Confidential Institute of Petroleum Engineering Herriot-Watt University Well Test Analysis

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1


SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS


1. SPE FIELD UNITS
1.1 Radial Flow: Chapter 1
Skin Factor:
141.2
S
s
kh
S P
q B
= A
Hawkins Equation:
w
S
S
r
r
ln 1
k
k
S
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Productivity Index:
3
e
a
w
1.127 10 2 kh
J
r
B ln S
r

t
=
| |
o +
|
\ .

Jones and Watts Equation:
p
tr
a
S
b
S
S + =
Dimensionless Formation Thickness:
v w
D
k
k
r
h
h =
Effective Wellbore Radius:
S
w eff , w
e r r

=
Prats Equation:
2
x
r
f
eff , w
=
Forward Differentiation

n n
n n
n
x x
y y
dx
dy

=
+
+
1
1

Backward Differentiation

1
1

=
n n
n n
n
x x
y y
dx
dy

Centered Differentiation

1 1
1 1
+
+

=
n n
n n
n
x x
y y
dx
dy


1.2 Well Testing: Chapters 1-5
Dimensionless Pressure:
( )

t
=
B q 2 . 887
kh 2 P P
P
s
wf i
D

Confidential Institute of Petroleum Engineering Herriot-Watt University Well Test Analysis
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Dimensionless Time:
2
w t
D
r c
kt 00026367 . 0
t
|
=
Exponential Integral Solution:
2
948 70.6
t
i wf i S
c r q B
P P P E P
kh kt
| |
A = = + A
|
\ .

Transient Radial Flow (line source) in DD:
2
162.6 log 3.23 0.87
t w
q B kt
P S
kh c r

(
| |
A = +
( |
\ .


Skin Factor from the Semi-Log plot During Drawdown Period:
1
2
1.151 log 3.23
| |
i hr
t w
P P k
S
m c r
(
= +
(


Transient Radial Flow (line source) in Buildup (with Horner Time Function):
* 162.6 log
p
ws
t t
q B
p p
kh t

+ A (
=
(
A


Skin factor Based on Information Obtained during Buildup
2
* ( 0)
1.151 log 3.23
| |
wf p
t w
p p t kt
S
m c r
A = (
= +
(


Semi-Steady State solution (DD):
2
0.234 162.6 log log( ) 0.351 0.87
A
t w
qB q B A
P t C S
c hA kh r

(
A = + + +
(


Radius of Investigation:
0.00026367 4
i
t
kt
r
c

=
Depth of Investigation in Build-up Testing: 0.0827
inv
t gr
qT
r
c h p o
=
Radius of Drainage 0.0244
probe
t
kt
r
c
=
Probe Radius 0.0244
e
probe
t
k t
r
c
A
=
Wellbore Storage Coefficient: cV C
s
=
Dimensionless Wellbore Storage Coefficient:
2
w t
S
D
hr c 2
C 615 . 5
C
t|
=
Ramey Correlation for the Duration of Wellbore Storage:
3390
(60 3.5 )
s
SLSL
C
t S
kh

= +
t
SLSL
- Beginning of Semilog Straight Line
Confidential Institute of Petroleum Engineering Herriot-Watt University Well Test Analysis
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Distance to the Fault: 0.01217
x
t
kt
L
c
=
Dimensionless Time:
2
w t
D
r c
kt 00026367 . 0
t
|
=
Linear Flow Regime in DD
( )
1 2
8.133 141.2
( )
w geometric
t
width
qB t q B
P S S
h L L k c kh

A = + +
+

Dimensionless Time over Drainage Area:
0.00026367
DA
t
kt
t
c A
=
Semi-log Straight Line Slope:
162.6
| |
q B
m
kh

=
Cartesian Straight Line Slope:
0.234
| *|
t
qB
m
c Ah
=
Dietz Shape Factor from Straight Line Analysis:
1 int
2.303( * )
(
| |
| |
5.456
| *|
hr
P P
m
A
m
C e
m

=
MBH Dimensionless Pressure: ( )
*
( ) 4
( * 2.303
| |
)
av
D MBH
P P kh
P p p
q m
t

= =
( ) 4 ln(4 / ) 2 ( ) 2
D MBH pDA pD wD pD
p t t p t S t = + +

when t
p
>t
sss
then ( ln( ) )
D MBH A pDA
P C t =


1.3: Nomenclatures
p
e
: pressure at external radius, r
e
(psia)
p
wf
: bottom-hole flowing (sandface) pressure (psia)
k : formation permeability (md)
h : formation thickness i.e. net pay (ft)
B : oil formation volume factor
: oil viscosity (cp)
q
s
: oil flow-rate at stock tank conditions (bbl/d)
S : van Everdingen and Hurst dimensionless skin factor
k
a
: permeability in annular altered region
r
a
: radial extent of altered region
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b : penetration ratio in a limited entry completion
h
h
b
p
=

h
p
: thickness of completed interval (ft)
S
tr
: intrinsic skin of completed interval as given by Hawkins equation
S
a
: total apparent skin
S
G
: geometric skin factor
L
1
and L
2
: Distances to boundary 1 and boundary 2
S
p
: geometric skin due to flow convergence (Brons and Marting)
k
v
or k
z
: vertical permeability (md)
x
f
: fracture half-length (ft)
eff , w
r : effective wellbore radius of equivalent cylindrical well (ft)
A : drainage area, ft
2

t : time, hr
C
t
: Total compressibility factor, 1/psia
To convert a natural to base-10 logarithm, divide by 2.303, Log(100) = Ln(100)/2.303.


2. SI UNITS
2.1 Shape Factor
C
A
for a well inside a rectangle
3 3
2
2 1
1
4
4
exp 2ln
3 3 2 sin( )
A
D D
w
w D
A
C
L a b L
r
L r c
t

t t
=
(
| | | |
+ +
( | |
\ . \ .


in which =1.781
Confidential Institute of Petroleum Engineering Herriot-Watt University Well Test Analysis
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C
A
for a well inside a triangle or wedge
2
4
/ 4 3
exp ln 2ln
4
2 sin( )
A
e o w
w
o
o
A
C
r r r
r
r
u t

u
u
t t
u
=
(
| |
( | | |
| |
+
| ( | |
|
\ . ( \ . |
(
\ .

,
where
2
2
e
A r
u
=

Confidential Institute of Petroleum Engineering Herriot-Watt University Well Test Analysis
Prepared by the IPE-WT teaching team
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2.2 Distributed Pressure: Chapters 6-8
The RFT Drawdown Permeability Equation:
5660
d
DD
q
k
p

=
A

The Build-up Equation for RFT Probe Pressure vs Spherical Time Function:
( )
s s i
p mf t p ' = A +
2 1 2 1
2 1 2
/ ( / 1) 1
( )
s
q q q q
f t
t T t T T t

A =
A + A + + A

2/ 3
1/ 3 1
1856 ( )
s t
q
k c
m

| |
=
|
'
\ .

The Semi-Steady State Unit Potential Difference:
2 1 1 2
1 2
( )
( )
( )
b
b sss
b b
h q PV q PV
k a PV PV

o

=
+

The Local Gradient for Counter-current Two-Phase Flow:
[ ]
[ / ]
1 1/ 1
o g
w o
g M
g M p
D M M


+
+ c
= =
c + +

The Local Gradient for Co-current Upward Two-Phase Flow:
( )
1
w
g w
rw
q
g M
Ak k p
D M

+ +
c
=
c +