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Developing Reading Proficiency 2
Developing Reading Proficiency 2
archon يكي از افسران عاليرتبه آتن قديم - it was the palace of one of the Archons, the superintendents of the religious life of Athens who
superintendent مدير- سرپرست tried those people accused of offending the gods.
offend رنجاندن- تخطي كردن try = محاكمه كردن
accused متهم
elect انتخاب- راي دادن - Five hundred judges, elected by the citizens, decided by secret ballot whether the accused were
ballot راي مخفي guilty or not and how severe the penalty should be.
severe طاقت فرسا- سخت
penalty جريمه- كيفر- جزا
white-bearded man of 70 ساله70 مرد ريش سفيد - an old, white-bearded man of 70 stood before the judges. He had been accused by three men of
lack فقدان lack of respect for the city gods.
sentence (محكوميت- فتوي- ) حكم - his sentence could be extremely severe. It might be exile or, perhaps, even death.
exile تبعيد كردن- تبعيد
scholar دانشپژوه- محقق - although scholars are not sure, they think that Socrates was born in 469 B.C.
sculptor پيكرتراش- مجسمه ساز - his father was a sculptor and his mother was a midwife, a woman who helped other women when
midwife قابله- ماما they were about to have babies.
thoughtful انديشمند- متفكر - when Socrates grew up he proved himself to be an intelligent and thoughtful man.
disturb آشفتن- مضطرب ساختن - Socrates was disturbed by many ideas popular in the city at that time.
sophist زبان باز- سفسطه باز- سوفيسطايي - at the same time that Socrates lived, there was in Greece a group of men called sophists.
boast خودستايي كردن- رجز خواندن- باليدن - they boasted that they knew everything.
justice عدالت - Socrates fought this idea. He said that truth, justice, goodness, and honesty did exist.
goodness نيكي
poor فقير - Socrates remained poor and said, "do not love riches and the other good of the body in
preference رجحان- برتري preference to those of the soul."
soul (seek) روان
warn هشدار دادن - he warned against twisting the truth by using words and false arguments.
twist پيجاندن- كج كردن
ruler حاكم - he told his listeners not to follow the wishes of rulers or anyone else, big or small, if the ideas they
preach وعظ كردن- موعظه كردن preached were wrong.
declare اعلم كردن- گفتن- اظهار داشتن - seek the truth, and declare and defend it against any one, at all costs and always …. Beyond
defend حمايت كردن- دفاع كردن از this world is God, who will judge you and them.
at all costs به هر قيمتي
UNIT 13
once يكبار - once, a national park ranger commented that "the American Indian could carry everything he
American Indian سرخپوستان آمريكايي could pack on his wife's back".
while perhaps است
openمشخص در حالي كه پاسخ به اين پرسش
to question - while perhaps open to question, this remark does make an important point.
non-literate بي سواد - the basic means of transport of non-literate peoples was, indeed, human porterage.
porterage باربري
devote (devoted) (مختص- اختصاص دادن- ) وقف كردن - therefore, within any writing devoted to transport, consideration must be given to human burden
consideration رسيدگي- ملحظه- توجه carriers and any adjuncts to their task.
burden وزن- بار- تحميل كردن- بار مسئوليت
carrier حامل
adjunct افزوده- الحاقي
any adjuncts to their task نوع كمك هاي اضافي آنها
the manner in which روشي كه - the manner in which loads are carried shows distinct cultural and sexual differences.
load كوله بار- بار
distinct تشخيص- فرق- تميز
cultural فرهنگي
sexual جنسي
اختلفات بارز فرهنگي و جنسي
distinct cultural & sexual differences
enclose در جوف قرار دادن- در ميان گذاشتن - among American college students, books and notebooks, when not enclosed in a briefcase or other
handle بكار بردن- سروكار داشتن handled container, are carried in different fashions by men and women.
container كانتينر- محتوي- ظرف
at the side در پهلوي - the men carry their books at the side, resting on the bent hand and pinned between the forearm
UNIT 14
endanger به مخاطره انداختن - how may inactivity endanger a person's health?
walk your way to health پيش به سوي سلمتي
stair پله - at 35, his health was so poor that even climbing stairs was an ordeal. Then he had a heart attack.
ordeal كار شاق
bypass - after bypass surgery, Stephen's surgeon told him he could not enter an organized
cardia-rehabilitation ناتواني قلبي cardia-rehabilitation program until he was able to walk a mile.
stamina نيروي حياتي- بنيه- طاقت- استقامت - Stephen went on a strict diet and began walking regularly, building up his stamina.
build up جبران كردن
lighter سبك تر - two years later, he was seven stone lighter and his heart rate at rest was an impressive 48 beats
seven stone lighter هفت استون سبكترstone=6.35 kg per minute
impressive برانگيزنده- گيرا
cholesterol كلسترول - in one aerobics research study, researchers found that poor fitness can be as dangerous as
moderate ميانه رو- مليم- معتدل smoking or high cholesterol.
UNIT 16
it is more than somewhat humbling to نهايت خواري است كه - it is more than somewhat humbling to be forced to admit that we still know all too little about the
somewhat تا حدي- قدري- مختصري phenomenon of learning.
phenomenon حادثه- پديده
UNIT 22
joke writer فكاهي نويس - as a joke writer for Bob Hope for 20 years, Gene Perret had taken hundreds of flights.
steward ميهماندار هواپيما - so he was only half listening when the air steward began reciting safety instructions.
reciting با صداي موزون خواندن- از بر خواندن
safety instructions دستورات امنيتي
prick تحريك كردن- به حركت واداشتن - suddenly Perret's ears pricked up. "there may be 50 ways to leave your lover," the steward said,
aeroplane (airplane) هواپيما "but there are only five ways to leave this earoplane."
upright عمودي- قائم- راست - and then: "please return your seat to its upright and motst uncomfortable position. Later you may
lean تكيه كردن- تكيه زدن lean back and break the knees of the passenger behind you."
grab قاپيدن- ربودن - Perret uses this story to make a serious point: humour can grab someone's attention and get a
get a message across پيغامي را برساند message acros. Some people can't tell a joke to save their lives."
humour شوخي- خلق
trick فوت و فن- نيرنگ- حيله - the secret is developing your own style, learning a few tricks and taking the time to practise.
comedy collection مجموعه كمدي - the first step Perret recommends is building a "comedy collection." Jot down 25 jokes, asides or
jot down با شتاب نوشتن stories that you find funny.
aside (شوخي- تنها- ) جداگانه
one-liner لطيفه- بذله - then work out whether you are better with stories or one-liners. Don’t try to be what you're not.
pig گراز- خوك - matching people with the wrong material is "like teaching a pig to sing," Perret says. "it not only
UNIT 23
it's shame جاي تاسف دارد - you're hopeless, that's a beautiful dress. It's a shame they didn’t have your size.
you're hopeless تو بي دست و پايي
sting نيش زدن- زخم- نيش - stinging remarks zap us every day, often when we're least prepared. They seem to be everywehre:
stinging remarks اظهار نظرهاي نيش دار on the road, when rush hour brings out the worst in people; in queues, when everyone's patience is
zap آزار رساندن wearing thin; at work and tat the dinner table, where people feel free to be rude.
rush hours ساعات پرازدحام- ساعات شلوغ
queue صف اتوبوس و غيره
everyone's patience is wearing thin طاقت همه به پايان ميرسد
criticism انتقاد- عيب جويي - there are so many styles of criticism that it's impossible to catalogue them all. There are common,
let him in اجازه بدهيد بيايد تو- او را پذيرا باشيد - let him in, boost him on his way. When you give people the benefit of the doubt like this, you'll
boost him on his way بيشتر تحويلش بگيريد feel soothed by your grace.
doubt شك- دودلي- نامعلومي
soothe آرام كردن- دلجويي كردن- تسكين دادن
grace فيض و بركت- بخشايندگي- بخشيدن
كتاب هنر ظريف دفاع كلمي از خود
the gentle art of verbal self-defence - in the Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defence, Suzette Elgin suggests dividing an attack into its parts
unspoken فاش نشده- سربسته and responding to the unspoken assumption--without playing the victim.
assumption فرض- پنداشت- انگاشت
victim قرباني
bait طعمه دادن- دام - the secret is to examine what was said--and unsaid-- before you get emotionally involved.
critic منتقد- نگوهشگر- نقدگر - face your critic.
stand up to در مقابل چيزي ايستادن- مقابله كردن - it's not easy to stand up to insults.
one trick is to be direct يك راه حل اين كه مقابله مستقيم بكنيد - one trick is to be direct. Defuse the negatvie comment with come-backs such as "is there any
defuse خنثي كردن- بي خطر كردن reason you would want to hurt my feelings?" as an alternative, ask the person to clarify his or her
comeback دليل قانوني- بهانه- توجيح- جواب statement: "what did you mean by that?"
alternative پيشنهاد متناوب- چاره
as an alternative راه حل جايگزين آن اينست كه
you are on to their game شما حق بازيشون را متوجه شديد - as soon as critics know you are on to their game they will leave you alone. Nothing shames more
being caught in the act مچ كسي را در حال انجام كاري گرفتن than being caught in the act.
material ماده- جنس - someone once said to a friend of mine, "a new skirt? That looks like material you'd use to
upholster روكشيدن مبل- رومبلي زدن upholster a chair." the women replied, "well, come and sit on my lap."
devote فدا كردن- وقف كردن - another woman told me about her mother, who has devoted her life to keeping an immaculate
immaculate كامل ً تميز و مرتب- معصوم house. One day the mother spied a cobweb in hey daughter's kitchen and asked, "what's that"
spy (spied) جاسوسي كردن her daughter quipped, "a nature project." making light of life is one the best weapons against insults.
cobweb تار عنكبوت