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Theoretical Design and Analysis for Rectangular Waveguide Mode Converters

Qiang Zhang, Cheng-Wei Yuan, and Lie Liu
AbstractFrom Maxwells equations in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinates system, a strict derivation of mode coupling rectangular waveguide modes is given, coefcients among obtaining the general and explicit formulas of the coupling coefcients. Theoretical design methods and a useful set of expressions for several kinds of overmoded rectangular waveguides are reported, which enable engineers to quickly design these types of -plane bend was investigated waveguide bends. Firstly, a 90 to change the wave propagating direction to its perpendicular direction for a certain purpose. Its transmission efciency of mode is 99.9% at 9.5 GHz, with bandwidth (for transmission efciency 95%) of 812 GHz. Secondly, a strict and explicit derivation of mode conversion efciencies of two mode converters, -toconverters, are proi.e., dual-bend and tri-bend posed. Both of them have similar conversion efciency of 99.9% at 8.5 GHz with bandwidths (for mode-conversion efciency %) of 7.989.07 and 8.098.97 GHz, respectively. All of the theoretical models presented in this paper are veried by the nite-element simulations. We also experimentally show the performances of these devices, which are sufcient to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical models. Index TermsBends, microwave transmission, mode converter, mode-coupling theory, rectangular waveguide.

I. INTRODUCTION URING RECENT years, high-power microwaves (HPMs) span a wide range of applications in both civilian and military elds [1][3]. Furthermore, the remaining challenges confronting the limited output peak power level of HPM sources stimulate the development of power-combining techniques. An incoherent power-combining system, utilizing rectangular waveguide diplexers or lters, has been applied for -band HPMs [4]. The authors also have investigated a novel waveguide-based power combiner for linearly polarized microwaves [5] such as rectangular waveguide mode. The power-combining systems mentioned above are especially useful in HPM applications for the advantages of easy fabrication and high power-handling capacity with a compact structure. However, one application occurs whenever the
Manuscript received July 14, 2011; revised December 16, 2011; accepted December 19, 2011. Date of publication January 23, 2012; date of current version April 04, 2012. This work was supported in part by the National High-Tech. Research and Development Program of China and by the Fund of Innovation of the Graduate School, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), under Grant B110702. The authors are with the College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China (e-mail: ehfz_ycw@163.com; zqiang1984@163.com). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TMTT.2011.2182206

rectangular waveguide mode that is generated in an HPM device needs to be transmitted to the load without stimulating higher order modes, and sometimes the physical layout of the HPM system will require one or several overmoded bends [5], [6]. The rst analysis for bends in circular waveguide is found in [7], and since then, accurate and efcient methods for the analysis of bends have received considerable attention in the technical literatures. Lewin et al. [8] investigated and -plane bends with a method based on a perturbational analysis, and then by means of a method of moment solution together with a mode-matching technique, Weisshaar et al. [9] analyzed curved bends in a general parallel-plate waveguide. Mode-coupling theory or mode conversion due to curvatures in circular corrugated or smooth waveguides also has been systematically studied [10][15]. Mongiardo et al. [15] especially proposed a multimodal method for analyzing full-band matched (FBM) waveguide bends. Based on mode-coupling theory, the authors have investigated different circular waveguides for certain purposes [16], [17]. With the development of HPM sources that generate rectangular waveguide mode directly [18], a rectangular waveguide is usually desired. Furthermore, the HPMs is easier to manipulate in rectangular waveguides than in circular waveguides, and rectangular waveguides are widely used in modern microwave transmission systems. It has beneted from its high power-handling capacity and low loss [19][21]. For example, rectangular waveguide mode is utilized to drive a particle accelerator section [22], [23] or as an intermediate mode in a mode converter [6]. Thus, it is necessary to investigate rectangular waveguide bends. Tantawi et al. have done much research on rectangular waveguide bends [24], [25], such as jog converter, which is composed of two oppositely oriented 45 bends, and a novel circular -mode bend. However, the aforementioned works have not expressed a useful set of expressions, enabling engineers to quickly design these types of waveguide bends, or waveguide bends were designed mainly by computer simulation. Therefore, it is not convenient for quick design in certain applications without general and explicit formulas. Thus, the main objective and contributions of this paper is to introduce a strict derivation of mode coupling coefcients among some rectangular waveguide modes, and present a useful set of expressions that allows engineers to quickly design rect rectanangular waveguide bends, especially for gular waveguide mode converters. Moreover, all of the theoretical models presented in this paper are veried by nite-element simulations [26], [27] and experimental tests, which are sufcient to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical models.

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Using the Maxwells equations in the orthogonal curvilinear coordinates , we give the coupled-wave differential equations directly for simplicity [10], and they are

(2) and represent the propagation constant where and complex amplitudes of forward and backward th modes, respectively. is the wavenumber in free space. denotes normalized Helmholtz formulas for the mode [10]. and stand for the coupling th mode and the th mode coefcients between the whose propagation directions are the same and opposite, respectively. From (3),

Fig. 1. Coordinate system for the description of a rectangular waveguide bend.

Based on the above discussions, we will detail the theoretical design methods of rectangular waveguide bend for transmitting mode, and it is a 90 -plane bend to satisfy the requirement of turning wave propagation direction to its perpendicular direction. For the mode converter, we will introduce two structures; one is a dual-bend or improved dual-bend mode converter, and the other one is a tri-bend mode converter. II. MODE COUPLING THEORY The rectangular waveguide bend is shown in Fig. 1, where the -direction is normal to the bend plane, and the bend is assumed to be perfectly conducting. Here, is the curvature radius and turning angle of the bend, respectively, and its cross section size is dened as . We take an orthogonal curvilinear coordinates in which the scale factors can be expressed as follows: (1) Here, the scale factors can be easily derived according to [10] and [14]. Note that if the axis of the waveguide bend, curve marked in Fig. 1, lies in the -plane, the rectangular waveguide bend is an -plane bend. Here, the -plane bend indicates that the main transverse magnetic eld of the fundamental mode is polarized parallel to the -plane. San Blas et al. [28] have made a rigorous full-wave analysis of uniform bends in rectangular waveguide, which is especially efcient for considering the possible incidence of any arbitrary mode of the rectangular input mode. However, modern HPM sources usually generate a pure waveguide mode effectively [29], [30], and it can be converted into a rectangular waveguide mode effectively [6], [31]. According to the rules of mode coupling, in the -plane bend shown in Fig. 1, the mode can be converted into the mode only. Thus, the coupled-wave differential equations and the coupling coefcients between the th mode and th mode can be derived theoretically.

(3) we can obtain the general and explicit coupling coefcients of any two modes

(4) Particularly, the formulas among modes are as follows: , , and

(5) (6) (7)

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Fig. 3. Transmission efciency of tion of curvature radius.

mode in 90

-plane bend as a func-

Fig. 2. Geometry sketch of the 90

-plane bend.

III. 90

-PLANE BEND

As shown in Fig. 2, the overmoded -plane bend to be designed is working at 9.5 GHz, the curvature radius of the waveguide is , the turning angle , and its cross section size is predetermined with mm, mm. If the waveguide distortions are small (low coupling per wavelength), the backward wave can be usually neglected [14]. Under the condition that only the mode is injected, the and modes can transmit through the bend, and the coupled-wave differential equations are obtained from (2)
Fig. 4. 90 -plane bend fabricated at NUDT.

(8) where denote complex amplitudes of the and modes, respectively, deand scribes the coupling coefcients between the modes. By solving (8), it gives the power amplitudes of output modes at the end of the bend transmission line

(9) . where We have investigated the relationship between curvature radius and mode transmission efciency, as shown in Fig. 3; it shows the normalized transmission efciency as a function of curvature radius. Obviously, it is shown that the 90 -plane bend with highest transmission efciency can be achieved at several isolated points, such as and mm. Under the condition of other curvature radii, the mode can be stimulated, decreasing the maximum transmission efciency of the

mode. However, if the turning angle is not limited to 90 , the highest transmission efciency of the mode can also be achieved, but only if the geometrical characteristics of the bend are chosen to satisfy is an odd multiple of , such as mm and . In order to verify the above-mentioned design results, a prototype 90 -plane bend for the 9.5-GHz central frequency was also investigated using computer simulation via Ansofts commercial software package High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) based on the nite-element method (FEM). As presented in Fig. 3, it is noticed that the theoretical calculation and simulated results are in good agreement with each other, which demonstrates the feasibility of the theoretical design. Based on our requirements, we have fabricated such a 90 -plane bend with curvature radius mm, the turning angle , and its cross-section size is 44 mm 30 mm. Fig. 4 shows the photograph of the bend, which is made of a 90 -plane bend and a straight rectangular waveguide, which will not affect the transmission efciency. The calculated transmission efciencies of the bend are plotted in Fig. 5. mode transmission efciency at 9.5 GHz is about 99.9%, and in the range of 812 GHz, the transmission efciency is more than 95%. It is

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Fig. 5. Transmission efciency of mm).

mode as a function of frequency (

Fig. 7. Geometry sketch of the dual-bend

mode converter.

Solving (8) for conversion efciency of the dual-bend converter, yields

(10)
Fig. 6. Measured far-eld radiation patterns under the condition of with or -plane bend. without 90

where is mode conversion efciency from mode in terms of RF power. If

to

noticed that there is little energy transferred into the mode, which is undesirable. Experimentally measuring the output modes of the 90 -plane bend is veried by its far-eld radiation patterns [32], [33], and they were measured in an anechoic chamber. As displayed in Fig. 6, the direct radiation pattern of the mode of the employed -band antenna is similar to the radiation pattern with the bend section included, which indicates that the main output mode is still the mode, and higher order modes have not been stimulated obviously by the 90 -plane bend. IV. DUAL-BEND MODE CONVERTER

and we take (10) gives

and

into account,

One candidate structure for the rectangular waveguide mode converter is a serpentine metal pipe with serpentine curved axis lies in one plane [34], as shown in Fig. 7, which is comprised of two bends with curvature radii and , bend angles , respectively, where the minus symbol represents the second waveguide bend is opposite to the rst one. The two bends are connected back-to-back at the tangent points so that the junction will not produce additional coupling or reections.

(11) Obviously, as long as and , the maximum conversion efciency can be achieved and %. Based on the above discussion, we have designed such a dual-bend mode converter at 8.5 GHz, whose cross-section size is predetermined with 47.55 mm 22.15 mm. Its curvature radius and bend angle are 53.80 mm and 51.47 , respectively. Fig. 8 shows the electric

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Fig. 8. Electric eld distribution in the dual-bend waveguide mode converter.

rectangular Fig. 11. Experimental setup for mode pattern measurement by using a network analyzer. 1 denote signal input section, 2 and 8 are waveguide-to-coax transistors, 3 and 7 stand for the taper up to oversized converter section, 4 and 6 are mode converter sections, devices-under-test are inserted here, 5 is the probe section, and 9 is the matched load in-band.

Fig. 9. Mode conversion efciency of the dual-bend waveguide mode converter as a function of frequency.

rectangular

Fig. 12. mode pattern distribution along the broad wall of the dual-bend converters output port.

Fig. 10. Dual-bend ricated at NUDT.

rectangular waveguide mode converter fab-

eld strength on the axis of the dual-bend mode converter. It can be seen clearly that the injected mode has been transformed into the mode totally. Mode conversion efciency as a function of frequency is presented in Fig. 9; it has a high conversion efciency of 99.9% at the central frequency, and in the range of 7.989.07 GHz, it is greater than 95%. We have fabricated such a dual-bend converter, as shown in Fig. 10, and experiment to measure the mode pattern along the

broad wall of the converter was carried out by using the experimental setup shown in Fig. 11. Here, the matched load is located at the output port in order to main well-established traveling-wave conditions [35]. In the experiment, the mode is injected for convenience, and a series of holes was drilled on the broad wall. Each hole has the same diameter as the outer diameter of the probe that has been used as a receiving antenna. A series of probe has then been positioned in each hole and the RF power has been measured. Thus, the mode pattern can be measured along the broad wall of the converters output. Fig. 12 shows the -eld distribution along the broad wall, and a good agreement between theory and experiment has been observed. For some applications, if the axis of the output port should offset with the input port, a straight waveguide connected between the two bends plays an important part in satisfying this requirement. Fig. 13 shows the structure of the combined dualbend mode converter, the objective function can be written as (12) where is mode conversion efciency from the mode in terms of RF power. to

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TABLE I COMPARISON BETWEEN THEORETICAL CALCULATION AND HFSS SIMULATED RESULTS FOR THE COMBINED DUAL-BEND MODE CONVERTERS. THE SOLUTION FREQUENCY WAS 8.5 GHz, THE MAXIMUM DELTA S WAS 0.02

Fig. 13. Geometry sketch of the combined dual-bend waveguide mode converter.

rectangular Fig. 14. Geometry sketch of the tri-bend mode converter. rectangular waveguide

In the case of conversion efciency

and can be expressed as

, the three bends are and , and bend angles are and , respectively. All three bends are connected back-to-back at the tangent points to prevent the junction producing additional coupling or reections. The tri-bend converter can be calculated and studied by coupled mode theory. From (8), we can obtain the conversion efciency of the converter (13) (14) where

For the application at 8.5 GHz, the authors have written a general optimizing code, in which the conversion efciency was chosen as the objective function, and geometric parameters were chosen (under certain axis offset ) to be optimized. The mode conversion efciency and geometric parameters, as a function of are given in Table I. They are simulated by Ansofts HFSS to conrm our design results, which have been applied widely to simulate RF structures and the results were proven to be very close to measured ones. It indicates that the optimized results meet the requirements well of the objective function, demonstrating the feasibility of the design. Furthermore, the comparison of the computational time required by Ansofts HFSS and the optimizing code is also presented in Table I. It is clear that the optimizing code results in a large decrease of running time for the design. That is to say, it is further proven that the advantages of the developed closed expressions. V. TRI-BEND MODE CONVERTER

Although the dual-bend mode converter has realized mode conversion effectively, its input and output ports are not aligned on the same axis, which will affect the layouts of the whole systems. In some instances, a mode converter with input and output ports aligned on the same axis is needed [36]. In this section, the tri-bend mode converter will be proposed to satisfy this requirement. The geometry structure of the tri-bend converter is shown in Fig. 14, the curvature radii of the

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Fig. 15. Electric eld distribution in the tri-bend waveguide mode converter.

rectangular

Fig. 17. Tri-bend cated at NUDT.

rectangular waveguide mode converter fabri-

Fig. 16. Mode conversion efciency of the tri-bend waveguide mode converter as a function of frequency.

rectangular

In order to obtain the maximum conversion efciency, an optimizing code should be utilized to obtain the optimized geometrical characteristics, and some inconstant-curvature bends may be satised with that goal; however they are usually difcult to manufacture, as in the case of and , which insures that the input port and output port of the mode converter are aligned on the same axis. Thus, (14) gives

(15) Then observe (16) and (17), shown at the bottom of this page, where . and , the As long as maximum conversion efciency can also be achieved and %. We have designed such a tri-bend converter at 8.5 GHz, whose cross-section size is also predetermined

with 47.55 mm 22.15 mm, and its geometric parameters are mm, . In order to verify the theoretical results of the converter, a numerical model of the converter was used and performed via the FEM, and Fig. 15 shows the electric eld distribution in the converter when injecting the mode, which illustrates that the input mode has been transformed into the mode successfully. In addition, in order to check the sensitivity of the mode converter under various operation frequencies, the conversion efciency versus the operation frequency when the mode is injected are displayed in Fig. 16. It is shown that it has a high conversion efciency of 99.9% at center frequency, and in the range of 8.098.97 GHz, the conversion efciency exceeds 95%. The tri-bend converter, shown in Fig. 17, was also tested as that for dual-bend converter, and the -eld along the broad wall agrees well with the predicted distribution, as presented in Fig. 18. Furthermore, based on the above analysis and designed mode converters, a transmission line at 8.5 GHz can be constructed. As shown in Fig. 19, two tri-bend mode converters and a dual-bend mode converter are adopted. The mode conversion process can be described as the following: the mode is divided into two modes, which are transformed into two modes with phase difference of . The two modes are combined as a mode, and it is converted to a mode by a dual-bend mode converter. The total length of the transmission line is about 40 cm, and the

(16)

(17)

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characteristics. Both of them have high conversion efciency of 99.9% at 8.5 GHz, with bandwidths (for mode conversion efciency 95%) of 7.989.07 and 8.098.97 GHz, respectively. All of the theoretical models presented in this paper are veried by nite-element simulations and experimental tests, which are sufcient to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical models, and the theoretical design and analysis of rectangular waveguide bends in this paper has provided an efcient approach to design new waveguides. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers of this paper for their valuable comments. The authors wish also to acknowledge the website http://www.verycd.com for providing a study version of Ansofts HFSS software for analyzing the electric eld. REFERENCES
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Fig. 18. Electric eld distribution in the tri-bend waveguide mode converter.

rectangular

Fig. 19. Mode conversion efciency of the tri-bend waveguide mode converter as a function of frequency.

rectangular

Fig. 20. Tri-bend cated at NUDT.

rectangular waveguide mode converter fabri-

conversion efciency has reached 99.5% at center frequency. Fig. 20 shows the electric eld distribution in the transmission line when the mode is injected, which illustrates that the injected mode has been converted to the mode successfully. VI. CONCLUSION According to mode-coupling theory, a strict derivation of mode coupling coefcients were given, obtaining the general and explicit formulas of the coupling coefcients among rectangular waveguide modes. The design methodology and numerical results for several kinds of overmoded bends were then reported, which enabled engineers to quickly design these -plane bend in order types of waveguide bends. The rst 90 to change the wave propagating direction was investigated in detail, and numerical simulation and cold testing results show the feasibility of the theoretical design. Then two types of mode converters, dual- and tri-bend converters, were studied theoretically, obtaining the optimized geometrical

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[20] S. G. Tantawi, C. D. Nantista, V. A. Dolgashev, C. Pearson, J. Nelson, K. Jobe, J. Chan, K. Fant, and J. Frisch, High-power multimode -band RF pulse compression system for future linear colliders, Phys. Rev. Special TopicsAccelerator Beams, no. 8, 2005, Art. ID 042002. [21] C. D. Nantista and F. Tamura, An alternate dual-moded DLDS utiand modes, in XX Int. Linac Conf., Monterey, lizing the CA, 2009, pp. 757759. [22] V. L. Granatstein and W. Lawson, Gyro-ampliers as candidate RF drivers for TeV linear colliders, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 648686, Jun. 1996. [23] I. Spassovsky, E. S. Gouveia, S. G. Tantawi, B. P. Hogan, W. Lawson, and V. L. Granatstein, Design and cold testing of a compact mode converter, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 787793, Jun. 2002. [24] S. G. Tantawi, C. D. Nantista, N. Kroll, Z. Li, R. Miller, P. Wilson, and J. Neilson, Multimoded RF delay line distribution system for the next linear collider, Phys. Rev. Special TopicsAccelerator Beams, vol. 5, 2002, Art. ID 032001. -mode bend for ultra-high[25] S. G. Tantawi, A novel circular power applications, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 16791687, 2004. [26] Y. Zhu and A. C. Cangellaris, Macro-elements for efcient FEM simulation of small geometric features in waveguide components, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 22542260, Dec. 2000. [27] M. M. Ili, A. . Ili, and B. M. Notaro, Higher order large-domain FEM modeling of 3-D multiport waveguide structures with arbitrary discontinuities, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 16081614, Jun. 2004. [28] A. A. San Blas, B. Gimeno, V. E. Boria, H. Esteban, S. Cogollos, and A. Coves, A rigorous and efcient full-wave analysis of uniform bends in rectangular waveguide under arbitrary incidence, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 397405, Feb. 2003. [29] J. Zhang, Z. X. Jin, J. H. Yang, H. H. Zhong, T. Shu, J. D. Zhang, B. L. Qian, C. W. Yuan, Z. Q. Li, Y. W. Fan, S. Y. Zhou, and L. R. Xu, Recent advance in long-pulse HPM sources with repetitive operation in -, -, and -bands, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 14381445, Jun. 2011. [30] X. Ge, H. Zhong, B. Qian, J. Zhang, L. Gao, Z. Jin, Y. Fan, and J. Yang, An -band coaxial relativistic backward wave oscillator with mechanical frequency tenability, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 97, 2010, Art. ID 101503. [31] K. L. Wu, M. Yu, and A. Sivadas, A novel modal analysis of a circular to rectangular waveguide T-junction and its application to design of circular waveguide dual-mode lters, IEEE Trans Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 465473, Feb. 2002.

mode genera[32] G. S. Ling and J. J. Zhou, Converters for the vircator at 4 GHz, Chinese Phys. Lett., vol. 18, pp. tion from 12851287, 2001. mode from [33] J. L. Doane, Mode converter for generating the in a circular waveguide, Int. J. Electron., vol. 53, pp. 573585, 1982. [34] S. Yang and H. F. Li, Optimization of novel high-power millimeter mode converters, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory wave Tech., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 552554, Apr. 1997. [35] D. S. Levinson and I. Rubinstein, A technique for measuring individual modes propagating in overmoded waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-14, no. 7, pp. 310322, Jul. 1966. mode converter of [36] Q. Zhang, C. W. Yuan, and L. Liu, tri-bend circular waveguides, High Power Laser Particle Beams, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 11731176, 2008.

Qiang Zhang was born in Henan, China, in August 1984. He received the B.E. degree in optoelectronics engineering and M.S. degree in physical electronics from the National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, in 2006, and 2008, respectively, and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in physical electronics at the National University of Defense Technology. His current research interests include antenna and microwave mode conversion.

Cheng-Wei Yuan was born in Henan, China, in May 1974. He received the B.E. degree in applied physics, M.S. degree in optoelectronics engineering, and Ph.D. degree in physical electronics from the National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, in 1997, 2002, and 2006, respectively. He is currently with the College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology. His current research interests include antenna and microwave components.

Lie Liu received the B.S. degree from the Huazhong University of Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1983, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in optics engineering from the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha, China, in 1991 and 2003, respectively. Since 1983, he has been with the College of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, NUDT, where he is currently a Professor. His research interests include pulsed-power technology, particle simulation, and generation of high-power microwaves.