CV2302 - Lateral Earth Pressure

WKS - January 2010
CV2302 Geotechnical Engineering
Lateral Earth Pressure At-rest Lateral earth pressure Rankines lateral earth pressure theory Coulombs lateral earth pressure theory Log spiral method of lateral earth pressure
Reference: Craig (2004), pp 161-181
Lateral Earth Pressure
s'z and sz s'x and sx
In-Situ
Retaining Walls
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CV2302 - Lateral Earth Pressure
WKS - January 2010
At-Rest Earth Pressure

Coefficient of lateral earth pressure at-rest, Ko
Ko = s'x / s'z Ko = (1 sin f') OCR sin f Ko = (1 sin f') OCR 0.5
s'z and sz s'x and sx Applicable to all sand and clay. Horizontal Stress Effective: Total:
or
s'x = Ko s'z sx = s'x + u

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Ko is applicable to any soil deposit.
At-Rest Earth Pressure

Ko is also applicable to soil acting on a non-yielding wall.
s'x = Ko s'z
H H/3
Ko g H
Po = Ko g H
Soil Type Loose sand Dense sand NC clay OC clay
Ko 0.6 0.35 0.6 1 to 2

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WKS - January 2010
Lateral Earth Pressure Theories

Rankine Coulomb Log-Spiral
Rankines Earth Pressure Theory
H H/3
Assumptions 1. The soil is homogeneous and isotropic. 2. Failure surface is a plane. 3. Ground surface is a plane. 4. Wall is infinitely long i.e. plane strain condition. 5. Sufficient wall movements to develop active or passive state. 6. Wall is vertical. 7. Wall is perfectly smooth. 8. The resultant force is parallel to ground surface. 9. The resultant force is acting at H/3 above the wall bottom.
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WKS - January 2010
Active Earth Pressure in Sand (Rankine)

t
f'
s'x = Ko s'z
No wall movement
s'A
s'x
s'z
s'A = KA s'z
Here we are dealing with effective stress only.
Wall moved away from soil
Active Earth Pressure in Sand (Rankine)

t
45 + f'/2
f'
s'A = KA s'z
B s'A s'z
O Active earth pressure
AB (s'z s'A) Sin f' = ------- = ---------------OA (s'z + s'A)
45 + f'/2 Failure plane at active state
(1 sin f') KA = ----------------(1 + sin f')

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WKS - January 2010
Passive Earth Pressure in Sand (Rankine)

t
f'
s'x = Ko s'z
No wall movement
s'x
s'z
s'P
s'P = KP s'z
Here we are dealing with effective stress only.
Wall moved towards soil
Passive Earth Pressure in Sand (Rankine)

t
f'
s'P = KP s'z
s'z Passive earth pressure
(s'P - s'z) Sin f' = ---------------- (s'P + s'z)
s'P
45 - f'/2 Failure plane at passive state
(1 + sin f') KP = ----------------(1 - sin f')

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WKS - January 2010
Active Earth Pressure in Clay (Rankine) (under short term undrained condition)
t
sx = s'x + u = Kos'z + u
cu sA sx sz
fu=0
No wall movement
(-)
cu =
(sz - sA)
sA = sz 2 cu
(+) Wall moved away from soil
sA = sz - 2cu
Here we are dealing with total stress.
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Passive Earth Pressure in Clay (Rankine) (under short term undrained condition)
t
sx = s'x + u = Kos'z + u
cu sx sz sP
fu=0
No wall movement
sP = sz+ 2cu
cu =
(sP - sz)
sP = sz + 2cu
Wall moved towards soil Here we are dealing with total stress.
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WKS - January 2010
Active & Passive Earth Pressure in Clay (Rankine) (under long term drained condition c' and f' )
(-) s'A = KAs'z 2 c'KA (+) c' Active earth pressure s'A s'z s t f'
s'P = KPs'z + 2 c'KP
(1 sin f') KA = ----------------(1 + sin f')
(1 + sin f') KP = ----------------(1 - sin f')
Here we are dealing with effective stress only. Passive earth pressure
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Lateral Earth Pressure for c- f soil (Rankine)
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WKS - January 2010
Active Earth Pressure for c- f soil (Rankine)
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Passive Earth Pressure for c'- f' soil (Rankine)
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WKS - January 2010
Rankines Earth Pressure for c'- f' soil
s'A = KAs'z 2 c'KA
s'P = KPs'z + 2 c'KP

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Lateral Earth Pressure with Inclined Backfill (Rankine)
sand
PAV b PA PAH
cos b
Active
PA = KA g H2 PAH = KA g H2 cos b PAV = KA g H2 sin b
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WKS - January 2010
Rankines Earth Pressure at Any Point

b
(1 sin f') KA = ----------------(1 + sin f')
(1 + sin f') KP = ----------------(1 - sin f')
s'AV
b
s'A s'AH
cos b
Active Sand (drained) Clay (undrained) Clay (drained)

s'A = KA s'z sA = sz 2 cu s'A = KAs'z 2 c'KA
Passive
s'P = KP s'z sP = sz + 2 cu s'P = KPs'z + 2 c'KP
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Coulombs Earth Pressure Theory

b l H
H/3
d a
PA
Assumptions 1. The soil is homogeneous and isotropic. 2. Failure surface is a plane. 3. Ground surface is a plane. 4. Wall is infinitely long i.e. plane strain condition. 5. Sufficient wall movements to develop active or passive state.
6. Wall can be inclined (a 0).

7. Wall can be rough (d 0). 8. The resultant force is acting at an angle d with the normal to 20 wall.
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WKS - January 2010
Coulombs Active Earth
Each wedge will yield one P value. Try different wedges to find the highest P. Alternatively, P/q = 0 and solve for P.
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Coulombs Active Earth Pressure

l = a 90o
l b
PA= KA g H2 PAH = PA cos (d+ l) PAV = PA sin (d+ l)
PA
H H/3 a d
PAV
PA PAH
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WKS - January 2010
Coulombs Passive Earth Pressure

b l
PP= KA g H2
PPH PP
PPH = PP cos (d - l) PPV = PP sin (d - l)
H d H/3 a
PPV PP
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Log Spiral Method on Lateral Earth Pressure
Active Case PA= KA g H2 PAH = PA cos d PAV = PA sin d
Passive Case PP= KP g H2 PPH = PP cos d PPV = PP sin d

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WKS - January 2010
Log-Spiral Method KA & KAH
KAH
d/f=0 d/f=0.66 d/f=1.0

Design Value of f' KA = KAH / cos d KAV = KAH tan d
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Horizontal surface b=0 d PPH PPV PP
Log-Spiral Method KPH

d / f' =1.0 d / f' = 0.66
KPH
d / f' = 0
Design Value of f'
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WKS - January 2010
Active and Passive Pressure with Wall Adhesion cw
P/q = 0
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Active and Passive Pressure with Wall Adhesion cw Active Pressure Passive Pressure
sa
sp
Drained case: Undrained case:
c>0 and f>0 cu>0 and fu=0
c = c c = cu Ka = Kp = 1
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WKS - January 2010
Active and Passive Pressure with Wall Adhesion cw Active Pressure Passive Pressure
sa
sp
Undrained case: If cw/cu = 0
cu>0 and fu=0
s a = s z 2 cu sa = sz 2.45 cu
s p = s z + 2 cu sp = sz + 2.45 cu
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If cw/cu = 0.5
Summary
Theory Rankine Coulomb Log-Spiral Roughness smooth any any Inclination vertical any any Application KA KA KA & K P
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WKS - January 2010
PAV 5m
d
PA PAH
g = 20 kN/m3
Comparisons of Method of Analysis

Theory f' d KA PA PAH Loose Sand
Rankine
Coulomb Log-Spiral Rankine Coulomb Log-Spiral
30
30 30 40 40 40
0
20 20 0 30 30
0.33
0.30 0.32 0.22 0.20 0.22
83.3
75 80 55 50 55
83.3
70.5 75.2 55 43 48
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Dense Sand
g = 20 kN/m3 5m
d
PPH PP
PPV
Comparisons of Method of Analysis

Theory Rankine Coulomb Log-Spiral Rankine Coulomb Log-Spiral f' 30 30 30 40 40 40 d 0 20 20 0 30 30 KP 3 6.1 5.2 4.6 24.9 13.1 PP 750 1525 1300 1150 6225 3275 PPH 750 1433 1222 1150 5391 2836
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Loose Sand
Dense Sand
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WKS - January 2010
Total active earth pressure on wall in sand

q
s'A= KAq
Sand, g H
s'A= KAs'z
s'A= KA (q + gH)
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Total active earth pressure on wall in sand

q
s'A= KAs'z
Sand
Earth pressure + surcharge
Water pressure
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WKS - January 2010
Total active earth pressure on wall in clay

q
z Clay cu
sA= sz 2cu where sz = g z + q
Earth pressure
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q
sA= sz 2cu
Clay cu
where sz = g z + q
Earth pressure
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WKS - January 2010

Dry condition Ignore negative pressure
z Clay cu
zc
Tension crack
sA= g z 2cu +
Earth pressure
How do you determine zc?

sA= g zc 2cu = 0
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After heavy downpour
Initial crack depth Final crack depth
zw
Clay cu
sA= sz 2cu
Earth pressure
How do you determine zw? sA= g zw 2cu = zw gw
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WKS - January 2010
Total active earth pressure on wall in layered soil

q s'A= KAs'z +
Clay
Sand
u
Water pressure
sA= sz 2cu
Earth pressure + Surcharge
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Effect of soil movement on lateral earth pressure in Sand
passive
K
KP
KO at-rest
active
KA
Lateral movement
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WKS - January 2010
Movements required to mobilise active pressure Soil Type Dense sand Loose sand Stiff clay D 0.001H 0.004H 0.010H H=3m 3 mm 12 mm 30 mm H=5m 6 mm 24 mm 50 mm
Soft clay
0.020H
60 mm
100 mm
Movements required to mobilise passive pressure Soil Type Dense sand Loose sand Stiff clay Soft clay D 0.020H 0.060H 0.020H 0.040H H=3m 60 mm 180 mm 60 mm 120 mm H=5m 100 mm 300 mm 100 mm 200 mm
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WKS - January 2010

CV2302 Geotechnical Engineering

Reference: Craig (2004), pp 161-181

Lateral Earth Pressure

s'z and sz s'x and sx