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Đồ án thực tập tốt nghiệp - Nghiên cứu và triển khai hệ thống mạng với giao thức OSPF
Đồ án thực tập tốt nghiệp - Nghiên cứu và triển khai hệ thống mạng với giao thức OSPF
BO CO
THC TP TT NGHIP
Tn ti:
Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF
: Nguyn c Trung
: CCMM030C
LI M U
1. L do chn ti
Nh chng ta bit, ni n mng my tnh l ni n truyn d liu trn mng.
Vy d liu trn mng c truyn nh th no? D liu trn mng c truyn nh cc
b nh tuyn thc thi cc gii thut chn ng i (hay chng ta vn gi l giao thc
nh tuyn).
Chng ta ni rt nhiu n giao thc nh tuyn, mt trong nhng giao thc
phi k n l giao thc nh tuyn Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). OSPF l mt giao
thc nh tuyn khng phi mi so vi th gii, tuy nhin thc t ti Vit Nam khng c
nhiu c quan, t chc, trng hc ... c mt h thng mng ln s dng Router v p
dng cc phng php nh tuyn, qun tr ti tn nht. Chnh v vy m cc khi nim v
nh tuyn hay cu hnh nh tuyn cng cha phi l ph bin i vi rt nhiu ngi.
Xc nh c tm quan trng ca giao thc ny trong h thng mng ngy nay nn
em chn v nghin cu ti "Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao
thc OSPF" vi mc ch tm hiu su sc v c ch hot ng ca n cng nh pht
hin ra nhng nhc im tm nhng gii php khc phc nhng nhc im ny.
2. Mc tiu v nhim v nghin cu.
Nghin cu v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
Trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF bng cc thit b tht ca
hng Cisco.
3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu.
Nghin cu m hnh h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
Nghin cu trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
4. Nhng phng tin cng c c th trin khai.
Mt s Router 2600 ca hng Cisco, mt s PC u cui, cp mng Cat5e, cp
console, cp Serial.
5. Phng php nghin cu.
Di s hng dn ca ging vin hng dn.
Tm hiu cc ti liu lin quan v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF v h thng mng
c trin khai vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
Trin khai h thng mng vi cc thit b tht ca hng Cisco kim chng l
thuyt nghin cu c.
6. D kin kt qu.
Hiu c su sc v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
Trin khai c mt h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
7. ngha khoa hc v thc tin.
- ngha khoa hc:
Cung cp mt b ti liu hc tp v tham kho cho cc kha sau.
Cung cp mt b ti liu tp hun trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF.
- ngha thc tin:
Sau khi thc hin ti c th gip sinh vin nng cao k nng nh tuyn vi mt
s thit b, cch xy dng mt h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF.
Trin khai c mt h thng mng vi giao thc nh tuyn OSPF.
8. t tn ti.
Tn ti c chn ph hp vi nhng ni dng s nghin cu v trin khai l
Nghin cu v trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF".
PHIU NH GI
KT QU THC TP TT NGHIP CUI KHO CA SINH VIN
KHA HC: 2009 - 2012
- H v tn sinh vin:
Nguyn c Trung
H o to: Cao ng
MC LC
LI M U ..................................................................................................................... 2
MC LC ........................................................................................................................... 5
DANH MC CC HNH V ............................................................................................ 7
PHN I: GII THIU V TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN
HU NGH VIT HN.................................................................................................. 9
1. C QUAN THC TP ............................................................................................. 9
2. GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................................... 9
2.1.
2.2.
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
nh tuyn ng.......................................................................................... 16
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.4.
1.5.
2.2.
2.3.
ng gi bn tin OSPF...................................................................................... 19
2.4.
2.5.
2.5.1.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.5.4.
Bu DR v BDR ......................................................................................... 22
2.6.
Xc thc ............................................................................................................. 22
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
2.9.2.
Bu chn DR v BDR................................................................................. 27
2.10.
Metric OSPF................................................................................................... 28
2.11.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.3.
Ti u h thng.................................................................................................. 42
KT LUN ....................................................................................................................... 47
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................ 48
DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1 Bng nh tuyn ................................................................................................... 16
Hnh 2.1 ng gi bn tin OSPF........................................................................................ 20
Hnh 2.2. Giao thc Hello .................................................................................................. 21
Hnh 2.3. Cu trc gi tin LSUs ......................................................................................... 22
Hnh 2.4. M hnh 3 router ................................................................................................. 23
Hnh 2.5. M hnh mng gm 3 router ............................................................................... 24
Hnh 2.6. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R1 ......................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.7. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R2 ......................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.8. Bng nh tuyn ca Router R3 ......................................................................... 26
Hnh 2.9. Qu trnh lan trn bn tin LSAs.......................................................................... 27
Hnh 2.10. Gi tr Cost ca OSPF ...................................................................................... 29
Hnh 3.1. M hnh h thng mng...................................................................................... 31
Hnh 3.2. Cc interface trn router R1 ............................................................................... 35
Hnh 3.3. Cc interface trn router R2 ............................................................................... 35
Hnh 3.4. Cc interface trn router R3 ............................................................................... 36
Hnh 3.5. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC1.................................................................................. 36
Hnh 3.6. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC2.................................................................................. 37
Hnh 3.7. Thng s TCP/IP ca PC3.................................................................................. 37
Hnh 3.8. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R1 ........................................................................... 38
Hnh 3.9. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R2 ........................................................................... 38
Hnh 3.10. Cu hnh OSPF trn router R3 ......................................................................... 39
Hnh 3.11. Bng nh tuyn trn router R1 ........................................................................ 39
Hnh 3.12. Bng nh tuyn trn router R2 ........................................................................ 40
Hnh 3.13. Bng nh tuyn trn router R3 ........................................................................ 40
Hnh 3.14. Ping t PC1 PC2 .......................................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.15. Ping t PC1 PC3 .......................................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.16. Ping t PC2 PC3 .......................................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.17. Lnh show ip protocols .................................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.18. Lnh show ip ospf ............................................................................................ 43
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
C QUAN THC TP
Tn c quan: Trng Cao ng Cng Ngh Thng Tin Hu Ngh Vit Hn, Trung
2.1.
Vietnam - Korea Friendship Information College) l trng cao ng cng lp trc thuc
B Thng tin v Truyn thng, c tr s ti Nng. Trng c chc nng o to
ngun nhn lc cng ngh thng tin trnh cao ng, p dng m hnh v phng php
o to cng ngh thng tin tin tin ca Hn Quc.
y l d n hp tc tiu biu tng trng cho mi quan h hp tc hu ngh pht
trin khng ngng gia Vit Nam v Hn Quc sau khi hai nc thit lp quan h ngoi
giao nm 1992, nhm o to ngun nhn lc cng ngh thng tin phc v cho s nghip
cng nghip ho, hin i ho ca Vit Nam ni chung v khu vc min Trung - Ty
Nguyn ni ring.
Lch s hnh thnh trng
- T ngy 15/9 n ngy 19/9/2003, on cn b cp cao ca Chnh ph Vit Nam
tham gia chnh thc Hn Quc do Th tng Chnh ph Phan Vn Khi dn u theo li
mi ca Th tng Hn Quc Goh Kun. Trong bui tip on Chnh ph Vit Nam ca
Tng thng Hn Quc, Ngi Tng thng Hn Quc Roh Moo Hyun cng b gip Vit
Nam xy dng trng Cao ng Cng ngh thng tin Hu ngh Vit Hn vi mn qu tr
gi 10 triu USD.
- Thng 12-2003: Th tng Chnh ph giao cho B Bu chnh Vin thng lm ch u
t xy dng Trng Cao ng Cng ngh thng tin Hu ngh Vit Hn
10
dng v h tr cc chng trnh v cng ngh thng tin. Trung tm Cng ngh thng tin
c cc nhim v ch yu sau:
Xy dng v t chc thc hin k hoch h tr thng tin cho cng tc qun l v
cng tc o to ca trng, bao gm; h tr ti nguyn cng ngh thng tin (c phn
cng v phn mm); cc ng dng v h thng, mng, EMS, SMS; lp k hoch tch hp
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
11
MC TIU HOT NG
Trng c nhim v o to C cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) h chnh qui, p dng
4.
T CHC HOT NG
5.
LNH VC HOT NG
12
13
n kin trc xy dng bng my tnh in ton; s dng thnh tho cc phn mm my
tnh h tr qu trnh thit k kin trc.
+ Chuyn ngnh thit k c tin: trang b cho ngi hc kin thc v k thut thit
k, ch to c kh - thit k t ng ha. Sau khi tt nghip, k s thc hnh chuyn
ngnh thit k c tin c trnh l thuyt v k nng thc hnh vng vng, c kh nng
t o to v nng cao trnh lm vic trong cc lnh vc thit k, ch to chi tit
my, lp t cc thit b c kh, thc hin bo tr, bo dng cc thit b c kh, t ng
ha trong cc nh my, dy chuyn sn xut, c kh nng t chc v lp k hoch qun l
mt t, nhm sn xut, c kh nng cp nht kin thc nng cao trnh ph hp vi nhu
cu cng vic.
+ Chuyn ngnh tin hc vin thng: trang b cho sinh vin kin thc chuyn mn
v lnh vc in t s v t ng ha trn c s cc kin thc v cng ngh thng tin v
in t bn dn, bn cnh sinh vin cng c trang b y cc kin thc v truyn
thng s c th thch ng lm vic trong mi trng hi t cng ngh thng tin v t
ng ha. Mc tiu o to ca b mn l o to k s thc hnh trong lnh vc in t
cng ngh cao v t ng ha.
-
v xy dng h c s d liu mt cch c bn. Sau khi hc xong, sinh vin hiu c bn
cht v cch t chc h c s d liu, v c th lm cc cng vic nh: c kh nng thit
k, xy dng v qun l c s d liu (CSDL) mt cch c h thng; qun tr iu hnh
mt h CSDL; bo tr v nng cp CSDL; pht trin c cc ng dng s dng CSDL
trong cc mi trng khc nhau.
+ Chuyn ngnh mng my tnh: cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn
v mng my tnh v d liu, cc giao thc hot ng trong mng, k thut kt ni mng
LAN, WAN, ng thi trang b cc kin thc khc v mng nh qun tr mng, mng
khng dy, an ninh mng, chuyn mch v nh tuyn d liu. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn
c trang b kh nng v lp trnh mng. Vi chng trnh o to ch trng vo thc
hnh trn cc thit b v dng c v mng my tnh nn cc sinh vin khi ra trng s c
k nng v thc hnh v c th p ng ngay c cng vic trong thc t.
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
14
Ngnh marketing
o to c nhn c k nng nghin cu, phn tch, hoch nh v tc nghip cc
hot ng thuc lnh vc marketing trong mi trng truyn thng v mi trng trc
tuyn da trn s h tr ca cng ngh thng tin.
15
1.1.
Khi nim
nh tuyn l cch thc m Router (b nh tuyn) hoc thit b mng khc s dng
Phn loi
C 2 loi nh tuyn: nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
interface.
16
Giao thc nh tuyn Distance vector : Cc giao thc nh tuyn thuc loi ny
nh RIP,IGRP........
17
(Distance Vector Protocol) xut hin sm nht. N sut hin vo nm 1970 bi Xerox
nh l mt phn ca b giao thc Xerox Networking Services (XNS). Mt iu k l l
RIP c chp nhn rng ri trc khi c mt chun chnh thc c xut bn. Mi n
nm 1988 RIP mi c chnh thc ban b trong RFC1058 bi Charles Hedrick. RIP
c s dng rng ri do tnh cht n gin v tin dng ca n.
Giao thc nh tuyn RIP c 2 phin bn RIPv1 v RIPv2.
1.3.1. Giao thc RIPv1
c im: RIPv1 (RIP phin bn 1) l giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch
nn qung b ton b bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc router lng ging theo nh k. Chu
k cp nht ca RIP l 30 giy. Thng s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop, gi tr ti
a l 15 hop.
RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch. Khi RIP router nhn thng tin v mt
mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn ny khng c thng tin v subnet
mask i km. Do router s ly subnet mask ca cng p dng cho a ch mng m
n nhn c t cng ny. Nu subnet mask ny khng ph hp th n s ly subnet mask
mc nh theo lp a ch p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c.
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
18
Mt s hn ch ca RIPv1:
- Khng gi thng tin subnet mask trong thng tin nh tuyn
- Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255
- Khng h tr xc minh thng tin nhn c
- Khng h tr VLSM v CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing)
1.3.2. Giao thc RIPv2
RIPv2 c pht trin t RIPv1 nn c nhiu c im ging RIPv1:
- L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch, s dng s hop lm thng s nh
tuyn.
- S dng thi gian holddown chng lp (loop), thi gian ny mc nh l 180 giy.
- S dng c ch split horizon chng loop.
- Gi tr hop ti a l 15
RIPv2 c gi subnet mask i km vi cc a ch mng trong thng tin nh tuyn v
vy RIPv2 c h tr VLSM v CIDR. RIPv2 cng h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh
tuyn. V vy ta c th cu hnh cho RIP gi v nhn thng tin xc minh trn cng giao
tip ca router bng m ha MD5 hay khng m ha.
1.4.
ti a l 15 hop. Cisco pht trin mt giao thc c quyn ca ring mnh l IGRP
khc phc nhng nhc im .
C th l metric ca IGRP l s t hp ca 5 yu t, mc nh l bandwidth v
delay: Bandwidth, Delay Load, Reliability, Maximum transfer unit (MTU).
IGRP khng s dng hop count trong metric ca mnh, tuy nhin n vn theo di
c hop count. Mt mng ci t IGRP th kch thc mng c th nn ti 255 hop.
u im na ca IGRP so vi RIP l n h tr c unequal-cost load sharing v
thi gian update lu hn RIP gp 3 ln. (90 giy).
Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng u im ca mnh so vi RIP, IGRP cng c nhng
nhc im l giao thc c quyn ca Cisco.
1.5.
19
2.1.
Khi nim
OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn dng Link-State da trn chun m c pht trin
thay th phng thc Distance Vector (RIP). RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn c chp
nhn trong nhng ngy u ca mng v Internet, nhng do ph thuc vo s lng hop
m router c th i c ch l 15 nn RIP nhanh chng khng th chp nhn c trong
cc mng ln hn. Cc mng ln hn cn 1 gii php nh tuyn mnh m hn. OSPF l 1
giao thc nh tuyn classless m s dng khi nim vng cho kh nng m rng. N s
dng thng s cost tnh ng i tt nht. OSPF s dng bng thng nh l thc o
chi ph.
2.2.
2.3.
Tc hi t nhanh
H tr xc thc (Authenticate).
ng gi bn tin OSPF
Phn d liu ca 1 thng bo OSPF c ng trong 1 gi. Trng d liu ny c
20
khc .
trc (master/slave)
LSR : Link state request gi tin ny dng ch nh loi LSA dng trong
Gi tin Hello
Gi OSPF loi 1 l gi OSPF Hello. Cc gi Hello c s dng :
21
22
Xc thc
Ging nh cc giao thc nh tuyn khc OSPF c th c cu hnh xc thc.
2.7.
23
Cch xc n Router ID
Cc OSPF Router ID c s dng nhn din tng router trong vng nh tuyn
bt k cng
loopback no.
2.8.
24
Bng nh tuyn
Xt m hnh nh hnh v sau khi mang hi t th mi router s c 1 bng nh tuyn
ca n nh trong hnh v:
25
26
2.9.
Point-to-point
Broadcast Multiaccess.
Point-to-multipoint.
Virtual links.
27
Mc nh u tin l 1
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
28
Thi gian bu chn DR v BDR ch din ra trong vng vi giy ngay sau khi router
khi ng vi vic kch hot giao thc OSPF hoc mng Multiaccess. Khi 1 router c
bu lm DR th n vn l DR cho n khi 1 trong cc iu kin sau thay i
DR b hng
29
30
3.
OSPF
3.1.
31
Giao din
a ch IP
Subnet Mask
Default
Gateway
Fa0/0
172.16.1.17
255.255.255.240
S0/0
192.168.10.1
255.255.255.252
S0/1
192.168.10.5
255.255.255.252
Fa0/0
10.10.10.1
255.255.255.0
S0/0
192.168.10.2
255.255.255.252
S0/1
192.168.10.9
255.255.255.252
F0/0
172.16.1.33
255.255.255.248
S0/0
192.168.10.6
255.255.255.252
S0/1
192.168.10.10
255.255.255.252
PC1
NIC
172.16.1.20
255.255.255.240 172.16.1.17
PC2
NIC
10.10.10.10
255.255.255.0
PC3
NIC
172.16.1.35
255.255.255.248 172.16.1.33
R1
R2
R3
10.10.10.1
3.2.
32
33
Router R2
Router(config)#hostname R2
R2(config)#enable password class
R2(config)#no ip domain-lookup
R2(config)#banner motd #Vo phan su mien vao#
R2(config)#line console 0
R2(config-line)#logging synchoronous
R2(config-line)#password cisco
R2(config-line)#login
R2(config-line)#exit
R2(config)#line vty 0 4
R2(config-line)#password cisco
R2(config-line)#login
R2(config-line#exit
R2(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface serial 0/0
R2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.252
R2(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config)#interface serial 0/1
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
34
Router R3
Router(config)#hostname R3
R3(config)#enable password class
R3(config)#no ip domain-lookup
R3(config)#banner motd #Vo phan su mien vao#
R3(config)#line console 0
R3(config-line)#logging synchoronous
R3(config-line)#password cisco
R3(config-line)#login
R3(config-line)#exit
R3(config)#line vty 0 4
R3(config-line)#password cisco
R3(config-line)#login
R3(config-line#exit
R3(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.33 255.255.255.248
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#interface serial 0/0
R3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.6 255.255.255.252
R3(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R3(config-if)#no shutdown
R3(config-if)#exit
R3(config)#interface serial 0/1
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Ti u h thng
-
43
R2(config)#interface loopback 0
R2(config-if)#ip address 10.2.2.2 255.255.255.255
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
44
R3(config)#interface loopback 0
R3(config-if)#ip address 10.3.3.3 255.255.255.255
+ Khi ng li router s dng Router IDs mi
Khi Router ID mi c cu hnh, n s khng c s dng cho n khi tin trnh
OSPF c khi ng li. Hy chc chn rng cu hnh hin ti s c lu vo
NVRAM, v sau s dng lnh reload khi ng li cc b nh tuyn.
+ S dng lnh show ip ospf neighbors xc nhn li s thay i ca Router
IDs
45
46
Router R2:
R2(config)#interface serial0/0
R2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
R2(config-if)#interface serial0/1
R2(config-if)#bandwidth 64
+ S dng lnh ip ospf cost to cu hnh OSPF cost trn router R3
Router R3:
R3(config)#interface serial0/0
R3(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562
R3(config-if)#interface serial0/1
R3(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562
Khoa khoa hc my tnh Lp CCMM03C
47
KT LUN
T nhng g trnh by trn v giao thc nh tuyn OSPF ta c th rt ra mt s
kt lun sau y:
Trin khai h thng mng vi giao thc OSPF: c cu hnh trn thit b
48