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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
1.1. DEFINATIONS
ATOM The Fundamental particle of an element is called an Atom. EXAMPLES H, O, Cl etc. MOLECULE Group of atoms is called Molecule. OR When two or more same atoms combine and formed product this product is called Molecule. EXAMPLES H+H H2 O+O O2 Oxygen molecule (O = O) O2, Oxygen molecule, Hydrogen molecule (H H) H2, etc.

COMPOUND When two or more different molecules combined together and formed product this product is known as Compound. EXAMPLES 2C + H2 CH4 In the above equation Methane is a compound which of two different molecules. MIXTURE When two or more different compound reacts together and formed product this product is known as Mixture. EXAMPLES C2H5OH + CO2 C6H12O6 In the above equation Glucose is a mixture of two different compounds.

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1.2. CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the properties, composition and structure of matter. OR Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the properties and composition of matter and structure of atom.

1.3. MATTER
DEFINITION Any things which occupies space and have some mass is called Matter. STATES OF MATTER There are three states of matter. Solid. Liquid. Gas.

1.4. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

There are various branches of chemistry .The main branches of chemistry are follows: Organic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry. Physical chemistry. Analytical chemistry. Bio chemistry. Industrial and Applied chemistry. Nuclear chemistry. Environmental chemistry. Polymeric chemistry. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. IN-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of elements and their compounds of nonliving organisms. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the laws and principles governing the combination of atoms and molecules in chemical reactions. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the methods and techniques involved to determine the kind, quality and quantity of various components in a given substance.

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BIO-CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of living organisms. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (APPLIED CHEMISTRY) It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study different chemical processes involved in the chemical industries. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of changes occurring in the nuclei of atoms, accompanied by the emission of invisible radiations. ENVIRONMENTA L CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the interaction of chemical materials and their effect on the environment. POLYMERIC CHEMISTRY It is the branch of chemistry that deals specially with the study of polymerization and the products obtained through the process of polymerization.

1.5. THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH IN CHEMISTRY

The observed natural phenomenon had to explained by different scientific methods in systematic manner is known as the scientific approach in chemistry. OBSERVATION Observation is a basic tool to go forth for elaborating a phenomenon but it may vary from person to person according to his own skill of elaboration. HYPOTHESIS After observation of a phenomenon, scientist ponders over it and carries out relevant experiments and arrives at a possible explanation .This explanation which is still only a trail idea is called Hypothesis. THEORY When hypothesis is supported by a large number of different types of observations and experiments, then it becomes a Theory. SCIENTIFIC LAW (PRINCIPLE) A theory which is tested again and again and found to fit the facts and from which valid predictions may be made is then known as Scientific law or Principle.

1.6. LANDMARKS IN THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry used in arts and crafts, such as pottery and glass making, dyeing and metallurgy .The study was not systematic.

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AGES OF CHEMISTRY There are three ages of chemistry: A. The Greek period (322 to 460 B.C) B. The Muslim period (600 to 1600 A.D) C. The Modern period A. THE GREEK PERIOD (EARLY AGE) (DARK AGE) Greek period further divided to three philosophers like, Aristotle (322-384 B.C). Plato (347-428B.C). Democritus (357-460B.C). INTRODUCTION The Greek period ranges from (322 to 460 B.C). CONTRIBUITION They contributed a lot in number of small way to the early development of chemistry. They introduce the concept of elements, atoms and the chemical reactions. They believed that all the matter was derived from four elements, fire,(hot and dry) earth,(dry and cold) air,(cold, wet and hot) water,(cold, wet and hot). The Romans developed the chemical arts still further. They improved metallurgical processes and introduce the enameling of pottery. They developed little theoretical knowledge. Their works were all empirical. B. THE MUSLIM PERIOD (MIDDLE AGE) INTRODUCTION The Muslim period was from 600 to 1600 A.D. It is known as the period of alchemists. The modern scientific knowledge is based on the contributions of Muslim scholars. WORK Alchemists developed and used many laboratory equipments such as: Funnels. Beakers. Crucibles for melting and fusion. Retorts for distillation. Balances for weighing. Acids, Alcohols and Medicines etc.

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Some contributions of well known Muslim scientists are as follows: 1. JABIR BIN HAIYAN INTRODUCTION Jabir bin Haiyan 721 to 803 A.D. He was generally known as the father of alchemy. CONTRIBUITION He contributed in the field of mathematics, philosophy, alchemy etc. WORK He developed: Nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid. White lead. Dyeing cloths. Extraction of metals from their ores. 2. AL-RAZI INTRODUCTION Al-Razi 862-930 A.D. He was expert in surgeon. CONTRIBUITION He was a physician, alchemist and a philosopher. WORK He developed: First to use opium as an anesthesia. Living and non-living origins. Ethyl alcohol by the fermentation process. 3. AL-BERUNI INTRODUCTION Al-Beruni 973-1048A.D. He was born in Berun at Iraq thats why he was called Beruni. CONTRIBUITION He contributed a lot in physics, metaphysics, mathematics, geography and history. WORK He wrote more than 150 books related to science. He determined the densities of different substances. 4. IBN-E-SINA INTRODUCTION Ibn-e-Sina 980-1037A.D. He was also known as Bu Ali Sina. CONTRIBUITION

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He contributed in the field of medicines, medicinal chemistry, philosophy, mathematics and astronomy. WORK He discovered the distance of moon and sun from earth. C. THE MODERN PEIOD (MODERN AGE) a) DISCOVERIES OF LAWS,ELEMENTS,COMPOUNDS AND THE IDEAS OF SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION Robert Boyle: (1627 1691 A.D) affectionately known as the father of modern chemistry. J. Black: (1728 1799) made a study of carbon dioxide. J. Priestly: (1733 -1804) discovered oxygen, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride. Scheele: (1742 1786) discovered chlorine. Cavendish: (1731 1810) discovered hydrogen. Lavoisier: (1743 1794) discovered that constituted about one fifth of air. John Dalton: (1766 1844) made a great stride in chemistry with his atomic theory of matter. J. J. Berzellius: (1799 1848) introduced the idea of symbols, formulae and chemical equation. Dimitri Mendeleev: (1824 1907) discovered the periodic arrangement of the elements. b) DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES Gay Lussac: (1778 -1850). Avogadro: (1776 1856). Dulang: (1785 1838). Petit: (1741 1820).

c) IONIC THEORY AND ELECTROLYSIS Arrhenius: (1859 1927). M. Faraday: (1791 1867). d) DISCOVERIES OF STRUTURE OF ATOM AND RADIOACTIVITY J. J. Thomson: (1856 1940). H. Becquerel: (1852 1908). M. Curie: (1867 1934). Neil Bohr: (1885 1952). E. Rutherford: (1891 1937).

1.4 CHEMISTRY AND SOCIETY

WHY WE STUDY CHEMISTRY There are three significant reasons to study chemistry. FIRST Chemistry has important practical application in the society and development of life saving drugs and most areas to modern technology.

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SECOND Chemistry is an intellectual enterprise, a way of explaining our material world. THIRD Chemistry in every field a useful intellectual tool for making important decisions. BENEFITS OF CHEMISTRY IN OUR DAILY LIFE There are so many benefits of chemistry in our daily life. EXAMPLE Chlorine has a great importance in chemical industry because it is used in producing more than one thousand products some of them are as follows: Producing Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) as plastics for pipes. Bleaching agent. Disinfectants. Solvents. Pesticides. Refrigerants. Flame retardant. Drugs.

Some dangerous diseases transmitted through impure drinking water as: Cholera. Typhoid fever. Dysentery. These dangerous diseases are eliminated when water supplies are treated with chlorine, which kill pathogenic organism. Chemistry plays very important role in: Food. Synthetic fiber. Plastics. Medicines. Soap. Detergents. Plastics. Cement. Fertilizers. Glass. Explosives.

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Fluoride compounds such as SnF2, Na2PO4.F (Sodium fluoro phosphate) and NaF are used in toothpastes to protect and control tooth decay.

1.7. IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is very important in our life, it made our life easier and comfortable if there is not chemistry in our life there is nothing. Some of the importances are follows. It provides us: More nutritious food. Better health. Better life and much more. It enables to design all sort of materials: Drugs to fit disease. Pesticides to protect health. Fertilizer as a nutrient for plants. Fuels for transportation. Fibers to provide comfort and variety in cloths etc etc

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1.8. Fill in the blanks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Study of matter is called ______________. The fundamental particle of an element is called______________. Combination of atoms is called______________. Combination of different molecules is called______________. The Greek period was from ______________ to ______________. The Muslim period was from ______________ to ______________. ______________ is known as the period of alchemists. ______________ developed Funnels, Beakers, Crucibles, Retorts and Balances etc. Jabir Bin Haiyan is known as the ______________ of chemistry. Jabir Bin Haiyan prepared hydrochloric acid and also ______________ acid. Jabir Bin Haiyan extracts metals from their ______________. Al-Razi was a physician, philosopher & ______________. ______________ was expert surgeon. Al-Razi was the first to use ______________ as an anesthesia. Al-Razi divided chemical substances on the basis of their ______________. Al-Razi prepared ______________ by fermentation process. ______________ determined the densities of different substances. Ethyl Alcohol was prepared by______________. When glucose decomposes into ethyl alcohol and CO2 this is called______________ process. In 1806, ______________ classify chemical compounds on the basis of their origins. J.J. Berzellius Divided compounds into ______________ and ______________. J.J Berzellius introduce the concept of symbols, formulae and chemical equation. The ionic theory and the laws of electrolysis was put forward by______________ and ______________. ______________ discovered the periodic arrangement of elements. Rutherford was the first to introduce the structure of ______________. ______________ was known as the father of modern chemistry. ______________ was the first to put forward the idea that chemistry should be regarded as systematic manner. ______________ made the study of CO2. ______________ discovered O2, SO2 and HCl. ______________ discovered chlorine. ______________discovered H2. ______________ discovered that O2 constituted about one-fifth of air. J. Dalton made theory known as______________. ______________ introduce the concept of atomic weight. PVC abbreviates__________________________. We use ______________ compounds in our toothpaste. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is used in our toothpaste ______________ and ______________ tooth decay. Sodium fluoro phosphate (NaFPO4) is used in ______________.

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39. Chlorine has become an important ______________ chemical. 40. In industries there are more than ______________ chlorine compounds. 41. Cholera, typhoid fever and dysentery diseases, transmitted through ______________ drinking water. 42. When water supplies treated with chlorine it kill______________ organisms. 43. Unfortunately some chemicals have the potentials of harming our health or the______________. 44. Study of laws and principles is called______________ chemistry. 45. Study of hydrocarbon and their derivatives is called ______________ chemistry. 46. Study of elements, compounds of non-living organisms is called______________ chemistry. 47. Study of methods and techniques to find quality and quantity of substance is called______________ chemistry. 48. Study of living organisms is called______________ chemistry. 49. Study of chemical process is called______________ chemistry. 50. Study of changes in the nucleus of atom is called______________ chemistry. 51. Study of effect on environment is called ______________ chemistry. 52. Study of polymerization is called ______________ chemistry. 53. There are______________ steps to reach scientific law. 54. ______________ is may be differ from person to person according to his own ability. 55. The explanation which is still only a trail idea is called ______________. 56. When the hypothesis is supported by a large number of different types of observations and experiments, then it becomes a______________. 57. A theory which is tested again and again and found to fit the facts and from which valid predictions may be made is then known as ______________.

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