1

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP HCM

KHOA KHOA HC C BN
------------------------------




BI GING
PHNG PHP TNH





HUNH HU DINH
Email: hhdinh19@gmail.com











TP H CH MINH 2/2012
2
Chng 0. S XP X, SAI S

0.1. S gn ng v sai s
Trong thc t, khi mun bit gi tr i lng no ngi ta tin hnh o c, tnh ton bng
mt s phng php nht nh. Nhiu khi chng ta khng th nhn c chnh xc gi tr tht ca i
lng cn bit m ch nhn c s gn ng (hoc xp x) vi gi tr tht. Vic nh gi chnh
xc ca gi tr xp x v sai s ca php o hoc phng php tnh ton l ht sc cn thit. iu
dn ti vic a ra khi nim v s xp x v sai s nhn c. Ni dung di y s trnh by nhng
khi nim ny.
nh ngha 0.1.1: Gi s A l s ng, a l s gn ng ca A (trong trng hp A l s
v t nh s e hay s hoc s hu t vi phn thp phn v hn tun hon nh s
1
6
). Ta gi hiu
s a A a ^ = l sai s xp x ca s gn ng a . Khi cc i lng ; a a
A
c
^
^ = ^ = ta ln
lt gi l sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i ca a .
R rng ta c a A a ^ _ _ ^ hoc A a = ^
Nu A khng phi l s c hu hn ch s th l ng nhin ta cn a l s c hu hn ch
s v khi ^ s c cng dng vi A. Chng hn, ly ; 3,14 A a = = th 0, 0015926... ^ =
nh ngha 0.1.2: Sai s tuyt i gii hn ca s xp x a l s khng nh hn sai s tuyt
i ca a.
K hiu sai s tuyt i gii hn l
a
^ th:
a
^ _ ^
Theo nh ngha ny th sai s tuyt i gii hn khng l n tr.
T nh ngha ta suy ra
a a
a A a ^ _ _ ^
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng chn sai s tuyt i gii hn
a
^ l s nh nht c th trong
cc sai s tuyt i gii hn, v qui c vit:
a
A a = ^
nh ngha 0.1.3: Sai s tng i gii hn ca s xp x a , k hiu l
a
c , l s khng nh
hn sai s tng i gii hn ca a.
C ngha l
a
a c c _ hay
a
A
c
^
_
T y
a
A c _ ^
Theo nh ngha sai s tuyt i gii hn, ta c th chn
a a
A c ^ =
Nhng trong thc t ta khng bit c chnh xc gi tr A v v a l s xp x ca A nn
ngi ta thng dng cng thc:
a a
a c ^ =
T y ta c cng thc: ( ) 1
a
A a c =
3
0.2. Sai s lm trn s
Gi s cho s
1 0 1 2 1
... , ... ...
m m m n m n
A s s s s s s s

= . Ch s th n ca A l s
1 m n
s

tnh t
tri qua phi. K hiu
1 0 1 2 1
... , ...
m m m n
a s s s s s s

= l s lm trn n ch s th n t s A. Qui tc
lm trn nh sau:
. Nu 5
m n
s

th
1 1
1
m n m n
s s

= ;
. Nu 5
m n
s

< th
1 1
;
m n m n
s s

=
. Nu 5
m n
s

= th
1 1
1
m n m n
s s

= khi
1 m n
s

l s l,
1 1 m n m n
s s

= khi
1 m n
s

l s
chn
T qui tc lm trn trn ta thy, sai s tuyt i gii hn l
1
1
5.10 10
2
m n m n
a

^ = =
0.3. S ch s ng tin cy
Xt hai s A v a nh mc trn. Ta ni tt c n ch s ca a u tin cy, nu ta c
1
1
5.10 10
2
m n m n
a
a A a

^ = ^ = _ = = ^
Chng hn 2, 7183 a = l s lm trn n nm ch s ca s e nn ta c
0, 00001... 0, 00005 ^ = < nn a c nm ch s tin cy vi s cui cng c lm trn.
Vi s A v a ni trong mc 0.2, ta s thy
1
1 1
2 10
n
m
a
s
c

1
_


( )
, do c th ly:
1
1 1
2 10
n
a
m
s
c

1
_


( )
(1)
Theo cng thc ny th s 2, 7183 a = c sai s tng i gii hn so vi s e l:
5 1
1 1
0, 0025%
2 2 10
a
c

1
= =

( )

V d 0.1: Phi tnh
3
29 vi bao nhiu ch s thp phn c 0,1%
a
c = . Ta thy phn
nguyn ca s ny l 3. Do vy p dng (1) ta c
1
10
0, 001 4
6
n
n

_ = _
Ta chn 4 n = , ngha l phi ly bn ch s thp phn, do
3
29 3, 072 = .
i khi ngi ta ni s a no c q ch s ng tin cy sau du phy, hm rng q ch s
phn thp phn l ng tin cy. Khi ng nhin tt c cc ch s phn nguyn ca s a cng l
tin cy. Gi s s a cng c p ch s phn nguyn. Khi ta c: 1 m p = v n p q = . Khi
ta c 0, 5.10
q
a

^ =
0.4. Sai s thc hin cc php ton
0.4.1. Sai s ca php cng
4
Xt tng
1 2
...
n
u x x x = vi
i
x l cc s gn ng vi sai s tng ng l
i
x ^ . Hin
nhin l ta phi c:
1 2
...
n
u x x x ^ = ^ ^ ^ v do
1 2
...
n
u x x x ^ _ ^ ^ ^
T y suy ra
1 2
...
n
u x x x
^ = ^ ^ ^ (2)
Ta c qui tc cng cc s c sai s tuyt i khc nhau nh sau:
. Gi nguyn cc s hng c s ch s sau du phy l t nht;
. Cc s hng khc lm trn n mt hoc hai s sau du phy nhiu hn cc s hng
chn bc trn.
. Cng tt c cc s cn li vi nhau ri lm trn tng, bt i mt ch s thp phn.
Lin quan n
u
c , trong trng hp
i
x cng du th c th thy:
( )
1 2
max , ,...,
n
u x x x c c c c _
T y ta suy ra
( )
1 2
max , ,...,
n
u x x x
c c c c =
0.4.2. Sai s ca php tr
V nguyn tc nh gi (2) ng c cho php tr. Tuy nhin, chng ta xt ring trng hp
ny nhn mnh mt iu rt cn ch khi lp trnh. Xt hiu s
1 2
u x x =
Ta thy rng, khi
1
x ^ v
2
x ^ cng du v
1 2
x x ~ th
1 2
, u x x c c c do
1 2
1 x x << .
Hn th na, trn cc my tnh c chnh xc khng cao, u s c t bng khng. Trong
trng hp nh th ta cn trnh php tr trc tip m thay n bng mt php tnh tng ng.
Chng hn, ta mun tnh hiu s 10 99, 99 0, 0005000125 u = = ta phi ly cn ca 99, 99 ti 10
ch s thp phn.
0.4.3. Sai s ca php nhn
Xt tch s
1 2
...
n
u x x x = vi 0
i
x = . Gi s 0, 1,
i
x i n = . Khi ta c
1 2
l n ln l n ... ln
n
u x x x =
Mt khc, ta cng c
( ) ln l n l n l n 1
z z
z z z z
z z
1 ^ ^

^ = ^ = ~

( )
khi 1
z
z
^
<<
Do ta c th vit
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
u x x x
u x x x
^ ^ ^ ^
=
T y ta c
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
u x x x
u x x x
^ ^ ^ ^
_
5
Hay l:
1 2
...
n
u x x x c c c c _
Do vy ta c th ly
1 2
...
n
u x x x
c c c c =
0.4.4. Sai s trong php chia
Xt thng s
1
2
x
u
x
= . Gi thit rng hai s u dng. Khi ta c
1 2
l n ln ln u x x =
L lun nh trn, ta nhn c
1 2
u x x
c c c =
0.4.5. Sai s trong trng hp tng qut
Gi s ta c mi quan h ( )
1 2
, ...,
n
u f x x x = , trong cc sai s tuyt i
i
x ^ cho. Ta cn
nh gi sai s tuyt i u ^ qua cc
i
x ^ . Coi cc
i
x ^ l cc i lng nh, ta c th dng cng
thc Taylor nh gi:
( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1
,..., ,...,
n n
n n n i i
i i i i
f f
u f x x x x f x x x x
x x
= =
0 0
^ = ^ ^ ~ ^ _ ^
0 0
_ _

T y ta c th ly
1
n
i
i i
f
u x
x
=
0
^ = ^
0
_

Hoc l
1
i
n
u x
i i
f
x
=
0
^ = ^
0
_
(3)
Cng t biu thc ny, ta c th nhn c
1
ln
n
i
i i
u
u x
x
c
=
0
= ^
0
_
hay l
1
l n
i
n
u x
i i
u
x
c
=
0
= ^
0
_

V d 0.2: Mt hnh cu c ng knh 12, 2 d cm = . Hy tnh sai s tuyt i v tng i
ca th tch hnh cu
Gii
Trong trng hp ny ta c 0, 05
d
cm ^ = . Ly 3,14 = , khi 0, 0016

^ = . Ta c:
2 3
1
0, 5 233, 68; 302, 64
6
V V
d d
d

0 0
= = = =
0 0

S dng (3) ta c:
3
233, 68 0, 05 302, 64 0, 0016 12, 2
12, 2
1, 3%
950, 3
V
V
V
cm
V
c
^ = ~
^
= = =

0.4.6. Bi ton xc nh sai s ngc
Li xt mi quan h tng qut ( )
1 2
, ...,
n
u f x x x = . Gi s cho trc
u
^ . Ta cn xc nh cc
i
x
^ m bo c c
u
^ nh cho.
6
Ta c mt biu thc (3) ly lm phng trnh xc nh cc
i
x
^ nn li gii khng phi l
duy nht. V vy chng ta s xt ba trng hp c th, c ngha ng dng thc t:
Trng hp 1: Gi thit rng ; ; , 1,
i j
x x i j i j n ^ = ^ = = . Khi ta c
1
; 1,
i
u
x
n
i i
i n
u
x
=
^
^ = =
0
0
_

Trng hp 2: Gi s ta c ; , 1,
i j
x x
i j
u u
i j n
x x
0 0
^ = ^ =
0 0
. Khi ta c
; 1,
i
u
x
i
i n
u
n
x
^
^ = =
0
0

Trng hp 3: Nu ; , 1,
i j
x x
i j n c c c = = = , thay
i
x i
x c ^ = vo (3) ta c
1 1
i
u i u
x
n n
i i
i i i i
x
u u
x x
x x
c
= =
^ ^
= = ^ =
0 0
0 0
_ _

V d 0.3: Mt hnh tr c bn knh y ( ) 2 r m = , chiu cao ( ) 3 h m = . Cn xc nh sai s
ca r v h sai s tuyt i gii hn ca th tch l
3
0,1m .
Gii
Ta c cng thc
2
V r h = . Ta ly 3,14 = . Do :
2 2
2 37, 68; 12, 56; 12; 37, 68
V V V
rh r r h V
r h

0 0 0
= = = = = = =
0 0 0

S dng (5) ta c:
( ) 0, 0009
3
V
r
m
V
r
^
^ = ~
0
0

Tng t, ta tnh c ( ) ( )
0, 0027 ; 0, 0028
h
m m

^ = ^ =










7
Chng 1. PHNG TRNH I S V SIU VIT

Bi 1. M U

Trong mc ny, ta tm hiu nhng phng php gii mt s phng trnh i s v siu vit
dng: ( ) 0 f x = (*), vi ( ) f x l mt hm phi tuyn.
Phng trnh trn, tr mt vi trng hp c bit, c cng thc gii ng, cn ni chung
khng c cng thc gii ng (cc cng trnh ca nh Ton hc Abel khng nh iu ). kha
cnh khc, cc h s ca ( ) f x trong nhiu trng hp cng ch l cc s gn ng hoc nghim ca
( ) f x l mt biu thc rt phc tp, cho nn vn gii ng phng trnh (*) cng khng tht s
cn thit. Do , chng ta cn quan tm n nhng phng php gii gn ng, nht l nhng
phng php c th dng my tnh h tr.
gii gn ng phng trnh (*), ta tin hnh cc bc sau:
. Th nht l tch nghim, ngha l tm mt khong ( ) ; a b nh sao cho phng trnh (*) c
nghim duy nht ( ) * ; x a b .
. Th hai l chnh xc ha nghim gn ng n chnh xc cn thit.
C s tch nghim l nhng kt qu m bn c th bt gp bt k cun sch Gii tch no.
nh l 1.1.1. Gi s ( ) f x lin tc trn [ [ ; a b v
( )
( ) 0 f a f b < . Khi phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = tn ti t nht mt nghim trong khong ( ) ; a b .
nh l 1.1.2. Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [ [ ; a b v ( )
( ) 0 f a f b < , hn na, hm s ( ) f x c o
hm ( )
f x
lin tc trn on [ [ ; a b v ( )
f x
khng i du trn [ [ ; a b th nghim ni trn l duy
nht.











Hnh 1.1.1 Hnh 1.1.2


8
Cc hnh 1.1.1 v 1.1.2 cho ta mt cch nhn trc gic v tnh ng n ca nh l 1.1.2
Bc tch (li) nghim thng c tin hnh nh phng php chia i hoc phng php
th.
Nguyn tc thc hin phng php chia i nh sau:
Xc nh ( )
( ) 0 f a f b < , sau chia i on [ [ ; a b v gi [ [
1 1
; a b l mt trong hai na trn
sao cho ( ) ( )
1 1
0 f a f b < . Li chia i on [ [
1 1
; a b v gi [ [
2 2
; a b l mt trong hai on con m
( ) ( )
2 2
0 f a f b < ; qu trnh c th tip tc, (nu ti
i
a m ( ) 0
i
f a = hoc
i
b m ( ) 0
i
f b = th ta ni
gi tr l nghim ng ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = )
Nguyn tc ca phng php th nh sau: Nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l honh
giao im ca th hm s ( ) y f x = vi trc honh; hoc ta bin i ( ) 0 f x = v dng
( ) ( ) x x , . = . Khi nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = l honh giao im ca hai th
( ) y x , = v ( ) y x . = . Sau y l mt s v d cho phng php th (c h tr bng Maple)
V d 1.1.1:
Xt phng trnh
3
10 0 x x = . Ta v th
hm s
3
10 y x x = theo hnh v di y
(hnh 1.1.3)
T hnh v ta nhn thy phng trnh trn c mt
khong li nghim l khong
( )
2, 2; 2, 4





Hnh 1.1.3

V d 1.1.2: Xt phng trnh ( )
2
cos x x = . Ta v
th ca hai hm s
2
y x = v ( ) cos y x = . T hnh v
ta nhn thy phng trnh ( )
2
cos x x = c hai khong li
nghim l ( ) 0;1 v ( ) 1; 0 .




Hnh 1.1.4
3
10 y x x =
2
y x =
( ) cos y x =
9
V d 1.1.3: Tm cc khong li nghim ca phng trnh
2 2
arct an 2 0 x x x = bng
phng php th
Gii
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 2
arct an 2 x x x =
Ta v th hai hm s
2
arct an 2 y x = (ng mu ) v
2
y x x = (ng mu
xanh). T hnh v ta tm c hai khong li nghim ca phng trnh l ( ) 1; 0, 5 v ( ) 1, 5;2 .











Hnh 1.1.5
Sau khi tch c nghim th cng vic tip theo l chnh xc ha nghim n chnh xc
cn thit. thc hin bc ny, ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau: phng php lp,
phng php dy cung, phng php tip tuyn, phng php Muller,Tt c phng php c
nu chng ta u c th lp trnh bng ngn ng Maple.














2
y x x =
2
arct an 2 y x =
10
Bi 2. PHNG PHP LP N

Xt phng trnh
( ) 0 f x = (1)
c khong li nghim l ( ) ; a b .
Ta bin i phng trnh (1) v dng tng ng:
( ) x x , = (2)
Vi xp x ban u
0
x thuc khong ( ) ; a b cho, ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh vo h thc:
( )
1
, 0
n n
x x n ,

= \ _ .
Nu dy
0,
n
n
x
=
c gii hn li m *
n
n
x x

= th * x chnh l nghim ng ca phng trnh

(2) v cng l nghim ca (1)
Tip theo, ta tm hiu mt s iu kin dy
0,
n
n
x
=
hi t.
nh l 1.2.1. Gi s hm s ( ) y x , = kh vi lin tc trn [ [ ; a b v vi mi [ [ ; x a b th
( )
[ [ ; x a b , . Khi , nu ta c
( )
1 x L ,

_ < vi mi [ [ ; x a b th dy s
0,
n
n
x
=
c xy
dng bi h thc ( )
1
, 0
n n
x x n ,

= \ _ hi t n nghim * x ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ta c

cc c lng sai s
1 1
*
1
n n n
L
x x x x
L

_

1
1 1 0
*
1
n
n
L
x x x x
L

Ta m phng phng php lp bng hnh v nh sau









Hnh 1.2.1
Nhn xt 1.2.1: Phng php lp n c tnh cht t iu chnh, ngha l nu ti mt vi bc
tnh ton trung gian ta mc phi sai s th dy
0,
n
n
x
=
vn hi t n * x , tt nhin ch mt vi
bc sai v sai s mc phi khng vt ra ngoi on.
y x =
( ) y x , =
11
Ta m phng nhn xt ny bng hnh v nh sau











Hnh 1.2.2
Nhn xt 1.2.2: Mt tnh cht c bit ca phng php lp l c th nh gi ngay t u s
bc lp m ta cn phi lm c c chnh xc theo yu cu. Tht vy, t biu thc
0 1
*
1
n
n
L
x x x x
L
_

nu ta mun c nghim gn ng vi sai s th ta s dng li bc lp th n sao cho:
0 1
1
n
L
x x
L
_

T y ta c nh gi cho n
( )
1 0
1
ln
ln
L
x x
n
L

l
l

l
_
l
l
l
l
l

k hiu
l c ch phn nguyn trn ca s c. V d 2, 6 3; 4,1 5; 2,1 2 l l l = = =
l l l
.
Nhn xt 1.2.3: Trn y ta nhc n vic chuyn t (*) sang dng tng ng (**) sao cho
iu kin ( )
[ [ 1, ; x L x a b , _ < \ c tha mn. V vn ny c my nhn xt sau:
. Gi s ( )
0 m f x M

< _ _ (vi trng hp ( )

0 M f x m

_ _ < ta lm tng t). .

. Ta c th chuyn t (*) sang dng tng ng sau:
( ) ( ) x x f x x A , = = vi
1
M
A = (***)
. Ta thy rng
( ) ( )
( )
[ [ 1 1 1 1, ;
f x m
x f x x a b
M M
, A

= = _ < \
Do php lp c xy dng trn (***) s hi t n nghim cn tm.
( ) y x , =
y x =
12
Tm tt thut ton tm nghim gn ng phng trnh (1) vi khong li nghim ( ) ; a b
bng phng php lp
Bc 1: Bin i phng trnh (1) v dng ( ) x x , = vi
( )
1 x L ,

_ < vi mi [ [ ; x a b .
Bc 2: Xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
thng qua cc h thc
. [ [
0
; x a b (thng thng ta ly
0
x l trung im ca on [ [ ; a b )
. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 2 1 3 2 1
; ; ;...;
n n
x x x x x x x x , , , ,

= = = =
Bc 3: nh gi sai s nghim gn ng da vo cng thc
1 1
*
1
n n n
L
x x x x
L

_

.
V d 1.2.1: Gii phng trnh ( ) l n 1 10 0 x x = bng phng php lp (lp bn bc,
nh gi sai s bc 4), bit phng trnh c khong li nghim l ( ) 13;14 .
Gii
Bin i phng trnh cho v dng
( ) ln 1 10 x x =
t ( ) ( ) ln 1 10 x x , = . Ta thy rng
( )
[ [
1 1
12;13
1 13
x L x
x
,

= _ = \

Chn
0
12, 5 x = . Ta xy dng dy lp theo cng thc
( ) ( )
1
ln 1 10, 0
n n n
x x x n ,

= = \ _
T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
4
12, 602690
12.610268
12.610824
12.610865
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
4
x . Ta c

6
4 4 3
* 3.10
1
L
x x x x
L

_ =

V d 1.2.2: Gii phng trnh 3 0
x
x e = bng phng php lp vi sai s ca nghim gn
ng khng vt qu
4
10

bit khong li nghim l

1
;1
2
1



( )

Gii
Bin i phng trnh v dng
3
x
e
x =
t
( )
3
x
e
x , = . Ta thy rng
( )
0, 906094
3 3
x
e e
x L ,

= _ = =
13
Chn
0
0, 75 x = . Ta xy dng dy lp theo cng thc ( )
1
3
n
x
n n
e
x x ,

= = .
T h thc trn ta c

1
2
19
20
0, 705667
0, 675065
...
0, 619079
0, 619072
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
20
x . Ta c

5 4
20 20 19
* 6, 6.10 10
1
L
x x x x
L

_ = <

Vy ta ly
20
* 0, 619072 x x ~ = .
V d 1.2.3: Gii phng trnh ( )
2
2 cos2 2 0 x x x = bng phng php lp (lp 3 bc,
nh gi sai s bc 3) bit khong li nghim l ( ) 3, 4; 4 .
Gii
Vic tm hm ( ) x , ca bi ton ny kh kh khn. y ta s p dng cc kt qu trong mc
nhn xt 1.2.3
t
( )
( )
2
2 cos2 2 f x x x x =
Ta c ( ) ( ) 2cos2 4 sin2 2 2 f x x x x x = . Ta s tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm
s ( )
y f x

= . C nhiu phng php tm cc gi tr ny, y ta dng phng php th vi s

h tr ca Maple










Da vo th trn ta nhn c ( ) M f x m _ _ vi ( ) 4 20,120732 M f = = v
( ) 3, 4 6, 941147 m f

= =
Ta bin i phng trnh cho v dng
14

( )
2
2 cos2 2
20,120731
x x x
x x

=
t ( )
( )
2
2 cos2 2
20,120731
x x x
x x ,

= . Ta c
( )
( ) 6, 941147
1 1 0, 655025
20,120732 20,120732
f x
x L ,

= _ = =
Chn
0
3, 7 x = . Ta xy dng dy lp theo cng thc
( )
( )
2
1
2 cos2 2
20,120732
n n n
n n n
x x x
x x x ,

= =
T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
3, 717656
3, 721257
3, 721950
x
x
x
=
=
=

Ta nh gi nghim gn ng
3
x . Ta c

3 3 2
* 0, 001316
1
L
x x x x
L
_ =

tm max v min ca hm s ( ) f x ta cn thm mt phng php na l nh gi tnh n
iu ca hm s ( ) y f x = . Tht vy, ta c
( )
8sin2 8 cos2 2 f x x x x

=
Nhn xt rng
3
3, 4 ; ; 4 ;
8 4 8


l l
l l
l l
l l
. T y ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( ) 8sin2 8 cos2 2 8sin 6,8 32cos 8 2 1, 296906 0 f x x x x

= _ = <
Vy hm s ( )
y f x

= l hm n iu gim. Bc tip theo ta lm ging nh cch trn.

Nhn xt 1.2.4: Qua ba v d trn, ta nhn thy tc hi t ca phng php lp ph thuc
vo gi tr ca h s L . Nu h s L cng gn 0 th phng php lp hi t cng nhanh. Ngc li,
nu h s L cng gn 1 th phng php lp hi t cng chm.
By gi chng ta s xt mt s khi nim lin quan n tc hi t ca phng php lp.
Trc ht, ta nhc li ni dung chnh ca phng php lp l t phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = vi ( ) ; a b
khong li nghim, ta bin i v dng ( ) x x , = vi
[ [
( )
;
max 1
x a b
x L ,

_ < . Ta gi thit thm ( ) x , l

mt hm thuc lp
[ [
2
; a b
C (lp cc hm c o hm cp 2 lin tc trong on [ [ ; a b ) v
( )
* 0 x ,

= .
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n

=
nh sau *, 0
n n
x x n = \ _ . p dng cng thc khai trin
Taylor ta c
15

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
2
2 2
*
* * * * * *
2!
* *
*
*
2
n n n n n
n
n n n
x
x x x x x x x x x x
O x x x
x
x O
,
, , ,
,
,

= = =

=

t ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
*
, *
2
n n n
x
D O A x
,
,

= = . Ta suy ra
( ) ( )
2
*
li m
2
n
n
n
D x ,

= , 1 A L _ <
v
1
li m
n
n
n
A

=
Trng hp 1: 0 A = . Ta s chng minh rng
n
n
cA ~ khi n vi c l mt hng s.
Tht vy, t h thc ( )
1
. , 0
n n n
A D n

= \ _ ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1 1 1
3 2
2 2 1
1 1
0 0 1
.
...
... ..
n n n n n n n n n
n n n n
n n n k
n k n
A D A A D D A AD D
A A D AD D
A A D A D A D D

= = =
= =
=

Ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1
0 1 2 1 1
... ..
n k n n
n n k n
D D D D
A A A A A

=
Tip theo, ta chng t chui
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
2 1 1
... .. ..
n k n
n k n
D D D D
A A A A

hi t. Tht
vy, ta c

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2
1 2
1 1
2
2
1
*
1 1 1
2
l im lim lim lim 1
*
2
n
n n
n n
n n n n
n n n
n n
D x
D
A
D A
D x A D A A
A
,

= = = = = <

Theo tiu chun Dalembert chui
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
2 1 1
... ... ...
n k n
n k n
D D D D
A A A A

hi t
tuyt i nn n hi t v mt s c no . t
0
c c = , ta c
1
1
li m
n
n
n
c
A

= hay
n
n
cA ~
khi n .
V
n
n
cA ~ khi n nn vi n ln ta c xp x
lg lg lg
n
n n
cA n A c ~ = ~ , vi
10
l g l og =
Logarithm ca sai s l mt xp x tuyn tnh theo n . iu ny c ngha l s ch s khng
sau du phy thp phn ca sai s tng tuyn tnh theo s ln lp. Dng hi t nh vy c gi l
hi t tuyn tnh hoc hi t cp mt.
16
Trng hp 2: 0 A = . Khi ( )
1 n n
D

= , ta suy ra
1
2
li m
n
n
n
c

= vi
( ) *
2
x
c
,

= hay
2
1 n n
c

~ khi n .
V
2
1 n n
c

~ khi n nn vi n ln ta c xp x

2
1 1
lg 2lg l g
n n n n
c c

~ = ~
Logarithm ca sai s tng gp i sau mi ln lp v do s ch s khng sau du phy thp
phn ca sai s nhn i sau mi bc lp. S hi t nh vy c gi l hi t bnh phng hoc
hi t cp hai.
By gi ta s xt trng hp hi t cp mt v tm cch lm tng tc hi t ca phng
php lp. Gi s ( ) * 0 A x ,

= = , xt dy
0,
n
n
y
=
c xy dng nh sau

( )
2
2
1 2 1
2 1 2 1
, 0
2 2
n n n n n
n n
n n n n n n
x x x x x
y x n
x x x x x x



= = \ _


Bc 1: Ta chng t
n
y lun c ngha vi mi 0 n _ , tc l
2 1
2 0, 0
n n n
x x x n

= \ _ .
Tht vy, ta c
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
2
n n n n n n n n n n n
x x x x x x x x x x x

= _
p dng nh l Lagrange ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 1 1 n n n n n n n n n
x x x x c x x L x x , , ,

= = _
Ta suy ra
( )
2 1 1
2 1 0, 0
n n n n n
x x x L x x n

_ \ _
Do ,
2 1
2 0, 0
n n n
x x x n

= \ _ hay
n
y lun c ngha.
Bc 2: Ta chng minh li m *
n
n
y x

= v
*
li m 0
*
n
n
n
y x
x x

+ Theo kt qu trong bc 1, ta c
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
1 1 1
2 1 1
2 1 1
n n n n n n
n n n n n
x x x x x x
x x x L x x L



_ =


M
1
li m 0
1
n n
n
x x
L

nn ta suy ra
( )
2
1
2 1
li m 0
2
n n
n
n n n
x x
x x x

=

. Vy li m *
n
n
y x

= .
+ Ta bin i biu thc
17

( )( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
2 1
1
*
* * * 2 *
* * * 2
* * *
1 *
n n n
n n n n n n n
n n n n n n
n n n
n n n
x x x
x
x x x x x x x x x y x
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
L x x x x

= =


_


Theo nh l Lagrange ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1
* * * , 0
n n n n
x x x x u x x n , , ,

= = \ _
Trong
n
u nm gia * x v
n
x vi mi s t nhin n . T y ta suy ra li m *
n
n
u x

= .
Mt khc
( )
1 1
* * 1 *
n n n n n
x x x x x x L x x

_ _
Kt hp cc kt qu trn, ta c

( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1
1
2 2
1
1 2
* * *
*
1 * 1 *
1
n n n
n n n n
n n n n
n n
x x x x x x
x x u u u
L x x x x L x x
L
u u
L
, , ,
, ,

_

_

Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 2
li m 0
1 1
n n
n
L L
u u A A
L L
, ,

= =

. Ta suy ra
*
li m 0
*
n
n
n
y x
x x

.
Kt qu ca bc 2 cho ta mt kt lun l tc hi t ca dy
0,
n
n
y
=
v * x nhanh hn
tc hi t ca dy
0,
n
n
x
=
v * x . Phng php chuyn t dy c sang dy mi nh vy gi l
phng php Aitken. V cho thun tin trong vic phn tch v tnh ton, ta xt thut ton lp
Aitken Steffensen sau y
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v dng ( ) x x , = vi
[ [
( )
;
max 1
x a b
x L ,

_ < . Nu
1 L << th ta tin hnh phng php lp thng thng v lc ny tc hi t ca dy
0,
n
n
x
=
v
* x rt nhanh. Nu 1 L ~ th ta chuyn sang bc 2
Bc 2: Chuyn phng trnh ( ) x x , = v dng ( ) x x = 1 vi
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
x x
x x
x x x
,
, , ,

1 =


Bc 3: Xy dng dy
0,
n
n
y
=
nh sau
.
0
y a =
. ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 2 1 1
; ;...;
n n
y y y y y y

= 1 = 1 = 1
18
V d 1.2.4: Gii phng trnh 3 0
x
x e = bng phng php lp v phng php lp Aitken
-Steffensen bit khong li nghim l
1
;1
2
1



( )
.
Gii
Bin i phng trnh v dng
3
x
e
x =
t ( )
3
x
e
x , = . Ta thy rng ( )
0, 906094 1
3 3
x
e e
x L ,

= _ = = ~
Chn
0 0
0, 5 x y = = . Ta xy dng hai dy lp theo cng thc


( )
( )
1
2
1 1
3
3
3
2
3 3
n
n
y
n
n
x
n n
y
n
n n n
e
y
n
e
x x
e
y
y y y
e
e y
,

'
1
1 = =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


!

( )
1
1 = 1 =
1
1
1
1

1
1
1+


Ta lp bng sau
n n
x
n
y
0 0,5 0,5
1 0,549573757 0,613551237
2 0,577504796 0,619046211
3 0,593862485 0,619061287
4 0,603656589 0,619061287
5 0,609597912

18 0,619042954
19 0,619049938
20 0,619054261

Ta nhn thy bng phng php Aitken Steffensen, sau ba ln lp nghim gn ng c n 9
ch s l ng tin sau du phy, trong khi vi phng php lp thng thng, n ln lp th 20 ta
ch c 4 ch s l ng tin sau du phy.



19
Bi 3. PHNG PHP NEWTON (PHNG PHP TIP TUYN)

Trong mc ny, ta xt li phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = .
Gi s rng ta tm c mt khong li nghim ca phng trnh trn l khong ( ) ; a b , ng
thi ( ) ( ) , f x f x lin tc v khng i du trn on [ [ ; a b . Khi , vi
0
x l xp x ban u c
chn, ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
theo cng thc
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x

= \ _

.
Ta c th chng minh c, vi mt s iu kin thch hp phng php Newton hi t,
chng hn vi iu kin sau
nh l 1.3.1. Nu phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c ( ) ; a b l khong li nghim, ng thi
( ) ( ) , f x f x lin tc v khng i u trn on [ [ ; a b , vi [ [
0
; x a b sao cho ( ) ( )
0 0
0 f x f x

(
0
x ,c gi l im Fourier, thng c chn l mt trong hai u mt a hoc b). Khi dy

0,
n
n
x
=
xy dng nh trn hi t n nghim * x ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ta c c lng
( )
2
1 1
*
2
n n n
M
x x x x
m

_
vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x x a b

< _ \
( )
[ [ , ; f x M x a b _ \
Chng minh
Khng gim tng qut ta gi thit ( )
[ [ 0, ; f x x a b

\ .
Trng hp 1:
0
x a = . V ( ) ( )
0 f a f a

nn ta c ( ) 0 f a . T y ta suy ra c hai
kt qu sau
( )
( )
[ [
0
0, ;
f b
f x x a b
'
< 1
1
1
!
1
< \
1
1+

Ta cn chng t rng
0,
n
n
x
=
l dy tng v [ )
0,
; *
n
n
x a x
=
.
Gi s [ ) ; *
n
x a x . Khi
( )
( )
0
0
n
n
f x
f x
'
1
1
1
!
1 <
1
1+

T y ta suy ra
( )
( )
1
n
n n n
n
f x
x x x
f x

p dng cng thc khai trin Taylor ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
0 * * * *
2
n
n n n n n n n
f c
f x f x f x x x x x f x f x x x

= =
20
Ta suy ra
( )
( )
*
n
n
n
f x
x x
f x

. Do , ( )
1
* *
n n n
x x x x x

< = .
V [ )
0
; * x a a x = nn ta suy ra
0,
n
n
x
=
l dy tng v [ )
0,
; *
n
n
x a x
=

Dy
0,
n
n
x
=
tng v b chn trn bi * x nn tn ti gii hn ( [ ( ) li m ; * ;
n
n
x a x a b c

= .
Ta c

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
lim li m
0
n
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x
f x
x x
f x
f
f
f
c
c c
c
c

1


= =

( )
= =

= =

Do , c l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = trong ( ) ; a b . Da vo tnh duy nht nghim ta
khng nh * x c = hay li m *
n
n
x x

= .
Tip theo ta chng minh ( )
2
1 1
*
2
n n n
M
x x x x
m

_ , vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x x a b

< _ \
( )
[ [ , ; f x M x a b _ \
Tht vy, p dng cng thc khai trin Taylor ta c
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
n n
n n n n n n n n n
f c f c
f x f x f x x x x x x x

= =

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
* * * *
2
* * * * *
2
n
n n n
n
n n n
f d
f x f x f x x x x x
f d
f x x x x x f x x x

= _

T y ta khng nh

( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
* *
2
* *
2
*
2 * 2
n
n n n
n
n n n
n
n n n n n
f c
f x x x x x
f c
f x x x x x
f c M
x x x x x x
f x m

= _

= _ _

21
Trng hp 2:
0
x b = . Bng cch tng t ta chng minh dy
0,
n
n
x
=
l mt dy gim v
( [
0,
* ;
n
n
x x b
=
. T khng nh li m *
n
n
x x

= v tnh ng n ca cc cng thc c lng.

nh l c chng minh xong
Nhn xt 1.3.1: C l chng ta s thc mc ti sao ngay t u li dng cng thc lp kh n
gin
( )
( )
1
n
n n
n
f x
x x
f x

tm nghim gn ng, ng thi tc hi t ca n l cp hai, tt hn

rt nhiu so vi phng php lp thng thng. Ta s i tm li gii thch cho cu hi ny.
Gi s hm s ( ) f x tha mn cc gi thit ca nh l 1.3.1. Gi ( ) h x l hm khc khng vi
mi [ [ ; x a b , bin i phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v dng ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x h x f x , = =
Chng ta s tm ( ) h x sao cho ( ) * 0 x ,

= . Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 x h x f x h x f x , =
Ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0 * 1 * * * *
1
* * 1 *
*
x h x f x h x f x
h x f x h x
f x
,

= =
= = = =

Hm ( ) h x n gin tha mn ( )
( )
1
*
*
h x
f x
=

l ( )
( )
1
h x
f x
=

. T y ta i n cng thc
lp
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x

= \ _

V mt hnh hc, xc nh phn t
1 n
x

, xut pht t im nm trn th hm s
( ) y f x = c honh
n
x , ta k tip tuyn vi ng cong. Honh giao im ca tip tuyn vi
trc honh s l
1 n
x

.










Hnh 1.3.1
0
A
1
A
2
A
( ) y f x =
22
Tm tt thut ton tm nghim gn ng phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = vi khong li nghim
( ) ; a b bng phng php tip tuyn
Bc 1: Chng t ( ) ( ) , f x f x khng i du trn ( ) ; a b .
Bc 2: Xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau
. Nu ( ) ( )
. 0 f a f a

th chn
0
x a = , ngc li chn
0
x b =
. Cc s hng cn li xc nh bi h thc
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x

= \ _

Bc 3: nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng da vo cng thc

2
1 1
*
2
n n n
M
x x x x
m

_
vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x x a b < _ \
( )
[ [ , ; f x M x a b

_ \
Thng thng ta ly
[ [
( )
[ [
( )
; ;
min ; max
x a b x a b
m f x M f x


= =
V d 1.3.1: Dng phng php Newton gii phng trnh
3
2 10 0 x x = vi chnh xc
10
10

, bit khong li nghim l ( ) 2; 3 .

Gii
t ( )
3
2 10 f x x x = . Khi ta c:

( )
[ [
( ) [ [
2
3 2 0, 2; 3
6 0 , 2; 3
f x x x
f x x x
= \

= \

Ta thy rng ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 f f < nn ta chn
0
3 x = .
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau:
( )
( )
3
1 2
2 10
, 0
3 2
n n n
n n n
n n
f x x x
x x x n
f x x

= = \ _

T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
4
2, 560000
2, 466164
2, 462053
2, 462045
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

Tip theo ta nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
4
x . Ta c

2
4 4 3
*
2
M
x x x x
m
_
23
vi

[ [
( )
[ [
[ [
( )
[ [
2
2;3 2;3
2;3 2;3
mi n min 3 2 10
max max 6 18
x x
x x
m f x x
M f x x

= = =

= = =

Vy
12 10
4
* 7, 2.10 10 x x

_ <
Ta ly
4
* 2, 462045 x x ~ =
V d 1.3.2: Gi s bn vay mt ngi bn 100 (triu VND) vi tha thun l s tr cho anh
ta trong 5 nm, mi nm mt ln, cc khon tin 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 . Li sut R ca dng tin t ny
l nghim thc (duy nht) ca phng trnh

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
100
1 1 1 1 1 R R R R R
=

(1)
Bit phng trnh (1) c khong li nghim l ( ) 0;1 , gii phng trnh bng phng php
Newton (lp 7 bc, nh gi sai s bc 7).
Gii
t 1 x R = , phng trnh (1) tr thnh

( )
2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2
21 22 23 24 25
100
100 21 22 23 24 25 0 2
x x x x x
x x x x x
=
= =

Phng trnh (2) c khong li nghim l ( ) 1; 2 . Gi ( ) f x l v tri ca phng trnh (2). Ta c

( )
( )
( )
4 3 2
3 2
2
500 84 66 46 24
2000 252 132 46
6000 504 132
f x x x x x
f x x x x
f x x x

=
=

=

Ta thy rng ( )
6000 504 2 132 4860 0 f x

=
Vy ( ) f x l mt hm tng trn [ [ 1; 2 . Ta suy ra
( )
3 2
2000 1 252 1 132 46 1570 0 f x _ =
T y ta cng khng nh ( )
f x
l mt hm tng trn [ [ 1; 2 . Do
( )
500 84 66 46 24 280 0 f x

_ =
Ta thy rng ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 f f

< nn ta chn
0
2 x =
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( )
( )
5 4 3 2
1 4 3 2
100 21 22 23 24 25
, 0
500 84 66 46 24
n n n n n n
n n n
n n n n n
f x x x x x x
x x x n
f x x x x x

= = \ _

T y ta tnh c

1
1, 636874 x =
24

2
3
4
5
6
7
1, 364560
1, 178500
1, 078697
1, 049367
1, 047044
1, 047030
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
=

Ta nh gi sai s nghim gn ng
7
x . Ta c

2
7 7 6
*
2
M
x x x x
m
_
vi

[ [
( )
( )
[ [
( ) ( )
1;2
1;2
max 2 14682
mi n 1 280
x
x
M f x f
m f x f

= = =
= = =

Vy
9
7
* 5, 2.10 x x

_ .
Ta ly
7
1 1, 047030 0, 047030 R x R ~ = = ~
V d 1.3.3: Xy dng mt thut ton tnh gn ng s a , vi sai s ty cho trc,
trong a khng l bnh phng ca mt s hu t no.
Gii
Ta xy dng thut ton cho trng hp 2 a = , trng hp tng qut lm tng t.
Ta thy 2 l nghim dng duy nht ca phng trnh
2
2 0 x =
Phng trnh trn c khong li nghim l ( ) 1; 2 cha nghim 2.

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 0, 1; 2
2 0, 1; 2
f x x x
f x x
= \

= \

Ta c ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 f f

< nn ta chn
0
2 x = .
Ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( )
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
n n n
n n n
n n n
f x x x
x x x
f x x x

= = =

T y ta tnh c

1
2
3
4
1, 500000
1, 416667
1, 414216
1, 414214
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

25
Ta nh gi sai s nghim gn ng
4
x . Ta c
2
12
4 4 3
* 2.10
2
M
x x x x
m

_ =
Nhn xt 1.3.2: Theo nh l 1.3.1, xp x ban u [ [
0
; x a b phi tha mn ( ) ( )
0 0
0 f x f x

th dy
0,
n
n
x
=
xy dng theo h thc
( )
( )
1
, 0
n
n n
n
f x
x x n
f x

= \ _

s hi t v nghim ng * x .
C l chng ta cng s t hi nu ( ) ( )
0 0
0 f x f x

< th dy
0,
n
n
x
=
l hi t hay phn k. Cu tr
li l dy
0,
n
n
x
=
c th hi t hoc phn k. Chng ta xem hai hnh v minh ha sau










Hnh 1.3.2 Hnh 1.3.3
Hnh 1.3.2 cho ta bit dy
0,
n
n
x
=
phn k, trong kh dy
0,
n
n
x
=
trong hnh 1.3.3 l
hi t.















( ) y f x =
( ) y f x =
26
Bi 4. PHNG PHP DY CUNG

Trong mc ny, ta xt li phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = .
Gi s rng ta tm c mt khong li nghim ca phng trnh trn l khong ( ) ; a b , ng
thi ( ) ( ) , f x f x lin tc v khng i du trn on [ [ ; a b . Khng gim tng qut, ta gi s
( )
0 f x

trn [ [ ; a b . Khi th ( ) y f x = nm pha di dy cung AB vi

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ; , ; A a f a B b f b .
Trng hp 1: Nu ( ) 0 f a , ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
theo h thc:
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
1
, 0
n
n n n
n
x b
f x
x x x a n
f x f a

' =
1
1
1
1
!
1
= \ _
1
1
1+

Khi ta s c dy
0,
n
n
x
=
n iu gim, b chn v
*
1 0
... ...
n n
a x x x x b

< < < < < < =

Hnh 1.4.1
Trng hp 2: Nu ( ) 0 f a < , ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
theo h thc:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
1
, 0
n
n n n
n
x a
f x
x x x b n
f x f b

=
'
1
1
1
1
!
1 = \ _
1
1
1+

Khi ta s c dy
0,
n
n
x
=
n iu tng, b chn v
*
0 1 1
... ...
n n
a x x x x x b

= < < < < < < <

A
B
1
x
2
x
3
x
27













Hnh 1.4.2
nh l 1.4.1: Nu phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = c ( ) ; a b l khong li nghim, ng thi ( ) f x lin
tc v khng i u trn on [ [ ; a b , ( ) f x lin tc v dng trn on [ [ ; a b . Khi dy
0,
n
n
x
=

xy dng nh trn hi t n nghim
*
x ca phng trnh ( ) 0 f x = v ta c c lng
*
1 1 n n n
M m
x x x x
m

_
vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x M x a b < _ _ \
Chng minh
chng minh nh l 1.4.1 ta cn chng t cc kt qu c nu trong trng hp 1 v
trng hp 2 u bi. y, ta ch trnh by li gii cho trng hp 1, trng hp cn li ta lm
tng t.
V ( ) 0 f a nn ta suy ra c hai kt qu sau
( )
( )
[ [
0
0, ;
f b
f x x a b
'
< 1
1
1
!
1
< \
1
1+

Ta s chng minh dy
0,
n
n
x
=
l dy gim v ( [
0,
* ;
n
n
x x b
=

Tht vy, gi s ( [ *;
n
x x b . Khi ( ) 0
n
f x <
p dng nh l Lagrange ta c ( )
( )
( )( )
n n n
f x f a f c x a

= vi ( ) ;
n n
c a x . Ta suy ra

( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
n n n
n n n n
n n
f x x a f x
x x x x
f x f a f c

= = <

Tip theo ta chng t
1
*
n
x x

. lm iu ny ta chng minh hai b sau

1
x
2
x
3
x
* x
28
B 1: Cho hm s ( ) f x thuc lp
[ [
2
; a b
C v ( )
[ [ 0, ; f x x a b \ . Khi ta c
( )
( )
( ) f x y f x f y c , c , _
vi mi [ [ , ; x y a b v , c , l hai s dng tha 1 c , = .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x y = .
Chng minh
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x y _ .
t ( )
( )
( )
( ) [ [ , ; F x f x y f x f y x a y c , c , =
Ta c
( )
( )
( ) F x f x y f x c c ,
l =
l

p dng nh l Lagrange ta c

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0 F x f x y f x f u y x c c , c
l
= = _
l

( ) 0 F x = khi v ch khi x y = . T y ta suy ra hm s ( ) F x hm s tng ngt trn on
[ [ ; a y . Do

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0 F x F y f y y f y f y
f y y f y f y
c , c ,
c , c ,
_ = =
= _

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x y = .
B 1 c chng minh xong
B 2: Cho hm s ( ) f x thuc lp
[ [
2
; a b
C v ( )
[ [ 0, ; f x x a b

\ . Khi ta lun c

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) f z f y f z f x
z y z x

vi [ [ , , ; x y z a b v z y x .
Chng minh
t ;
z y y x
z x z x
c ,

= =

. Khi , 0 c , , 1 c , = v y x z c , =
V z x nn theo b 1 ta c

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f y f x zy f x f z
z y y x
f y f x f z
z x z x
f z f y f z f x
z y z x
c c , = <

= <


=


B 2 c chng minh xong
Tr li bi ton, v *
n
x x a nn theo b 2 ta c
29

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
*
* *
*
n n n n
n n n n
n n
n
n
f x f x f x f a f x f x f a
x x x a x x x a
f x x a
x x
f x f a

=

= <

T y ta suy ra

( )( )
( )
( )
( )
1
* *
n n
n n n n
n
f x x a
x x x x x x
f x f a

= =

Vy ta chng t c dy
0,
n
n
x
=
l dy gim v ( [
0,
* ;
n
n
x x b
=
. Do , tn ti s
thc c li m
n
n
x c

= . Xt h thc

( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
lim l im
0
n n
n n
n
n n
n n
n n
n
f x x a
x x
f x f a
f x x a
x x
f x f a
f a
f f a
f
c c
c c
c
c

= =

( )

= =

= =

V vy * x c = hay li m *
n
n
x x

= .
Tip theo ta chng minh
*
1 1 n n n
M m
x x x x
m

_ vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn

( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x M x a b

< _ _ \ .
Theo cng thc Lagrange ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 1 1
* *
n n n n
f x f x f x f u x x

= =
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 1 n n n n n
f x f x f v x x

=
Ta suy ra
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 1
*
n n n n n n
f u x x f x f v x x


=
p dng cng thc Lagrange ln na ta c
( )
( )
( )( )
n n n
f x f a f w x a

=
Do , ta c

( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )( )
1
1
n n n
n n n
n n
n n n n
f x x a f x
x x x
f x f a f w
f x f w x x

= =

= =

T ng thc ny ta nhn c
30

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 1
1 1
1
*
n n n n n n
n n n n n n
n n n n
f u x x f x f v x x
f w x x f v x x
f v f w x x

=
=
=

Ta suy ra

( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
*
n n
n n n n n
n
f v f w M m
x x x x x x
f u m



= _

vi , m M l hai hng s tha mn
( )
[ [ 0 , ; m f x M x a b

< _ _ \ .
V d 1.4.1:
Gii phng trnh
3 2
1 0 x x x = bng phng php dy cung bit khong li nghim l
( ) 0;1 vi sai s khng qu
3
10

.
Gii
t ( )
3 2
1 f x x x x = . Khi ta c:

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 2 1 0, 0;1
6 2 0, 0;1
f x x x x
f x x x

= \
= \

T y ta suy ra ( )
( ) 1 6, 0;1 f x x _ _ \ .
Ta c ( ) 0 1 0 f = < , xt dy
0,
n
n
x
=
c xy dng nh sau:

( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
2
1 2
0
2 1
1 , 0
1 2 3
n n n
n n n
n n n
x
f x x x
x x x n
f x f x x

= '
1
1
1
1
!
1
= = \ _
1
1
1+

Ta tnh c

1
2
6
7
8
0, 333333
0, 470588
...
0, 542876
0, 543428
0, 543605
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
.
Ta nh gi sai s ca
8
x . Ta c
*
8 8 7
4 3
6 1
0, 543605 0, 543428
1
8, 85.10 10
M m
x x x x
m


_ =
= <

Vy ta ly
*
8
0, 543605 x x ~ = .
31
V d 1.4.2: Gii phng trnh
2
3 0
x
e x = bng phng php dy cung vi sai s khng
qu
2
10

bit khong li nghim ca phng trnh l ( ) 3; 5 .

Gii
t ( ) f x l v tri ca phng trnh. Khi ta c

( )
( )
( )
( )
6 0, 3; 5
6 0, 3; 5
x
x
f x e x x
f x e x

= \

= \

Ta tnh c
[ [
( )
[ [
( )
3;5 3;5
mi n 2, 085537; max 118, 413159
x x
m f x M f x


= = = =
Tip theo ta xy
V ( ) 3 6, 914463 0 f = < nn ta chn
0
3 x = , ta xy dng dy
0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
0
2
1 2 5
3
3 5
5 , 0
5 3 75
n
n
x
n n n
n n n n x
n n
x
e x x f x
x x x x n
f x f e x e

' =
1
1
1
1
!
1
= = \ _
1
1

1
+

T y ta tnh c

1
2
70
71
3, 060040
3,117041
...
3, 732802
3, 732832
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=

Ta nh gi sai s ca nghim gn ng
71
x . Ta c

3
71 71 70
* 1, 673.10
M m
x x x x
m

_ =













32
Chng 2. H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

Bi 1. M U

Nhiu vn ca khoa hc k thut, kinh t, mi trng quy v vic gii h phng trnh
tuyn tnh
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
.........
...
n n
n n
m m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
' =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

t
( )
i j
m n
A a

= l ma trn h s,
m
b R l vector ct h s t do cho trc,
n
x R l
vector ct phi tm, th h trn c th c vit di dng Ax b = .
V phng din l thuyt, h phng trnh trn c th gii bng cng thc Cramer trong
trng hp m n = v det 0 A = . C th hn, ta c
det
, 1,
det
j
j
A
x i n
A
= = .
Trong
j
A l ma trn nhn c t A bng cch thay ct th j ca A bng ma trn ct h
s t do b. Tuy nhin, ngha s dng thc t cng thc ny ch c i vi n nh ( ) 2, 3 n n = = , v
khi n ln th ch ring php tnh nhn tng ln mc ( )( ) 1 1 ! n n n , n ni ch cn mt h
phng trnh c 30 n v 30 phng trnh mt 378.080 t nm tnh nghim theo cng thc trn
bng my tnh c tc 20 ngn t/giy. Nhng quan trng hn l sau gn 400 ngn t nm ta nhn
c mt li gii khng phi l nghim ca h na, n gin l v php tnh qu ln nn ch ring
sai s lm trn s cho ta mt kt qu chng lin quan g n h phng trnh cho. V d ny c
l ni ln tm quan trng ca phng php s.
Nu det 0 A ~ th ta ni h phng trnh gn nh suy bin. Khi vic lm trn s trong qu
trnh tnh nghim, d bng phng php tt nht hin c, cng d dn n h suy bin (tc
det 0 A = ) , khin ta khng th nhn c li gii m ng l ra chng phi tn ti. Ni chung, c
th ch ra rng, nu ta ly i lng
( )
1
0
0
sup . i nf
x
x
Ax Ax
cond A
x x

=
=
1 1

=



( ) ( )

lm c trng cho ma trn A th h phng trnh vi ( ) cond A ln c gi l h c th trng yu s
rt nhy cm vi nhng thay i ca v phi, d l rt nh, ngha l thay i v nghim s rt ln d
rng thay i v phi rt nh (nh lm trn s). Ta s lm r iu ny bng nhng phn tch sau y
Gi s * x l nghim ca h phng trnh Ax b = , * * * * x x x = ^ l nghim ca h
phng trnh Ax b

= vi b b b = ^ . Khi ta c :
33
( )
1 1
* * *
0 0 0
1
0
inf inf i nf
inf
x x x
x
Ax Ax Ax
x x A x
x x x
Ax
b
x

= = =

=
1 1 1


^ = ^ _ ^



( ) ( ) ( )
1

= ^

( )

Mt khc
1 1
* * *
0 0 0
1
0
sup sup sup
sup
x x x
x
Ax Ax Ax
x x Ax
x x x
Ax
b
x

= = =

=
1 1 1


= _



( ) ( ) ( )
1

=

( )

T ta nhn c
( )
1 *
*
0
0
sup . inf
x
x
x
Ax Ax b b
cond A
x x b b x

=
=
^ 1 1
^ ^

_ =



( ) ( )

c lng trn chng t sai s tng i ca nghim c th bng tch ca ( ) cond A vi sai s
v phi. T suy ra rng vi ma trn A th trng yu th nghim ca n thay i nhiu so vi
nhng thay i nh h s v cc hng s t do. Nh vy, gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh th trng
yu l bi ton kh ca ton hc tnh ton.
Cc phng php gii h c th phn lm hai nhm chnh: nhm cc phng php trc tip v
nhm cc phng php lp. i vi cc phng php trc tip th s cc php ton c th d on
trc c, cn i vi phng php lp th ni chung khng th d on trc c s ln cn lp
c c nghim xp x vi sai s mong mun. Cc phng php lp thng c s dng i vi
h c s n v s phng trnh ln, h gn suy bin hay th trng yu. Sau y, ta s i vo mt s
phng php thng dng gii h phng trnh.













34
Bi 2. PHNG PHP KH GAUSS

T tng ca phng php Gauss l a h phng trnh Ax b = v dng tam gic hoc dng
hnh thang, lc nghim tm c nh qu trnh th ngc. C th hn ta s dng phng php
Gauss gii h phng trnh:
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
.........
...
n n
n n
m m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
' =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Khng mt tng qut, chng ta lun gi thuyt
11
0 a = . ma trn A c dng tam gic hoc
l hnh thang, u tin, chng ta lm cho cc phn t ct th nht, dng th hai tr i bin thnh 0
bng cch nhn dng mt vi
1
11
i
a
a
ri cng vo dng ( ) 2, 3,... i i m = , sau 1 m php bin i nh
vy chng ta thu c h phng trnh tng ng
11 1 12 2 1 1
22 2 2 2
2 2
...
...
.........
...
n n
n n
m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x b
a x a x b
' =
1
1
1
1
1

=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1

= 1
1
+
(2.1.1)
Trong :
1 1
1 1
11 11
;
i i
i j i j j i i
a a
a a a b b b
a a

= =
y, ta cn ni kh n
1
x , tip theo bng cch tng t chng ta kh n
2
x t phng
trnh th ba tr i i vi h (2.1.1). Sau , ta li kh n
3
x t phng trnh th t tr i (nu
c) Qu trnh kh n trn l qu trnh lp, sau hu hn bc bin i qu trnh s dng li mt
trong cc trng hp sau:
1. H nhn c c dng tam gic (h c duy nht nghim) hay ma trn A c dng tam gic.
2. H nhn c c dng bc thang (h c v s nghim) hay ma trn h s c dng bc thang.
3. Trong h xut hin phng trnh c dng
1 2
0 0 ... 0
n
x x x b = vi 0 b =
Khi h v nghim
Nhn xt 2.1.1:
Trong qu trnh bin i trong h xut hin phng trnh dng
1 2
0 0 ... 0 0
n
x x x = . Khi
, chng ta c th loi b phng trnh ny ra khi h phng trnh.
35
V mt thc hnh, gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng phng php kh n lin tip, ta
lm nh sau:
. Xc nh ma trn h s m rng ( ) | A A b =
. S dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng bin i sao cho ma trn h s A
chuyn thnh dng tam gic hoc bc thang.
. Gii h phng trnh bng qu trnh ngc.
V d 2.1.1. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php kh Gauss
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 3
2 3 4
2 0
3 2 1
x x x
x x x
x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii
Ta lp ma trn h s m rng A
( )
2 1 3 4
| 1 2 1 0
3 0 2 1
A A b
1

= =

( )

Bin i A a ma trn A v dng tam gic hoc hnh thang:
( )
1 2
2 1 3 4
| 1 2 1 0
3 0 2 1
d d
A A b

1

= =

( )
1 2 1 0
2 1 3 4
3 0 2 1
1

( )

3 3 2
2 2 1
3 3 1
6
2
5
3
0 0 1 2 1 1 2 1
0 5 5 4 0 5 5 4
0 6 5 1 0 0 1 29
5
d d d
d d d
d d d



1

1

( )



( )

Khi phc li h phng trnh
1 2 3
2 3
3
2 0
5 5 4
29
5
x x x
x x
x
'
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1+

H c nghim duy nht l:
1 2 3
19 24 29
; ;
5 5 5
x x x = = =

36
Bi 2. PHNG PHP PHN R (DECOMPOSITION METHOD)

Xt li phng trnh Ax b = vi
( )
i j
n
A a = . Gi s ma trn A c th biu din di dng
A LU = trong
11
21 22
1 2
0 0
0
n n nn
l
l l
L
l l l
1

( )

l mt ma trn tam gic di, cn U l ma trn tam gic trn
11 12 1
22 2
0
0 0
n
n
nn
u u u
u u
U
u
1

( )

Khi ta c b Ax LUx Ly = = = vi y Ux = .
Vy h ban u c phn r thnh hai h sau
Ly b
Ux y
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Vn gii h phng trnh trn rt n gin, u tin l gii h Ly b = tm y , sau vi
y va tm c, ta gii h Ux y =
Cc trng hp ring ca phng php LU
2.2.1. Phng php Crout
Vi phng php Crout th ta cho 1, 1,
i i
u i n = = , t tm cc phn t cn li ca ma trn
L v U .
Sau y ta s dng phng php Crout phn r ma trn cp 3. Ta c
11 12 13
11 12 13
21 22 23 21 22 23
31 32 33
31 32 33
0 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
l u u
a a a
a a a l l u
a a a
l l l
1 1
1







=








( )
( ) ( )


11 11 12 11 13
11 12 13
21 22 23 21 21 12 22 21 13 22 23
31 32 33
31 31 12 32 31 13 32 23 33
l l u l u
a a a
a a a l l u l l u l u
a a a
l l u l l u l u l
1
1








= =

( )
( )

T y ta suy ra
37

11 11
21 21
31 31
l a
l a
l a
=
=
=


12
11 12 12 12
11
a
l u a u
l
= = =

21 12 22 22 22 22 21 12
l u l a l a l u = = =

31 12 32 32 32 32 31 12
l u l a l a l u = = =

13
11 13 13 13
11
a
l u a u
l
= = =

23 21 13
21 13 22 23 23 23
22
a l u
l u l u a u
l

= = =

31 13 32 23 33 33 33 33 31 13 32 23
l u l u l a l a l u l u = = =
Bng cch tng t, ta c th phn r ma trn vung cp n . C th hn, nu A l mt ma trn
vung cp n c cho bi
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1

( )

th cc phn t ca hai ma trn , L U c xc nh nh sau:
1 1
1
1
11
, 1, 2,...,
, 2, 3, ...,
i i
j
j
l a i n
a
u j n
l
= =
= =

Vi 2, 3,..., 1 j n =
1
1
, , 1,...,
j
i j i j i k kj
k
l a l u i j j n

=
= =
_

1
1
1
, 1, 2,...,
j
j k j k j i i k
i j j
u a l u k j j n
l

=
1

= =

( )
_

v
1
1
n
nn nn nk kn
k
l a l u

=
=
_

V d 2.2.1: Gii h phng trnh
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 4
4 3 6
3 2 2 15
x x x
x x x
x x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

38
Gii
p dng phng php Crout phn r ma trn cp 3 ta c
2 0 0
4 5 0
7 13
3
2 5
L
1

( )
v
1 1
1
2 2
3
0 1
5
0 0 1
U
1

( )

Trc ht ta gii h
1 1
2 2
3 3
2
2 0 0 4
2
4 5 0 6
5
7 13 15
4
3
2 5
y y
Ly b y y
y y
1
1
1
1 1



= = = = =







( ) ( )
( )

( )

( )

Tip theo, ta gii h
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
1
2
2 2
1
3 2
0 1 2
5 5
4
0 0 1 4
x x
Ux y x x
x x
1

1
1
1 1

= = = = =




( ) ( ) ( )
( )


( )

V d 2.2.2: Gii h phng trnh bng phng php Crout

1 3 2 4
10
1 2 1 1
1
1 2 1 1 5
5
0 1 2 2
x
y
z
t
1
1
1










=










( )
( )
( )

Gii
p dng phng php Crout phn r ma trn cp 4 ta c

1 3 2 4 1 0 0 0 1 3 2 4
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 3 5
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1
A LU
1 1 1











= = =










( ) ( )( )

Trc ht ta gii h phng trnh
39

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
1 0 0 0 10
10
1 1 0 0 9
1
1 1 2 0 5 2
5
0 1 1 2 1
y y
y y
Ly b
y y
y y
1 1
1
1 1









= = = = =

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Tip theo, ta gii h
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
1 3 2 4 10 1
0 1 3 5 9 1
0 0 1 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
x x
x x
Ux y
x x
x x
1 1 1
1 1








= = = = =







( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

2.2.2. Phng php Choleski
nh ngha: Ma trn ( )
n
A M R c gi l ma trn i xng xc nh dng nu A l
mt ma trn i xng v 0
T
xAx vi mi \ { 0 } n
n
x
R
R
Phng php Choleski l phng php phn r ma trn i xng xc nh dng. Vi mt ma
trn i xng xc nh dng A bt k ta lun c s phn r duy nht
T
A U U = , trong
11 12 1
22 2
0
0 0
n
n
nn
u u u
u u
U
u
1

( )

ng nht hai v ta c
11 11
1
1
11
1
2
1
1
1
, 2, 3,...,
, 2, 3,...,
1
, 2, 3,..., ; 1, 2,...,
j
j
i
i i i i ki
k
i
i j i j ki kj
k i i
u a
a
u j n
u
l a u j n
u a u u i n j i i n
u

=
=
= =
= =
1

= = =

( )
_
_

V d 2.2.3: Gii h phng trnh bng phng php Choleski

25 15 5 50
15 18 51
5 11 6
x y z
x y
x z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii
40
Ta xc nh ma trn h s
25 15 5
15 18 0
5 0 11
A
1

=






( )

Ta thy A l mt ma trn i xng v xc nh dng. Tht vy, vi mi
3
3
\ { 0 } x
R
R ta
c

( )
1
2 2 2
1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 1
2 1
25 15 5
15 18 0 25 18 11 30 10
5 0 11
5 25 10 25 225
18 11
3 36 11 121 22
5
18
6
T
x
xAx x x x x x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x x x x x
x x
1
1

= =








( )
( )
1 1
=


( ) ( )
1
=


( )
2 2
2
3 1 1
5 225
11 0
11 22
x x x
1

( )

p dng phng php phn r Choleski ta c

25 15 5 5 0 0 5 3 1
15 18 0 3 3 0 0 3 1
5 0 11 1 1 3 0 0 3
T
A U U
1 1 1









= = =






( ) ( )( )

Nhn xt 2.2.1: Ma trn A c th c phn r dng
T
A LL = , vi L l ma trn tam gic
di.
Phng php Choleski cng l mt phng php hu hiu tm ma trn nghich o ca mt
ma trn i xng A cho trc.
Tht vy, nu
T
A U U = th ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1
T
T T
A U U U U U U


= = = vi U l mt ma
trn tam gic trn. V U l mt ma trn tam gic trn nn
1
U

cng l mt ma trn tam gic. Ta gi

s ( )
1
i j
U A

= , ta tnh c cc phn t ca
1
U

nh sau
1
1
1
,
0,
i i
i i
j
i j i k kj
k i i i
i j
u
u i j
u
i j
A
A A
A
=
=

= <
=
_






41
Bi 3. PHNG PHP LP N

2.3.1. Chun trong
k
R v ( )
k
M R
nh ngha
Trc ht ta tm hiu li cc k hiu
k
R v ( )
k
M R
1
2
1 2
: , ,...,
...
k
k
k
x
x
x x x x
x
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1
1 1
= =
! !

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
R R
( )
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
: , , 1,
... ... ... ...
...
k
k
k i j
k k kk
a a a
a a a
M A a i j k
a a a
' ' 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1
1 1
= = \ =
! !

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1

( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
R R
Trong
k
R ngi ta thng xt hai chun quen thuc sau
1
1
1
max
i
i k
k
i
i
x x
x x

_ _
=
=
=
_

Vi ma trn vung
( )
( )
i j k
k
A a M = R ta s c cc chun tng ng
1
1
1
1
1
max
max
k
i j
i k
j
k
i j
j k
i
A a
A a

_ _
=
_ _
=
=
=
_
_

Tnh cht
Trong phn ny ta ch a ra nhng tnh cht cho chun

, i vi chun
1
ta c cc tnh
cht tng t.
Sau y ta nu mt s tnh cht c bn ca chun

(trong
k
R v ( )
k
M R )
1. 0,
k
x x

_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0

k
x =
R
.
2. , ,
k
x x x c c c

= \ \ R R.
3. , ,
k
x y x y x y

_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi y x c = vi c

R .
4. ( ) 0,
k
A A M

_ \ R . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 0

k
A = .
5. ( ) , ,
k
A A A M c c c

= \ \ R R.
6. ( ) , ,
k
A B A B A B M

_ \ R . Du = xy ra khi v ch khi A B c =
vi c

R .
42
7. ( ) , ,
k
AB A B A B M

_ \ R
8. ( ) , ,
k
k
Ax A x A M x

_ \ \ R R
2.3.2. Phng php lp n
Xt h phng trnh Ax b = (*)
gii h phng trnh Ax b = bng phng php lp n, ta bin i h phng trnh v
dng x Bx g = (2.3.1)
Sau vi
( ) 0 k
x R , ta thit lp dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
nh sau

( ) ( ) 1
, 0
n n
x Bx g n

= \ _ (2.3.2)
Vi mt s iu kin v ma trn B , dy s hi t n nghim ng * x ca h (*). Phng
php lp xc nh theo h thc (2.3.2) gii h phng trnh (*) c gi l phng php lp n
(phng php Jacobi).
Sau y ta xt mt s iu kin ca ma trn B dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
hi t n nghim ng * x
ca h (*).
nh l 2.3.1. Nu 1 B

< th vi mi
( ) 0 k
x R , dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
xc nh bi (2.3.1) hi t
n nghim duy nht * x ca h (*), hn na ta c cc c lng
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 * 1
1
n n n
B
x x x x
B

( ) ( ) ( ) * 1 0
1
n
n
B
x x x x
B

Chng minh
Trc ht ta chng minh dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
xc nh bi (2.3.1) hi t
Theo tnh cht 8 ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 0
...
n n n n n n n
x x B x x B x x B x x



= _ _ _
T y ta suy ra vi mi 0, 0 n m _ _

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 0
1 1
1 0
1
1
m m
n m i n m n n m i n m i
i i
m
n
x x x x B x x
B
B x x
B

= =

_ _

_ _

V
( ) ( ) 1 0
1
lim 0
1
m
n
n
m
B
B x x
B

nn ta suy ra
( ) ( )
lim 0
n m n
n
m
x x

= .
Vy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
l dy Cauchy trong
k
R . Do , tn ti
( )
li m
n
n
x c

=
43
V 1 B

< nn h phng trnh (*) lun c nghim duy nht * x . Tip theo ta chng minh
* x c = . T h thc
( ) ( ) 1 n n
x Bx g

= ta suy ra

( ) ( )
( )
1
lim li m
n n
n n
x Bx g
B g
A b
c c
c

=
= =
= =

Vy c cng l nghim ca (*). Do * x c = .
Tip theo ta chng minh cng thc c lng sai s
Ta c

( ) ( )
( )
( ) 1
* * *
n n n
x x B x x B x x

= _
Mt khc

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1
* * *
n n n n n n n
x x x x x x x x x x

= _
Do

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1
* *
*
1
n n n n
n n n
x x B x x x x
B
x x x x
B

_
= _

T cng thc c lng trn v bt ng thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 0 n n n
x x B x x

_ ta suy ra

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0
*
1
n
n
B
x x x x
B

Nhn xt 2.3.1: Trong nh l 2.3.1 nu ta thay chun

bng chun
1
th kt qu vn
khng thay i
Vn a h phng trnh (*) v dng (2.3.1) vi ma trn B tha mn iu kin 1 B

< (
hoc
1
1 B < ) l khng tm thng. Ni chung, vi mi ma trn A c th phi c mt k thut
tng ng km theo. Kt qu di y cho ta vi trng hp in hnh.
nh l 2.3.2. Gi s ma trn
( )
i j
k
A a = tha mn mt trong hai iu kin sau:
a.
1
, 1,
k
i j i i
i j
j
a a i k
=
=
< \ =
_

b.
1
, 1,
k
i j j j
j i
i
a a j k
=
=
< \ =
_

Khi lun c th a v h phng trnh (1) v dng (2) vi iu kin 1 B

< (vi iu
kin a.) hoc
1
1 B < (vi iu kin b.)
Chng minh
44
Trng hp 1: iu kin a. c tha.
Ta vit li h (*) dng:
1
, 1,
k
i i i i j j i
i j
j
a x a x b i k
=
=
= =
_

Do ta c
1
, 1,
k
i j
i
i j
i j i i i i
j
a
b
x x i k
a a
=
=
1

= =

( )
_

Ta suy ra
1
12 1
11
11 11
21 2
2
22 22
22
1 2
0
0
,
0
k
k
k k
k
kk kk
kk
b
a a
a
a a
a a
b
a a
a B g
a a
b
a a
a
1
1

= =

( )
( )

T iu kin a. ta rt ra kt lun
1
1
max 1
k
i j
i k
i j i i
j
a
B
a

_ _
=
=
= <
_

Trng hp 2: iu kin b. c tha.
Ta vit li phng trnh (*) di dng
1
, 1,
k
i i i i j j i
i j
j
a x a x b i k
=
=
= =
_

t , 1,
i i i i
z a x i k = = th c h
1
, 1,
k
i j
i j i
i j i i
j
a
z z b i k
a
=
=
1

= =

( )
_

Vy ta nhn c h phng trnh z Bz g = , :
12 1
22
1
21 2
2
11
1 2
11 22
0
0
,
0
k
kk
k
kk
k
k k
a a
a a
b
a a
b
a a
B g
b
a a
a a
1

= =

( )

( )

45
T iu kin b., ta c:
1
1
1
max 1
k
i j
j k
j i i i
i
a
B
a
_ _
=
=
= <
_
.
Nhn xt 2.3.2:
Nu ( )
1 2
* *, *,..., *
k
z z z z = l nghim ca h z Bz g = th
1 2
11 22
* * *
* , ,...,
k
kk
z z z
x
a a a
1

=

( )
l
nghim ca h phng trnh (*).
V d 2.3.1: Cho h phng trnh
5 7
10 12
20 22
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

a. Gii h phng trnh sau bng phng php lp n vi yu cu sai s khng qu
3
5.10

.
b. Tm s bc lp nh nht nghim gn ng c sai s khng qu
6
10

Gii
a. H phng trnh ny tha mn iu kin a. trong nh l 2.3.2 . Ta a h v dng:
0 0, 2 0, 2 1, 4
0,1 0 0,1 1, 2
0, 05 0, 05 0 1,1
x x y z
y x y z
z x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Ta thy
0 0, 2 0, 2 1, 4
0,1 0 0,1 , 1, 2
0, 05 0, 05 0 1,1
B g
1 1








= =






( ) ( )

Ta xt iu kin hi t
0, 4 1 B

= <
t
( ) 0
1, 4
1, 2
1,1
x g
1

= =






( )
. Xt dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
c thit lp nh sau
( ) ( ) 1
, 0
n n
x Bx g n

= \ _ .
T y ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4
0, 940000 1, 016000 0, 997100 1, 000680
0, 950000 ; 1, 009000 ; 0, 997850 ; 1, 000415
0, 970000 1, 005500 0, 998750 1, 000253
x x x x
1 1 1 1








= = = =






( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Ta nh gi sai s nghim
( ) 4
x . Ta c
46

( ) ( ) ( ) 4 4 3 3
* 0, 002387 5.10
1
B
x x x x
B

_ = <

Vy ta ly
( ) 4
1, 000680
1, 000415
1, 000253
x x
1

~ =






( )

b. Gi n l s bc lp nh nht tha
( ) 6
* 10
n
x x

_
p dng cng thc c lng sai s ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0
*
1
n
n
B
x x x x
B

Ta xt bt ng thc

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 6
6
1 0
10
1
1 10
ln
15
l n
n
B
x x
B
B
x x
n
B

l l

l l
l l

l l
l
l
= _ =
l
l
l
l
l



















47
Bi 4. PHNG PHP SEIDEL

Trong mc ny ta tip tc nghin cu cch gii gn ng h phng trnh Ax b = (*).
Gi s (*) c a v dng x Bx g = (2.4.1).
Gi s rng c cc xp x
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x th lc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1
1 2
, ,...,
n n n n
k
x x x x

= c
xc nh bi:

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1
, 2,
k
n n
j j
j
i k
n n n
i i j j i j j i
j j i
x b x g
x b x b x g i k

= =
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1
1
+
_
_ _
(2.4.2)
Dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
c xy dng theo thut ton trn c gi l dy xp x xy dng theo thut
ton Seidel (hoc phng php Seidel). Ta s xem xt iu kin ca ma trn B dy trn hi t v
nghim duy nht * x ca h phng trnh (*).
nh l 2.4.1. Nu
1
1
max 1
k
i j
i k
j
B b

_ _
=
1

= <

( )
_
th dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
hi t n nghim duy nht
* x ca h phng trnh (*), ng thi ta c c lng sai s

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 * 1
1
n n n
U
x x x x
B

vi mi 0 n _ v
11 12 1
22 2
...
0 ...
... ... ... ...
0 0 ...
k
k
kk
b b b
b b
U
b
1

( )

Chng minh
Gi s ( )
1 2
* * ; *;...; *
k
x x x x = . Khi ta suy ra

1
* * , 1,
k
i i j j i
j
x b x g i k
=
= =
_

Vi 1, i k = ta c

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
* * *
* *
* *
i k
n n n
i i i j j j i j j j
j j i
i k
n n
i j j j i j j j
j j i
i k
n n
i j i j
j j i
x x b x x b x x
b x x b x x
x x b x x b

= =

= =

= =
=
_
_
_ _
_ _
_ _

Trng hp 1 i = ta qui c
1
1
0
i
i j
j
b

=
=
_
.
48
Gi s
( ) ( )
0 0
1 1
* *
n n
i i
x x x x

= . Theo trn ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
0 0 0 0
0
1
1 1 1
1
* * * *
i k
n n n n
i i i j i j
j j i
x x x x x x b x x b

= =
= _
_ _

T y ta suy ra

( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
* * *
1
k
i j
j i n n n
i
i j
j
b
x x x x x x
b
c
=

=
_ =

_
_
(2.4.3)
Ta thy rng
0
0 0 0
0
1
1 1
1
i k k
i j i j i j
j j i j
b b b B

= = =
= _ <
_ _ _

Do ta c 1 c < . p dng cng thc 2.4.3 nhiu ln ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
* * ... *
n n n
x x x x x x c c

_ _ _
Ta suy ra
( ) 1
li m * 0
n
n
x x

= hay
( ) 1
li m *
n
n
x x

= .
Tip theo ta chng minh cng thc c lng sai s
T (2.4.3) ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
* * *
n n n n n
x x x x x x x x c c

_ _
Ta suy ra

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
*
1
n n n
x x x x
c
c


_

Ta thy rng

0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
k
i j
j i
i k
i j i j
j i j
k k
i j i j
j i j
i
i j
j
b
b b
U
B
b b
b
c
c
=

= =

= =

= = _

_
_ _
_ _
_

T y ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Vn a h phng trnh (*) v dng (2.4.1) vi ma trn B tha mn iu kin 1 B

<
ta xem xt trong phng php lp n. y, ta s nhc li kt qu ny.
49
nh l 2.4.2. Gi s ma trn
( )
i j
k
A a = tha mn iu kin
1
, 1,
k
i j i i
i j
j
a a i k
=
=
< \ =
_
. Khi
lun c th a c h (*) v dng (2.4.1) vi iu kin 1 B

< v 0, 1,
i i
b i k = = .
H thc (2.4.3) chng t phng php Seidel cng l phng php lp n nhng c p
dng cho h phng trnh khc.
V d 2.4.1: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng phng php Seidel qua ba bc (nh gi
sai s bc ba)
0,1 0,1 1, 2
0, 1 0,1 1, 2
0, 1 0,1 1, 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii
Ta a h v dng
0 0,1 0, 1 1, 2
0,1 0 0,1 1, 2
0,1 0, 1 0 1, 2
x x y z
y x y z
z x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

T y ta c
0 0,1 0,1 1, 2
0,1 0 0,1 , 1, 2
0,1 0,1 0 1, 2
B g
1 1









= =






( ) ( )

Ta xt iu kin hi t
0, 2 1 B

= <
t
( ) 0
0
0
0
x
1

=






( )
. Xt dy
( )

0,
n
n
x
=
c thit lp nh sau

1
1 1
1 1 1
0,1 0,1 1, 2
0,1 0, 1 1, 2
0,1 0,1 1, 2
n n n
n n n
n n n
x y z
y x z
z x y

'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

trong
( )
, 0
n
n
n
n
x
x y n
z
1

= \ _

( )
.
50
T ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4
1, 200000 0, 994800 0, 999649 0, 999995
1, 080000 ; 1, 003320 ; 1, 000016 ; 0, 999997
0, 972000 1, 000188 1, 000033 1, 000001
x x x x
1 1 1 1








= = = =






( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Ta nh gi sai s ca
( ) 4
x . Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) 4 4 3
0, 2
* .0, 000301 0, 000075
1 1 0, 2
U
x x x x
B

_ = =


trong
0 0,1 0,1
0 0 0,1
0 0 0
U
1

( )
.





























51
Chng 3. A THC NI SUY V PHNG PHP BNH PHNG B NHT

Bi 1. M U

Thng thng, mt hm s c hai cch biu din. Dng th nht bng biu thc gii tch vi
cc kt hp khc nhau ca hm s cp. Dng th hai th hm s c cho nh mt bng s. Ta ch
n dng th hai. Gi s ta c hm mt bin ( ) y f x = m ( ) f x khng th cho di dng biu thc
gii tch, nhng bng cch no khc ta c th nhn c cc gi tr ca y ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca
x (chng hn bng o c hay quan trc hoc ghi chp thng k) v ta lp c bng s dng

x 0
x
1
x
. n
x
y
0
y
1
y
. n
y

Ta lun c th nh s li cho thch hp nn c th vit
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < . Cc im
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x c gi l cc mc.
Mt vn thc tin thng ny sinh l nu c ta c hm s dng bng th bng cch no ta
c th xc nh gi tr ca y ti mt gi tr x no khng trng vi mt gi tr no trong cc gi tr
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x . Thut ton tm gi tr y nh vy c gi l php ni suy (nu ( )
0
;
n
x x x ) hoc ngoi
suy (nu [ [
0
;
n
x x x y ). V vy c th gi php ni suy l php chn hay php lin tc ha cc gi tr
ca hm s cho di dng bng ti cc gi tr ca bin s khng trng vi cc mc.
Trn y chng ta ni v php ni suy v ngoi suy cho hm mt bin s. Mt cch hon ton
tng t, ta c th m rng cho hm s nhiu bin, ngha l ta c th ni suy hoc ngoi suy i vi
bng nhiu chiu, chng hn vi nht ca cht lng theo hai bin p sut v nhit .
Chng ta khng ch cn tnh gi tr ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc gi tr trung gian ca bin s
m i khi cn phi tnh o hm ca hm s ( ) f x bc bt k no hoc tnh tch phn ca n
trn mt khong xc nh. Nhng php phn tch nh vy gip chng ta pht hin ra cc qui lut tng
qut chi phi mi quan h ca cc yu t tham gia xc nh mt qu trnh hay hin tng vt l.
Mt ng dng khc ca php ni suy l xp x mt hm cho trc bng mt hm s khc
nhm mc ch n gin ha cch tnh gi tr ca hm cho. Ta hnh dung trng hp sau: trong
mt thut ton no ta phi tnh nhiu ln gi tr ca mt hm s vi mt biu thc rt phc tp
nhiu gi tr khc nhau ca bin s. tit kim thi gian tnh ton nhng vn m bo chnh xc
t ra, ta s ch ng chia min bin i ca bin s bng 1 n mc k c cc im bin v tin
hnh tnh cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc mc c c mt bng s. Khi tnh gi tr ca
hm cho ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca bin s ta s s dng php ni suy vi s php tnh t hn
nhiu ln so vi cch tnh trc tip m chnh xc vn m bo.
52
Trn y chng ta ni n hai ng dng ch yu ca php ni suy v ngoi suy. Trong trng
hp th nht th hm s c cho dng ri rc ha v khng bit biu thc gii tch ca n, cn
trong trng hp th hai th hm c cho dng gii tch nhng rt phc tp cho vic tnh ton nn
ta phi ri rc ha n trc khi dung php ni suy. Sau y chng ta s i vo mt s php ni suy
thng dng
































53
Bi 2. A THC NI SUY LAGRANGE

a thc l mt lp hm p, c o hm mi bc, cch tnh gi tr ca n cng nh tnh
o hm, tch phn rt n gin. Ngoi ra, cc cng trnh ca nh ton hc Weirstrass cho thy, nu
hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn on [ [ ; a b th vi mi s dng ty c th tm c mt a thc ( ) P x
bc n (ph thuc vo ) sao cho ( ) ( )
[ [ , ; f x P x x a b < \ .
Nhng l do trn l c s tt ngi ta chn a thc lm hm xp x ca php ni suy. nh
l Weirstrass cng cho thy, bc a thc cng cao th chnh xc ca xp x cng tng. Tuy nhin,
vi ngha ng dng thc t th iu khng phi l nh vy, v a thc bc cao cng mt rt nhiu
thi gian tnh ton.
3.2.1. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc bt k
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b .
Cho [ [ ; , 0,
i
x a b i n = tha
i j
x x < nu i j < v
0
;
n
x a x b = = . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = ,
ta s tin hnh xy dng mt a thc ( )
n
L x tha mn hai iu kin sau
( )
( ) ( )
deg
, 0,
n
n i i i
L x n
L x f x y i n
' _
1
1
1
!
1
= = \ =
1
1+
(3.2.1)
Trc tin ta xt a thc ph
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1
... ...
, 0,
... ...
i i n
i
i i i i i i i n
x x x x x x x x x x
x i n
x x x x x x x x x x
.



= \ =


Ta suy ra c ( ) deg
i
x n . = v
( )
0, ,
1, .
i j i j
i j
x
i j
. c
= '
1
1
= =
!
= 1
1
+

t ( ) ( )
0
n
n i i
i
L x y x .
=
=
_
. Ta thy ( )
n
L x tha c hai iu kin trong (3.2.1).
a thc ( )
n
L x xy dng nh trn c gi l a thc ni suy Lagrange.








Hnh 3.2.1
( ) y f x =
( )
n
y L x =
54
Tip theo, ta chng t rng s tn ti ca a thc ( )
n
L x l duy nht. Gi s cn c a thc
( ) Q x tha mn cc iu kin ca bi ton. t ( ) ( ) ( )
n
x L x Q x , = , ta suy ra ( ) deg x n , _ v
( ) 0, 0,
i
x i n , = = . iu ny chng t ( ) x , l mt a thc c bc nh hn n ng thi c t
nht 1 n nghim, ta suy ra ( ) 0 x , = hay
( ) ( )
n
L x Q x = (pcm).
th ca cc a thc ( )
i
x . (trng hp 4 n = v , 0, 4
i
x i i = = )













Hnh 3.2.2
V d 3.2.1: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c bng gi tr
x
0 1 2 4
y
1 0 2 1

a. Hy xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng trn.
b. Tnh gn ng ( ) 3 f .
Gii
a. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
3 2
1 2 4 0 2 4
1. 0.
0 1 0 2 0 4 1 0 1 2 1 4
0 1 4 0 1 2
2. 1.
2 0 2 1 2 4 4 0 4 1 4 2
1
7 39 44 12 .
12
L x y x y x y x y x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x
. . . . =

=




=

b. p dng kt qu cu a ta c
55
( ) ( )
3
3 3 21 f L ~ =
V d 3.2.2: Xt hm s ( )
1
si n
x
t
f x dt
t
=
]
. Bng s sau y cho ta bit c gi tr ca hm
s ( ) y f x = ti nhng im c bit

x
1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
y
0 0,161964 0,310144 0,443097

a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) f x cho bi bng trn.
b. Tnh gn ng ( ) ( ) 1, 3 ; 1, 5 f f .
Gii
a. Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
1, 2 1, 4 1, 6 .0 1 1, 4 1, 6 0,161964
1 1, 2 1 1, 4 1 1, 6 1, 2 1 1, 2 1, 4 1, 2 1, 6
1 1, 2 1, 6 0, 310144 1 1, 2 1, 4 0, 443097
1, 4 1 1, 4 1, 2 1, 4 1, 6 1, 6 1 1, 6 1, 2 1, 6 1, 4
L x y x y x y x y x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
. . . . =

=

b. T kt qu cu a ta suy ra

( )
( )
1, 3 0.237867
1, 5 0.378614
f
f
=
=

c lng sai s
By gi ta cn nh gi sai s ca php ni suy theo Lagrange gi tr x bt k.
Xt hiu s ( ) ( )
n
f x L x
t ( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1
...
n
x x x x x x x = v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
z f z L z k z = vi
( ) ( )
( )
n
f x L x
k
x

=
Ta thy rng ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
... 0
n
x x x = = = = . p dng lin tip nh l Roll, ta chng t
c tn ti t nht mt im ( ) ; a b c sao cho
( )
( )
1
0
n
c

= . Suy ra
( )
( )
( )
1
1 !
n
f
k
n
c

. T y ta nhn
c h thc ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1 !
n
n
f
f x L x x
n
c

. Do
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 !
n
M
f x L x x
n
_

trong
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x

=
V d 3.2.3: Cho hm s ( ) sin 2 y x = c bng gi tr
56
x
1
8

1
6

1
4

1
2

y
0,247404 0,327195 0,479426 0,841471

a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) f x .
b. Tnh gn ng
2
si n
7
1



( )
, nh gi sai s kt qu va tm c.
Gii
a. Ta c

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
0,247404 0,327195
6 4 2 8 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 6 8 4 8 2 6 8 6 4 6 2
L x y x y x y x y x
x x x x x x
. . . . =
1 1 1 1 1 1



( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
=
1 1 1 1 1



( )( )( ) ( )( )(
1 1 1 1 1 1
0,479426 0,841471
8 6 2 8 6 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 8 4 6 4 2 2 8 2 6 2 4
x x x x x x

1



)
1 1 1 1 1 1



( )( )( ) ( )( )( )

1 1 1 1 1 1



( )( )( ) ( )( )( )

b. p dng kt qu cu a ta c

3
2 1 1
sin 0.281848
7 7 7
f L
1 1 1
= ~ =


( ) ( ) ( )

Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn. Ta c

3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7 7 4! 7 8 7 6 7 4 7 2
M
f L
1 1 1 1 1 1
_


( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )

vi
( )
( )
( )
4
1 1 1 1
; ;
8 2 8 2
max max 16sin 2 13, 841471
x x
M f x x
l l
l l
l l
l l
= = =
Ta suy ra

6
3
1 1
9.10
7 7
f L

1 1
_


( ) ( )

Nhn xt 3.2.1: Trong cng thc c lng sai s ch c i lng ( ) x l ph thuc vo
cch chn 1 n mc ni suy nn c th t ra cu hi: tn ti hay khng cch b tr cc mc ni suy
(khi n c nh)
( )
x nh nht vi mi [ [ ; x a b , ni cch khc tn ti hay khng cc mc ni
suy ti u mi gi tr n (nhn xt rng vi php bin i
2x a b
t
b a

=

th on [ [ ; a b chuyn
thnh [ [ 1;1 , do lun c th xt bi ton ni suy trn on [ [ 1;1 vi cc mc ni suy trn on
[ [ 1;1 ).
57
Cu tr li l c. Cc mc ni suy ti u l cc im biu din nghim ca a thc Chebysev
( )
1 n
T x

bc 1 n . Ta s tm hiu mt vi vn c bn ca a thc Chebysev ngay sau y

a thc Chebysev
Xt hm s ( ) ( ) cos arccos
n
T x n x = vi 1 x _
ng vi 1, 2, 3, 4 n = ta tnh c
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
3
3
4 2
4
2 1
4 3
8 8 1
T x x
T x x
T x x x
T x x x
=
=
=
=

th ca cc hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
, , , T x T x T x T x














Hnh 3.2.2
T biu thc ca hm s ( )
n
T x ta xc nh c h thc truy hi sau
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 , 1
n n n
T x xT x T x n

= \ _
Vy ( )
n
T x l mt a thc i s c ( ) deg
n
T x n = v h s bc cao nht l
1
2
n

a thc ( )
n
T x c gi l a thc Chebysev
Tnh cht ca a thc Chebysev
1.
( )
n
T x c n nghim thc phn bit trong [ [ 1;1 l:
2 1
cos , 0, 1
2
i
i
x i n
n

l 1
= = l

( )
l
l
.
2.
[ [
( )
1;1
max 1
n
x
T x

= khi cos , 0,
i
i
x x i n
n
1
= = =

( )
.
58
3.
[ [
( )
[ [
( )
1
1;1 1;1
1
max max
2
n n
x x
T x P x

_ vi ( ) P x l a thc bc n v h s bc cao nht l 1.
Chng minh
1. Xt phng trnh
( )
0
n
T x = trong on [ [ 1;1 . Khi ta c

( )
( )
( )
cos arccos 0
arccos ,
2
2 1
arccos , 1
2
n x
n x i i
i
x i
n

=
= =

= =
Z
Z

V [ [ arccos 0; x nn ta suy ra 0, 1 i n = . T (1) ta nhn c

2 1
cos , 0, 1
2
i
x i n
n

l 1
= = l

( )
l
l

Vy ( )
n
T x c n nghim thc phn bit trong [ [ 1;1 l:
2 1
cos , 0, 1
2
i
i
x i n
n

l 1
= = l

( )
l
l
.
2. Ta c

[ [
( )
[ [
( ) ( )
1;1 1;1
max 1 max cos arccos 1 arccos , 2
n
x x
i
T x n x x i
n

= = = = = Z
V [ [ arccos 0; x nn ta suy ra 0, i n = . T (2) ta nhn c
cos , 0,
i
x i n
n
1
= =

( )

3. Ta c
[ [
( )
[ [
( )
1 1 1
1;1 1;1
1 1 1
max max
2 2 2
n n n n n
x x
T x T x


= =
Gi s
[ [
( )
1
1;1
1
max
2
n
x
P x

< . Xt a thc ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
2
n n
Q x T x P x

= . Ta thy ( ) Q x l mt a
thc c ( ) deg 1 Q x n _ v ( ) Q x =0. Mt khc

( )
1 1
1 1
cos cos cos cos , 0,
2 2
i
n n n
i i i i
Q T P P i n
n n n n


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Nhn thy rng cos 0
i
Q
n
1 1


( )
( )
nu n chn v cos 0
i
Q
n
1 1
<

( )
( )
nu n l nn phng trnh
( ) 0 Q x = c n nghim phn bit. Ta suy ra ( ) 0 Q x = (v l).
Vy
[ [
( )
1
1;1
1
max
2
n
x
P x

_ (pcm)
T nh l trn rt ra rng: nu chn cc mc ni suy chnh l cc nghim ca a thc
Chebysev ( )
1 n
T x

th ta s c
59
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
2
1 ! 2
n n
n n
x T x
M
f x L x
n

'
1
1 =
1
1
1
!
1
1 _
1
1
1+

3.2.2. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u
By gi ta thm gi thit l cc mc
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x cch u trong [ [ ; a b , tc l

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
;
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x hi i n

'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= \ =
1
1+

Ta thc hin php i bin
0
x x ht = . Khi ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
0
1
1 ... 1 1 ... .
! !
1 ... 1 1 ... 1
! ! !
n i
i i
n i n i i
n
t x th t t t i t i t n
i n i
t t t n t t t n C
t i i n i n t i
.

= =

= =


T ta thu c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
1 ...
1
!
i n n
n i
n
n i i i n
i i
t t t n C
L x y t y N t
n t i

= =

= = =

_ _
(3.2.2)
V d 3.2.4: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c bng gi tr
x 1 2 3 4
y
1 5 21 55
a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u ca hm s ( ) f x .
b. Tnh ( ) 3, 5 f .
Gii
a. Theo cng thc (3.2.2), bng cch i bin
0
1 x x ht t = = ta c

( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
3
3
3
3 3
0
1 2 3
1
6
1 2 3 5 2 3
6 2
21 1 3 55 1 2
2 6
i
i
i
i
t t t t C
L x N t y
t i
t t t t t t
t t t t t t

=

= =

=


_

b. Ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3, 5 3, 5 2, 5 35, 375 f L N ~ = = .
c lng sai s
Theo phn c lng sai s ca a thc ni suy Lagrange ta c
60
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 !
n
M
f x L x x
n
_

vi
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x

= .
Ti y ta t
0
x x ht = . Khi
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 1
... 1 ...
n
n
x x x x x x x h t t t n

= =
T y ta c h thc
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 ...
1 !
n
n
Mh
f x L x t t t n
n

vi
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x

= .
V d 3.2.5: Xt hm s ( )
2
0
x
t
y f x e dt = =
]
. Bng sau y cho ta bit mt vi gi tr ca hm
s ti mt s mc c bit
x 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
y
0,255307 0,544987 0,917916 1,462652

a. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u ca hm s ( ) f x cho bi bng trn
b. Tnh ( ) 0, 7 f , nh gi sai s kt qu trn.
Gii
a. i bin 0, 25 0, 25 x t = . Khi ta c

( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
3
3
3
3 3
0
1 2 3
1
6
1 2 3 0, 255307 2 3 0, 544987
6 2
1 3 0, 917916 1 2 1, 462652
2 6
i
i
i
i
t t t t C
L x N t y
t i
t t t t t t
t t t t t t

=

= =

=


_

b. p dng kt qu cu a ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
0, 7 0, 7 1, 8 0.832419 f L N ~ = =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
4
3
0, 25
0, 7 0, 7 1, 8 1, 8 1 1, 8 2 1, 8 3
4!
M
f L _
vi
[ [
( )
( )
[ [
( )
2
4 4 2
0,25;1 0,25;1
max max 16 48 12 206, 589419
x
x x
M f x e x x

= = =
Ta suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )( )
4
3
0, 25
0, 7 0, 7 1, 8 1, 8 1 1, 8 2 1, 8 3 0, 011621
4!
M
f L _ = .



61
Bi 3. A THC NI SUY NEWTON

3.3.1. a thc ni suy Newton vi mc bt k
3.3.1.1. T sai phn
nh ngha
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b .
Cho [ [ ; , 0,
i
x a b i n = tha
i j
x x < nu i j < v
0
;
n
x a x b = = . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = .
T s
1
1
i i
i i
y y
x x

c gi l t sai phn cp 1 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc mc
1
,
i i
x x

vi
0, 1 i n = v c k hiu l [ [
1
;
i i
f x x


T s
[ [ [ [
1 2 1
2
; ;
i i i i
i i
f x x f x x
x x

c gi l t sai phn cp 2 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc
mc
1 2
, ,
i i i
x x x

vi 0, 2 i n = v c k hiu l [ [
1 2
; ;
i i i
f x x x

.
Tng qut, t s
[ [ [ [
1 2 2 1
; ;...; ; ;...;
i i i k i i i k
i k i
f x x x f x x x
x x

c gi l t sai phn cp k ca
hm s ( ) y f x = ti cc mc
1
, ,...,
i i i k
x x x

vi 0, i n k = v c k hiu l [ [
1
; ;...;
i i i k
f x x x

.
Ta qui c cc gi tr , 0,
i
y i n = l cc t sai phn cp 0.
V d 3.3.1: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c bng gi tr
x
1 2 3 4
y
0 5 22 57

Tnh cc t sai phn ca hm s ( ) y f x = da vo cc mc bng trn
Gii
Ta lp bng
x
y
TSP1 TSP2 TSP3
1 0
5
2 5 6
17 1
3 22 9
35
4 57

T bng trn ta c th suy ra [ [ [ [
0 1 1 2 3
; 5; ; ; 9 f x x f x x x = =
62
Tnh cht
T sai phn cp 1 n ca a thc bc n l ng nht khng.
Chng minh
Gi s ( ) P x l a thc c bc n v [ [
0,
;
i
i n
x a b
=
l 1 n s thc i mt khc nhau, ta s
chng minh rng [ [
0 1
; ; ;...; 0
n
P x x x x = vi [ [
0,
; \
i
i n
x a b x
=
.
Ta c [ [
( )
( )
0
0
0
;
P x P x
P x x
x x

l mt a thc c bc 1 n .
T ta c [ [
[ [ [ [
0 0 1
0 1
1
; ;
; ;
P x x P x x
P x x x
x x

l mt a thc bc 2 n .
Bng php qui np ta chng t c [ [
[ [ [ [
0 1 0 1
0 1
; ;...; ; ;...;
; ; ;...;
k k
k
k
P x x x P x x x
P x x x x
x x

l
mt a thc c bc 1 n k . Ta suy ra [ [
0 1 1
; ; ;...;
n
P x x x x

l mt a thc bc 0 hay l mt hng s
vi [ [
0,
; \
i
i n
x a b x
=
\ , t
[ [
[ [ [ [
0 1 0 1
0 1
; ;...; ; ;...;
; ; ;...; 0
n n
n
n
P x x x P x x x
P x x x x
x x

= =

.

3.3.1.2. Biu thc a thc ni suy Newton vi mc bt k
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b .
Cho [ [ ; , 0,
i
x a b i n = tha
i j
x x < nu i j < v
0
;
n
x a x b = = . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = .
Gi ( )
n
L x l a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) y f x = vi cc mc , 0,
i
x i n = . Khi
, ta thy [ [ [ [ [ [
0 0 1 0
; , ; ; ,..., ; ;...;
n n n n
L x x L x x x L x x x l cc t sai phn ca ( )
n
L x ti x . Theo nh
ngha ta c
[ [
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
0 0
;
n n n
n
L x L x L x y
L x x
x x x x

= =


Ta suy ra
( )
[ [( )
0 0 0
;
n
L x y L x x x x =
Mt khc [ [
[ [ [ [
0 0 1
0 1
1
; ;
; ;
n n
n
L x x L x x
L x x x
x x

. T rt ra
[ [ [ [ [ [( )
0 0 1 0 1 1
; ; ; ;
n n n
L x x L x x L x x x x x =
Do
( )
[ [( ) [ [( )( )
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
; ; ;
n n n
L x y L x x x x L x x x x x x x =
Bng cch lp lun tng t ta c
63
[ [ [ [ [ [( )
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
; ; ;...; ; ;...; ; ; ;...;
n i n i n i i
L x x x x L x x x L x x x x x x

=
Theo tnh cht ca t sai phn ta c
[ [
0 1
; ; ;...; 0
n n
L x x x x =
T rt ra
( )
[ [( ) [ [( )( )
[ [( )( ) ( )
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1
0 1 2 0 1 1
; ; ; ...
; ; ;...; ...
n n n
n n n
L x y L x x x x L x x x x x x x
L x x x x x x x x x x

=


rng ( ) ( ) , 0,
n i i i
L x f x y i n = = = , ta suy ra
[ [ [ [
0 1 2 0 1 2
; ; ;...; ; ; ;...; , 1,
n k k
L x x x x f x x x x k n = =
V th ta c th vit li a thc ( )
n
L x nh sau:
( )
( ) [ [( ) [ [( )( )
[ [( )( ) ( )
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1
0 1 2 0 1 1
; ; ; ...
; ; ;...; ...
n
n n
L x f x f x x x x f x x x x x x x
f x x x x x x x x x x

=

(3.3.1)
a thc ( )
n
L x cho bi (3.3.1) c gi l a thc ni suy Newton vi mc bt k.
V d 3.3.2: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng:
x
0 1 2 4
y
0 1 8 64

Hy xy dng a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng trn
Gii
Ta lp bng t sai phn
x
y
TSP1 TSP2 TSP3
0 0
1
1 1 3
7 1
2 8 7
28
4 64

T y ta suy ra a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s cho bi bng trn l
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
3
3
0 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 2 L x x x x x x x x = = .
V d 3.3.3: Xt hm s ( )
y f x = cho bi bng
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
-5 2 5 10 30
64
Hy xy dng a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s trn v tnh gn ng ( ) 2, 5 f .
Gii
Ta lp bng t sai phn

x
y
TSP1 TSP2 TSP3 TSP4
0 -5
7
1 2 -2
3 1
2 5 1 0,2917
5 2,16667
3 10 7,5
20
4 30

T y ta suy ra a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s cho bi bng trn l
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )
4
5 7 2 1 1 2
0, 2917 1 2 3
L x x x x x x x
x x x x
=


c lng sai s
Da vo kt qu va tm c ta thy a thc ni suy Lagrange v a thc ni suy Newton ch
khc nhau v cch thc xy dng, cn biu thc cui cng th nh nhau nn ta c th ly phn c
lng sai s ca a thc ni suy Lagrange cho a thc ni suy Newton. Tc y ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 !
n
M
f x L x x
n
_

trong
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x

=
3.3.2. a thc ni suy Newton vi mc cch u
By gi ta thm gi thit l cc mc
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x cch u trong [ [ ; a b , tc l

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
;
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x hi i n

'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= \ =
1
1+

3.3.2.1. Sai phn
nh ngha
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi [ [ ; x a b . t ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = \ = .
65
Hiu s
1 i i
y y

c gi l sai phn cp 1 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti mc
i
x vi 0, 1 i n =
v c k hiu l
i
y ^ .
Hiu s
1 i i
y y

^ ^ c gi l sai phn cp 2 ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti mc
i
x vi
0, 2 i n = v c k hiu l
2
i
y ^ .
Tng qut, hiu s
1 1
1
k k
i i
y y

^ ^ c gi l sai phn cp k ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti mc
i
x vi 0, i n k = v c k hiu l
k
i
y ^ .
V d 3.3.4: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = c bng gi tr
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
1 -2 9 70 241

Tnh cc sai phn ca hm s ( ) y f x =
Gii
Ta lp bng sai phn

y
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
1
-3
-2 14
11 36
9 50 24
61 60
70 110
171
241

Tnh cht
( )
1
0
n
P x

^ = nu ( ) P x l mt a thc bc n .
Chng minh
Chng ta lp lun tng t nh trong tnh cht ca t sai phn, xin dnh cho bn c.
3.3.2.2. a thc ni suy Newton vi mc cch u
a thc ni suy u bng (dng tin): Gi s
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < v
1 i i
x x h

= vi
mi 0, 1 i n = . Ta tm a thc ni suy ( )
n
L x dng:
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1 0 2 0 1
0 1 1
...
...
n
n n
L x a a x x a x x x x
a x x x x x x

=


66
Cho x ln lt bng
0 1
, ,...,
n
x x x v ch rng ( ) ( ) , 0,
n i i i
L x f x y i n = = = ta thu c cc
h thc
0 0 0
0 0 1
, ,..., ,...,
! !
i n
i n i n
y y y
a y a a a
h i h n h
^ ^ ^
= = = = . T ta c
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 0 0 1 2
0
0 1 1
...
2!
...
!
n
n
n n
y y
L x y x x x x x x
h h
y
x x x x x x
n h

^ ^
=
^


Nu i bin
0
x x th = th ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 0
0
1 ...
1! 2!
1 ... 1
!
n n
n
y y
N t L x th y t t t
y
t t t n
n
^ ^
= =
^


V d 3.3.5: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
4 8 13 16 20
Hy tm a thc ni suy Newton u bng ca hm s cho bi bng trn
Gii
Ta lp bng sai phn

y
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
4
4
8 1
5 -3
13 -2 6
3 3
16 1
4
20
Ta suy ra a thc ni suy Newton ca hm s cho bi bng trn c dng
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
2 3 4
0 0 0 0
4 0
1 1 2 1 2 3
1! 2! 3! 4!
y y y y
N t y t t t t t t t t t t
^ ^ ^ ^
=
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
1 1 1
4 4 1 1 2 1 2 3
2 2 4
t t t t t t t t t t = .
a thc ni suy cui bng (dng li): Gi s
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < v
1 i i
x x h

= vi mi
0, 1 i n = . Ta tm a thc ni suy
( )
n
L x dng
67
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1 2 1
1 1
...
...
n n n n
n n n
L x a a x x a x x x x
a x x x x x x

=


Cho x ln lt bng
1 0
, ,...,
n n
x x x

v ch rng ( ) ( ) , 0,
n i i i
L x f x y i n = = = ta thu c
cc h thc
1 0
0 1
, ,..., ,...,
! !
i n
n n i
n i n i n
y y y
a y a a a
h i h n h

^ ^ ^
= = = = . T ta thu c:
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
2
1 2
1 2
0
1 1
...
2!
...
!
n n
n n n n n
n
n n n
y y
L x y x x x x x x
h h
y
x x x x x x
n h

^ ^
=
^


Nu ta i bin
0
x x th = th
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2
0
0
1 ...
1! 2!
1 ... 1
!
n n
n n n
n
y y
N t L x th y t t t
y
t t t n
n

^ ^
= =
^


V d 3.3.6: Xt hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
4 8 13 16 20
Hy tm a thc ni suy Newton cui bng ca hm s cho bi bng trn.
Gii
Ta lp bng sai phn
y
SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4
4
4
8 1
5 -3
13 -2 6
3 3
16 1
4
20
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
2 3 4
3 2 1 0
4
1 1 2 1 2 3
1! 2! 3! 3!
n
y y y y
N t y t t t t t t t t t t
^ ^ ^ ^
=
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( )
1 1
20 4 1 1 2 1 2 3
2 2
t t t t t t t t t t = .


68
Bi 5. PHNG PHP BNH PHNG B NHT

Gi s chng ta c hai i lng x v y vi cc gi tr thc nghim (do quan st hoc lm th
nghim) thu c di dng bng nh sau

x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
y
1
y
2
y
. n
y

Chng ta mun xy dng cng thc cho hm s ( ) y f x = da trn gi tr thc nghim ny.
R rng, ta c th s dng a thc ni suy Lagrange hoc Newton. iu ny xem ra khng phi lc
no cng hp l, t nht l do hai nguyn nhn sau. Nguyn nhn th nht l, khi cc mc ni suy kh
ln, cc im nt li qu st nhau (y l mt c trng tiu biu cho cc bng s nhn c bng
cch php o lp li nhiu ln) th vic s dng a thc bc cao hoc bc nh ni suy tng khc
cng tr nn rt phc tp, s lng tnh ton rt ln cho vic ng dng thc t, nht l cc ng dng
mang tnh cht tng hp.
Nguyn nhn th hai, quan trng hn, nm ch cc s liu cho trong bng s khng phi lc
no cng chnh xc, c bit trong trng hp o c trong phng th nghim hay quan trc ngoi
hin trng. Chng hn khi ta o c m ca khng kh ti mt a im c nh no theo thi
gian trong nm tm ra qui lut bin ng ca m theo thng hay theo ma th cc s o khng
phi tuyt i chnh xc, nht l chng khng phi nh nhau trong cc nm khc nhau. Ngoi ra,
trong nhiu php o, khng ch yu t ph thuc c sai s m yu t c lp (bin s) cng chu sai
s. Chng hn khi o nht ca mt cht lng cng nhit nhng di p sut khc nhau th
khng ch ring g nht c sai s m c nhit ln p sut u c sai s. Do , yu cu hm xp
x phi nhn ng gi tr cho ti cc mc ni suy tr nn v ngha
khc phc kh khn trn, ngi ta a ra khi nim xp x bnh phng b nht. Phng
php bnh phng b nht khc vi phng php ni suy truyn thng ch phng php bnh
phng b nht khng yu cu hm xp x (thng l a thc) phi i qua cc mc ni suy mt cch
chnh xc v hm m n dng xp x l mt v ch mt cho c min cn xp x, cho d min c
ln n u chng na.
Ni dung phng php
Trong mt phng Oxy xt tp hp cc im ( )
1,
;
i i i
i n
A x y
=
vi ,
i i
x y c cho trong bng gi
tr trn. Thay v xy dng mt hm i qua cc im cho, chng ta s tm mt hm ( ) f x cng
n gin cng tt sao cho n th hin tt nht dng iu ca tp hp im ( )
1,
;
i i i
i n
A x y
=
m khng
nht thit i qua cc im . C nhiu phng php gii quyt vn ny, v mt trong nhng
69

1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
( ) y f x =
phng php nh vy l phng php bnh phng b nht. Ni dung ca phng php l tm cc
tiu phim hm
( ) ( )
2
1
mi n
n
i i
i
H f f x y
=
l
=
l
_












Hnh 3.5.1

Cc dng hm s ( ) f x thng gp trong thc t l
1. y ax b =
2.
2
y ax bx c =
3.
bx
y ae =
4.
b
y ax =
3.5.1. Trng hp y ax b =
V cc cp s ( ) ;
i i
x y trong bng l do thc nghim m c, do vy chng hon ton khng xc
nh nghim ng ca phng trnh y ax b = .
Sai s ti ( ) ;
i i
x y l
i i i
y ax b = .
Do vy, ( )
2
2
1 1
n n
i i i
i i
S y ax b
= =
= =
_ _
l tng bnh phng cc sai s.
Vn t ra l ta c gng lm cho S nh n mc c th. R rng, S l mt hm s theo hai
bin , a b. Chng ta s tm , a b cc tiu hm S. Nh vy, , a b cn phi tha h phng trnh
( )
( )
1
1
2 0
2 0
n
i i i
i
n
i i
i
S
y b ax x
a
S
y b ax
b
=
=
'0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
1
!
10
1
= =
1
1
0
1+
_
_

h trn tng ng vi
70
2
1 1 1
1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
n n
i i
i i
x a x b x y
x a nb y
= = =
= =
' 1 1
1
1
=
1

1
( ) ( )
1
1
!
1
1
1

1 =

1

( ) 1
1+
_ _ _
_ _

Ta s chng t rng h phng trnh trn lun lun c nghim duy nht. Tht vy, ta c:
( )
2
2
2
1 1
2
1 1
1
0
n n
i i
n n n
i i
i i i j
n
i i i j
i
i
x x
D n x x x x
x n
= =
= = <
=
1 1






1 1 ( ) ( )

= = =



1 ( ) ( )

( )
_ _
_ _ _
_

Vy h phng trnh trn lun c nghim duy nht.









Hnh 3.5.2
V d 3.5.1: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h y ax b = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x 1 3 4 7
9 12
y
0 2 5 10 12 16
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 10 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng sau:
x
y
2
x
xy
1 0 1 0
3 2 9 6
4 5 16 20
7 10 49 70
9 12 81 108
12 16 144 192
36 =
_

45 300 396

1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

n
A
1 n
A

y ax b =
71
T h bng trn ta c h phng trnh sau:
300 36 396
36 6 45
a b
a b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Gii h ta c
1, 5
1, 5
a
b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng 1, 5 1, 5 y x =
Khi ta nhn c ( ) 10 1, 5.10 1, 5 13, 5 y = = .
3.5.2. Trng hp ( ) 0
bx
y ae a =
Bng cch logarit hai v ca ng thc
bx
y ae = ta c
( ) l n ln ln ln ln
bx bx
y ae a e a bx = = =
t ln , Y y A b = = v ln B a = th ng thc trn c th vit di dng Y Ax B =
Vy bi ton xc nh cc h s , a b ca hm s
bx
y ae = c chuyn v bi ton xc nh
cc h s , A B ca hm s Y Ax B = .
Cho , x y c quan h
bx
y ae = vi bng gi tr
x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
y
1
y
2
y
. n
y

Ta lp bng mi
x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
ln Y y =
1
lny
2
l ny
.
l n
n
y

T bng trn, bng phng php trong mc 3.5.1, ta tm c A v B . T , ta xc nh
c a v b da vo ng thc
B
a e = v b A = .









Hinh 3.5.3

1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
bx
y ae =
72
V d 3.5.2: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
bx
y ae = v bng s liu thc nghim
sau:
x
1,1 3, 2 5, 1 7, 7 9, 6 12, 2
y
3,1 29, 9 65, 7 100, 4 195, 7 300, 4
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 10, 2 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
l n Y y =
2
x xY
1,1 3,1 1,1314 1,21 1,2445
3,2 29,9 3,3978 10,24 10,8730
5,1 65,7 4,1851 26,01 21,3440
7,7 100,4 4,6092 59,29 35,4908
9,6 195,7 5,2766 92,16 50,6554
12,2 300,4 5,7051 148,84 69,6022
38, 9 =
_

24,3052 337,75 189,2099

T bng trn ta c h phng trnh
337, 75 38, 9 189, 2099
38, 9 6 24,3052
A B
A B
' =
1
11
!
1 =
1
1+

Gii h ta c
0, 3697 0, 3697
5.2268 1, 6538
b A
a B
' ' = =
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng
0,3697
5.2268
x
y e =
Ta tnh c ( )
0,3697.10,2
10, 2 5.2268 226, 6569 y e = =
3.5.3. Trng hp ( ) 0
b
y ax a =
Logarit hai v ca ng thc
b
y ax = ta c:
( ) l n ln l n ln ln l n
b b
y ax a x a b x = = =
t ln , ln , Y y X x A b = = = v ln B a = th ng thc trn c th vit di dng
Y AX B =
Vy bi ton xc nh h s , a b ca hm s
b
y ax = c th chuyn v bi ton xc nh h s
, A B ca hm s Y AX B =
Cho , x y c quan h
b
y ax = vi bng gi tr:
73

1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
b
y ax =
x 1
x
2
x
. n
x
y
1
y
2
y
. n
y

Ta lp bng:



T bng trn, ta tm c A v B . T , ta xc nh c a v b da vo ng thc
B
a e =
v b A = .










Hnh 3.5.4
V d 3.5.3: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
b
y ax = v bng s liu thc nghim
sau:
x
1,1 3, 2 5, 1 7, 7 9, 6 12, 2
y
3,1 29, 9 65, 7 100, 4 195, 7 300, 4
Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 11, 4 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
ln X x =
l n Y y =
2
X XY
1,1 3,1 0,0953 1,1314 0,0091 0,1078
3,2 29,9 1,1632 3,3979 1,3530 3,9524
5,1 65,7 1,6292 4,1851 2,6543 6,8184
7,7 100,4 2,0412 4,6092 4,1665 9,4083
9,6 195,7 2,2618 5,2766 5,1157 11,9346
12,2 300,4 2,5014 5,7051 6,2570 14,2707
9,6921 24,3053 19,5556 46,4922

ln X x =
1
l nx
2
l nx
.
l n
n
x
ln Y y =
1
l ny
2
l ny
.
l n
n
y
74
T bng trn ta c h phng trnh
19, 5556 9, 6921 46, 4922
9, 6921 6 24, 3053
A B
A B
' =
1
11
!
1 =
1
1+

Gii h phng trnh ta c
1, 854262 1, 854262
2, 873699 1, 055600
b A
a B
' ' = =
1 1
1 1
=
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng
1,854262
2, 873699 y x =
T h thc trn ta tnh c ( ) 11, 4 261, 950831 f ~ .
3.5.4. Trng hp
2
y ax bx c =
V cc cp s ( ) ;
i i
x y trong bng l do thc nghim m c, do vy chng hon ton khng xc
nh nghim ng ca phng trnh
2
y ax bx c = .
Sai s ti mi im ( ) ;
i i
x y l
2
i i i i
y c bx ax = .
Do vy, tng bnh phng cc sai s l
( )
2
2 2
1 1
n n
i i i i
i i
S y c bx cx
= =
= =
_ _
.
Vn t ra l ta c gng lm cho S nh n mc c th. R rng, S l mt hm s theo ba
bin , , a b c. Chng ta s tm , , a b c cc tiu hm S. Nh vy, , , a b c cn phi tha h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2 0
2 0
2 0
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i
i
S
y c bx ax x
a
S
y c bx ax x
b
S
y c bx ax
c
=
=
=
'
0 1
1
= =
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
= =
!
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
+
_
_
_

H phng trnh trn tng ng vi
4 3 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1 1
n n n n
i i i i i
i i i i
n n n n
i i i i i
i i i i
n n n
i i i
i i i
x a x b x c x y
x a x b x c x y
x a x b nc y
= = = =
= = = =
= = =
' 1 1 1
1
1
=
1


( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1

=
!


( ) ( ) ( )
1 1

=



( ) ( )
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+

Gii h phng trnh trn ta s tm c , , a b c




75

1
A
2
A
3
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
2
y ax bx c =










Hnh 3.5.5
V d 3.5.4: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
2
y ax bx c = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x 1 2 4 8 11 13
y
0 2 11 13 30 50

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht. T hy tnh ( ) 12 y .
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
2
x
3
x
4
x
xy
2
x y
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 4 8 16 2 4
4 11 16 64 256 44 176
8 13 64 512 4096 104 832
11 30 121 1331 14641 330 3630
13 50 169 2197 28561 650 8450
39 =
_

105 375 4113 47571 1130 13092

T bng trn ta c h phng trnh


Gii h ta c
47571 4113 375 13092
4113 375 39 1130
375 39 6 105
a b c
a b c
a b c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
76
0, 348607
1,124207
3, 019404
a
b
c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng
2
0, 348607 1,124207 3, 019404 y x x =
Ta tnh c ( ) 12 39, 728328 y = .
Nhn xt 3.5.1: Ta c th m rng ln trng hp
1
1 1 0
...
m m
m m
y a x a x a x a

= vi
m n << . Cch lm hon ton tng t, xin nhng cho bn c.
Sau y ta xt mt s hm s dng khc cng hay gp trong bi ton bnh phng b nht tuy
t ph bin hn cc dng trn
3.5.5. Trng hp cos sin y a b x c x =
Sai s ti mi im ( ) ;
i i
x y l cos si n
i i i i
y a b x c x = .
Do vy, tng bnh phng cc sai s l ( )
2
2
1 1
cos sin
n n
i i i i
i i
S y a b x c x
= =
= =
_ _
.
Ta thy S l mt hm s theo ba bin , , a b c. Chng ta s tm , , a b c cc tiu hm S. Nh
vy, , , a b c cn phi tha h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
2 cos sin 0
2 cos sin cos 0
2 cos sin si n 0
n
i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
S
y a b x c x
a
S
y a b x c x x
b
S
y a b x c x x
c
=
=
=
'
0 1
1
= =
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
= =
!
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
+
_
_
_

H phng trnh trn tng ng vi
1 1 1
2
1 1 1 1
2
1 1
cos sin
cos cos cos sin cos
si n cos sin sin
n n n
i i i
i i i
n n n n
i i i i i i
i i i i
n n
i i i i
i i
na x b x c y
x a x b x x c y x
x a x x b x
= = =
= = = =
= =
1 1

=



( ) ( )
1 1 1

=



( ) ( ) ( )
1 1





( ) ( )
_ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _
1 1
sin
n n
i i
i i
c y x
= =
'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1

1
( )
1
+
_ _

Gii h phng trnh trn ta s tm c , , a b c.





77

cos sin y a b x c x =












Hnh 3.5.6
V d 3.5.5: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h cos sin y a b x c x = v bng s
liu thc nghim sau:
x 1 2 4 8 11 13
y
0 2 5 4 6 2

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht.
Gii
Ta lp bng:
x
y
cosx si nx
2
cos x
2
si n x cos si n x x
cos y x
si n y x
1 0 0,5403 0,8415 0,2919 0,7081 0,4547 0 0
2 2 -0,4161 0,9093 0,1732 0,8268 -0,3783 -0,8322 1,8186
4 5 0,6536 0,7568 0,4272 0,5728 0,4946 3,2680 3,7840
8 4 -0,1455 0,9894 0,0212 0,9788 -0,1440 0,5820 3,9576
10 6 -0,8391 -0,5440 0,7041 0,2959 0,4565 -5,0346 -3,2640
13 2 0,9074 0,4202 0,8234 0,1766 0,3813 1,8148 0,8404
_

19 1,5328 3,3732 2,4410 3,5590 1,2648 -0,2022 7,1366

T bng trn ta c h
6 1, 5328 3, 3732 19
1, 5328 2, 4410 1, 2648 -0,2022
3,3732 1,2648 3,5590 7,1366
a b c
a b c
a b c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c
78
4, 621716
2,150223
1, 611062
a
b
c
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng 4, 621716 2,150223cos 1, 611062sin y x x =
3.5.6. Trng hp ( ) ( ) y ag x bh x = vi ( ) ( ) , g x h x l cc hm s lin tc cho trc.
V cc cp s ( ) ;
i i
x y trong bng l do thc nghim m c, do vy chng hon ton khng xc
nh nghim ng ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) y ag x bh x = .
Sai s ti ( ) ;
i i
x y l ( ) ( )
i i i i
y ag x bh x = .
Do vy, ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
n
i i i
i
S y ag x bh x
=
=
_
l tng bnh phng cc sai s.
Ta thy S l mt hm s theo hai bin , a b. Chng ta s tm , a b cc tiu hm S. Nh vy,
, a b cn phi tha h phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
2 0
2 0
n
i i i i
i
n
i i i i
i
S
y ag x bh x g x
a
S
y ag x bh x h x
b
=
=
'0
1
1 = =
1
0 1
1
!
10
1
= =
1
1
0
1+
_
_

H trn tng ng vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i i
i i i
n n n
i i i i i
i i i
g x a g x h x b g x y
g x h x a h x b h x y
= = =
= = =
'
1 1
1
1
=
1

1
( ) ( )
1
1
!
1 1 1
1

1 =

1

( ) ( ) 1
1+
_ _ _
_ _ _

Gii h trn ta tm c cc h s ; a b.
V d 3.5.6: Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( ) 1 l n 1
x
y a e b x = v bng
s liu thc nghim sau:
x
1, 1 1, 3 1, 5 1, 7 1, 9
y
0 2 4 6 8

Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht.
Gii
t ( ) ( ) ( ) 1; ln 1
x
g x e h x x = =
Ta lp bng



79
x
y ( ) g x ( ) h x ( )
2
g x ( )
2
h x
( ) ( ) g x h x
( ) g x y ( ) h x y
1,1 0 2,004 0,742 4,017 0,550 1,487 0,000 0,000
1,3 2 2,669 0,833 7,125 0,694 2,223 5,338 1,666
1,5 4 3,482 0,916 12,122 0,840 3,190 13,928 3,664
1,7 6 4,474 0,993 20,016 0,987 4,444 26,844 5,958
1,9 8 5,686 1,065 32,329 1,134 6,054 45,488 8,520
75,609 4,205 17,398 91,598 19,808

T bng trn ta c h phng trnh

75, 609 17, 398 91, 598
17, 398 4, 205 19, 808
a b
a b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c

2, 660
6, 294
a
b
' =
1
1
!
1 =
1
+

Vy hm s ( ) y f x = c dng ( ) ( ) 2, 66 1 6, 294ln 1
x
y e x =




















80
Bi 4. NI SUY SPLINE

Vic xy dng mt a thc i qua cc im ni suy trong trng hp n ln l mt cng vic
rt kh khn v kh ng dng. Mt trong nhng cch khc phc l trn tng on lin tip ca cc
cp im nt ni suy ta ni chng bng nhng ng cong n gin v n gin nht l ng thng.
Tuy nhin khi ti cc im nt hm s mt tnh kh vi.











Hnh 3.4.1
Da vo hnh 3.4.1 ta thy ng gp khc
0 1
..
n
A A A khng kh vi ti cc im nt (tc khng
tn ti tip tuyn no ca th nhn cc nh
0 1 2
, , ,...,
n
A A A A lm tip im).
Do ngi ta c gng xy dng mt ng cong bng cch ni cc ng cong nh li vi
nhau sao cho vn bo ton tnh kh vi ca hm s ca hm. ng cong nh vy gi l ng spline
(ng ghp trn). Cc on cong nh thng thng l cc a thc. Chng ta s xt hai loi ng
spline ph bin nht l ng spline bc hai v spline bc ba.
3.4.1. Ni suy spline bc ba
inh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn on [ [ ; a b v mt php phn hoch
0 1
...
n
x x x < < < vi
0
;
n
x a x b = = . Mt spline bc ba ( ) g x ni suy hm ( ) f x trn [ [ ; a b l hm tha cc iu kin sau:
1. ( ) g x c o hm n cp hai lin tc trn on [ [ ; a b
2. Trn mi on con [ [
1
; , 0, 1
i i
x x i n

= hm s ( ) ( )
1
;
i i
i x x
g x g x

l
l
= l mt a thc bc ba.
3. ( ) ( ), 0,
i i
g x f x i n = =
4. Mt trong hai iu kin sau c tha
a. ( ) ( )
0
0
n
g x g x

= = (iu kin bin t nhin).
b. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
;
n n
g x f x g x f x

= = (iu kin bin rng buc).
0
A
1
A
1 n
A

n
A
( ) y f x =
81
( ) y g x =
( ) y f x =
Mt spline bc ba tha iu kin bin t nhin c gi l spline t nhin. Cn nu tha mn
iu kin rng buc th c gi l spline rng buc.












Hnh 3.4.2
Ta tin hnh xy dng mt spline bc ba theo nh ngha
t
1
, 0, 1
i i i
h x x i n

= = v ( ) , 0,
i i i
g x m i n

= \ = .
V ( )
i
g x l mt a thc bc ba trn mi on [ [
1
;
i i
x x

nn o hm cp hai n l mt nh thc
bc nht. Ta suy ra ( )
i
g x

c dng
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
i i i i
i i i i i i i i
i i i i
x x x x x x x x
g x g x g x g x m
h h h h




= =
Theo tnh cht 1, hm s ( ) g x c o hm cp hai lin tc nn ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1
, 0, 1
i i i i i i
g x g x g x m i n

= = = =
Vy ta c h thc
( ) ( )
1
1
1 ;
, 0, 1
i i
i i
i i i x x
i i
x x x x
g x g x m m i n
h h

l
l

= = = (3.4.1)
T h thc (3.4.1) ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( )
3 3
1 1
1
6 6
i i i i
i i i i i
i i i i
x x x x x x x x
g x m m M N
h h h h

= (3.4.2)
V
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1
1
2 2
i i i i
i i i
i i i i
x x x x M N
g x m m
h h h h

=
Thay
i
x x = vo (3.4.2) ta c
82

( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
1 1
1
2
2
6 6
6
, 0, 1
6
i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i
i i i i
i
i i i
i
i i i
x x x x x x x x
g x m m M N
h h h h
h
f x m M
h
M y m i n

=
= =
= = \ =

Tng t ta thay
1 i
x x

= vo (3.4.2) ta c

( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
2
1 1
2
1 1
6 6
6
, 0, 1
6
i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i
i i i i
i
i i i
i
i i i
x x x x x x x x
g x m m M N
h h h h
h
f x m N
h
N y m i n





=
= =
= = \ =

Kt hp cc kt qu trn ta c h thc sau

2
2
1 1
6
6
i
i i i
i
i i i
h
M y m
h
N y m

'
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
= 1
1
1+

Do xc nh cc n ,
i i
M N ta ch cn xc nh cc s , 0,
i
m i n = . T iu kin 1 suy ra
( )
g x
lin tc trn [ [ ; a b . Ta nhn c

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 2 1 1
1 2
1
2 2
, 0, 2 (3.4.3)
6 3 6
i i i i i
i i i i i i
i i
i i i i
i i i i i i i i
i i i
i i
g x f x g x
h M N h M N
m m
h h h h
h h h y y y y h
m m m i n
h h

= =
= =

= = \ =

H phng trnh (3.4.3) l h gm 1 n phng trnh vi 1 n n l , 0,
i
m i n = . thu
c y ta phi dng thm iu kin 4a hoc 4b. y ta trnh by cho trng hp dng iu
kin 4a, trng hp 4b ta lm tng t.
Trng hp dng iu kin 4a
T h (3.4.3) v iu kin 4a ta c h phng trnh

1 1 2 1 1
1 2
1
0
, 0, 2
6 3 6
0
i i i i i i i i
i i i
i i
n
h h h y y y y h
m m m i n
h h
m m

'
1
1 = \ =
1
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1+
(3.4.4)
Ta s chng t h trn c duy nht nghim. Tht vy, xt ma trn h s ca h
83

0 0 1 1
1 1 2 2
2 2 3 3
3 3 4
1
1 0 0 0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0
6 3 6
0 0 ... 0
6 3 6
0 0 ... 0
6 3 6
0 0 0 ... 0
6 3
.. ... ... ... ... ...
6
0 0 0 0 0 ... 1
n
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
A
h h h
h

1

( )

Ta thy ma trn A tha qui tc ng cho tri. Tht vy vi 1 i = hoc 1 i n = ta c

2
1 0
n
i i i j
j
a a
=
= =
_

Vi 2 n i _ _ ta c

2 1 2 1
1
3 6
n
i i i i
i i i j
j
j i
h h h h
a a

=
=

= =
_

Bt ng thc trn chng t A tha qui tc ng cho tri. Do det 0 A = , ta suy ra h
phng trnh (3.4.4) c duy nht nghim hay tn ti duy nht mt spline t nhin.
Tm tt thut ton tm spline bc ba t nhin ni suy hm s ( ) f x trong on [ [ ; a b
Bc 1: Tnh cc gi tr
1
, 0, 1
i i i
h x x i n

= = v ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = .
Bc 2: Gii h phng trnh tm , 0,
i
m i n =

1 1 2 1 1
1 2
1
0
, 0, 2
6 3 6
0
i i i i i i i i
i i i
i i
n
h h h y y y y h
m m m i n
h h
m m

'
1
1 = \ =
1
1
!
1
1
= =
1
1+

Bc 3: Tnh ,
i i
M N theo cng thc

2
2
1 1
, 0, 1
6
, 0, 1
6
i
i i i
i
i i i
h
M y m i n
h
N y m i n

'
1
1
= =
1
1
1
!
1
1
= = 1
1
1+

Bc 4: Xy dng hm ni suy spline bc ba t nhin ( ) g x theo cng thc

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ [
3 3
1 1
1
1
6 6
; , 0, 1
i i i i
i i i i i
i i i i
i i
x x x x x x x x
g x g x m m M N
h h h h
x x x i n

'
1

1
1 = =
1
!
1
1
1 =
1
+

84
V d 3.4.1: Tm mt spline bc ba t nhin ni suy hm s 3
x
y = trong on [ [ 0; 4 vi cc
mc ni suy ln lt l
0 2 3 4
0; 1; 3; 4 x x x x = = = = .
Gii
T gi thit bi c
0 1 2
1; 2; 1 h h h = = = v
0 1 2 3
1; 3; 27; 81 y y y y = = = =
Lp h phng trnh

0 3
0 1 2
1 2 3
0
1 1 2 1 27 3 3 1
10
6 3 6 2 1
1 2 1 1 81 27 27 3
42
6 3 6 1 2
m m
m m m
m m m
'
1
1
= =
1
1
1
1

1
= =
!
1
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1
+

Gii h trn ta c

0
1
2
3
0
108
35
1452
35
0
m
m
m
m
= '
1
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
+

Vi 0 i = ta c
2 2
0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1
87
1;
6 6 35
h h
M y m N y m = = = = v do

( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
3 3
6 6
18 87 18 52
1 1
35 35 35 35
x x x x x x x x
g x m m M N
h h h h
x x x x x

=
= =

Vi 1 i = ta c
2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 2
33 23
;
6 35 6 35
h h
M y m N y m = = = = v do

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
1 2 2 1
1 2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
6 6
121 9 33 23
1 3 3 1
35 35 70 70
x x x x x x x x
g x m m M N
h h h h
x x x x

=
=

Vi 2 i = ta c
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 3 3
703
; 81
6 35 6
h h
M y m N y m = = = = v do

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 3 3 2
2 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3
6 6
242 703
4 4 81 3
35 35
x x x x x x x x
g x m m M N
h h h h
x x x

=
=

Nh vy spline bc ba cn tm c dng
85
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
0
3 3
1
3
2
18 52
1 0 1
35 35
121 9 33 23
1 3 3 1 1 3
35 35 70 70
242 703
4 4 81 3 3 4
35 35
g x x x x
g x g x x x x x x
g x x x x x
'
1
1 = _ _
1
1
1
1
1
= = _ _
!
1
1
1
1
1
= _ _
1
1
+













































86
Chng 4. TNH GN NG TCH PHN

Bi 1. CNG THC NEWTON COTES

Rt nhiu vn v khoa hc, k thut dn n vic tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
vi ( ) f x l mt
hm phc tp hoc ( ) f x l mt hm m nguyn hm ca n khng th biu din qua cc hm n
gin bit (chng hn
4
3 1
1 0 1
sin
, , ,...
e
x x
x
dx e dx x dx
x
] ] ]
) hoc hm ( ) f x ch c cho bng bng. V
th vn tnh gn ng tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
c t ra l t nhin.
Mt trong nhng phng php thng c s dng tnh gn ng tch phn
( )
b
a
f x dx
]
l
s dng cng thc Newton Cotes.
Ni dung ca phng php Newton Cotes l xp x hm ( ) f x trn on [ [ ; a b bi a thc
ni suy Lagrange. Xt mt php phn hoch u trn on [ [ ; a b bi cc mc , 0,
i
x i n = . Khi ta
c cc kt qu sau

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
,
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x i h i n

'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange vi mc cch u ( )
n
L x . Ta xp x hm s
( ) f x bng a thc
( )
n
L x trn on [ [ ; a b . Khi
( ) ( )
*
b b
n
a a
I f x dx I L x dx = ~ =
] ]
.









Hnh 4.1.1
( ) y f x =
( )
n
y L x =
87
Dng php i bin
0
x x th = ta thu c
( )
( )
0
*
b
n
n i i
i
a
I L x dx b a H y
=
= =
_
]
(*)
vi ( ), 0,
i i
y f x i n = = v
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 1 ...
, 0,
. !
n n i i
n
i
C t t t n
H dt i n
n n t i

= =

]

Cng thc (*) c gi l cng thc Newton Cotes, cc h s
i
H c gi l cc h s
Cotes. Cc h s Cotes khng ph thuc vo hm s ( ) y f x = hoc di bc h , v vy thng
c tnh sn. Di y l bng h s Cotes, ng vi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 n = .
n
0
H
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
H
5
H
6
H
1 0, 5000 0, 5000
2 0,1667 0, 6667 0,1667
3 0,1250 0, 3750 0, 3750 0,1250
4 0, 0778 0, 3556 0,1333 0, 3556 0, 0778
5 0, 0660 0, 2604 0,1736 0,1736 0, 2604 0, 0660
6 0, 0488 0, 2571 0, 0321 0, 3238 0, 0321 0, 2571 0, 0488

V d 4.1.1: Tnh tch phn
1
3
0
1
1
I dx
x
=

]
theo cng thc Newton Cotes vi 4 n = .
Gii
Ta lp bng

i i
x
i
y
i
H
i i
H y
0 0,00 1,000 0, 0778 0, 0778
1 0,25 0, 9846 0, 3556 0, 3501
2 0,50 0, 8889 0,1333 0,1185
3 0,75 0, 7033 0, 3556 0, 2501
4 1,00 0, 500 0, 0778 0, 0389

p dng (*) ta c
( )
1
4
3
0
0
1
1 0 0, 8354
1
i i
i
I dx y H
x
=
= ~ =

_
]
.
V d 4.1.2: Tnh tch phn
1,5
2 1
2
0,3
x
e x
I dx
x x

]
bng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 6 n = .
88
Gii
Ta lp bng

i i
x
i
y
i
H
i i
H y
0 0,3 13,4693 0,0488 0,6573
1 0,5 10,5187 0,2571 2,7044
2 0,7 9,8514 0,0321 0,3162
3 0,9 10,1431 0,3238 3,2843
4 1,1 11,0963 0,0321 0,3562
5 1,3 12,6750 0,2571 3,2587
6 1,5 14,9595 0,0488 0,7300

Khi ta c
( )
6
0
1, 5 0, 3 13, 5685
i i
i
I y H
=
~ =
_

c lng sai s ca cng thc Newton Cotes
Cho hm s ( ) f x thuc lp
[ [
( ) 1
;
n
a b
C

(lp cc hm s c o hm cp 1 n lin tc trn [ [ ; a b ).
Theo kt qu chng 3 ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) [ [
0 1
... , ;
1 ! 1 !
n n
M M
f x L x x x x x x x x x a b
n n
_ = \


vi
[ [
( )
( )
1
;
max
n
x a b
M f x

=
T bt ng thc trn ta suy ra
( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
0 1
...
1 !
b b
n n
a a
M
f x L x dx x x x x x x dx
n
_

] ]

Ta bit
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) *
b b
n n
a a
f x L x dx f x L x dx I I _ =
] ]

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
0 1
0
... 1 2 ...
b n
n
n
a
x x x x x x dx h t t t t n dt

=
] ]

T y, ta c nh gi

( )
( ) ( )
2
0
* 1 ...
1 !
n
n
Mh
I I t t t n dt
n

]
.
89
V d 4.1.3: Tnh tch phn
1,2
3
0,2
1
x
I dx
x
=

]
bng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 5 n = .
nh gi sai s kt qu .
Gii
Ta lp bng

i i
x
i
y
i
H
i i
H y
0 0,2 0,0067 0,0660 0,0004
1 0,4 0,0457 0,2604 0,0119
2 0,6 0,1350 0,1736 0,0234
3 0,8 0,2844 0,1736 0,0494
4 1,0 0,5000 0,2604 0,1302
5 1,2 0,7855 0,0660 0,0518

S dng kt qu ca bng trn ta c
( )
5
0
1, 2 0, 2 0, 2671
i i
i
I y H
=
~ =
_

c lng sai s
( )( )( )( )( )
5
7
0
* 1 2 3 4 5
6!
Mh
I I t t t t t t dt _
]

Trong ,
[ [
( )
6
7
0,2;1,2
6!
0, 2; max 200, 9388
1, 2
x
h M f x

= = = = v
( )( )( )( )( )
5
0
2459
1 2 3 4 5
84
t t t t t t dt =
]

T y ta suy ra
* 0, 000105 I I _
Sau y l mt s trng hp c bit ca cng thc Newton Cotes








90
Bi 2. CNG THC HNH THANG


4.2.1. Cng thc hnh thang
Xt tch phn ( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
. p dng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 1 n = ta c
( )
( ) ( )( )
1
0 1
0 0 1 1
0
2
b
i i
i
a
y y
I f x dx b a y H b a y H y H h
=

= ~ = =
_
]
(4.2.1)
Cng thc (4.2.1) c gi cng thc hnh thang












Hnh 4.2.1
c lng sai s
T cng thc c lng sai s ca cng thc Newton Cotes ta suy ra
( )
1
3 3
0
* 1
2 12
Mh Mh
I I t t dt _ =
]
vi
[ [
( )
;
max
x a b
M f x

=
V d 4.2.1: Tnh tch phn
( )
1,6
2
3 2
1,3
ln 1
x
x x
I dx
e x

=

]
bng cng thc hnh thang (khng nh
gi sai s)
Gii
t ( )
( )
2
3 2
ln 1
x
x x
f x
e x

=

v 0, 3 h b a = = . p dng cng thc hnh thang ta c

( ) ( )
0 1
1, 3 1, 6 0, 049379 0, 028335
0, 3 0, 3 0, 011657
2 2 2
f f y y
I h

~ = = = .
( ) y f x =
0
A
1
A
h

91
Nhn xt 4.2.1: Trong thc t cng thc (4.2.1) t khi c s dng trc tip v sai s kh ln.
y ngi ta thng chia on [ [ ; a b thnh cc on nh, sau p dng cng thc hnh thang trn
mi on nh . Phng php tnh tch phn nh th c gi l phng php hnh thang m
rng.
4.2.2. Cng thc hnh thang m rng
tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
ta chia on [ [ ; a b thnh n on bng nhau bi cc im chia:
0 1 2 1
...
n n
a x x x x x b

= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

0
1 0 2 1 1
0
,
...
, 0,
n
n n
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
n
x x i h i n

'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta thu c
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
0 1 1
0 0
2 ...
2 2
i
i
x
b
n n
i i
n n
i i
a x
y y h
I f x dx f x dx h y y y y

= =

l
= = ~ =
l
_ _
] ]

Cng thc trn c gi l cng thc hnh thang m rng













Hnh 4.2.2

V d 4.2.2: Tnh tch phn
1,2
2
2
0,2
1
sin 1
x
I dx
x

]
bng cng thc hnh thang m rng vi
10 n = .
Gii
0
A
1
A
1 n
A

n
A

h
( ) y f x =
92
t ( )
2
2
1
si n 1
x
f x
x

v 0,1 h = . Ta lp bng

i x
( ) y f x =
0 0,2 1,000510
1 0,3 1,002454
2 0,4 1,007253
3 0,5 1,016385
4 0,6 1,031224
5 0,7 1,052991
6 0,8 1,082794
7 0,9 1,121715
8 1,0 1,170910
9 1,1 1,231712
10 1,2 1,305723

p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng ta c
( )
0 10 1 2 9
2 ... 1, 087055
2
h
I y y y y y
l
~ =
l
.
V d 4.2.3: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc v c bng gi tr sau
x
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
( ) f x 1,2345 1,4578 1,6717 1,8009 1,6789 1,4767 1,3223 1,2347

Tnh gn ng tch phn ( )
0,7
0
I f x dx =
]

Gii
Ta s p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng vi 7 n = tnh I . Ta c
( )
( )
0,7
0 1 6 7
0
2 ... 1, 064290
2
h
I f x dx y y y y
l
= ~ =
l ]

c lng sai s
Ta t ( )
* 1
0 1 1
2 ... ; , 0, 1
2 2
i i
ht n n i
y y h
I y y y y I h i n

l
= = =
l

Nhn thy rng
1
*
0
n
ht i
i
I I

=
=
_

Khi ta c
93
( )
1
1
*
0
i
i
x
n
ht i
i
x
I I f x dx I

=
_
_
]

Theo phn c lng sai s cng thc hnh thang ta c

( )
1
3
*
, 0, 1
12
i
i
x
i
i
x
M h
f x dx I i n

_ \ =
]
vi ( )
1
;
max
i i
i
x x x
M f x

l
l

=
Ta suy ra
( )
2 3 3 1
0
12 12 12
n
i
ht
i
b a Mh M h nMh
I I

_ _ =
_
vi
[ [
( )
;
max
x a b
M f x

=
Nhn xt 4.2.2: Da vo cng thc nh gi sai s ta c th tm ra s on cn phi chia
khi p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng sai s khng vt qu s cho trc. Tht vy, ta cho

( )
( )
2
3
12
12
ht
b a Mh
I I
b a M
n

_ _
l

l
= _
l
l
l

V d 4.2.4: Xt tch phn
2
2
1
x
I e dx =
]

a. Tnh gn ng I bng cng thc hnh thang m rng vi 8 n = (nh gi sai s)
b. Phi chia on [ [ 1; 3 thnh t nht bao nhiu on bng nhau khi dng cng thc hnh
thang m rng sai s khng vt qu
6
10

.
Gii
a. t ( )
2
x
f x e = v
2 1
0,125
8
h

= = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,000 2,718282
1 1,125 3,545308
2 1,250 4,770733
3 1,375 6,623507
4 1,500 9,487736
5 1,625 14,021965
6 1,750 21,380943
7 1,875 33,636944
8 2,000 54,598150

p dng cng thc hnh thang m rng ta c
94
( )
0 1 7 8
2 ... 15, 265669
2
h
I y y y y
l
~ =
l

Tip theo ta nh gi sai s ca kt qu va tm c. Ta c

( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 4 2 1 2
x
x x x
f x xe
f x e x e e x

= =

Ta suy ra
[ [
( ) ( )
1;2
max 2 982, 767
x
M f x f

= = = . Do

( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 .982, 767.0, 125
1, 279645
12 12
ht
b a Mh
I I

_ = =
b. Gi n l s on t nht cn phi chia. Theo cng thc c lng sai s ta c

( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 1 .982, 767.
81, 897250
12 12
ht
b a Mh h
I I h

_ = =
Ta cho
2 6
6
2
6
81, 897250 10
1 10
81, 897250
81, 897250
9050
10
h
n
n

_
= _
l
l
= _ =
l
l

Ta ly 9050 n = th yu cu bi c tha.

















95
Bi 3. CNG THC SIMSON MT PHN BA

4.3.1. Cng thc Simson mt phn ba
Xt tch phn
( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
. p dng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 2 n = ta c
( ) ( )( )
2
0 0 1 1 2 2
0
i i
i
I b a y H b a y H y H y H
=
~ =
_

Ta bit
0 2 1
1 2
;
6 3
H H H = = = v
2
b a
h

= . Ta suy ra
( )
0 1 2
* 4
3
h
I I y y y ~ = (4.3.1)
Cng thc (4.3.1) c gi l cng thc Simson mt phn ba












Hnh 4.3.1
V d 4.3.1: Tnh tch phn
( )
1,5 2 2
2
1
si n 2
t an 3
x x
I dx
x

]
bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba.
Gii
Ta t ( )
( )
2 2
2
sin 2
t an 3
x x
f x
x

v 0, 25
2
b a
h

= = .
p dng cng thc Simson mt phn ba ta c
( ) ( )
0 1 2
0, 25
4 0, 351911 4.0,130963 0, 006304 0, 073506
3 3
h
I y y y ~ = =
c lng sai s
T cng thc c lng sai s ca cng thc Newton Cotes ta suy ra
0
A
1
A
2
A
h

96
( )( )
2
4 4
0
* 1 2
6 12
Mh Mh
I I t t t dt _ =
]
vi
[ [
( )
( )
3
;
max
x a b
M f x

= (4.3.2)
Trong thc t nh gi sai s ca cng thc Simson mt phn ba, ngi ta dng cng thc
sau y do nh ton hc Simson tm ra

5
*
90
Mh
I I _ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x

= (4.3.3)
Cng thc (4.3.3) nh gi sai s tt hn cng thc (4.3.2) rt nhiu.
V d 4.3.2: Tnh tch phn
1
2
0,6
1
x
I dx
x
=

]
bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba (c nh gi
sai s).
Gii
Ta t ( )
2
1
x
f x
x
=

v
1 0, 6
0, 2
2
h

= = .
p dng cng thc Simson mt phn ba ta c
( ) ( )
0 1 2
0, 2
4 0, 225 4.0, 355556 0, 5 0,143148
3 3
h
I y y y ~ = =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn.

5
*
90
Mh
I I _ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
0,6;1
0, 2; max 2, 289
x
h M f x

= = =
Ta suy ra

( )
5 5
2, 289. 0, 2
* 0, 000008
90 90
Mh
I I _ = = .
4.3.2. Cng thc Simson mt phn ba m rng
tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
ta chia on [ [ ; a b thnh 2 n m = on bng nhau bi cc im
chia
0 1 2 2 1 2
...
m m
a x x x x x b

= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

0 2
1 0 2 1 2 2 1
0
,
...
2
, 0, 2
m
m m
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
m
x x i h i m

'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta thu c

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1
2 2 1 2 2
0 0
0 2 4 2 2 1 3 2 1 2
4
3
2 ... 4 ...
3
i
i
x
b
m m
i i i
i i
a x
m m m
h
I f x dx f x dx y y y
h
y y y y y y y y

= =

= = ~
l
=
l
_ _
] ]
(4.3.4)
97
Cng thc (4.3.4) c gi l cng thc Simson mt phn ba m rng













Hnh 4.3.2
c lng sai s
Ta t ( )
1 0 0 1 2
3
2 4
3
m
h
I y y o o = vi
1 1
0 2 1 2 1
0 0
;
m m
i i
i i
x x o o

= =
= =
_ _

Nhn thy rng
1
*
1
0 3
m
i
i
I I

=
=
_
vi ( )
*
2 2 1 2 2
4 , 0, 1
3
i i i i
h
I y y y i m

= \ =
Khi ta c

( )
2 2
2
1
*
1
0 3
i
i
x
m
i
i
x
I I f x dx I

=
_
_
]

Theo phn c lng sai s cng thc Simson mt phn ba ta c

( )
2 2
2
5
*
, 0, 1
90
i
i
x
i
i
x
M h
f x dx I i m

_ \ =
]
vi
( )
( )
2 2 2
4
;
max
i i
i
x x x
M f x

l
l
=
Ta suy ra
( )
4 5 5 1
1
0 3
90 90 180
m
i
i
b a Mh M h mMh
I I

_ _ =
_
vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x

=
V d 4.3.3: Tnh tch phn ( )
2
1
ln 2 1 I x dx =
]
bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba m
rng vi 10 n = , c nh gi sai s.
Gii
t ( ) ( ) l n 2 1 f x x = v 0,1
b a
h
n

= = . Ta lp bng
1
A
1
A
0
A
2
A
3
A
4
A
2 n
A

1 n
A

n
A
1
A
98
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,0 1,098612
1 1,1 1,163151
2 1,2 1,223775
3 1,3 1,280934
4 1,4 1,335001
5 1,5 1,386294
6 1,6 1,435085
7 1,7 1,481605
8 1,8 1,526056
9 1,9 1,568616
10 2,0 1,609438

p dng cng thc Simson mt phn ba m rng ta c
( )
0 0 1 10
2 4 1, 375676
3
h
I y y o o ~ =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s kt qu trn

( )
4
1
3
180
b a Mh
I I

_ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
1;2
1; 0,1; max 1, 580247
x
b a h M f x

= = = =
Ta suy ra

( )
4
6
1
3
10
180
b a Mh
I I

_ =














99
Bi 4. CNG THC SIMSON BA PHN TM

4.4.1. Cng thc Simson mt ba phn tm
Xt tch phn
( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
. p dng cng thc Newton Cotes vi 3 n = ta c
( ) ( )( )
3
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
0
i i
i
I b a y H b a y H y H y H y H
=
~ =
_

Ta bit
0 3 1 2
1 3
;
8 8
H H H H = = = = v
3
b a
h

= . Ta suy ra
( )
0 1 2 3
3
* 3 3
8
h
I I y y y y ~ = (4.4.1)
Cng thc (4.4.1) c gi l cng thc Simson ba phn tm













Hnh 4.4.1
V d 4.4.1: Tnh tch phn
0,6
2
0,3
1
x
x
e x
I dx
e

]
bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm
Gii
t
( )
2
1
x
x
e x
f x
e

v
0, 6 0, 3
0,1
3
h

= = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 0,3 0,584617
1 0,4 0,586514
2 0,5 0,577880
3 0,6 0,560660
0
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
h

100

p dng cng thc Simson ba phn tm ta c
( )
0 1 2 3
3
3 3 0,173942
8
h
I y y y y ~ =
c lng sai s
T cng thc c lng sai s ca cng thc Newton Cotes ta suy ra
( )( )( )
3
5 5
0
49
* 1 2 3
24 720
Mh Mh
I I t t t t dt _ =
]
vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x

=
Trong thc t nh gi sai s ca cng thc Simson ba phn tm ngi ta dng cng thc
sau (nh gi tt hn cng thc trn)

5
3
*
80
Mh
I I _
V d 4.4.2: Tnh tch phn
1,8
1,2
1
3 2
x
I dx
x

]
bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm, c nh
gi sai s.
Gii
t
( )
1
3 2
x
f x
x

v 0, 2 h = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,2 0,392857
1 1,4 0,387097
2 1,6 0,382353
3 1,8 0,378378

p dng cng thc Simson ba phn tm ta c
( )
0 1 2 3
3
3 3 0, 230969
8
h
I y y y y ~ =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s. Ta c

5
3
*
80
Mh
I I _ vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
1,2;1,8
0, 2; max 0,117662
x
h M f x

= = =
Ta suy ra

6
* 10 I I

_
4.4.2. Cng thc Simson ba phn tm m rng
101
tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx
]
ta chia on [ [ ; a b thnh 3 n m = on bng nhau bi cc im
chia
0 1 2 3 1 3
...
m m
a x x x x x b

= < < < < < = . Khi ta c cc kt qu

0 3
1 0 2 1 3 3 1
0
,
...
3
, 0, 3
m
m m
i
x a x b
b a
x x x x x x h
m
x x i h i m

'
= = 1
1
1
1
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

T y ta thu c

( ) ( )
( )
( )
3 3
3
1 1
3 3 1 3 2 3 3
0 0
0 0 1 3
3
3 3
8
3
2 3
8
i
i
x b
m m
i i i i
i i
a x
m
h
I f x dx f x dx y y y y
h
y y o o

= =
= = ~
=
_ _
] ]
(4.4.2)
vi ( )
1 1
0 3 1 3 1 3 2
1 0
;
m m
i i i
i i
y y y o o


= =
= =
_ _

Cng thc (4.4.2) c gi l cng thc Simson ba phn tm m rng














Hnh 4.4.2
c lng sai s
Ta t ( )
3 0 0 1 3
8
3
2 3
8
m
h
I y y o o = vi ( )
1 1
0 3 1 3 1 3 2
1 0
;
m m
i i i
i i
x x x o o


= =
= =
_ _

Nhn thy rng
1
*
3
0 8
m
i
i
I I

=
=
_
vi ( )
*
3 3 1 3 2 3 3
3
3 3 , 0, 1
8
i i i i i
h
I y y y y i m

= \ =
0
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
3 n
A

2 n
A

n
A
1 n
A

h

102
Khi ta c
( )
3 3
3
1
*
3
0 8
i
i
x
m
i
i
x
I I f x dx I

=
_
_
]

Theo phn c lng sai s cng thc Simson ba phn tm ta c

( )
3 3
3
5
*
3
, 0, 1
80
i
i
x
i
i
x
M h
f x dx I i m

_ \ =
]
vi
( )
( )
3 3 3
4
;
max
i i
i
x x x
M f x

l
l
=
Ta suy ra
( )
4 5 5 1
3
0 8
3 3
80 80 80
m
i
i
b a Mh M h m Mh
I I

_ _ =
_
vi
[ [
( )
( )
4
;
max
x a b
M f x

=
V d 4.4.3: Tnh tch phn
2,2
2
1
2 3
3 2
x
I dx
x x

=

]
bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm m
rng vi 6 n = , c nh gi sai s
Gii
t
( )
2
2 3
3 2
x
f x
x x

=

v
2, 2 1
0, 2
6
h

= = . Ta lp bng
i x
( ) y f x =
0 1,0 0,833333
1 1,2 0,767045
2 1,4 0,710784
3 1,6 0,662393
4 1,8 0,620301
5 2,0 0,583333
6 2,2 0,550595

p dng cng thc Simson ba phn tm m rng ta c
( )
0 0 1 6
3
2 3 0, 806830
8
h
I y y o o ~ =
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s

( )
4
3
8
80
b a Mh
I I

_ vi 1, 2; 0, 2; 0, 849 b a h M = = =
Ta suy ra

3
8
0, 000020 I I _

103
Bi 5. CNG THC CU PHNG GAUSS

tng ca cng thc cu phng Gauss l xp x tch phn ( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
bi mt tng
huc hn. C th hn, ta c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1
..
b
n
i i n n
i
a
I f x dx B f x B f x B f x
=
= ~ =
_
]
(4.5.1)
Trong cc h s
1 2 1 2
, ,..., ; , ,...
n n
B B B x x x c xc nh theo iu kin l cng thc (4.5.1)
s tr thnh cng thc ng vi mi a thc bc nh hn 2n .
Ta thay cc hm s ( ) , 0,..., 2 1
m
m
f x x m n = = vo h thc (4.5.1) (khi ta thay du ~
bi du = ) ta c h phng trnh

1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 2 2
..
..
2
...
...
2
n
n n
n n
n n n
n n
B B B b a
b a
B x B x B x
b a
B x B x B x
n

' =
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1+
(4.5.2)
H phng trnh (4.5.2) c 2n n v 2n phng trnh nhng vic gii h gp rt nhiu kh
khn (ngay c vic chng minh h c nghim). Do , chng ta s c cch tip cn khc vi a thc
Legendre ng vai tr trung tm.
Trc ht ta xt tch phn dng ( )
1
1
I f x dx

=
]
. a thc Legendre c xc nh theo cng
thc ( )
( )
( )
2
1
1
2 !
n
n
n n
x x
n

l
=
l
l
.
Mt vi a thc Legendre u tin ng vi 0,1,..., 6 n =

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 1 2
2 4 2
3 4
5 3 6 4 2
5 6
3 1
1; ; ;
2 2
5 3 35 15 3
; ;
2 2 8 4 8
63 35 15 231 315 105 5
;
8 4 8 16 16 16 16
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x



= = =
= =
= =

th cc a thc Legendre vi 0,..., 6 n =




104












Tnh cht ca a thc Legendre
1. Vi mi n , a thc ( )
n
x c bc n
2. Nu ( ) P x l mt a thc c bc nh hn n th
( ) ( )
1
1
0
n
P x x dx

=
]
.
3. ( )
n
x c n nghim thc phn bit nm trong on ( ) 1;1
Chng minh
Tnh cht 1 l hin nhin ng. Ta ch cn chng minh tnh cht 2 v 3
2. Trc ht, ta nhn xt

( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
1 1 0,
m m
n n
x x
x x m n
= =
l l
= = \ <
l l
l l

t deg k P = v
k
a l h s bc cao nht ca a thc ( ) P x . Ta suy ra k n < . p dng
cng thc tch phn tng phn ta c

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1
1
n
n
n
n n
n n
n
n
P x x dx P x x dx
P x x P x x dx
P x x dx

l
=
l
l
l l

=
l l
l l
l
=
l
l
] ]
]
]

p dng cng thc tch phn tng phn k ln lin tip ta c

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
1
2 2
1
1 1
1 1 1 1 0
n k n k
n n
k k
n k
P x x dx a x dx x

l l
= = =
l l
l l
] ]

Tnh cht 2 c chng minh.
105
3. Cho ( ) 1 P x = , p dng tnh cht 2 ta c ( )
1
1
0
n
x dx

=
]
. Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh
tn ti ( ) 1;1 c sao cho ( ) ( )
1
1
1
0
2
n n
x dx c

= =
]
. Do , a thc ( )
n
x c t nht mt nghim
thc trong ( ) 1;1 . Gi s ( )
1 2
, ,..., 1;1
k
x x x l k nghim phn bit ca a thc ( )
n
x . Khi ta
c 1 k n _ _ v dng phn tch ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 2
...
k
m m m
n k
x x x x x x x Q x = vi ( ) Q x l mt a
thc v nghim trong [ [ 1;1 . Ta cn chng t k n = .
Gi s k n < , v ( )
1
1
0
n
x dx

=
]
nn trong cc s
1 2
, ,...,
k
m m m phi c t nht mt s l.
Gi s
1 2
, , ...,
j
i i i
m m m vi 1 j k _ _ l tp hp cc s l. t ( )
( )( ) ( )
1 2
...
j
i i i
G x x x x x x x =
Ta thy 1 degG k n _ _ < v a thc ( ) ( )
n
G x x khng i du trong ( ) 1;1 . Do , ta suy
ra ( ) ( )
1
1
0
n
G x x dx

]
, iu ny mu thun vi tnh cht 2. V vy, ta phi c k n = .
Tnh cht 3 c chng minh.
Ta xt biu din ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
1
..
n
i i n n
i
I f x dx B f x B f x B f x
=

= ~ =
_
]
(4.5.3)
Chn
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x l n nghim ca a thc ( )
n
x .
Thay cc hm s
( )
, 0,..., 1
m
m
f x x m n = = vo h thc (4.5.3) ta c h
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 2 2
.. 1 1 2
1 1
.. 0
2
...
1 1
...
n
n n
n n
n n n
n n
B B B
B x B x B x
B x B x B x
n

' = =
1
1
1
1
1

1
= =
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1

1
=
1
1
1+
(4.5.4)
y c mt s khc bit l ta khng cn thay cc hm s ( )
, ,..., 2 1
m
m
f x x m n n = = vo
h thc (4.5.3). Tht vy ,..., 2 1 m n n \ = ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m
m n
f x x x p x r x = = vi ( ) ( ) ; p x r x
l hai a thc c bc nh hn n . Ta suy ra
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
m n
f x dx p x x dx r x dx r x dx

= =
] ] ] ]

Do , nu (4.5.3) ng cc a thc bc nh hn n th n cng ng vi cc a thc bc nh
hn 2 1 n .
Gi A l ma trn h s ca h (4.5.4). Ta c
106

1 2
1 1 1
1 2
1 1 ... 1
...
... ... ... ...
...
n
n n n
n
x x x
A
x x x

1

( )

Ta thy det A l nh thc Vandermonde. V cc s
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x i mt khc nhau nn ta suy
ra det 0 A = hay h (4.5.4) c nghim duy nht. Nh vy tn ti duy nht cc h s
1 2
; ;...;
n
B B B .
Sau y ta xt mt vi trng hp c bit ca cng thc cu phng Gauss.
Trng hp 3 n = . a thc ( )
3
x c ba nghim
1 2 3
3 3
; 0;
5 5
x x x = = = . Th ba gi tr
ny vo h (4.5.3) ta c h sau

1 1 2 3
1 3 2
3
1 3
5
2
9
3 3 8
0
5 5 9
5
3 3 2
9
5 5 3
B B B B
B B B
B
B B
'
' 1
1
1 = 1 =
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
= = =
! !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
=
=
1 1
1 1
+ 1+

T y ta nhn c cng thc cu phng Gauss bc ba
( ) ( )
1
1
5 3 8 5 3
0
9 5 9 9 5
I f x dx f f f

1 1

= ~



( ) ( )
]

V d 4.5.1: Tnh tch phn
1
2
1
1
2
x
I dx
x

]
bng cng thc cu phng Gauss bc ba
Gii
t ( )
2
1
2
x
f x
x

. p dng cng thc cu phng Gauss bc ba ta c

( )
1
2
1
1 5 3 8 5 3 34
0
2 9 5 9 9 5 39
x
I dx f f f
x

1 1

= ~ =



( ) ( )
]

V d 4.5.1: Tnh gn ng gi tr ca bng cch dng cng thc cu phng Gauss bc ba
Gii
Ta bit
1
2
1
1
2
1
dx
x

]
. t
( )
2
1
1
f x
x
=

. p dng cng thc Gauss bc ba ta c

( )
1
2
1
1 5 3 8 5 3 19
2 2 0
1 9 5 9 9 5 6
dx f f f
x

l 1 1
l
= ~ =


l
( ) ( )
l
]

Trng hp 4, 5, 6 n = . Lp lun nh trng hp 3 n = ta c kt qu sau

107
n i
x
i
B

4
0,86113631
0,33998104
-0,33998104
-0,86113631
0,34785485
0,65214515
0,65214515
0,34785485


5
0,90617985
0,53846931
0,00000000
-0,53846931
-0,90617985
0,23692689
0,47862867
0,56888889
0,47862867
0,23692689


6
0,93246951
0,66120939
0,23861919
-0,23861919
-0,66120939
-0,93246951
0,17132450
0,36076158
0,46791394
0,46791394
0,36076158
0,17132450

Trong trng hp ta cn tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
I f x dx =
]
, chng ta a tch phn trn v on
[ [ 1;1 bng php i bin
2 2
b a b a
x t

= . Khi
( )
1
1
2 2 2
b
a
b a b a b a
I f x dx f t dt

1

= =


( )
] ]

c lng sai s
c lng sai s ca cng thc Gauss c tnh theo cng thc

( ) ( )
( ) [ [ ( )
4 2 1
3
!
*
2 ! 2 1
n
b a n M
I I
n n

vi
[ [
( )
( )
2
;
max
n
x a b
M f x

= .
V d 4.5.3: Tnh tch phn
1,5
1
l n I x xdx =
]
bng cng thc Gauss bc bn, nh gi sai s kt
qu tm c.
Gii
Ta i bin 0, 25 1, 25 x t = . Khi
( ) ( )
1,5 1
1 1
l n 0, 25 0, 25 1, 25 l n 0, 25 1, 25 I x xdx t t dt

= =
] ]

108
p dng cng thc cu phng Gauss bc bn ta c
( ) ( )
1
1
0, 25 1, 25 l n 0, 25 1, 25 0, 574593 t t dt

~
]

Vy 0,143648 I ~
Ta tin hnh nh gi sai s. Ta c

( ) ( )
( ) [ [ ( )
4 2 1
3
!
*
2 ! 2 1
n
b a n M
I I
n n

vi 0, 5; 4; 720 b a n M = = =
Ta tnh c

( ) ( )
( ) [ [ ( )
4 2 1
9
3
!
* 10
2 ! 2 1
n
b a n M
I I
n n

_ =

109
Chng 5. GII GN NG PHNG TRNH VI PHN THNG

Bi 1. M U

Trong khoa hc, k thut chng ta gp rt nhiu bi ton lin quan n phng trnh vi phn
thng (chng hn nh bi ton tnh vn tc ca mt vt th khi bit di qung ng trong nhng
khong thi gian khc nhau, bi ton tnh ton cng dng in theo in lng). C nhiu trng
hp nghim ng ca phng trnh vi phn khng th tm ra c.
Bi vy tm nghim ca chng phi p dng cc phng php gn ng khc nhau.
Cc phng php c th chia lm hai nhm: Nhm th nht c gi l phng php gii tch,
nhm th hai c gi l phng php s.
Cc phng php gii tch cho php tm nghim gn ng di dng mt biu thc gii tch
Cc phng php s cho php tm nghim di dng bng.
Di y, ta ch gii thiu mt phng php gii tch thng dng gi l phng php lp
n, v mt s phng php s (bao gm phng php Euler, Euler ci tin, Rung - Kutta).






















110
Bi 1. PHNG PHP LP N

Xt bi ton gi tr ban u sau y:
( )
( )
0 0
,
dy
y f x y
dx
y x y

= =
=
(*)
Gi s ( ) , f x y l hm lin tc trn [ [ [ [
0 0 0 0
, , D x a x a y b y b =
Khi bi ton gi tr ban u trn tng ng vi phng trnh tch phn
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
,
x
x
y x y f s y s ds =
]

Ta thit lp dy
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
0 0
1 0
, , 0
x
k k
x
y x y
y x y f s y s ds k

= '
1
1
1
1
!
= \ _ 1
1
1
1+
]
(**)
Sau y, ta xem xt mt s iu kin dy trn hi t n nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
vi phn (*)
nh l 5.1.1: Gi s hm s ( ) , f x y lin tc trong D v trn tha mn iu kin Lipschitz
theo bin th hai, tc l
( ) ( ) [ [ [ [
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0
, , , , , , , f x y f x y L y y y y y b y b x x a x a _ \ \
ngoi ra, gi s
( )
( )
,
max , , mi n ,
x y D
b
M f x y h a
M

1

= =

( )
.
Khi dy cc xp x (**) s hi t ti nghim duy nht ca phng trnh (*) trn
[ [
0 0
, x h x h .
Tc hi t c xc nh bi cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
1
* 0
, 0
1 !
k
k
k
x x
y x y x L M k
k

_ \ _

vi ( )
*
y x l nghim ng ca (*)
V d 5.1.1:
Gii phng trnh vi phn
4
y x y = bng phng php lp n vi ( ) 0 0 y = .
Gii
Hm ( )
4
, f x y x y = lin tc trn ton mt phng nn , a b c th chn ty .
Chn ( )
0
0 y x = th xp x u tin xc nh
111
( ) ( )
( )
5
4
1 0 0
0 0
,
5
x x
x
y x y f s y s ds s ds = = =
] ]

Tng t
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
5 5 6
4
2 0 1
0 0
5 6 5 6 7
4
3 0 2
0 0
5 6 7 5 6 7 8
4
4 0 3
0 0
,
5 5 30
,
5 30 5 30 210
,
5 30 210 5 30 210 1680
x x
x x
x x
s x x
y x y f s y s ds s ds
s s x x x
y x y f s y s ds s ds
s s s x x x x
y x y f s y s ds s ds
1

= = =

( )
1

= = =

( )
1

= = =

( )
] ]
] ]
] ]

Chng ta s c lng sai s ca ( )
4
y x
Chn 0, 5 a b = = . Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4
, ,
'
,
max , max 0, 5625
max , 1
0, 5
min , mi n 0, 5, 0, 5
0, 5625
x y G x y G
y
x y G
M f x y x y
L f x y
b
h a
M

= = =
= =
1
1

= = =


( )
( )

vi [ [ [ [ 0, 5; 0, 5 0, 5; 0, 5 G =
Do vy trn on [ [ 0, 5; 0, 5 ta c
( ) ( )
5 5
*
4
0 0, 5
0, 5625. 0, 000146
5! 5!
n
x
y x y x L M

_ = = .















112
Bi 2. PHNG PHP EULER V EULER CI TIN

5.2.1. Phng php Euler
Xt bi ton gi tr ban u sau y:
( )
( )
0 0
,
dy
y f x y
dx
y x y
'
1
1 = =
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
(*)
Gi s hm s hai bin ( ) , f x y c o hm ring bc m lin tc theo hai bin , x y trn
[ [ [ [
0 0 0 0
, , ; ; , 0 D x x a y b y b m a b = N .
Ly o hm (*) theo bin x ta c
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
, ,
, 2 , , ,
x y
xx xy yy y
y x f x y f x y y x
y x f x y f x y y x f x y y x f x y y x

=
=
.

Thay
0 0
, x x y y = = ta nhn c dy ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
, , ,... y x y x y x

Vi x gn
0
x chng ta c th tnh gi tr gn ng ca nghim bi ton (*) theo cng thc:
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
!
i
m
i
i
y x
y x x x
i
=
~
_

Trong trng hp x xa
0
x , chng ta chia on [ [
0 0
, x x a thnh n on bng nhau
1
, , 0, 1
j j
x x j n

l
=
l
. Ta d dng suy ra
1
, 0,
j j
x x h j n

= = vi
a
h
n
= .
Gi s ta tnh c ( )
j j
y x y ~
Ta t
( ) ( )
( )
|
j
i i
j j j y y
y y x
=
=
S dng cng thc
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
!
i
m
i
j
j j
i
y
y x z x x x
i
=
~ =
_
(**)
vi
1
,
j j
x x x

l

l
, th
1 j
y

s c tnh bi ( )
1 1 j j j
y z x

=
Chn 1 m = th (**) s tr thnh

( )
1
1
,
, 0, 1
j j j j
j j
y y hf x y
h x x j n

'
1 =
1
1
!
1
= =
1
1+
(***)
Phng php s tnh nghim gn ng ca (*) theo cng thc (***) gi l phng php Euler.
By gi ta xt sai s ca phng php Euler.
113
Ta c ( )
( ) ( )
0
h
y x h y x y x s ds

=
]
(1)
Dng khai trin Taylor ta thy rng ( ) ( )
( )
2
0
h
y x s ds hy x O h

=
]
thay vo (1) ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
,
y x h y x hy x O h
y x hf x y O h

=
=

T y ta suy ra
( )
2
1 j j
y y O h

=
5.2.2. Phng php Euler ci tin:
c c phng php s gii (*) vi chnh xc cao hn phng php Euler, chng ta
cn xp x tch phn v phi ca (1) tt hn. T (1) s dng cng thc hnh thang ta c
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
0
2
h
h
y x s ds y x y x h O h

=
]

T y ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
0
2
h
h
y x h y x y x s ds y x y x y x h O h = =
]

Thay
1
,
j j
x x x h x

= = ta c
( ) ( )
1 1 1
, ,
2
j j j j j j
h
y y f x y f x y

l
~
l
l
(****)
Cng thc (****) chnh xc hn cng thc (***). Tuy nhin v v phi ca (****) c cha
1 j
y

do vy tnh c
1 j
y

th gii phng trnh (****). Vic ny kh kh khn. gii quyt vic
, ngi ta thay
1 j
y

v phi ca (****) bng biu thc
( )
1
,
j j j j
y y hf x y

=
V dn n vic tnh
1 j
y

theo cc bc lp
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
1
1
1 1 1
, 2
, , 3
2
0, 1; 1, 2,...
j j j j
m m
j i j j j j
y y hf x y
h
y y f x y f x y
j n m

'
1 =
1
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1+

Nh vy tnh
1 i
y

u tin ta tnh
1 i
y

theo cng thc (2) sau hiu chnh theo cng thc
(3). Qu trnh lp trong (3) s dng li khi hai gi tr
( )
1
k
j
y

v
( ) 1
1
k
j
y

gn nhau n mc cn thit, ngha

l
( ) ( ) 1
1 1
k k
j j
y y

_
114
Cc cng thc (2) v (3) c gi l cc cng thc Euler ci tin.
V d 5.2.1:
Cho phng trnh vi phn
( ) 0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 25 y vi sai s khng qu
3
10

.
Gii
Vi 0, 25 h = ta c:
1 0
0, 25 x x h = =
p dng cng thc Euler ci tin ta c

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
1 0 0 0
1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
3 2
1 0 0 0 1 1
, 1 0, 25 0 1 1, 250000
, , 1, 312500
2
, , 1, 320313
2
, , 1, 321289
2
y y hf x y
h
y y f x y f x y
h
y y f x y f x y
h
y y f x y f x y
'
1 = = =
1
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1
1
1
!
1
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1
1+

Ta thy
( ) ( ) 3 2 4 3
1 1
9, 76.10 10 y y

= <
Chnh v th, ta ly
( ) 3
1 1
1, 321289 y y ~ = .


















115
Bi 3. PHNG PHP RUNG-KUTTA

Ni dung c bn ca phng php Rung-Kutta l tng chnh xc ca
1 j
y

ta cn thm
cc im trung gian gia
j
x v
1 j
x

. Rung v Kutta t vn nh sau ( tin cho vic vit, ta
cho 0 j = )
t
1 0 0
y y y = ^ v biu din phn s gia dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1 2 2
...
r r
y c k h c k h c k h ^ =
vi
i
c l cc hng s (s xc nh sau), ( )
i
k h l cc hm s c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) 0 0 1 1 1 1
, ; ; ... , 1,
i i i i i i i i i i
k h hf x h y k k i r j c j , ,

= = = =
trong
i
c v
i j
, l cc hng s xc nh sau. Tip theo, ta lp hm s biu din sai s a phng
dang:
( ) ( ) ( )
* *
0 1 0 0 0 r
h y x h y y x h y y , = = ^
By gi ta yu cu sai s a phng c bc l 1 s , ngha l ta cn c:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
0 0 ... 0 0; 0 0
s s
r r r r
, , , ,

= = = = = (*)
T y ta suy ra
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 s s
r
h O h ,

=
Vn t ra l tm cc s , ,
i i i j
c c , c s cng ln cng tt. H phng trnh xc nh
cc h s c thu nhn t iu kin (*). Ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
*
1
0 0 0
r
m m m
r i i
i
y ck ,
=
=
_

T y v t (*) ta nhn c h cc ng thc:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
0 0 ... 0 0
0 0 ... 0 0
0 0 ... 0 0
r r
r r
s s s s
r r
c k c k c k
c k c k c k y
c k c k c k y
' =
1
1
1
1
1

= 1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
(**)
C tt c
2
3 2
2
r r
n s gm cc s , ,
i i i j
c c , . Ta hy xem (**) to c bao nhiu
phng trnh. Dng th nht ca (**) l mt ng thc nn hin nhin n khng to ra phng trnh
no. Dng th hai, khi ly 0 h = , c hai v ch cha i lng ( )
0 0
, f x y nn n to ra c mt
phng trnh. Dng th ba, vi 0 h = , hai v u cha i lng ( )
0 0
,
x
f x y

v ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
, ,
y
f x y f x y

nn n to ra c hai phng trnh. Tng t, ta c th thy dng th ( ) 1 1 m m s _ _ ca (**)
116
c 1 m phng trnh. Do , s phng trnh xc nh h s trn c tt c l
( ) 1
2
s s
. So snh s
n v s phng trnh, nu ta ly s r th s phng trnh nhiu hn s n v khi phng trnh
c th v nghim. Do mong mun s cng ln cng tt nn khi c nh r , ta c th ly ti a
s r = . Khi s n s nhiu hn s phng trnh l 1 r . V th, h phng trnh (*) ni chung l
c nghim, v khng ch mt nghim.
5.3.1. Cng thc Rung-Kutta bc hai:
Xt trng hp 2 r = , ta c:
( )
( )
1 0 0
2 0 2 0 21 1
0 1 1 2 2
,
,
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
y c k c k
c ,
=
=
^ =

Ta c bn h s cn xc nh l
1 2 2 21
, , , c c c , . Ta c mt s kt qu nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 0 0 1
2 0 0
2 2 0 0 21 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 , ; 0 0
0 ,
0 2 , 2 , ,
x y
k k
k f x y k
k f x y
k f x y f x y f x y c ,
= =

= =

=

T (**) v cc kt qu c tnh bn trn ta c h phng trnh

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 , 2 , ,
2 , 2 , , , , ,
x y x y
c f x y c f x y f x y
c f x y c f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y c ,
'
= 1
1
1
!
1

= 1
1+

Rt gn h trn ta nhn c

1 2
2 2
2 21
1
2 1
2 1
c c
c
c
c
,
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Ba phng trnh dng xc nh bn h s nn c nhiu hn mt b li gii. Nu ta ly
1
0 c = th ta s c
2 2 21
1
1,
2
c c , = = = . Khi s Rung-Kutta tng ng nh sau:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3
1 0 1 2
,
,
1
2
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
y y k k O h
'
1
1
1 =
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1+

5.3.2. Cng thc Rung-Kutta bc ba:
117
Bng cch tng t nh trn, ta c s Rung Kutta bc ba

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 2
4
1 0 1 2 3
,
1 1
,
2 2
, 2
1
4
6
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
k hf x h y k k
y y k k k O h
'
= 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 =
1

( ) 1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1+

5.3.3. Cng thc Rung-Kutta bc bn:
C nhiu s Rung Kutta bc bn, nhng s sau y thng c dng nht

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2 0 0 1
3 0 0 2
4 0 0 3
5
1 0 1 2 3 4
,
1 1
,
2 2
1 1
,
2 2
,
1
2 2
6
k hf x y
k hf x h y k
k hf x h y k
k hf x h y k
y y k k k k O h
'
= 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 =
1

( ) 1
1
1
1
1
1
=
!


( ) 1
1
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
= 1
1
1
+

V d 5.3.1:
Cho phng trnh vi phn
( ) 0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 25 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( )
1 0 0
, 0, 25 0 1 0, 25 k hf x y = = =

2 0 0 1
1 1 0, 25 1
, 0, 25 0 1 0, 25 0, 3125
2 2 2 2
k hf x h y k
1 1
= = =


( ) ( )


3 0 0 2
1 1 0, 25 0, 3125
, 0, 25 1 0, 320312
2 2 2 2
k hf x h y k
1 1
= = =


( ) ( )

( ) ( )
4 0 0 3
, 0, 25 0, 25 1 0, 320312 0, 392578 k hf x h y k = = =
( )
( )
1 0 1 2 3 4
1
2 2
6
1
1 0, 25 2 0, 3125 2 0, 320312 0, 392578 1, 318037
6
y y k k k k =
= =



118
BI TP PHNG PHP TNH

Chng 1. PHNG TRNH I S V SIU VIT
1. Gii cc phng trnh sau bng phng php lp vi sai s khng qu
4
10

a.
4 2
3 3 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 5; 2, 5 .
b.
3
1 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
c.
2
3 2 0
x
e x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 0, 2; 0, 5 .
d.
2
cos 2 3 1 0 x x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 2;1, 8 .
e.
3
arct an 3 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
f. ( )
2 3
l n 1 cos 0 x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1;1, 2 .
g.
2
2 cos 2 0 x x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 0, 4; 0, 6 .
h.
2
2
1
2 0
1
x x
x
=

c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
2. Gii cc phng trnh sau bng phng php Newton vi sai s khng qu
4
10

a. 2 2cos 6 0
x x
e x

= c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
b. ( ) ( ) l n 1 cos 1 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 3; 2 .
c. ( )
2
2 ln 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 v [ [ 2, 8; 4 .
d. sin 0
x
x e

= c on li nghim l [ [ [ [ 0;1 , 3, 4 v [ [ 6; 7 .
e.
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
5
1 1 1 1 x x x x
=

c on li nghim l [ [ 0;1 .
f.
5 2
2 3 4 0 x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 .
g. ( )
3
ln 2 3 2 0 x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1, 5;2 .
h.
5
5 0 x = c on li nghim l [ [ 1; 2 , t suy ra gi tr gn ng ca
5
5 .
j.
2 3
arct an 1 0 x x x = c on li nghim l [ [ 2; 2, 5
3. Cho phng trnh
3
2 6 0 x x = c on li nghim [ [ 2; 3
a. Gii phng trnh trn bng phng php lp (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s bc 3)
b. Tm s bc lp nh nht nghim gn ng c sai s khng qu
10
10

.
4. Cho phng trnh
3 2
3 2cos 10 x x x = c khong li nghim l [ [ 1, 3; 2 .
a. Gii phng trnh trn bng phng php Newton (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s bc 3)
b. Tm s bc lp nh nht chc chn nghim gn ng c sai s khng qu
10
10

.



119
Chng 2. GII GN NG H PHNG TRNH
1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php lp n (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s bc
3)
a.
5 2 5
3 8 8
3 10 10
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
b.
10 10
2 20 21
3 16 18
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

c.
0, 5 0, 01 0, 2 0, 4
0, 2 0, 8 0, 1 0, 98
0, 2 2 3, 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
d.
1, 2 0, 2 0, 3 2,1
4 2,1 2, 2
0, 2 0, 3 1, 6 1, 8
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

e.
10 2 3
2 30 5 4
4 20 19
5 3 25 24
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
' =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
= 1
1
+
f.
1, 5 0 0, 1 0,1 1, 5
1 4, 5 0, 2 0, 3 4, 5
0, 4 0, 5 6 2 6
0 2, 5 1 8 8
x
y
z
t
1 1
1









=







( )

( ) ( )

g.
8 2 3
2 7 2
3 4 10
90
82
120
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
h.
9 2 3
2 15 3
2 4 21 8
3 2 10
149
590
908
1002
x y z t
x y zt
x y z t
xy z t

'
= 1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

2. Gii cc h phng trnh sau bng phng php lp Seidel (lp 3 bc, nh gi sai s
bc 3)
a.
10 2 15
10 28
10 10
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
b.
20 10
5 25 2 41
2 3 20 35
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

c.
1, 5 0,1 0, 3 1, 2
0, 02 0,15 3, 5
0, 1 0, 3 2 4,1
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
d.
4 0, 2 0, 3 4, 2
8 2,1 6, 2
1, 2 0, 3 6 3, 7
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

e.
20 2 8
2 10 5 9
2 4 20 21
3 3 20 14
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
x y z t
' =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
= 1
1
+
f.
15 0 5 0,1 10
2 25 2 3, 2 10
0, 4 5 16 2 8
0 2, 5 1 8 8
x
y
z
t
1 1
1









=







( )

( ) ( )

120
g.
20 2 6
8 25 2
2 16
190
882
320
x y z
x y z
xy z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
h.
9 2 3
2 15 3
2 4 21 8
3 2 10
149
590
908
1002
x y z t
x y zt
x y z t
xy z t

'
= 1
1
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

3. Cho h phng trnh

10 18
20 21
2 4 20 28
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

a. Gii h trn bng phng php lp n vi sai s khng qu
3
10

.
b. Phi lp t nht bao nhiu bc th sai s nghim gn ng khng qu
6
10

.
4. Cho h phng trnh

25 1 2 5 1 24
1 10 1 3 1 8
1 1 10 1 2 10
5 3 1 20 3 7
1 1 2 3 16 4
x
y
z
t
u
1 1
1

( )

( ) ( )

Phi lp t nht bao nhiu bc th sai s nghim gn ng khng qu
6
10

.
5. Cho h phng trnh

20 1 2 3 1
2 25 1 2 3
1 4 20 1 19
1 2 1 10 11
x
y
z
t
1 1
1









=







( )

( ) ( )

a. Gii h trn bng phng php lp Seidel vi sai s khng qu
3
10

.
b. Phi lp t nht bao nhiu bc th sai s nghim gn ng khng qu
6
10

.









121
Chng 3. A THC NI SUY V PHNG PHP BNH PHNG B NHT
1. Xy dng a thc ni suy Lagrange ca hm s ( ) y f x = cho bi bng sau
a.
x
1 4 5 7
y
3 5 10 15
Tnh ( ) 6 f
b.


Tnh ( ) 3 f
c.



Tnh ( ) 3, 5 f
d.



Tnh gn ng ( ) 1, 5 y
e.



Tnh ( ) 5, 5 f
f.




2. Xy dng a thc ni suy Newton (u bng v cui bng) ca cc hm s cho bi bng:
a.
x
0 2 4 6
y
1 8 12 16

x
0 2 6 8
y
2 7 11 20
x
0 1 2 3 4
y
1 5 10 16 20
x
1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
y
2 5 7 11 16
x -1 1 2 3 4 5
y
-2 3 8 15 20 30
x
2,1 2,5 2,9 3,3 3,7 4
y
1 4 9 15 25 35
122
Tnh gn ng ( ) 3 y


b.
x
1,0 1,3 1,6 1,9
y
2,2 8,1 12,2 17,4

Tnh gn ng ( ) 1, 4 f
c.

x
0 3 6 9 12
y
-1 2 8 17 42

Tnh gn ng ( ) 12, 5 y
d.



Tnh gn ng ( ) 2, 8 y
e.
x
-0,1 0,2 0,5 0,8 1,1 1,4
y
0,1 1,12 1,74 1,91 2,1 2,91

Tnh gn ng ( ) 0, 4 f
f.



Tnh gn ng ( ) 3 f
4. Tm , a b hm s y ax b = l xp x tt nht ca cc bng s liu sau
a.
x 1
2 3 6 7 10
y
0
1 2 4 8 12

x
2,0 2,3 2,6 2,9 3,2
y
2 7 15 20 37
x
0 2 4 6 8 10
y
1,3 2,6 3,8 4,9 5,7 7,2
123
b.


c.



5. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
bx
y ae = v bng s liu thc nghim sau:
x 1
2 3 6 7 10
y
2,1 4,8 21,1 112,1 400,1 1000,12

Xc nh , a b t hy tnh ( ) 9, 2 y .
Nu thay bng quan h
2
bx
y ae = th , a b c xc nh nh th no ?
6. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
b
y ax = v bng s liu thc nghim sau:
x
3,1 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 4,0
y
9,1 12,4 17,3 21,1 25,1 32,6

Xc nh , a b t hy tnh ( ) 3, 92 y .
Nu thay bng quan h ( )
2
1
b
y a x = th , a b c xc nh nh th no
7. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h
2
y ax bx c = v bng s liu thc nghim
sau:
x 1
2 3 6 7 8
y
2,9 1,2 0,145 7,3 16,1 19,1

Xc nh , , a b c t hy tnh ( ) 7, 2 y .
9. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h cos sin y a b x c x = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x
0 1 2 4 5 6
y
0 1,1 1,145 -1,3 1,01 3,1

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 5, 5 y .
10. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ln 1 sin y a x b x = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x
0 1 2 4 5 6
x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11
y
3 4 6 8 9 11 13
x 1,1 3,2 5,2 6,3 7,2 8,4 9,4
y
2,1 4,1 6,4 8,3 9,5 11,5 13,5
124
y
0 1,1 1,145 -1,3 1,01 3,1

Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y .
11. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2 2
ln 1 1
x
y a x b e = v bng s liu
thc nghim sau:
x 0 1 2 4 5 6
y
0 1,1 1,145 -1,3 1,01 3,1

Xc nh , a b bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y
12. Hy xy dng h phng trnh m t xc nh c cc h s , , a b c hm s
( ) ( ) y af x bg x c = l xp x tt nht bng s liu cho
p dng
Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2
4 2 y a x b x c = v bng s liu thc
nghim sau:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3 6 12 20 32 40

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y
13. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2
x x
y a xe b xe c = v bng s liu
thc nghim sau:
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3 6 12 20 32 40

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y
14. Cho bit hai i lng x v y c quan h ( ) ( )
2
cos cos y a x x b x x c = v bng s
liu thc nghim sau:
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
3 6 12 20 32 40

Xc nh , , a b c bng phng php bnh phng b nht, t hy tnh ( ) 4, 5 y




125
Chng 4. TCH GN NG TCH PHN
1. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc hnh thang suy rng (khng nh gi sai
s)
a.
( )
( )
1,2 2 3
0,2
ln 5
ln 2 1
x x
dx
x x

]
vi 8 n = b.
1,4
4
2
0,4
1
4 5
x x
dx
x


]
vi 10 n =
c. ( )
2
3
0,4
1
l n 2
1
x x dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 8 n = d.
( )
2,3
2
1,3
2
l n 1
x
x dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 10 n =
e.
2
2,2
2 3
1,4
x x
e dx

]
vi 8 n = f.
2
2
1
x
x dx
]
vi 10 n =
2. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc hnh thang suy rng (c nh gi sai s)
a.
1
4
0
x dx
]
vi 10 n = b.
3,1
3
2,1
1
x
dx
x
]
vi 8 n =
c.
2
1
0
x
e dx

]
vi 10 n = d.
3
2
1
1
x
x
e
dx
e
]
vi 10 n =
e.
4
1
2
x
dx
]
vi 10 n = f.
( ) ( )
( )
4 6
4
3
1 1
1
x x x
dx
x

]
vi 10 n =
g.
2
1
sin2x
dx
x
]
vi 8 n = h.
2,5
2
3 1
3
x
dx
x

]
vi 10 n =
3. Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba (khng nh gi sai s)
a.
( )
( )
1,2 2 2
2
0,2
sin 5
3
x x
dx
x x

]
vi 8 n = b.
( )
1,4
3
0,4
t an 3 4
4
x x
dx
x

]
vi 10 n =
c.
3
2,4
3
0,4
1
x
x
xe dx
x
1

( )

]
vi 8 n = d.
( )
2,3
2
3
1,3
2, 3
ln 1
x
x
x dx
x
1

( )
]
vi 10 n =
e.
( )
2,2
2
3
1,4
sin 5 x x x
dx
x x

]
vi 8 n = f. ( )
( )
2
sin
1
2
x
x dx
]
vi 10 n =
4. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba (c nh gi sai s)
a.
2
1
4
0
x
e dx

]
vi 10 n = . b.
4
1
2
0
x
e dx
]
vi 10 n = .
c.
4
1
1
dx
x x
]
vi 10 n = d.
4
1
lnxdx
]
vi 10 n =
e.
1
ln
1
e
x
dx
x
]
vi 12 n = f.
4
1
l n
e
x xdx
]
vi 10 n =
126
g.
2
2
0
sin xdx

]
vi 10 n = . h.
2,4
4
1,4
1
x
dx
x
]
vi 10 n =
5. Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm (c nh gi sai s)
a.
1,8
0
x
e dx
]
vi 9 n = . b.
3
0,9
0
x
e dx
]
vi 9 n = .
c.
4,5
2
1
1
x
dx
x
]
vi 9 n = d.
2
1
ln
e
xdx
]
vi 9 n =
e.
1
l n
1
e
x
dx
x
]
vi 9 n = f.
2
2
0
cos xdx

]
vi 9 n = .
6. Xt tch phn
2
2
1
4 1
2 1
x
I dx
x

]

a. Tnh tch phn I bng cng thc hnh thang vi 10 n = v nh gi sai s kt qu trn.
b. Phi chia [ [ 1; 2 thnh bao nhiu on bng nhau khi p dng cng thc hnh thang trn s
on th sai s khng qu
10
10

.
7. Xt tch phn
3
3
2
1
x x
I dx
x

]

a. Tnh tch phn I bng cng thc Simson mt phn ba vi 10 n = v nh gi sai s kt
qu trn.
b. Phi chia [ [ 2; 3 thnh bao nhiu on bng nhau khi p dng cng thc Simson mt phn
ba trn s on th sai s khng qu
10
10

.
8. Xt tch phn
3,4
4
2,2
1
x x
I dx
x

]

a. Tnh tch phn I bng cng thc Simson ba phn tm vi 12 n = v nh gi sai s kt qu
trn.
b. Phi chia [ [ 2, 2; 3, 4 thnh bao nhiu on bng nhau khi p dng cng thc Simson mt
phn ba trn s on th sai s khng qu
10
10

.







127
Chng V. GII GN NG PHNG TRNH VI PHN

1. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau bng phng php Euler ci tin
a.
( ) 0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x ,
trong bc 0, 25 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10

.
b.
( )
2
1
0 1
y x xy y
y
'
1

=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x ,
trong bc 0, 2 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10

.
c.
( )
( )
2 2
l n 2 1
0, 5 1
y x x y
y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0, 5; 0, 9 x ,
trong bc 0, 2 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10

.
d.
( )
2
2
1
0 1
x y
y
xy
y
'
1
1
=
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 2 x ,
trong bc 0,1 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10

.
e.
( )
( )
2 2
cos
0, 1 1
y xy x y
y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0,1; 0, 3 x ,
trong bc 0,1 h = v sai s khng qu
5
10

.
f.
( )
2
1
0 1
x
y
y
y
'
1
1 =
1
1
!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0;1 x ,
trong bc 0, 5 h = vi sai s khng qu
5
10

.
2. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau bng phng php Runge Kutta bc bn
a.
( )
2
5
0 1
y
y x
y
'
1

=
1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x v 0, 25 h =
b.
( )
( )
2
ln 2 1
0, 3 1
x y
y
x
y
'
1
1
=
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0, 3; 0, 9 x v 0, 3 h =
128
c.
( )
4
2
1
0 1
x xy
y
xy
y
'
1
1
=
1
1

!
1
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 3 x v 0, 15 h =
3. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
2
0, 5 1
y
y xy
x
y
'
1

=
1
1
!
1
= 1
1
+
vi [ [ 0, 5;1 x
Tnh ( ) 0, 75 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn
4. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
( )
sin 2
0 1
y x x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0,1 x
Tnh ( ) 0, 08 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn
5. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
( )
cos 2
0 1
y x x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0,1 x
Tnh ( ) 0, 08 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn.
6. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
( )
ln 2 1
0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Euler ci tin vi sai s
4
10

= .
7. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
( )
2
5ln 2 1
0 1
y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Runge Kutta bc bn.
8. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
( )
2
ln 2 2
0 1
y x yx
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Euler ci tin vi sai s
4
10

= .
9. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( )
( )
2
ln 2 1
0 1
y x y x
y
'
1 =
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 4 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 2 y bng phng php Runge Kutta bc bn.
10. Cho phng trnh vi phn
( ) ( )
( )
ln
0 1
y x y x y
y
' = 1
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
vi [ [ 0; 0, 5 x .
Tnh ( ) 0, 25 y bng phng php Rung Kutta bc bn



129
TI LIU THAM KHO

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2. Don Tam He, Ton hc tnh ton, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2008.
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bn i hc quc gia TP.HCM, 2003.
4. Trn Vn Trn, Phng php s thc hnh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v Cng Ngh, 2009.
5. BULIRSCH, STOER, Introduction to numerical analysis, Third Edition, Springer 2002.