Project Report

On

VECHILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Project work submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

Master of Computer Applications By

ABDUL HAMEED
(Regd.No: 07B11F0002) Under the Esteemed Guidance of Ms. M.SREEDEVI HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT <Paste your university emblem here> DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AL-AMEER COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (AFFILIATED TO J.N.T.U.K) GUDILOVA, VISAKHAPATNAM 2007-2010

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled Vechile Management System is a bonafide work carried out by Mr. ABDUL HAMEED bearing Hall Ticket No: 07B11F0002 in HCLCDC and submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Computer Applications.

Project Guide

Head of the Department

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Task successful makes everyone happy. But the happiness will be gold without glitter if we didnt state the persons who have supported us to make it a success. Success will be crowned to people who made it a reality but the people whose constant guidance and encouragement made it possible will be crowned first on the eve of success. This acknowledgement transcends the reality of formality when we would like to express deep gratitude and respect to all those people behind the screen who guided, inspired and helped me for the completion of our project work. I consider myself lucky enough to get such a good project. This project would add as an asset to my academic profile. I would like to express my thankfulness to my project guide, Ms. M.Sreedevi, Head of the department (M.C.A) of AL-AMEER COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & IT for her constant motivation and valuable help through the project work, and I express my gratitude to Mr.Raghu Varma, Project Manager of HCLCDC, Visakhapatnam, for his constant supervision, guidance and co-operation through out the project. I also extend my thanks to my Team Members for their co-operation during my course. Finally I would like to thanks my friends for their co-operation to complete this project.

ABDUL HAMEED. Regd.No:07B11F0002.

ABSTRACT To develop a feature rich web solution for a typical transportation department of a particular manufacturing company in a typical software development environment. 1. Title of the project: Vechile Management System 2. Abstract: The Vechile Management System keeps track the information about the Vehicles, Maintenance, Repair, Parts, Employees, Location and Vendors. It also keeps track the maintenance performed for different vehicles which are used for transportation. The super users of the system are the ADMIN and the MANAGERS of the different departments allocated by the admin. The admin may be the owner of the transportation organization or the manager of transportation department of a particular manufacturing company. If any other vehicle is added to the fleet which already exists for the organization/department the details of the vehicle is added. The details includes whether it is a new one or taken any loan/lease. Any employee is newly appointed or the existing employee is taken off both the details are maintained including their personal details and profession details. The details of the maintenance that are being performed such as repairs/services and to be performed are also maintained. The maintenance to be performed can also be scheduled for each type of vehicles. The details of the parts/inventory used for the
6

vehicles are maintained. The reorder level and the reorder quantity are predefined for each particular type of part. The Vendors or suppliers of the vehicles, parts and performs maintenance required for the vehicles. The particulars of the various vendors are maintained in this system.

About HCL Career Development Centre IT Infrastructure has become very crucial for the modern day enterprises. IT no longer remains a mere support tool; it has become a crucial selling proposition for many organizations. The Manufacturing, BFSI, BPO, Insurance, Telecom and Logistics are some of the sectors to realize IT benefits. According to recent surveys, the Indian Hardware market could be worth Rs. 75,000 crore by 2007. The requirement for manpower is also rising in that proportion. But unfortunately the pool of skilled manpower in this field is shrinking day by day due to lack of quality training. According to a survey by Ernst & Young, there were 2.4 lakhs hardware and networking professionals in the year 2003-2004 which is likely to grow tenfold in the years to come. Network security, WAN, and wireless network administration are popular courses for potential job opening in IT. With an objective to develop quality IT professionals to meet this ever expanding requirement of Hardware and Networking professionals for the IT sector, HCL has launched HCL Career Development Centre. Our uniqueness lies not only in the State-ofArt training infrastructure and maximum hands-on practical training methods, but also on the first time ever, real time project experience to the students through our factories & production facilities, system integration facilities, service support centers, Channel business partners and over 2500 resellers spread across the country. The students will be exposed to live projects in Networking services, covering areas on VPN (Virtual Private Network), BIS (Broadband Internet Access), Hosting & Co-location services, designing & deploying Disaster Recovery Solutions, Application Services, Managed Security Services & NOC Services and many more real time application areas. The Training faculties at HCL Career Development Centre carry a rich experience in fields related to PC production, system integration and Networking Services. The focus of training is always on real time applications. At HCL, we strongly believe that technical

knowledge has to be complemented with its application and use in the real world and the course content has also been designed accordingly. Another arena where HCL Career Development centre shall stand to be different from others is its strength in offering placement opportunities. Needless to say, the placement strength extends much beyond the mentioned areas and with the IT boom impacting the remote corners of India, there will be a huge requirement for quality and industry ready hardware and networking professionals.

10

CONTENTS TITLE 1.
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4.

Page No

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS SYSTEM ANALYSIS STUDY OF THE SYSTEM PROPOSED SYSTEM INPUT & OUTPUT PROCESS MODELS USED WITH JUSTIFICATION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FEASIBILITY STUDY 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

2.
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5.

3.

4.

4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 4.2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 4.3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 4.4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 4.4.1. INTRODUCTION TO .NET FRAMEWORK 4.4.2. VB.NET 5. 5.1 5.2 SYSTEM DESIGN INTRODUCTION UML DIAGRAMS
11

6.

OUTPUT SCREENS

7. SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION 7.1 7.2 7.3 INTRODUCTION TO TESTING TESTING STRATEGIES IMPLEMENTATION

8. SYSTEM SECURITY 8.1 8.2 INTRODUCTION SECURITY IN SOFTWARE

7. CONCLUSION 8. FUTURE SCOPE 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

12

13

1.1. INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVE The Vechile Management System keeps track the information about the Vehicles, Maintenance, Repair, Parts, Employees, Location and Vendors. It also keeps track the maintenance performed for different vehicles which are used for transportation. The super users of the system are the ADMIN and the MANAGERS of the different departments allocated by the admin. The admin may be the owner of the transportation organization or the manager of transportation department of a particular manufacturing company. If any other vehicle is added to the fleet which already exists for the organization/department the details of the vehicle is added. The details includes whether it is a new one or taken any loan/lease. Any employee is newly appointed or the existing employee is taken off both the details are maintained including their personal details and profession details. The details of the maintenance that are being performed such as repairs/services and to be performed are also maintained. The maintenance to be performed can also be scheduled for each type of vehicles. The details of the parts/inventory used for the vehicles are maintained. The reorder level and the reorder quantity are predefined for each particular type of part.

14

The Vendors or suppliers of the vehicles, parts and performs maintenance required for the vehicles. The particulars of the various vendors are maintained in this system.
1.2. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

Purpose of developing this application is to streamline the vehicle management process in the company and avoid any human errors. Tracking of vehicle information manually, especially when hundreds vehicles are there for the organization, is a tedious process. One of the major tasks is sending the vehicles for servicing. In manual process there wont be any provision to know that the vehicle should be sent for servicing, unless the vehicle record is verified manually. 1.3. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM Managing huge Fleet information manually is a tedious and error prone task. In order to schedule vehicles as well as staff, we the scheduler should not how many vehicles are there on board and available for allocation. Keeping track of repair information is a must as some times vehicles might be referred for insurance. These entire things can not be achieved in existing system. 1.4. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS

In order to avoid the limitations in the existing system, the current All vehicle details will be automated along with the staff

system is being developed.

information.

15

Scheduling of trips and repair information is being fully automated

to overcome chaos in the system.

16

2.1. STUDY OF THE SYSTEM NUMBER OF MODULES \ Current system is differentiated into the following modules which are closely integrated with one another. User Authentication Vehicle Employee Information Maintenance Inventory

Vehicle Module: Adding vehicles and/or equipment is a simple process and doesnt require a wealth of information. As long as we have the year, make, model, current Mi/Km/Hr and the base information, that is all you need. We can add a vehicle with the most basic information. Employee Information: The application will keep track of many details include Employee number, Name, personal information, License Information. It also allows you to edit your Employee Information. Under this module there will be facility to add, delete, Modify the information regarding Employee.

17

Maintenance Module: This module keeps track of the maintenance information.

Inventory Module: Generate the following Reports: Fleet General Information Cost summary PM Service Maintenance Service (Last Performed) Repair Maintenance Part Inventory Part Reorder Vendor Employee General Details User Authentication: This Modules involves Administrator operations, involves with vehicles Registration, create users (employees), and authenticating the Employees. Administrator maintains the entire project. 2.2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system should possess the following features: Vehicle information management Fuel tracking management

18

 Repairing information management Parts maintenance Employee information management

2.3. INPUT AND OUTPUT INPUT DESIGN Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as given below: To produce a cost-effective method of input. To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy. To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user. The main input stages before the information gets stored in the database media: Data recording Data transcription Data conversion Data verification Data control Data transmission Data validation Data correction OUTPUT DESIGN

INPUT STAGES:

19

Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to provide a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various types of outputs in general are: External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization. Internal Outputs whose destination is with in organization and they are the Users main interface with the computer. Operational outputs whose use is purely with in the computer department. Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly with The outputs were needed to be generated as a hard copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output media for hard copies. 2.4. PROCESS MODELS USED WITH JUSTIFICATION SDLC MODEL: Waterfall Model Software products are oriented towards customers like any other engineering products. It is either driver by market or it drives the market. Customer Satisfaction was the main aim in the 1980's. Customer Delight is today's logo and Customer Ecstasy is the new buzzword of the new millennium. Products which are not customer oriented have no place in the market although they are designed using the best technology. The front end of the product is as crucial as the internal technology of the product. A market study is necessary to identify a potential customer's need. This process is also called as market research. The already existing need and the possible future needs that are combined together for study. A lot of assumptions are made during market study.

20

Assumptions are the very important factors in the development or start of a product's development. The assumptions which are not realistic can cause a nosedive in the entire venture. Although assumptions are conceptual, there should be a move to develop tangible assumptions to move towards a successful product. Once the Market study is done, the customer's need is given to the Research and Development Department to develop a cost-effective system that could potentially solve customer's needs better than the competitors. Once the system is developed and tested in a hypothetical environment, the development team takes control of it. The development team adopts one of the software development models to develop the proposed system and gives it to the customers. The basic popular models used by many software development firms are as follows: A) System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model B) Prototyping Model C) Rapid Application Development Model D) Component Assembly Model

21

A) System Development Life Cycle Model (SDLC Model): This is also called as Classic Life Cycle Model (or) Linear Sequential Model (or) Waterfall Method. This model has the following activities. 1. System/Information Engineering and Modeling 2. Software Requirements Analysis 3. Systems Analysis and Design 4. Code Generation 5. Testing 6. Maintenance 1) System/Information Engineering and Modeling As software development is large process so work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. The view of this system is necessary when software must interface with other elements such as hardware, people and other resources. System is the very essential requirement for the existence of software in any entity. In some cases for maximum output, the system should be re-engineered and spruced up. Once the ideal system is designed according to requirement, the development team studies the software requirement for the system.

2) Software Requirement Analysis Software Requirement Analysis is also known as feasibility study. In this requirement analysis phase, the development team visits the customer and studies their system requirement. They examine the need for possible software automation in the given software system. After feasibility study, the development team provides a
22

document that holds the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It also consists of personnel assignments, costs of the system, project schedule and target dates. The requirements analysis and information gathering process is intensified and focused specially on software. To understand what type of the programs to be built, the system analyst must study the information domain for the software as well as understand required function, behavior, performance and interfacing. The main purpose of requirement analysis phase is to find the need and to define the problem that needs to be solved. 3) System Analysis and Design In System Analysis and Design phase, the whole software development process, the overall software structure and its outlay are defined. In case of the client/server processing technology, the number of tiers required for the package architecture, the database design, the data structure design etc are all defined in this phase. After designing part a software development model is created. Analysis and Design are very important in the whole development cycle process. Any fault in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the software development process. In this phase, the logical system of the product is developed. 4) Code Generation In Code Generation phase, the design must be decoded into a machine-readable form. If the design of software product is done in a detailed manner, code generation can be achieved without much complication. For generation of code, Programming tools like Compilers, Interpreters, and Debuggers are used. For coding purpose different high level programming languages like C, C++, Pascal and Java are used. The right programming language is chosen according to
23

the

type

of

application.

5) Testing After code generation phase the software program testing begins. Different testing methods are available to detect the bugs that were committed during the previous phases. A number of testing tools and methods are already available for testing purpose. 6) Maintenance Software will definitely go through change once when it is delivered to the customer. There are large numbers of reasons for the change. Change could happen due to some unpredicted input values into the system. In addition to this the changes in the system directly have an effect on the software operations. The software should be implemented to accommodate changes that could be happen during the post development period.

24

25

DESIGN PRINCIPLES & METHODOLOGY: Object Oriented Analysis and Design When Object orientation is used in analysis as well as design, the boundary between OOA and OOD is blurred. This is particularly true in methods that combine analysis and design. One reason for this blurring is the similarity of basic constructs (i.e., objects and classes) that are used in OOA and OOD. Through there is no agreement about what parts of the object-oriented development process belongs to analysis and what parts to design, there is some general agreement about the domains of the two activities. The fundamental difference between OOA and OOD is that the former models the problem domain, leading to an understanding and specification of the problem, while the latter models the solution to the problem. That is, analysis deals with the problem domain, while design deals with the solution domain. However, in OOAD subsumed in the solution domain representation. That is, the solution domain representation, created by OOD, generally contains much of the representation created by OOA. The separating line is matter of perception, and different people have different views on it. The lack of clear separation between analysis and design can also be considered one of the strong points of the object-oriented approach the transition from analysis to design is seamless. This is also the main reason OOAD methods-where analysis and designs are both performed. The main difference between OOA and OOD, due to the different domains of modeling, is in the type of objects that come out of the analysis and design process. Features of OOAD: It users Objects as building blocks of the application rather functions All objects can be represented graphically including the relation between them.

26

 All Key Participants in the system will be represented as actors and the actions done by them will be represented as use cases. A typical use case is nothing bug a systematic flow of series of events which can be well described using sequence diagrams and each event can be described diagrammatically by Activity as well as state chart diagrams. So the entire system can be well described using OOAD model, hence this model is chosen as SDLC model.

THE GENESIS OF UML: Software engineering has slowly become part of our everyday life. From washing machines to compact disc player, through cash machines and phones, most of our daily activities use software, and as time goes by, the more complex and costly this software becomes. The demand for sophisticated software greatly increases the constraints imposed on development teams. Software engineers are facing a world of growing complexity due to the nature of applications, the distributed and heterogeneous environments, the size of programs, the organization of software development teams, and the end-users ergonomic expectations. To surmount these difficulties, software engineers will have to learn not only how to do their job, but also how to explain their work to others, and how to understand when others work is explained to them. For these reasons, they have (and will always have) an increasing need for methods. From Functional to Object-Oriented Methods Although object-oriented methods have roots that are strongly anchored back in the 60s, structured and functional methods were the first to be used. This is not very
27

surprising, since functional methods are inspired directly my computer architecture (a proven domain well known to computer scientists). The separation of data and code, just as exists physically in the hardware, was translated into the methods; this is how computer scientists got into the habit of thinking in terms of system functions. This approach is natural when looked at in its historical context, but today, because of its lack of abstraction, it has become almost completely anachronistic. There is no reason to impose the underlying hardware on a software solution. Hardware should act as the servant of the software that is executed on it, rather than imposing architectural constraints. TOWARDS A UNIFIED MODELLING LANGUAGE The unification of object-oriented modeling methods became possible as experience allowed evaluation of the various concepts proposed by existing methods. Based on the fact that differences between the various methods were becoming smaller, and that the method wars did not move object-oriented technology forward any longer, Jim Rumbaugh and Grady Booch decided at the end of 1994 to unify their work within a single method: the Unified Method. A year later they were joined by Ivar Jacobson, the father of use cases, a very efficient technique for the determination of requirements.

Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson adopted four goals: To represent complete systems (instead of only the software portion) using object oriented concepts. To establish an explicit coupling between concepts and executable code. To take into account the scaling factors that are inherent to complex and critical systems.

28

 To creating a modeling language usable by both humans and machines.

2.5. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The current application is being developed by taking the 3-tier architecture as a prototype. In a three-tier architecture (also known as a multi-tier architecture), there are three or more interacting tiers, each with its own specific responsibilities:

Three-Tier Architecture Tier 1: the client contains the presentation logic, including simple control and user input validation. This application is also known as a thin client. The client interface is developed using ASP.Net Server Controls and HTML controls in some occasions Tier 2: the middle tier is also known as the application server, which provides the business processes logic and the data access. The business logic/ business rules can be written either with C#.Net or VB.Net languages. These business runes will be deployed as DLLs in IIS web server.

29

Tier 3: the data server provides the business data. MS-SQL server acts as Tier-3, which is the database layer.

These are some of the advantages of three-tier architecture:

It is easier to modify or replace any tier without affecting the other tiers. Separating the application and database functionality means better load balancing. Adequate security policies can be enforced within the server tiers without hindering the clients.

The proposed system can be designed perfectly with the three tier model, as all layers are perfectly getting set as part of the project. In the future, while expanding the system, in order to implement integration touch points and to provide enhanced user interfaces, the n-tier architecture can be used.

30

31

3.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY: Evaluating the technical feasibility is the trickiest part of a feasibility study. This is because, at this point in time, not too many detailed design of the system, making it difficult to access issues like performance, costs on (on account of the kind of technology to be deployed) etc. A number of issues have to be considered while doing a technical analysis. Understand the different technologies involved in the proposed system: Before commencing the project, we have to be very clear about what are the technologies that are to be required for the development of the new system. Find out whether the organization currently possesses the required technologies: Is the required technology available with the organization? If so is the capacity sufficient? For instance Will the current printer be able to handle the new reports and forms required for the new system?

3.2 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY: Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned into information systems that will meet the organizations operating requirements. Simply stated, this test of feasibility asks if the system will work when it is developed and installed. Are there major barriers to Implementation? Here are questions that will help test the operational feasibility of a project: Is there sufficient support for the project from management from users? If the current system is well liked and used to the extent that persons will not be able to see reasons for change, there may be resistance.

32

Are the current business methods acceptable to the user? If they are not, Users may welcome a change that will bring about a more operational and useful systems. Have the user been involved in the planning and development of the project? Early involvement reduces the chances of resistance to the system and in General and increases the likelihood of successful project. Since the proposed system was to help reduce the hardships encountered In the existing manual system, the new system was considered to be operational feasible.

3.3 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY: It refers to the benefits or Outcomes we are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the product. If the benefits are more or less the same as the older system, then it is not feasible to develop the product. In the present system, the development of new product greatly enhances the accuracy of the system and cuts short the delay in the processing of Birth and Death application. The errors can be greatly reduced and at the same time providing a great level of security. Here we dont need any additional equipment except memory of required capacity. No need for spending money on client for maintenance because the database used is web enabled database.

33

34

INTRODUCTION

Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation and for determining the operating characteristics of the system. Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC) and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal change approval process. DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW: The developer is responsible for: Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the requirements of the system? Demonstrating the system and installing the system at client's location after the acceptance testing is successful. Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to work on it and also the documents of the system. Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system. Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation.

35

\ 4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS: The proposed system should possess the following features: Vehicle information management Fuel tracking management Repairing information management Parts maintenance Employee information management 4.2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by the application. Requirement specification plays an important part in the analysis of a system. Only when the requirement specifications are properly given, it is possible to design a system, which will fit into required environment. It rests largely in the part of the users of the existing system to give the requirement specifications because they are the people who finally use the system. This is because the requirements have to be known during the initial stages so that the system can be designed according to those requirements. It is very difficult to change the system once it has been designed and on the other hand designing a system, which does not cater to the requirements of the user, is of no use. The requirement specification for any system can be broadly stated as given below:

36

The system should be able to interface with the existing system The system should be accurate The system should be better than the existing system

The existing system is completely dependent on the user to perform all the duties. 4.3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Content HDD RAM Description 20 GB Min 40 GB Recommended 1 GB Min 2 GB Recommended

4.4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Content OS Description Windows XP with SP2 or Windows Vista Technologies ASP.NET with VB.NET IDE MS-Visual Studio .Net 2008 Browser IE

37

4.4.1. INTRODUCTION TO .NET FRAMEWORK The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the following objectives:

To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object

code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.

To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code, To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on The .NET Framework has two main components: the common language runtime

versioning conflicts.

including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.

problems of scripted or interpreted environments.

applications, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.

the .NET Framework can integrate with any other code. and the .NET Framework class library. The common language runtime is the foundation of the .NET Framework. You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing core services such as memory management, thread management, and Remoting, while also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. In fact, the concept of code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code. The class library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is
38

a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you can use to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services. The .NET Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language runtime into their processes and initiate the execution of managed code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit both managed and unmanaged features. The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts, but also supports the development of third-party runtime hosts. For example, ASP.NET hosts the runtime to provide a scalable, server-side environment for managed code. ASP.NET works directly with the runtime to enable Web Forms applications and XML Web services, both of which are discussed later in this topic. Internet Explorer is an example of an unmanaged application that hosts the runtime (in the form of a MIME type extension). Using Internet Explorer to host the runtime enables you to embed managed components or Windows Forms controls in HTML documents. Hosting the runtime in this way makes managed mobile code (similar to Microsoft ActiveX controls) possible, but with significant improvements that only managed code can offer, such as semi-trusted execution and secure isolated file storage. The following illustration shows the relationship of the common language runtime and the class library to your applications and to the overall system. The illustration also shows how managed code operates within a larger architecture.

39

FEATURES OF THE COMMON LANGUAGE RUNTIME The common language runtime manages memory, thread execution, code execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. These features are intrinsic to the managed code that runs on the common language runtime. With regards to security, managed components are awarded varying degrees of trust, depending on a number of factors that include their origin (such as the Internet, enterprise network, or local computer). This means that a managed component might or might not be able to perform file-access operations, registry-access operations, or other sensitive functions, even if it is being used in the same active application. The runtime enforces code access security. For example, users can trust that an executable embedded in a Web page can play an animation on screen or sing a song, but cannot access their personal data, file system, or network. The security features of the runtime thus enable legitimate Internet-deployed software to be exceptionally featuring rich. The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type- and code-verification infrastructure called the common type system (CTS). The CTS ensures that all managed code is self-describing. The various Microsoft and third-party language compilers Generate managed code that conforms to the CTS. This means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances, while strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety. In addition, the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software issues. For example, the runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references to objects, releasing them when they are no longer being used. This automatic memory management resolves the two most common application errors, memory leaks and invalid memory references.
40

The runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For example, programmers can write applications in their development language of choice, yet take full advantage of the runtime, the class library, and components written in other languages by other developers. Any compiler vendor who chooses to target the runtime can do so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the features of the .NET Framework available to existing code written in that language, greatly easing the migration process for existing applications. While the runtime is designed for the software of the future, it also supports software of today and yesterday. Interoperability between managed and unmanaged code enables developers to continue to use necessary COM components and DLLs. The runtime is designed to enhance performance. Although the common language runtime provides many standard runtime services, managed code is never interpreted. A feature called just-in-time (JIT) compiling enables all managed code to run in the native machine language of the system on which it is executing. Meanwhile, the memory manager removes the possibilities of fragmented memory and increases memory localityof-reference to further increase performance. Finally, the runtime can be hosted by high-performance, server-side applications, such as Microsoft SQL Server and Internet Information Services (IIS). This infrastructure enables you to use managed code to write your business logic, while still enjoying the superior performance of the industry's best enterprise servers that support runtime hosting.

41

.NET FRAMEWORK CLASS LIBRARY The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly integrate with the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented, providing types from which your own managed code can derive functionality. This not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to use, but also reduces the time associated with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In addition, third-party components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework. For example, the .NET Framework collection classes implement a set of interfaces that you can use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection classes will blend seamlessly with the classes in the .NET Framework. As you would expect from an object-oriented class library, the .NET Framework types enable you to accomplish a range of common programming tasks, including tasks such as string management, data collection, database connectivity, and file access. In addition to these common tasks, the class library includes types that support a variety of specialized development scenarios. For example, you can use the .NET Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:

Console applications. Scripted or hosted applications. Windows GUI applications (Windows Forms). ASP.NET applications. XML Web services. Windows services. For example, the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable

types that vastly simplify Windows GUI development. If you write an ASP.NET Web Form application, you can use the Web Forms classes.

42

CLIENT APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT Client applications are the closest to a traditional style of application in Windowsbased programming. These are the types of applications that display windows or forms on the desktop, enabling a user to perform a task. Client applications include applications such as word processors and spreadsheets, as well as custom business applications such as data-entry tools, reporting tools, and so on. Client applications usually employ windows, menus, buttons, and other GUI elements, and they likely access local resources such as the file system and peripherals such as printers. Another kind of client application is the traditional ActiveX control (now replaced by the managed Windows Forms control) deployed over the Internet as a Web page. This application is much like other client applications: it is executed natively, has access to local resources, and includes graphical elements. In the past, developers created such applications using C/C++ in conjunction with the Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC) or with a rapid application development (RAD) environment such as Microsoft Visual Basic. The .NET Framework incorporates aspects of these existing products into a single, consistent development environment that drastically simplifies the development of client applications. The Windows Forms classes contained in the .NET Framework are designed to be used for GUI development. You can easily create command windows, buttons, menus, toolbars, and other screen elements with the flexibility necessary to accommodate shifting business needs. For example, the .NET Framework provides simple properties to adjust visual attributes associated with forms. In some cases the underlying operating system does not support changing these attributes directly, and in these cases the .NET Framework automatically recreates the forms. This is one of many ways in which the .NET

43

Framework integrates the developer interface, making coding simpler and more consistent. Unlike ActiveX controls, Windows Forms controls have semi-trusted access to a user's computer. This means that binary or natively executing code can access some of the resources on the user's system (such as GUI elements and limited file access) without being able to access or compromise other resources. Because of code access security, many applications that once needed to be installed on a user's system can now be safely deployed through the Web. Your applications can implement the features of a local application while being deployed like a Web page.

44

4.4.2

VB.NET The Microsoft Visual Basic programming language is a high-level

programming language for the Microsoft .NET Framework. Although it is designed to be an approachable and easy-to-learn language, it is also powerful enough to satisfy the needs of experienced programmers. The Visual Basic programming language has a syntax that is similar to English, which promotes the clarity and readability of Visual Basic code. Wherever possible, meaningful words or phrases are used instead of abbreviations, acronyms, or special characters. Extraneous or unneeded syntax is generally allowed but not required. The Visual Basic programming language can be either a strongly typed or a loosely typed language. Loose typing defers much of the burden of type checking until a program is already running. This includes not only type checking of conversions but also of method calls, meaning that the binding of a method call can be deferred until run-time. This is useful when building prototypes or other programs in which speed of development is more important than execution speed. The Visual Basic programming language also provides strongly typed semantics that performs all type checking at compile-time and disallows run-time binding of method calls. This guarantees maximum performance and helps ensure that type conversions are correct. This is useful when building production applications in which speed of execution and execution correctness is important. Declarations A Visual Basic program is made up of named entities. These entities are introduced through declarations and represent the "meaning" of the program. At a top level, namespaces are entities that organize other entities, such as nested namespaces and types. Types are entities that describe values and define executable code.

45

Types may contain nested types and type members. Type members are constants, variables, methods, operators, properties, events, enumeration values, and constructors. An entity that can contain other entities defines a declaration space. Entities are introduced into a declaration space either through declarations or inheritance; the containing declaration space is called the entities' declaration context. Declaring an entity in a declaration space in turn defines a new declaration space that can contain further nested entity declarations; thus, the declarations in a program form a hierarchy of declaration spaces. Except in the case of overloaded type members, it is invalid for declarations to introduce identically named entities of the same kind into the same declaration context. Additionally, a declaration space may never contain different kinds of entities with the same name; for example, a declaration space may never contain a variable and a method by the same name. Annotation It may be possible in other languages to create a declaration space that contains different kinds of entities with the same name (for example, if the language is case sensitive and allows different declarations based on casing). In that situation, the most accessible entity is considered bound to that name; if more than one type of entity is most accessible then the name is ambiguous. Public is more accessible than Protected Friend, Protected Friend is more accessible than Protected or Friend, and Protected or Friend is more accessible than Private. The declaration space of a namespace is "open ended," so two namespace declarations with the same fully qualified name contribute to the same declaration space. In the example below, the two namespace declarations contribute to the same declaration space, in this case declaring two classes with the fully qualified names Data.Customer and Data.Order:

46

Namespace Data Class Customer End Class End Namespace Namespace Data Class Order End Class End Namespace Because the two declarations contribute to the same declaration space, a compile-time error would occur if each contained a declaration of a class with the same name. Overloading and Signatures The only way to declare identically named entities of the same kind in a declaration space is through overloading. Only methods, operators, instance constructors, and properties may be overloaded. Overloaded type members must possess unique signatures. The signature of a type member consists of the name of the type member, the number of type parameters, and the number and types of the member's parameters. Conversion operators also include the return type of the operator in the signature. The following are not part of a member's signature, and hence cannot be overloaded on:

Modifiers to a type member (for example, Shared or Private). Modifiers to a parameter (for example, ByVal or ByRef).

The names of the parameters. The return type of a method or operator (except for conversion operators) or the element type of a property. Constraints on a type parameter. The following example shows a set of overloaded method declarations along with their signatures. This declaration would not be valid since several of the method declarations have identical signatures. Interface ITest Sub F1() ' Signature is F1().
47

Sub F2(x As Integer) ' Signature is F2(Integer). Sub F3(ByRef x As Integer) ' Signature is F3(Integer). Sub F4(x As Integer, y As Integer) ' Signature is F4(Integer, Integer). Function F5(s As String) As Integer ' Signature is F5(String). Function F6(x As Integer) As Integer ' Signature is F6(Integer). Sub F7(a() As String) ' Signature is F7(String()). Sub F8(ParamArray a() As String) ' Signature is F8(String()). Sub F9(Of T)() ' Signature is F9!1(). Sub F10(Of T, U)(x As T, y As U) ' Signature is F10!2(!1, !2) Sub F11(Of U, T)(x As T, y As U) ' Signature is F11!2(!2, !1) Sub F12(Of T)(x As T) ' Signature is F12!1(!1) Sub F13(Of T As IDisposable)(x As T) ' Signature is F13!1(!1) End Interface A method with optional parameters is considered to have multiple signatures, one for each set of parameters that can be passed in by the caller. For example, the following method has three corresponding signatures: Sub F(x As Short, _ Optional y As Integer = 10, _ Optional z As Long = 20) These are the method's signatures:

F(Short) F(Short, Integer) F(Short, Integer, Long) It is valid to define a generic type that may contain members with identical signatures

based on the type arguments supplied. Overload resolution rules are used to try and disambiguate between such overloads, although there may be situations in which it is impossible to disambiguate. For example: Class C(Of T) Sub F(x As Integer) End Sub Sub F(x As T) End Sub
48

Sub G(Of U)(x As T, y As U) End Sub Sub G(Of U)(x As U, y As T) End Sub End Class Module Test Sub Main() Dim x As New C(Of Integer) x.F(10) ' Calls C(Of T).F(Integer) x.G(Of Integer)(10, 10) ' Error: Can't choose between overloads End Sub End Module Shadowing A derived type shadows the name of an inherited type member by re-declaring it. Shadowing a name does not remove the inherited type members with that name; it merely makes all of the inherited type members with that name unavailable in the derived class. The shadowing declaration may be any type of entity. Entities than can be overloaded can choose one of two forms of shadowing. Shadowing by name is specified using the Shadows keyword. An entity that shadows by name hides everything by that name in the base class, including all overloads. Shadowing by name and signature is specified using the Overloads keyword. An entity that shadows by name and signature hides everything by that name with the same signature as the entity.

49

ADO.NET OVERVIEW ADO.NET is an evolution of the ADO data access model that directly addresses user requirements for developing scalable applications. It was designed specifically for the web with scalability, statelessness, and XML in mind. ADO.NET uses some ADO objects, such as the Connection and Command objects, and also introduces new objects. Key new ADO.NET objects include the DataSet, DataReader, and DataAdapter. The important distinction between this evolved stage of ADO.NET and previous data architectures is that there exists an object -- the DataSet -- that is separate and distinct from any data stores. Because of that, the DataSet functions as a standalone entity. You can think of the DataSet as an always disconnected recordset that knows nothing about the source or destination of the data it contains. Inside a DataSet, much like in a database, there are tables, columns, relationships, constraints, views, and so forth. A DataAdapter is the object that connects to the database to fill the DataSet. Then, it connects back to the database to update the data there, based on operations performed while the DataSet held the data. In the past, data processing has been primarily connection-based. Now, in an effort to make multi-tiered apps more efficient, data processing is turning to a message-based approach that revolves around chunks of information. At the center of this approach is the DataAdapter, which provides a bridge to retrieve and save data between a DataSet and its source data store. It accomplishes this by means of requests to the appropriate SQL commands made against the data store. The XML-based DataSet object provides a consistent programming model that works with all models of data storage: flat, relational, and hierarchical. It does this by having no 'knowledge' of the source of its data, and by representing the data that it holds
50

as collections and data types. No matter what the source of the data within the DataSet is, it is manipulated through the same set of standard APIs exposed through the DataSet and its subordinate objects. While the DataSet has no knowledge of the source of its data, the managed provider has detailed and specific information. The role of the managed provider is to connect, fill, and persist the DataSet to and from data stores. The OLE DB and SQL Server .NET Data Providers (System.Data.OleDb and System.Data.SqlClient) that are part of the .Net Framework provide four basic objects: the Command, Connection, DataReader and DataAdapter. In the remaining sections of this document, we'll walk through each part of the DataSet and the OLE DB/SQL Server .NET Data Providers explaining what they are, and how to program against them. The following sections will introduce you to some objects that have evolved, and some that are new. These objects are: Connections. For connection to and managing transactions against a database. Commands. For issuing SQL commands against a database. DataReaders. For reading a forward-only stream of data records from a SQL DataSets. For storing, Remoting and programming against flat data, XML data DataAdapters. For pushing data into a DataSet, and reconciling data against a When dealing with connections to a database, there are two different options: SQL Server .NET Data Provider (System.Data.SqlClient) and OLE DB .NET Data Provider (System.Data.OleDb). In these samples we will use the SQL Server .NET Data Provider. These are written to talk directly to Microsoft SQL Server. The OLE DB .NET Data Provider is used to talk to any OLE DB provider (as it uses OLE DB underneath).
51

Server data source.

and relational data.

database.

Connections: Connections are used to 'talk to' databases, and are represented by provider-specific classes such as SqlConnection. Commands travel over connections and result sets are returned in the form of streams which can be read by a DataReader object, or pushed into a DataSet object. Commands: Commands contain the information that is submitted to a database, and are represented by provider-specific classes such as SqlCommand. A command can be a stored procedure call, an UPDATE statement, or a statement that returns results. You can also use input and output parameters, and return values as part of your command syntax. The example below shows how to issue an INSERT statement against the North wind database. DataReaders: The DataReader object is somewhat synonymous with a read-only/forward-only cursor over data. The DataReader API supports flat as well as hierarchical data. A DataReader object is returned after executing a command against a database. The format of the returned DataReader object is different from a recordset. For example, you might use the DataReader to show the results of a search list in a web page. DATASETS AND DATAADAPTERS: DataSets The DataSet object is similar to the ADO Recordset object, but more powerful, and with one other important distinction: the DataSet is always disconnected. The DataSet object represents a cache of data, with database-like structures such as tables, columns,

52

relationships, and constraints. However, though a DataSet can and does behave much like a database, it is important to remember that DataSet objects do not interact directly with databases, or other source data. This allows the developer to work with a programming model that is always consistent, regardless of where the source data resides. Data coming from a database, an XML file, from code, or user input can all be placed into DataSet objects. Then, as changes are made to the DataSet they can be tracked and verified before updating the source data. The GetChanges method of the DataSet object actually creates a second DatSet that contains only the changes to the data. This DataSet is then used by a DataAdapter (or other objects) to update the original data source. The DataSet has many XML characteristics, including the ability to produce and consume XML data and XML schemas. XML schemas can be used to describe schemas interchanged via WebServices. In fact, a DataSet with a schema can actually be compiled for type safety and statement completion. DATAADAPTERS (OLEDB/SQL) The DataAdapter object works as a bridge between the DataSet and the source data. Using the provider-specific SqlDataAdapter (along with its associated SqlCommand and SqlConnection) can increase overall performance when working with a Microsoft SQL Server databases. For other OLE DB-supported databases, you would use the OleDbDataAdapter object and its associated OleDbCommand and OleDbConnection objects. The DataAdapter object uses commands to update the data source after changes have been made to the DataSet. Using the Fill method of the DataAdapter calls the SELECT command; using the Update method calls the INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE command for each changed row. You can explicitly set these commands in order to control the statements used at runtime to resolve changes, including the use of stored procedures. For
53

ad-hoc scenarios, a CommandBuilder object can generate these at run-time based upon a select statement. However, this run-time generation requires an extra round-trip to the server in order to gather required metadata, so explicitly providing the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands at design time will result in better run-time performance. 1. ADO.NET is the next evolution of ADO for the .Net Framework.
2. ADO.NET was created with n-Tier, statelessness and XML in the forefront. Two

new objects, the DataSet and DataAdapter, are provided for these scenarios. 3. ADO.NET can be used to get data from a stream, or to store data in a cache for updates. 4. There is a lot more information about ADO.NET in the documentation.
5. Remember, you can execute a command directly against the database in order to

do inserts, updates, and deletes. You don't need to first put data into a DataSet in order to insert, update, or delete it.
6. Also, you can use a DataSet to bind to the data, move through the data, and

navigate data relationships Database Management System A database management system (DBMS) is computer software designed for the purpose of managing databases. Typical examples of DBMSs include Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, Firebird, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, FileMaker and Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise. DBMSs are typically used by Database administrators in the creation of Database systems. Description A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. A DBMS includes:

54

A modeling language to define the schema of each database hosted in the DBMS, according to the DBMS data model. The four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network, relational and object models. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or more of the four models. The optimal structure depends on the natural organization of the application's data, and on the application's requirements (which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost). The dominant model in use today is the ad hoc one embedded in SQL, despite the objections of purists who believe this model is a corruption of the relational model, since it violates several of its fundamental principles for the sake of practicality and performance. Many DBMSs also support the Open Database Connectivity API that supports a standard way for programmers to access the DBMS. Data structures (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent data storage device (which implies relatively slow access compared to volatile main memory). A database query language and report writer to allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. It also controls the security of the database. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi55

user organization. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function. A transaction mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the ACID properties, in order to ensure data integrity, despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency control), and faults (fault tolerance). It also maintains the integrity of the data in the database. The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can help prevent duplicate records via unique index constraints; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. See ACID properties for more information (Redundancy avoidance). The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. Database servers are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware database accelerators are also used in large volume transaction processing environments.
56

DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. Sometimes DBMSs are built around a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system. Features and capabilities of DBMS One can characterize a DBMS as an "attribute management system" where attributes are small chunks of information that describe something. For example, "color" is an attribute of a car. The value of the attribute may be a color such as "red", "blue" or "silver". Alternatively, and especially in connection with the relational model of database management, the relation between attributes drawn from a specified set of domains can be seen as being primary. For instance, the database might indicate that a car that was originally "red" might fade to "pink" in time, provided it was of some particular "make" with an inferior paint job. Such higher relationships provide information on all of the underlying domains at the same time, with none of them being privileged above the others. Throughout recent history specialized databases have existed for scientific, geospatial, imaging, document storage and like uses. Functionality drawn from such applications has lately begun appearing in mainstream DBMSs as well. However, the main focus there, at least when aimed at the commercial data processing market, is still on descriptive attributes on repetitive record structures. Thus, the DBMSs of today roll together frequently-needed services or features of attribute management. By externalizing such functionality to the DBMS, applications effectively share code with each other and are relieved of much internal complexity. Features commonly offered by database management systems include:

57

Query ability Querying is the process of requesting attribute information from various perspectives and combinations of factors. Example: "How many 2-door cars in Texas are green?" A database query language and report writer to allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. It also controls the security of the database. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function.

58

59

5.1. INTRODUCTION Software design sits at the technical kernel of the software engineering process and is applied regardless of the development paradigm and area of application. Design is the first step in the development phase for any engineered product or system. The designers goal is to produce a model or representation of an entity that will later be built. Beginning, once system requirement have been specified and analyzed, system design is the first of the three technical activities -design, code and test that is required to build and verify software. The importance can be stated with a single word Quality. Design is the place where quality is fostered in software development. Design provides us with representations of software that can assess for quality. Design is the only way that we can accurately translate a customers view into a finished software product or system. Software design serves as a foundation for all the software engineering steps that follow. Without a strong design we risk building an unstable system one that will be difficult to test, one whose quality cannot be assessed until the last stage. During design, progressive refinement of data structure, program structure, and procedural details are developed reviewed and documented. System design can be viewed from either technical or project management perspective. From the technical point of view, design is comprised of four activities architectural design, data structure design, interface design and procedural design.

60

5.2. UML DIAGRAMS Use case Diagram :

61

Sequence Diagram for Adding Service:

62

Sequence Diagram for Configuring Location:

63

Sequence Diagram for Parts / Vendors / Employees / Departments :

64

State Diagram for Managing Master Data:

65

State Diagram for Adding Service:

66

State Diagram for Location Configuration:

67

68

Login page Coding: Imports System.Web.Security Namespace greyhound Partial Class _Default Inherits System.Web.UI.Page Dim i As Integer Protected Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load lblError.Text = "" lbldisplay.Text = Request.QueryString("msg") If Not IsPostBack = True Then ViewState(i) = 0 End If

End Sub Protected Sub cmdlogin_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdlogin.Click lblError.Text = "" lbldisplay.Text = "" If FormsAuthentication.Authenticate(txtUserName.Text, txtPassword.Text) Then FormsAuthentication.RedirectFromLoginPage(txtUserName.Text, False) Else txtUserName.Text = "" txtPassword.Text = "" ViewState(i) = ViewState(i) + 1 If ViewState(i) = 3 Then Response.End() End If lblError.Text = "Credentials are not valid...try Again" End If End Sub Protected Sub cmdcancel_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdcancel.Click txtUserName.Text = ""
69

txtPassword.Text = "" End Sub End Class End Namespace Add Employee Coding: Imports System.Data.SqlClient Namespace greyhound Partial Class AddEmployee Inherits System.Web.UI.Page Protected WithEvents lastname1 As System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputText Dim hiredate1, dob1, leavedate, physicaldue1, lastphysical1, expiredate1 As Date Dim middlename, lastname2, firstname, address1, address2, city, state, phone1, phone2, email, notes, dlstate, dlclass, dlnotes, technician, name As String Dim empno, fax, zip, pager, dlnumber, ssn1 As Integer Dim rate As Decimal Private convar As SqlConnection Private comvar As SqlCommand Private reader As SqlDataReader Protected Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load convar = New SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings("con")) End Sub Protected Sub cmdsave_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdsave.Click Try empno = empnum.Text comvar = New SqlCommand("select employee_id from employee_master where employee_id=" & empno, convar) convar.Open() reader = comvar.ExecuteReader If Not reader.Read Then hiredate1 = Hiredate.Text leavedate = Dateofleave.Text
70

dob1 = dob.Text zip = postalcode.Text expiredate1 = Expiredate.Text physicaldue1 = physicaldue.Text lastphysical1 = lastphysical.Text middlename = middlename1.Text firstname = empname.Text address1 = address11.Text address2 = address12.Text city = city1.Text state = statecont.Text phone1 = phone11.Text phone2 = phone12.Text email = email1.Text dlstate = state1.Text dlclass = licenceclass.Text dlnotes = notes1.Text ssn1 = ssn.Text pager = pager1.Text dlnumber = licencenum.Text lastname2 = lastname.Text rate = laborrate.Text If RadioButtonList1.SelectedIndex = 0 Then technician = "driver" Else technician = "technician" End If comvar.Dispose() reader.Close() comvar = New SqlCommand("insert into employee_master values(" & empno & ",'" & lastname2 & " ',' " & firstname & " ','" & middlename & "','" & address1 & "','" & address2 & "','" & city & "','" & state & "'," & zip & ",'" & phone1 & "','" & phone2 & "'," & pager & ",'" & email & "','" & notes & "' ," & ssn1 & "," & dlnumber & ",'" & dlstate & "','" & dlclass & "','" & dlnotes & "','" & hiredate1 & "','" & leavedate & "','" & dob1 & "','" & lastphysical1 & "','" & physicaldue1 & "','" & technician & "'," & rate & ")", convar) comvar.ExecuteNonQuery() comvar.Dispose()
71

lbldisplay.Text = "Inserted Successfully" Else comvar.Dispose() reader.Close() End If Catch ex As Exception lbldisplay.Text = ex.Message End Try convar.Close() End Sub Protected Sub cmdCancel_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdCancel.Click empnum.Text = "" empname.Text = "" email1.Text = "" middlename1.Text = "" lastname.Text = "" Hiredate.Text = "" pager1.Text = "" address11.Text = "" address12.Text = "" phone11.Text = "" phone12.Text = "" licenceclass.Text = "" licencenum.Text = "" Expiredate.Text = "" Dateofleave.Text = "" state1.Text = "" city1.Text = "" statecont.Text = "" postalcode.Text = "" notes1.Text = "" lastphysical.Text = "" physicaldue.Text = "" dob.Text = "" laborrate.Text = "" lbldisplay.Text = "" ssn.Text = ""
72

End Sub End Class End Namespace View Vendor Coding: Imports System.Data.SqlClient Namespace greyhound Partial Class Viewvendor Inherits System.Web.UI.Page Private convar As SqlConnection Private comvar As SqlCommand Private reader As SqlDataReader Protected Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load convar = New SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings("con")) 'Put user code to initialize the page here If Not IsPostBack Then comvar = New SqlCommand("select * from vendor_master", convar) convar.Open() reader = comvar.ExecuteReader() Me.gridview1.DataSource = reader Me.gridview1.DataBind() comvar.Dispose() reader.Close() End If convar.Close() End Sub End Class End Namespace

73

74

Home Page:

75

Login page:

76

Administrator Page:

77

Add New Vehicle:

78

Scheduler Repair:

Repair List:

79

Add Parts Page:

80

Remove parts:

81

View Parts:

82

Add Employee Details:

83

Location/Department Page:

84

Vendors List Page:

85

Logged Out:

86

87

88

7.1 INTRODUCTION TO TESTING Software Testing is the process used to help identify the correctness, completeness, security, and quality of developed computer software. Testing is a process of technical investigation, performed on behalf of stakeholders, that is intended to reveal qualityrelated information about the product with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. This includes, but is not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding errors. Quality is not an absolute; it is value to some person. With that in mind, testing can never completely establish the correctness of arbitrary computer software; testing furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against a specification. An important point is that software testing should be distinguished from the separate discipline of Software Quality Assurance (SQA), which encompasses all business process areas, not just testing. There are many approaches to software testing, but effective testing of complex products is essentially a process of investigation, not merely a matter of creating and following routine procedure. One definition of testing is "the process of questioning a product in order to evaluate it", where the "questions" are operations the tester attempts to execute with the product, and the product answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing of the tester[citation needed]. Although most of the intellectual processes of testing are nearly identical to that of review or inspection, the word testing is connoted to mean the dynamic analysis of the productputting the product through its paces. Some of the common quality attributes include capability, reliability, efficiency, portability, maintainability, compatibility and usability. A good test is sometimes described as one which reveals an error; however, more recent thinking suggests that a good test is one which reveals information of interest to someone who matters within the project community.

89

Introduction In general, software engineers distinguish software faults from software failures. In case of a failure, the software does not do what the user expects. A fault is a programming error that may or may not actually manifest as a failure. A fault can also be described as an error in the correctness of the semantic of a computer program. A fault will become a failure if the exact computation conditions are met, one of them being that the faulty portion of computer software executes on the CPU. A fault can also turn into a failure when the software is ported to a different hardware platform or a different compiler, or when the software gets extended. Software testing is the technical investigation of the product under test to provide stakeholders with quality related information. Software testing may be viewed as a sub-field of Software Quality Assurance but typically exists independently (and there may be no SQA areas in some companies). In SQA, software process specialists and auditors take a broader view on software and its development. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the amount of faults that end up in the code or deliver faster. Regardless of the methods used or level of formality involved the desired result of testing is a level of confidence in the software so that the organization is confident that the software has an acceptable defect rate. What constitutes an acceptable defect rate depends on the nature of the software. An arcade video game designed to simulate flying an airplane would presumably have a much higher tolerance for defects than software used to control an actual airliner. A problem with software testing is that the number of defects in a software product can be very large, and the number of configurations of the product larger still. Bugs that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. A rule of thumb is that a system that is expected to function without faults for a certain length of time must have already been

90

tested for at least that length of time. This has severe consequences for projects to write long-lived reliable software. A common practice of software testing is that it is performed by an independent group of testers after the functionality is developed but before it is shipped to the customer. This practice often results in the testing phase being used as project buffer to compensate for project delays. Another practice is to start software testing at the same moment the project starts and it is a continuous process until the project finishes. Another common practice is for test suites to be developed during technical support escalation procedures. Such tests are then maintained in regression testing suites to ensure that future updates to the software don't repeat any of the known mistakes. It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found the cheaper it is to fix it. Time Detected Time Introduced Test Requirements 1 3 5-10 10 10-100 Architecture 1 10 15 25-100 Construction 1 10 10-25 In counterpoint, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process unit tests are written first, by the programmers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of course these tests fail initially; as they are expected to. Then as code is written it passes incrementally larger portions of the test suites. The test suites are continuously updated as new failure conditions and corner cases are discovered, and they are integrated with any regression tests that are developed. Unit tests are maintained along with the rest of the software source code and generally integrated into the build process (with inherently interactive tests being relegated to a partially manual build acceptance process). Requirements Architecture Construction System Post-Release

91

The software, tools, samples of data input and output, and configurations are all referred to collectively as a test harness. History The separation of debugging from testing was initially introduced by Glenford J. Myers in his 1978 book the "Art of Software Testing". Although his attention was on breakage testing it illustrated the desire of the software engineering community to separate fundamental development activities, such as debugging, from that of verification. Drs. Dave Gelperin and William C. Hetzel classified in 1988 the phases and goals in software testing as follows: until 1956 it was the debugging oriented period, where testing was often associated to debugging: there was no clear difference between testing and debugging. From 1957-1978 there was the demonstration oriented period where debugging and testing was distinguished now - in this period it was shown, that software satisfies the requirements. The time between 1979-1982 is announced as the destruction oriented period, where the goal was to find errors. 1983-1987 is classified as the evaluation oriented period: intention here is that during the software lifecycle a product evaluation is provided and measuring quality. From 1988 on it was seen as prevention oriented period where tests were to demonstrate that software satisfies its specification, to detect faults and to prevent faults. Dr. Gelperin chaired the IEEE 8291988 (Test Documentation Standard) with Dr. Hetzel writing the book "The Complete Guide of Software Testing". Both works were pivotal in to today's testing culture and remain a consistent source of reference. Dr. Gelperin and Jerry E. Durant also went on to develop High Impact Inspection Technology that builds upon traditional Inspections but utilizes a test driven additive. White-box and black-box testing To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this section may require cleanup. Please discuss this issue on the talk page, and/or replace this tag with a more specific message.
92

White box and black box testing are terms used to describe the point of view a test engineer takes when designing test cases. Black box being an external view of the test object and white box being an internal view. Software testing is partly intuitive, but largely systematic. Good testing involves much more than just running the program a few times to see whether it works. Thorough analysis of the program under test, backed by a broad knowledge of testing techniques and tools are prerequisites to systematic testing. Software Testing is the process of executing software in a controlled manner; in order to answer the question Does this software behave as specified? Software testing is used in association with Verification and Validation. Verification is the checking of or testing of items, including software, for conformance and consistency with an associated specification. Software testing is just one kind of verification, which also uses techniques as reviews, inspections, walk-through. Validation is the process of checking what has been specified is what the user actually wanted.

Validation: Are we doing the right job? Verification: Are we doing the job right? In order to achieve consistency in the Testing style, it is imperative to have and

follow a set of testing principles. This enhances the efficiency of testing within SQA team members and thus contributes to increased productivity. The purpose of this document is to provide overview of the testing, plus the techniques. At SDEI, 3 levels of software testing is done at various SDLC phases

Unit Testing: in which each unit (basic component) of the software is tested to verify that the detailed design for the unit has been correctly implemented Integration testing: in which progressively larger groups of tested software components corresponding to elements of the architectural design are integrated and tested until the software works as a whole.

93

System testing: in which the software is integrated to the overall product and tested to show that all requirements are met

A further level of testing is also done, in accordance with requirements:

Acceptance testing: upon which the acceptance of the complete software is based. The clients often do this. Regression testing: is used to refer the repetition of the earlier successful tests to ensure that changes made in the software have not introduced new bugs/side effects.

In recent years the term grey box testing has come into common usage. The typical grey box tester is permitted to set up or manipulate the testing environment, like seeding a database, and can view the state of the product after his actions, like performing a SQL query on the database to be certain of the values of columns. It is used almost exclusively of client-server testers or others who use a database as a repository of information, but can also apply to a tester who has to manipulate XML files (DTD or an actual XML file) or configuration files directly. It can also be used of testers who know the internal workings or algorithm of the software under test and can write tests specifically for the anticipated results. For example, testing a data warehouse implementation involves loading the target database with information, and verifying the correctness of data population and loading of data into the correct tables. Test levels

Unit testing tests the minimal software component and sub-component or modules by the programmers. Integration testing exposes defects in the interfaces and interaction between integrated components (modules). Functional testing tests the product according to programmable work.

94

System testing tests an integrated system to verify/validate that it meets its requirements. Acceptance testing can be conducted by the client. It allows the end-user or customer or client to decide whether or not to accept the product. Acceptance testing may be performed after the testing and before the implementation phase. See also Development stage
o

Alpha testing is simulated or actual operational testing by potential users/customers or an independent test team at the developers' site. Alpha testing is often employed for off-the-shelf software as a form of internal acceptance testing, before the software goes to beta testing. Beta testing comes after alpha testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the company. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can ensure the product has few faults or bugs. Sometimes, beta versions are made available to the open public to increase the feedback field to a maximal number of future users.

It should be noted that although both Alpha and Beta are referred to as testing it is in fact use emersion. The rigors that are applied are often unsystematic and many of the basic tenets of testing process are not used. The Alpha and Beta period provides insight into environmental and utilization conditions that can impact the software. After modifying software, either for a change in functionality or to fix defects, a regression test re-runs previously passing tests on the modified software to ensure that the modifications haven't unintentionally caused a regression of previous functionality. Regression testing can be performed at any or all of the above test levels. These regression tests are often automated.

95

Test cases, suites, scripts and scenarios A test case is a software testing document, which consists of event, action, input, output, expected result and actual result. Clinically defined (IEEE 829-1998) a test case is an input and an expected result. This can be as pragmatic as 'for condition x your derived result is y', whereas other test cases described in more detail the input scenario and what results might be expected. It can occasionally be a series of steps (but often steps are contained in a separate test procedure that can be exercised against multiple test cases, as a matter of economy) but with one expected result or expected outcome. The optional fields are a test case ID, test step or order of execution number, related requirement(s), depth, test category, author, and check boxes for whether the test is automatable and has been automated. Larger test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions. A test case should also contain a place for the actual result. These steps can be stored in a word processor document, spreadsheet, database or other common repository. In a database system, you may also be able to see past test results and who generated the results and the system configuration used to generate those results. These past results would usually be stored in a separate table. The term test script is the combination of a test case, test procedure and test data. Initially the term was derived from the byproduct of work created by automated regression test tools. Today, test scripts can be manual, automated or a combination of both. The most common term for a collection of test cases is a test suite. The test suite often also contains more detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases. It definitely contains a section where the tester identifies the system configuration used during testing. A group of test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions of the following tests. Collections of test cases are sometimes incorrectly termed a test plan. They might correctly be called a test specification. If sequence is specified, it can be called a test script, scenario or procedure.
96

A sample testing cycle Although testing varies between organizations, there is a cycle to testing: 1. Requirements Analysis: Testing should begin in the requirements phase of the software development life cycle. During the design phase, testers work with developers in determining what aspects of a design are testable and under what parameter those tests work. 2. Test Planning: Test Strategy, Test Plan(s), Test Bed creation. 3. Test Development: Test Procedures, Test Scenarios, Test Cases, Test Scripts to use in testing software. 4. Test Execution: Testers execute the software based on the plans and tests and report any errors found to the development team. 5. Test Reporting: Once testing is completed, testers generate metrics and make final reports on their test effort and whether or not the software tested is ready for release. 6. Retesting the Defects Not all errors or defects reported must be fixed by a software development team. Some may be caused by errors in configuring the test software to match the development or production environment. Some defects can be handled by a workaround in the production environment. Others might be deferred to future releases of the software, or the deficiency might be accepted by the business user. There are yet other defects that may be rejected by the development team (of course, with due reason) if they deem it inappropriate to be called a defect. 7.3 IMPLEMENTATION Implementation is the process of converting a new or revised system design into operational one. There are three types of Implementation:

97

 Implementation of a computer system to replace a manual system. The problems encountered are converting files, training users, and verifying printouts for integrity. Implementation of a new computer system to replace an existing one. usually a difficult conversion. problems. Implementation of a modified application to replace an existing one using the same computer. This type of conversion is relatively easy to handle, provided there are no major changes in the files. Implementation in Generic tool project is done in all modules. In the first module User level identification is done. In this module every user is identified whether they are genuine one or not to access the database and also generates the session for the user. Illegal use of any form is strictly avoided. In the Table creation module, the tables are created with user specified fields and user can create many table at a time. They may specify conditions, constraints and calculations in creation of tables. The Generic code maintain the user requirements through out the project. In Updating module user can update or delete or Insert the new record into the database. This is very important module in Generic code project. User has to specify the filed value in the form then the Generic tool automatically gives whole filed values for that particular record. In Reporting module user can get the reports from the database in 2Dimentional or 3Dimensional view. User has to select the table and specify the condition then the report will be generated for the user. This is If not properly planned there can be many

98

99

100

8.1. INTRODUCTION The protection of computer based resources that includes hardware, software, data, procedures and people against unauthorized use or natural Disaster is known as System Security. System Security can be divided into four related issues: Security Integrity Privacy Confidentiality SYSTEM SECURITY refers to the technical innovations and procedures applied to the hardware and operation systems to protect against deliberate or accidental damage from a defined threat. DATA SECURITY is the protection of data from loss, disclosure, modification and destruction. SYSTEM INTEGRITY refers to the power functioning of hardware and programs, appropriate physical security and safety against external threats such as eavesdropping and wiretapping. PRIVACY defines the rights of the user or organizations to determine what information they are willing to share with or accept from others and how the organization can be protected against unwelcome, unfair or excessive dissemination of information about it CONFIDENTIALITY is a special status given to sensitive information in a database to minimize the possible invasion of privacy. It is an attribute of information that characterizes its need for protection.

101

8.2. SECURITY IN SOFTWARE System security refers to various validations on data in form of checks and controls to avoid the system from failing. It is always important to ensure that only valid data is entered and only valid operations are performed on the system. The system employees two types of checks and controls: CLIENT SIDE VALIDATION Various client side validations are used to ensure on the client side that only valid data is entered. Client side validation saves server time and load to handle invalid data. Some checks imposed are: VBScript in used to ensure those required fields are filled with suitable data only. Maximum lengths of the fields of the forms are appropriately defined. Forms cannot be submitted without filling up the mandatory data so that manual mistakes of submitting empty fields that are mandatory can be sorted out at the client side to save the server time and load. Tab-indexes are set according to the need and taking into account the ease of user while working with the system. SERVER SIDE VALIDATION Some checks cannot be applied at client side. Server side checks are necessary to save the system from failing and intimating the user that some invalid operation has been performed or the performed operation is restricted. Some of the server side checks imposed is:

Server side constraint has been imposed to check for the validity of primary key and foreign key. A primary key value cannot be duplicated. Any attempt to duplicate the

102

primary value results into a message intimating the user about those values through the forms using foreign key can be updated only of the existing foreign key values. User is intimating through appropriate messages about the successful operations or exceptions occurring at server side. Various Access Control Mechanisms have been built so that one user may not agitate upon another. Access permissions to various types of users are controlled according to the organizational structure. Only permitted users can log on to the system and can have access according to their category. User- name, passwords and permissions are controlled o the server side. Using server side validation, constraints on several restricted operations are imposed.

103

104

It has been a great pleasure for me to work on this exciting and challenging project. This project proved good for me as it provided practical knowledge of not only programming in VB.NET windows based application, but also about all handling procedure related with Vechile Management System. It also provides knowledge about the latest technology used in developing client server technology that will be great demand in future. This will provide better opportunities and guidance in future in developing projects independently. BENEFITS: The project is identified by the merits of the system offered to the user. The merits of this project are as follows: This project offers user to enter the data through simple and interactive forms. This is very helpful for the client to enter the desired information through so much simplicity. The user is mainly more concerned about the validity of the data, whatever he is entering. There are checks on every stages of any new creation, data entry or updation so that the user cannot enter the invalid data, which can create problems at later date. Sometimes the user finds in the later stages of using project that he needs to update some of the information that he entered earlier. There are options for him by which he can update the records. Moreover there is restriction for his that he cannot change the primary data field. This keeps the validity of the data to longer extent. User is provided the option of monitoring the records he entered earlier. He can see the desired records with the variety of options provided by him. From every part of the project the user is provided with the links through framing so that he can go from one option of the project to other as per the requirement. This is bound to be simple and very friendly as per the user is concerned. That is, we can sat that the project is user friendly which is one of the primary concerns of any good project.
105

 Data storage and retrieval will become faster and easier to maintain because data is stored in a systematic manner and in a single database. Decision making process would be greatly enhanced because of faster processing of information since data collection from information available on computer takes much less time then manual system. Allocating of sample results becomes much faster because at a time the user can see the records of last years. Easier and faster data transfer through latest technology associated with the computer and communication. Through these features it will increase the efficiency, accuracy and transparency,

LIMITATIONS: Training for simple computer operations is necessary for the system. users working on the

106

107

 Online payments can be included in future.

Managing prospective dealers and to avail discounts and offers to fetch more profits. Managing these discounts and offers can be incorporated in future. Integrating GPS with the application which tracks the current vehicle information which includes its location, speed etc., which can be very much useful in certain instances when the vehicle is missing for some reason.

Incorporating auto alert system to send vehicle for servicing.

108

109

 FOR .NET INSTALLATION www.support.mircosoft.com FOR DEPLOYMENT AND PACKING ON SERVER www.developer.com www.15seconds.com SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Senn SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONCEPTS Robert Pressman

110