The Mathematical Intelligencer
19(1): 46-49, 1997.
16. Stillwell, John, Mathematics and Its
History. New York / Hong Kong:
Springer-Verlag, 1989.
17. Struik, Dirk J., Lectures on Classical
Differential Geometry, Reading, Mass.:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., INC,
1961.
18. Struik, Dirk J., A Concise History of
Mathematics. Fourth Revised Edition.
New York: Dover Publishers, INC,
1987.
19. Van der Waerden, B. L., Science Awakening. New York: John Wiley, 1963.
74 25 2 90 6