AIR POLLUTION

Sr. N o 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 6 Certificate Acknowledgement Introduction Air Pollution

INDEX

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3 4 5 6 6 7 8 10 11 12 15 16

Pollution in our life Drastic Increase in pollution Causes of pollution Some natural ways are How are theses pollutant release out Effects of pollution Conclusion Bibliography

Certificate
This is to certify that V V S Prathyusha of Standard XII studying in Vagdevi Vilas High School has successfully completed her project on Topic of Air Pollution in the subject of Bio, pursing the academic year 2012-13.

ACKNOWLEDGEME NT
I thank my teacher Mrs. Vijayalakshmi maam for giving me this very interesting topic for my project. It was really very helpful to increase my awareness on POLLUTION, especially air pollution. Generally we find the changes like increase in smoke and dust which we call that as pollution but now that I have done my project on this topic covering many more essential details about it I understood the depth of the danger and also the ways and different sources for the prevention . And I promise to spread this awareness among my society too.

INTRODUCTION
Pollution is the part of our life now. From the time we get off the bed till the time we get back on to our bed either our friends or family accompany or not pollution certainly is found next to us! With the growth and development of our world even the pollution is increasing simultaneously! This is also causing a lot of problem to all the life forms. It is very harmful as its creating many health disorders to the people like -asthma, wheezing, other respiratory problems, and can also create problems which links to cancers. This has also lead to drastic changes in global warming. And the main drawback of this situation is that we are suffering with the deforestation too and we are not left with much green lands, as trees are the only way by which pollution can be brought back to control. And still we are going on cutting trees, evacuating green lands, and also continuing the usage of polluting materials!

AIR POLLUTION
Pollution in our life
The minute we step out of our house we find the pollution in every step! Either on the streets due to the vehicles, near the industries due to the waste emitted out as smoke, this is where pollution is found widely spread out! But in minute amounts even the machines used at homes such as microwave ovens, refrigerator, AC, coolers, geezers, and to a certain limit even some tube lights and tinted glasses create pollution by emitting out harmful chemicals in small amounts. Pollution has become daily part of our life! And we all instead of reducing it are more interested on exploiting it more! Its natural that pollution will be there after a usage of materials to a certain limit but we have brought down the limit to a very low level that we have got no other choice other than just stop the usage of polluting materials, and lead the life that our great grand fathers used to live!

Drastic Increase in pollution

There is a lot of increase in the rate of pollution seen in a span of 5 years! ; Due to the development in the modern world, growth of industries and mainly due to deforestation and also depletion of natural resources. Its also that all of us have got greedier about comforts and money that we have kept on widening the usage of materials that are in turn harmful to us! Such as now in this generation its like every small family even an individual has a vehicle of their own! Which is increasing traffic and also air pollution, and also if we talk about the industries then in every city outskirts the barren lands are occupied which industries and factories which are found in more no. than the cultivating green lands! If we all still go on continuing this then we might not find at least one square foot area of land for us to take in pure and non-polluted air to breadth!

Causes of pollution
A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made. There are some harmful pollutants given

Sulphur oxides - especially sulphur dioxide, a

chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulphur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources. Nitrogen oxides - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstorms by electrical discharge. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants. Carbon monoxide - is a colorless, odorless, nonirritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by

incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide - a colorless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas also associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration. It is otherwise recycled in the atmosphere in the carbon cycle. Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. Ammonia - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. Odors such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes Nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulphur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in

the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.

Some natural ways are

There are some natural ways for pollution too such as forest fires, volcanoes and also global warming. Volcanic activity, which produce sulphur, chlorine, and ash particulates

Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially cigarette smoking. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors. Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning.

How are these pollutants released out

Power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuelburning heating devices include motor vehicles, marine vessels; aircraft give out all of these harmful pollutants into air. Waste deposition in landfills, generates methane. Methane is not toxic; however, it is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiate and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Vehicles working on petroleum products release a lot of smoke into air which contains harmful chemicals in large amounts. During the celebrations of our festivals or any function the crackers we use also release many harmful chemicals through smoke into air. And in small amounts even the machines we use at home release out co2 and other harmful pollutants.

Effects of pollution
According WHO pollution affects health conditions including respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer. The health effects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. The release of harmful pollutants in air have also brought up other major problems like global warming, ozone layer depletion, green house effect and acid rains. Global warming causes all lot of changes in climatic condition such as melting down of Ice Mountains and glaciers which increase water flow and rushes onto land as floods or tornadoes and thunderstorms. Green house effect refers to the trapping of heat by certain gases in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide and methane. Although these gases occur in only trace amounts, they block significant amounts of heat from escaping out into space, thus keeping the Earth warm enough for us to survive. Acid rain is the carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid which has adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health. These

adverse effects of pollution are curable only to a certain limit after which it becomes impossible to stop!

Prevention of pollution
There are some ways to reduce the effect of pollution which have to be followed by all of us to protect our world before getting eaten up by the monster called pollution!

HOW TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION

Bring your own bag when you go grocery shopping. Many grocery stores sell cloth bags, or you can just recycle ones that you already have. Reduce environmental pollution by driving less. There are benefits to not driving as well, whether it is exercise and neighborly interactions when walking or biking; or time to read or talk if carpooling or on the bus. Increase your awareness of electricity use. Turn off appliances and lights when they are not in use. Just unplug it when not in use, or better yet put it on a power strip with an on/off switch. You'll save energy, and cut down on the air pollution that electrical plant that are often coal powered. Plant a tree. Start a garden!

 Reduce. Re-use. Recycle. There are many innovative ways to reduce; one way is to purchase things in bulk, thereby cutting down on packaging and expense. Another is to make certain that all batteries are properly recycled, and then to replace the appliances that use them with corded varieties. Dont use lawnmowers or other small engines that emit air pollutants. Observe bans on outdoor burning because of high fire danger and health protection. Dont idle your engine. Turn it off while your vehicle is parked or waiting in line. Wait for cooler morning or evening hours to refuel your vehicle. Dont paint or use aerosol sprays until temperatures cool off.

CONCLUSION
We must become more pollution conscious, if we are to continue to live and breathe on this planet! Use of natural resources, consumption and waste are all at peak levels, and rising. It is up to each of us to act individually and together to effect change that will make the planet habitable in the years to come. While wars are devastating to humankind, the blatant misuse of energy and resources potentially threatens our long-term survival as a species. It is by conserving energy at home, and growing an environment consciousness in our communities, that we can turn around the dire situation that the world is in now. We must act now! There are different ways to reduce the effect of pollution mentioned. Its our duty to follow them to and reduce at least some percent of that we are effected now, So that there would not be any drastic increase in pollution. There are many policies and activities implemented by the govt. for the reduction of pollution. Such as all the green lands, forests, and other abundant lands under its control.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTERNET Wikipedia BOOKS

Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion by S. Pal Arya.

PICTURES Google images of pollution. Some taken by self.

Air Pollution Meteorology and Dispersion by S. Pal Arya.