PENDIDIKAN LUAR

KRAF PERKHEMAHAN
OLEH: MOHD ZAIRI BIN HUSAIN, PENSYARAH, JABATAN PJK, IPG KAMPUS TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM JOHOR BAHRU

Pengenalan
Merupakan kemahiran asas yang perlu dipelajari untuk menghadapi cabaran alam semulajadi dalam kegiatan luar. Pengetahuan dalam kraf perkhemahan adalah penting dan digunakan apabila individu melakukan aktiviti perkhemahan atau pengembaraan.

Rasional
Melatih diri untuk menjadi lebih mahir dan berkeyakinan dalam menghadapi cabaran alam semulajadi dan habitatnya. Memupuk perasaan cinta terhadap alam semulajadi dan mensyukuri ciptaanNya. Mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni dan menghayati keindahan flora dan fauna yang terdapat di muka bumi
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Objektif
Mengalakkan masyarakat untuk mengaplikasi kemahiran dan teknik kraf perkhemahan dalam kegiatan luar. Memahami habitat dan alam semula jadi dan mengetahui cara untuk hidup apabila berada di dalam hutan. Memberi kesedaran kepada masyarakat tentang kepentingan menjaga alam sekitar dengan cara yang sepatutnya.
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Jenis-jenis Kraf Perkhemahan

Fire craft Ropes craft Woodcraft Tool craft Khemah Shelter (tempat berteduh)

Fire craft
Api penting digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian. Selain itu, digunakan untuk membekalkan cahaya, memanaskan suhu badan, keselesaan, memasak dan sebagainya. Api juga boleh merosakkan alam sekitar jika disalahgunakan iaitu tanah menjadi hitam, merosakkan dahan dan akar pokok
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Membuat Unggun Api

Kaedah Fire Triangle bentuk huruf A. Menggunakan 3 elemen iaitu:Haba, angin dan bahan bakar Bentukkan hurufA menggunakan ranting kayu dengan bukaan huruf A menghala arah angin Letakkan rabuk/bahan mudah terbakar di dalam huruf A dan nyalakan api. Kipas secara perlahan dan letakkan lagi bahan bakar untuk menyalakan.
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Membuat Unggun Api

Bahan
Kertas tebal Sarang telur Surat khabar Lilin Dahan /ranting kayu

Jenis-jenis Kraf Api

Hunters Fire Reflector Fire Star Fire Teepee Fire Log Cabin Fire Council Fire

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Hunter' Fire s
Selain daripada menjadi bahan bakar, kayu-kayu ini juga berfungsi sebagai tungku untuk memasak kerana ia disusun rapat.

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Reflector Fire
Fungsi utama api jenis ini ialah untuk menghalakan haba ke satu arah.Contoh:memanaskan badan. Boleh digunakan untuk memanggang.

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Star Fire
Boleh menggunakan kayu yang pelbagai saiz dan panjang.

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Teepee Fire
paling sesuai dan mudah digunakan.Tetapi sukar untuk didirikan kerana perlu susun dan seimbangkan kayu.

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Log Cabin Fire

Senang dan mudah didirikan kerana ia sangat stabil, apabila terbakar, api hanya membakar bahagian dalam

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Council Fire
Dikenali sebagai Api piramid. Sangat stabil,mudah membakar dan senang dinyalakan.

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Ropes craft
Kemahiran asas berkaitan ikatan dan simpulan tali. Ikatan tali perlu dipelajari untuk digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian. Dalam kraf tali, ia penting untuk membuat ikatan pada pelbagai jenis kraf dalam aktiviti perkhemahan.

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Jenis-jenis Tali
Manila Sisal Jute Cotton Nilon Polyester Polypropylen Polyethylene
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Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)

Overhand This is the simplest knot. Therefore probably the most used. The knot is very useful to support knots in yarns. The loose ends become a bit thicker. When this support makes the total bend too bulky you have to look for another bend. The overhand knot is not strong, so it is not used in situations where you might expect great force. It also reduces the strength of the rope or yarn by about 50%. But as an "anti-slip-knot" it does not have to withstand a lot.
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The Double Overhandknot

The double overhand knot is beautiful, thicker than the common overhand knot, but not any stronger. But use it with caution. The double overhand knot is also called the bloodknot when it is used at the end of a whip. This knot has several ways of tying and in principle two ways of working up. Both ways of tying shown here also show both results. The bloodknot shown in the middle is the preferred way of working up the second way of tying marked with the crosses. The bloodknot is very hard to untie after it has been under stress. If you put an object through the cross-marked hole the knot will work up as the strangleknot. It is usefull to practice this way.

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the Multifold-Overhand-knot
If you make more than two turns in the overhand knot it will be fatter. (But hardly stronger.) In twined rope it is important to work up the knot very carefully. (It will not only look neater, it will prevent ' kinking' which will weaken the rope even more!)

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Figure Eight
This knot is larger, stronger and more easy to untie than the overhand knot. It does not harm your rope as much as the overhand knot does. So therefore sailors use this knot in most cases. (! not for bend support, where the smaller overhand is used, or in rope, a permanent small stopper)

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Figure Eight Double

Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)

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Jenis-jenis lkatan(Stopper knots)

Double Overhand

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Joiner Knots
The reef-knot is only useful in simple applications. Ashley says "it is a true Binder Knot, for which it is admirable, but under no circumstances should it be used as a bend." It is easy tied and will not jam, so it is always easy to untie. It is used to tie packages, and as a base for he shoe-bow. Sailors used it for binding rolled sails or better reefed sails. And that is where it got its english name from. Americans call it the square knot. Probably because it looks square, or because it was much used on square-rigged-ships, but that is a total guess of me. Its relatives, the granny, the thief-knot and the what-knot all have their purposes, but not as a trustful knot.

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Joiner Knots

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Joiner Knots

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Joiner Knots
The square Knot is used to join the two ends of the same rope or bandage. ("Right over left - left over right"). It is only useful in simple applications. It is easy tied and will not jam, so it is always easy to untie. It is used to tie packages, and as a base for he shoebow. Its relatives, the granny, the thief-knot and the what-knot all have their purposes, but not as a trustful knots.
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Joiner Knots (The Sheet Bend)

The sheet bend is one of the most important knots for joining two rope ends, especially if the ropes are of different sizes. Sailors named it in the days of sailing ships when they would "bend" (tie) the "sheets&quot' (ropes in the rigging of a ship). Begin with a bight in the larger rope. Then weave the end of the smaller rope through the eye, around the bight, and back under itself. Snug it carefully before applying any strain to the knot.

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Loop Knots
The Bowline Knot is one of the most useful and one of the simplest ways of putting a fixed loop in the end of a rope. It is easy to tie and untie, it never slips nor jams and has a high breaking strength. If the loop is expected to be heavily loaded, the bowline is, in fact, not secure enough. There is a rule of thumb which states that the loose end should be as long as 12 times the circumference for the sake of safety.
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Loop Knots

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Loop Knots

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Loop Knots

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End Securing Knots

The clove hitch is a very important knot since all lashing projects start with this knot. Without extra support, it is untrustworthy in any situation, except as a crossing knot. If you have to use it, work it up properly; pull length-wise only at both ends before you load the working end.

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End Securing Knots

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End Securing Knots

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End Securing Knots

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tautline hitch
The tautline hitch is a remarkably useful knot. It is adjustable AND trustworthy. Anyone who uses a tent should know this knot. Place rope end around pole, make a turn below it, then bring rope up across the standing part around the pole and tuck through. It is the best way to adjust your lines to the tent-poles. It is the most simple of the adjustable knot family.
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Half Hitches
Half Hitches is a reliable and useful knot for attaching a rope to a pole or boat mooring. As its name suggests, it is two half hitches, one after the other. To finish, push them together and snug them by pulling on the standing part.
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Lashing

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Lashing

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Lashing

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Lashing

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The Sheepshank knot

The Sheepshank knot is used to shorten a rope that is fastened at both ends. Take up the slack, then make an underhand loop and slide it over the blight and pull tight. Do the same to the other end to complete the knot. The sheepshank is only a temporary knot as it stands. But it can be made more permanent by adding a second half hitch to each end.

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Eye Splice
To make an eye splice in three stranded rope, unlay the strands for a short distance and bend the rope to form an eye of the desired size, placing two end strands across at right angle to the lay of the standing part of the rope and the other strand behind (A). Then take the centre strand under the nearest strand of the standing part (B). Take the first end strand under the next strand, going where the second strand came out (C). Turn the rope over and tuck the third strand under the remaining strand of the standing part, going where the first strand comes out (D). There should now be an end strand projecting from each space of the standing part (E). This completes the first tuck. Tuck each strand in turn over and under one, making three full tucks and two taper tucks. The taper tuck is made with the strand thinned down by scraping away some of the fibers. To complete the splice, roll it underfoot, then stretch it and finally cut off surplus end.

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Whipping a rope
The end of a rope should always be bound or whipped to prevent it from fraying or becoming unlade. Whippings are usually made with a strong twine and the length of whip should be approximately equal to the diameter of the rope on which it is used. Following the above illustration, lay a loop along the rope and then making a series of very tight turns over the loop until the desired length of whip is obtained. The working end is finally brought up through the loop and pulled out of sight by pulling on the opposite end. Both ends are then trimmed.
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Slippery Hitch
Very useful because of the ease with which it can be released in emergency. It holds securely for so long as there is a strain on the standing end.

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Boat Knot
This is a method of securing a rope to a thole pin or other small piece of wood on a boat. It is quickly released.

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Double Boat Knot

A bight is simply passed through the ring and a marlin spike or other round piece of wood is put between the bight or the rope. Withdrawal of the spike quickly releases the knot.
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Slippery Hitch
Very useful because of the ease with which it can be released in emergency. It holds securely for so long as there is a strain on the standing end.
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Rolling Hitch
To fasten a rope to a spar. This is a very secure fastening.

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.Halliard Hitch
For fastening a rope to a spar. The sketch shows the hitch open. When pulled taut, and the hitches closed, it makes a very neat and secure fastening.

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Blackwall Hitch
A quick way to secure a rope to a hook. The strain on the standing end will hold the rope secure to the hook.

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Noose Hitch
This is a quick and easy method of securing a rope to a spar or beam. If desired, the rope can be made more secure by means of the overhand knot shown in Fig

zaireey

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Cat's Paw Hitch

For securing a rope to a hook or a spar. It is most useful because it is so easily tied.

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Lark's Head
This is an easy method of securing a rope to a ring or hook. If desired to make more secure, it can be stoppered, as shown, with an overhand or thumb knot.

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Double Lark's Head

The bight is first made. The ends passed through it. This knot is very secure.
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Triple Lark's Head

The apparently complicated knot is easily made by taking the bight of the rope through the ring, the ends are passed through the bight and up through the ring, then down through its own bight. Like the double lark' s head, this knot is absolutely secure.
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Sailor's Backhand Knot

Used to secure a rope to a ring or hook. This is very similar to the rolling hitch and sailor's backhand knot (alternative variation).

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Sailor's Knot

Simply two half hitches round the standing end of the rope.

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Wood craft
Dalam perkhemahan, individu perlu mempelajari cara untuk membina kraf kayu atau disebut sebagai gajet Gajet penting dalam aktiviti luar dan mempunyai pelbagai fungsi iaitu: Memudahkan pengurusan tempat atau kawasan perkhemahan. Menjadikan aktiviti perkhemahan lebih tersusun dan teratur.
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Jenis-jenis wood craft

Ampai kain

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 Kerusi

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Tempat buang sampah.

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Dapur- bowl stand, hook, mug tree, cook shelter

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 Meja dan kerusi

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Tangga

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Katil

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Tool craft
Kemahiran menggunakan alatan semasa berada di luar atau dalam hutan. Kemahiran ini penting kerana dapat membantu dan memudahkan individu untuk melakukan aktiviti ketika berada di hutan.

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Jenis-jenis alatan/senjata
Club (belantan) Pisau Batu Kayu Buluh Besi

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Khemah
Khemah merupakan alatan penting dalam menjalankan aktiviti luar Ciri-ciri tapak atau kawasan khemah: Mendapatkan kebenaran dan maklumat Kemudahan asas seperti bekalan air Kawasan lapang Tidak terlalu jauh dari penduduk atau perkampungan
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Mendirikan Khemah:
Menentukan arah cahaya matahari terbit dan terbenam. Berlawanan dengan arah tiupan angin. Tempat yang selamat dan sesuai seperti tanah rata, lapang, teduh dan selesa. Elakkan mendirikan khemah di bawah pokok yang reput, tua dan mudah tumbang,berumput tebal dan dipenuhi lalang supaya mengelakan serangga atau binatang berbisa.

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Jenis-jenis khemah
Khemah terdapat dalam pelbagai bentuk, saiz dan kegunaan iaitu:

- Rigde tent - Frame tent - Dome tent - Bell tent

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Ridge tent
Mempunyai tiang yang melintang di sepanjang bumbung. Diperbuat daripada material nylon yang ringan supaya mudah dibawa dan dilipat

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Dome tent
Berbentuk gelembung dan menggunakan material yang sesuai dan fleksibel. Ringan, mudah dibawa dan sesuai digunakan untuk perkhemahan seperti di sekolah dan sebagainya.

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Frame tent
Khemah jenis besar yang biasa digunakan untuk perkhemahan keluarga. Rangka khemah akan dipasang dahulu dan kanvas dipasang kemudian.

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Bell tent
Mempunyai satu tiang tinggi di puncak khemah. Khemah jenis ini sudah jarang digunakan dan digantikan dengan khemah jenis DOME.

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Shelter
Shelter sukar untuk dibina dan memerlukan kemahiran yang tinggi Boleh melindungi daripada serangga,panas, hujan, angin, salji dan suhu sejuk. Boleh menyembunyikan diri daripada musuh bahaya

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Jenis-jenis Shelter
Phonco-Lean-To Mudah dan cepat dibina. Diikat pada dua batang pokok Shelter tertutup pada satu bahagian sahaja Pastikan shelter tidak menghala arah angin

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Phonco Tent
Mudah dibina. Diikat diantara dua pokok Shelter tertutup pada dua bahagian,kiri dan kanan.

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One man Shelter

Mudah dibina dan terhalang dari rintangan angin. Saiz yang kecil menjadikan ia lebih sejuk dan nyaman.

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Rujukan
http://www.inquiry.net/outdoor/skills/b-p/wb/ http://www.campcraftwildernessskills.com/ http://tions.net/CA256EA900408BD5/vwWW W/ http://www.bushcraftnorthwest.com/articles/ http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/ http://ga-op349-royalrangers.netfirms.com/

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