CCE UP Social Science

bjhl kW KGikahd kL
r_fma
Ma ifnaL
cabjhlf tFf
VI - VIII
cUthf
khy fa Muh g Wtd
brid-600 006
STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING, CHENNAI-6

2012
FG jiyt
U. F.njtuh#,
aFe,
khy fa Muh g Wtd, brid-6
nkyhthsf
Kidt K.gHrh,
Kidt r.fzg,
iz aFe(l),
khy fa Muh g Wtd,
brid-600 006
iz aFe(Uthf),
khy fa Muh g Wtd,
brid-600 006
xUizghs
Uk g.<t,
cj nguha,
khy fa Muh g Wtd,
brid-600 006
yhaf
Kidt v.dg,
U.j. thr,
KJiy iuahs, Kjt(bgh),

khtl Ma f kW g Wtd, khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,
FUf, ehfgod khtl fiu, jUk khtl
Uk n#h..#hnk I,
iuahs,
khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,
bgdhJh, Utzhkiy khtl
Uk v. rutzFkh,
Uk o.kyh
iuahs,
khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,
U_ ef, U khtl
U.v.rhehj,
iuahs, iuahs,
khtl Ma f kW g Wtd, khtl Ma f kW g Wtd,
nj%, fahFk khtl nfhj, y khtl
U.v. bjtghy,
gljh Ma
muR nkiy g,
UfUfh, jrh khtl
ii
F. njtuh#,
aFe,
khy fa Muh g Wtd,

brid - 600 006.
mJiu
f Fo fL klik. . .
jukhd f neha jHf mu y K Kaahf KgUt f Kiw
bjhl kW KGikahd kL tU fahL Kj (2012-2013) jHf midJ
gfY xW Kj vlh tFtiu eilKiwgLjgl csJ.
ah Kj Kiwahf KgUt fKiwia a kL Kiwia
jHfnk mKfgLJwJ. j bgUjJl bjhl kW KGik kL Kiwfhd
tfhL ifnaL, KgUt fKiwfhd tfhL beKiwf, a kL
Kiwia bragLJtjfhd midJ ghl Ma ifnaLfis khy fa
Muh g Wtd, totikJsJ.
tha ifnaLf, ghl khztfis kL br braghLfis Ro
fhLwd. braghLf ifnao sfgLtnjhL, khztflKs wfis
KGikahf jumsL brtJ vthbwd MaUF tfhLwJ. j_y khztD
bghJs xUw kLkyhJ gKfwfS btbfhzugL. ifnaL,
khzt jwfis milahsfL gUtnjhW, ML KGtJ bjhlJ
KGikahf kL bra MaUF cWJizahf fwJ.
a kLKiwdh, khzt f braghLf, f iz
braghLf, cleyf, nahf fiy, edlijf, edy, tha wf vd
midJ TWfS klgLwd. thW kLtjdh khzt MSik
tsia KGikahf maKowJ. nkY, khWwdhf fw a kW
ntfF Vg kLtjfhd bejikfS sfgLwd.
fhynjhW fwKiwf bragL tU khwfisaLJ jnghJ kL
KiwY a khw mKfgLjgLsJ. khw Mafis CFgnjhL
khztfis nkgL kH br.
Maf, ifnaoYs fUJfis KGikahf cthbfhL tFgiw
bragLJj ntL.
mnghJjh sjiyKiwdiu MSikftfshf
jdif cilatfshf tUfhyij totikgtfshf cUthf aY.
ah Kndw ehF RtfSFns cUthwJ vgjid fUbfhL
xnth MaU braglntL vgJ midt
mththf csJ.
vdnt
Maf, jfSF mfgl bghWid mfiwlD bghWzlD
bragLjntLbkd iHnw.
thJfSl
aFe.
iii
bghUslf
a
jiy
gf
1.
r_f ma Ma ifnaL mKf
2.
tsu kL braghLf mltiz
10
6M tF
3.
tsu kL braghLf
24
4.
dhjh ltiu
39
5.
kh bjhFj dhjh
40
7M tF
6.
tsu kL braghLf
43
7.
dhjh ltiu
58
8.
kh bjhFj dhjh
58
8M tF
9.
tsu kL braghLf
61
10.
dhjh ltiu
80
11.
kh bjhFj dhjh
80
12.
braghLfis ll kh braghLf
82
13.
edlij kW kzj w
115
14.
ghlbghU g mltiz (Syllabus)
121
iv
r_f ma MaifnaL -mKf

khztf jh thG RWw NHiy JbfhL kwtfnshL
izJ thH fWbfhs cj ghlkhf r_f ma ghl mikJsJ.
r_f ma fj IJ
Ka Fnfhf.
1. ehL Ugjf tif xbthU khztiu wj Fokfdhf
cUthFtJ
2. muayik rlij kJ, VW, mj yafis nfhghLfis
nghwbrtJ.
3. a iwahik, xWik, xUikghL Kjat nkikia czJ
nghwbrtJ.
4. khzt xbthUtiu mLjt cikia kJ elgtfshf khWtJ.
5. khzt midtiu jj bghWfis czJ elgtuhf cUthFtJ
itJ Fnfhfjh kw ghlfis fgjF r_f maiy
fgjF cs ntWghil bjthf btfhLwd. vdnt,
r_f
ma fF Mafsha eh, ekJ fj braghLf xbthiw
nkfl Fnfhfis mila cj tif cUthf ntoa bghW
cnsh.
nkY, el xgilfgl
khztf xbthUtU nkfl
Fnfhfis neh eilnghLwhfsh? vd eh mJ bfhs `kL
gagLwJ. kL vgJ bjhl kL (tsu kL) kW KGikahd kL
(bjhFj kL) vd U tifgL vgJ eh mjnj.
tsu kL
khzt xU fUij fWbfhoUF nghnj, mt nkbfhS fw
bragho xbthU goiyia, TjhJ, kLtnj (bjhl) tsu
klhF.
bjhFj kL:
bjhFj ko, ghlbghU rhj kW ghl iz braghLf
midJ TjhF cgLjgL klgLwd. vdnt, bjhlahd
KG ko khzt mrh y, grh y kW wrh y Ma
midJ TWfS bjhlahf kL bragLwd.
ghl bghU rhj ko xbthU gUt WY 60
kbgfSF nj eilbgW. jfhd dh totik kW tF thahd
kh dhjhf ifnao izfgLsd. nkY ghlbghU rhj
klhdJ fw nehffshd mj, j, gagLJj kW w bgw vw
mogil mikfgLsJ. jnfg xbthU gUtF tF thahf
njf eilbgW.
ghl izbraghLf ga tuf, MaUfhd bghJ ifnao

bfhLfgLsd.
r_f ma fj ekJ xbthU braghL fl nehffS
xiwahtJ ugFkhW ghJbfhs ntoaJ ekJ bghWghF.
r_f ma fw isf
khztf:
jfhy ff, flj fhy ff bjhl / is vgij
Jbfhs.
ekJ ghuga gghLf f bjhikahdit vgij czj.
neiwa r_f eltoiff, Wngh iy. iwa r_f
tHff khw tuyh vgij czj.
r_fwfshd jkJ fUij bjthf btgLJj, w
fUJfis nfl, w czfis j, wnuhL eytF
kL xJnghj, atF JrnyhL kW Tw - nghwtiw
tsj.
ey kdghikfis (, neik, thik, fhy jtwhik, kj,
vnyhlJ mfhl nghwtiw) tsj.
fhy jfsJ thifia vthW mikJbfhtJ vgij
goJ, nfL mDgt Y mJ bfhs.
Ugjf, KGikahd MSik gfis tsJ bfhs.
khtU cyF Vg, khtU njitfis vthW brJ bfhtJ
(vbghU fd) vw kdghikia tsj.
X neufis Kiwahf gagL jdF wUF gagL
tif kh mikj.
jh wj kiz, khyij kW njrij nej
gdhLzit kj kW tsj.
jh thG gF r_f NH kW fyhrhu dfis MuhJ/
J bfhs.
ciH nkikia czJ mj jJtij Jbfhs
jh kL jid RnshU eyKl thH jdh awij
bra ntL vd cW bfhs.
gntW bkh, rka, eif, bfhl kfsh tHfgl caj fy
fyhrhuid eh bgWnsh vw czit bgW tsj.
midJ kjf tghL jyf kW tghL Kiwf
nghwtF kgF vzij tsj.
d, gh, bkh, kj kW uha ntWghLfis flJ eh vnyhU
a vw czit tsj.
thif vgJ mtut if vw jJtij czj.
jh thG gF cstfnshL kw khztfnshL R_fkhd
cwit ngQj.
aifia neF gFtij bgWj. bjhiynehF ghitia
tsj.
2
jkF F ilna cs cwit J, F jkh vj

F neuhjtz elj.
xU TWF (fact) njitahd rhWfis (evidences) uLj.
ilF rhWf cik jikia(validity) fLzj.
cikahd rhWf mogil jftfis jUj.
aif tsfis fdkhf - RWw NH khRglhjthW
gagLJj.
aif
brtfshd MW, kiy, V, jhtuf, tdyFf,
cdf nghwtgh gW bfhL, ghJfhJ ngQj.
khW vr ga zit tsj
ma kdghik, kjnea , Muh kdghF, UJ Mt
Matiw tsj,
bghJ brhJfis guhkj kW tKiwia blhj.
jeg nkik kW FG braf Kjat Fgoahf
mjdh ehL nknkY cau Kay, rhf Mtd brj.
ehLfhf / CUfhf ciHf, njit VgLnghJ ehil ghJfhf
nghl jahuh Uj.
bgf faF Gfhdtiw ifLj. - it nghw
nehf TWf xiwahtJ cslajhf xbthU braghL
mikj ntL.
ghl mQFKiw
jnghija ghll khzt ika mQFKiw mikJsJ khztnu
Fl xU bghU / fUJga mit `cUthbfhs cjtnj Ma
gahF.
nkFj nehfij mila bghJghll jfY, ifnaoY
nghJkhd
braghLf
totikfgLsd.
bfhLfgLs
braghLfmidij X Ma bra ntL vw flhaiy. it
midJ kL nehffhfnt bfhLfgliy. tW ytiw
Ma jkJ ``fw fj mDgtfSF gagL bfhsyh. it
ju Ma ntW y (khztfSF Vw) braghLfis totikJ
bfhsyh. Mdh xbthU fUJ khzt jh nkbfhS braghLf
tahfnt mtiu brwila ntL vgnj ekJ yF.
ifnao cs braghLf Kj tF thahf fgLsd.
wF
ghljf xbthU jiy G
bfhLfgLs tsu
braghLfS mjid bjhlJ TLj braghLfS bfhLfgLsd.
mit tsu kL m (Formative Assessment) FA (a) tsu kL-M (Formative
Assessement) FA (b) vW tifgLjgLsd.
khztf FA(a)braghil brnghJ, xbthU khztU btntW
gf/ f/Kofis tHfyh. (v.fh) cyftiugl, VnjD xU it
tzL fhl - vw braghoF xbthU khztU btbtW fis
tzL fhLt.
3
Mdh, FA(b)
braghoF
xnu g/Ko/jh rahdjhf
UfKo.
(v.fh.)
ahF mUnf, a bgUfl mikJs
`-ehil tzL fhl vw braghoF khztf yifiaju
kw fis tzoUjh m~J jtwhdjhL myth? ifnao
braghLf Fiwthfnt bfhLfgLsd. Maf ghljf cs
tif braghLfis gagLbfhsyh. Wnj(Slip Test) el
khztfis klyh, vLJfhL
1. W eljgl ghlgF Ka fUJfis bjhFf.
2. bfhLfgl a tiugl M{, fndh, Muh, bl Ma
lfis Ff.
bragho tiff
xbthU braghL jah braghlh (j) myJ FG braghlh (FG)
myJ tF cs midtU nrJ br braghlh (tF) vd,
tFgiwF eilbgW braghlh (c), tFgiwF bt eilbgW
braghlh (bt) vd mjF njitahd fhy ms ( - lf) kW
mbraghnlhL bjhlila fUJ, jf lbgW gf Kja tuf
milFD bfhLfgLsd.
jah braghL :
KGikahd kW bjhl ko xbthU khztiu fw cW bra
jahbraghL mtakhwJ. tFgiw khztf vif Fiwthf
UFnghJ braghL Vilajhf mik. braghil mikFnghJ
Ma
xbthU
khztlY
ftd
brY,
fw
bjh
eilbgWwjh vgjid cW brj ntL. jah bragho _y
eilbgW fwyhdJ,
beL ehfSF iyJ F. nkY, fw
bghUSilajhf UF.
iz braghL
khztfis Ut bfhl iz FGthf
(Peer Group) J
braghLfis bra brhyyh. mthnw mFG jiy klyh.
W FG braghL :
tFgiw khztf vif mfkhf UFnghJ Ma
khztfis IJ myJ mjF nkgl W FGfshf J fw
braghil mikfyh. W FGfshf fgLtjh xbthU FGdUF
fw fj JizfUf, ltr nghwit csdth vd cWbrj
ntL. braghonghJ tFgiw nkyhik eKiw mika Ma
TLj ftd brYJj mtakhwJ. nkY xbthU khztUila gf
l bgWkhW Ma CfgLJj mta.
KG tF braghL :
ghll cs y wfis jah braghL, iz braghL
kW FG braghL _ykhf elj ayhjbghGJ, tF cs midJ
khztfis xnu FGthfbfhL tF KGikfhd braghLfis brJ

fhl brhyyh. (v.fh ) fsgaz, dho-dh, fyJiuahl
tsu kL TWf : (ju msf)
tsu kL (m) ) [FA (a)]-fhd braghLfis fhQ tKiw _y
kL bra ntL .
kbg
FpL
ju
kL Ff
10
f eW
89
eW
67
Ufu
5
( Fiwjgr )
Ka njit
KGik,
Ja,bj,
kW gilghw.
Ez
KGik, bj
KGikahd <LghL
KGikailahjtfSF
eltoif njit.
Fiw
tsu kL (M) [FA (b)]-fhd ju msf flthW mikj ntL

kbg
FpL
ju
10
f eW
8 -9
eW
6 -7
Ufu
Ka njit
kL Ff
KGik, Ja, bj, rahd tKiw
KGik, bj, bgUghY rahd tKiw
(1, 2 jtWf)
KGik ( 3, 4 jtWf)
KGikailahj, rahf JbfhS w
yhjtfSF Fiw eltoif njit
FG braghil kl
FG bragho nghJ (v.fh) fyJiuahl xnu jiyig midJ
FGfSF bfhLgij jfyh. xnu ghlbghU (Lesson) mikj
btntW jiyfis (fru, fhu, bty) khztfSF mJ
bghJthd msnfh mogil (khzt gnf, <LghL) kL brayh.
FG bragho, FGbfW mfgL kbgfis (ju) ruhrahf
braghil brjtfSF (Average Performers) mijl TLjyhd
kbgfis ewhf brjtfSF (good performers) ruhrial Fiwthd
kbgfis xGfhf bra jtatfSF tHfyh.
khzt jh br bragho tna mt bgW w msit
mfF nehjh kbg/ju tHfgLj ntL. khwhf, mtf
5
eif HF tif Ma eltoif mikJl TlhJ vg

ftdkhf Uf ntL.
jums g
Kdnu
TaJnghW,
xUgUt
vjid
braghLfis
eh
khztfSF bfhLJ kL brUjhY, FA(a) ehF FA(b)
ehFkhf vL braghLfis g brjh nghJkhdJ. (Ma Udh
vyh braghLf kil g brJ bfhsyh.).
braghLfis totikFnghJ fUbfhs ntoait
braghLfis
nj
brnghJ
khWwdhsfis
bkJthf
fnghiu eh kd bfhs ntL.
jf kW ifnao bfhLfgLs braghLf nkTa U
nfhghLfSF bghUjkhf yho, Ma jkJ khztfSnfg
braghLfis
kh mikJ bfhsyh myJ a braghLfis
totikJ bfhsyh.
njbjLfgL braghLf, xnu xU ghlnyh (tuyhW, a, Foika,
bghUshjhu) xnu jiynyh (Lesson - 1) mikJLj TlhJ. khwhf,
vyhghlfis cslajhf, gyjugl jiyfis bfhljhf
Uj mta.
mJnghnw, njbjLfgL braghLf xnu tifia rhjjhf yhk
gtifgljhf (fij, ghl, fUJgl, ehlf, tiugl fhynfhL
nghwitahf) UgJ mta.
braghLfis njbjLj
bfhLfgLs braghLf, khztf ghlbghUis ff, mtf
fFnghnj kl, KGikahf brUjh CFf, bra
jtUjh Fiw fw mikF nehY cUthfgLsd.
X Ma jkJ khztf vif, mtf fF w kW
d nghwtiw fUbfhL ifnao cs braghLfis
njbjLJ, ghlnjhL izJ, mtf ghlbghU bjF gagL
bfhsyh.
bfhLfgLs braghLfisjh X Ma jkJ khztfSF
mf ntL vw flha iy. Ma jhnk tiwl wj /
vikahd / gaDs braghil totikJ ghlbghUis khztf
Jbfhs cjtyh. Mdh braghLf tna khztf fFnghJ,
ghlbghUis v Jbfht vw TW eh mj xnw. vdnt,
MajgLJj, fw, tYl, wtsj, kl Ma midJ
goiyfY iuia jJ braghLfis mikJ khztfis
fw KG <LghnlhL gnff bra ntoaJ ekJ jiyaha bghW. mjF
ifnaL bgJ cj vd enwh.
braghil khWj
mnjnghW x MaUF cj nehjh braghLf, j/FG;
c/bt vd tifgLjgLsd. Mdh, j braghL vd FfgLs
6
xW, jkJ khztfsh FGthfjh bra aY vwh, Ma

khbfhsyh. FG braghL vd tifgLjgl braghil, Ma
Udh j braghlhf kh bfhsyh. c braghil bt bra
ghlhf, bt braghil c braghlhf kh bfhsyh. xbthU
braghoF xJfgl fhy msit Maf jj NHYF Vg Tonah,
Fiwnjh zJbfhsyh. Mdh braghL bfhLF Kng fhy msit
flha zJ bfhtJ eyJ.
Kj xbthU ghlF bfhLfgLs braghLfis Ma
vait, Xus fodkhdit, fodkhdit vd tifgL bfhsyh. fw
fjnghJ Kj va braghLfis khztfSF tHfyh. mtiw
Koj khztfSF Xus fodkhd braghLfis tHfyh. U
goiyfis KojtfSF fodkhd braghLfis tHfyh. Mdh,
midJ khztfS xbthU ghljiyY ff ntoa Fiwjgr
wfisahtJ bgUgJ mta.
Fiw eltoif
bjhl kL, khztf Kndwij xbthU goiyY
fgnjhL kL mtf fwij tYl, jtwhf J bfhlij
Uj bra gagLjntL. iyba bjhl klh ga yhk
nghL. vdnt, kil ntfkhf fngh, ruhrahf fngh, bkJthf
fnghiu
milahs
fhz
gagLjyh.
Fiw
eltoif
njitgLnthUbfyh
mjid
flha
ml
ntoa
bghW
MaUilanj. vdnt, Fiw eltoif,
K bfhLj braghilna L mtfSF bfhLfyh.
bfhLj braghLfis vikgL bfhLfyh.
njitgo a, va braghLfis mikJ juyh.
vnghbjyh neu ilwnjh, mnghbjyh Ma bkJthf
fnghUF neuoahf cjtyh.
ntfkhf fnghiu bkJthf fnghUF cjt brayh (iz fw)
FGfshf J FGjiyt nkghit Fiw eltoif
vLfyh.
vgoahD el xgilfgl khztf midtU xbthU
ghlY (Lesson) eh vghF Fiwj ms wfisnaD bgw
brtJ ekF ehnk VgLbfhS X cdj rth.
khWwdhsf
ghlbghU fj iy ekJ tF cs khWwdhsiu eh
ftd bfhs ntoa bghW cnsh. mtf iynfw
(wiknfw) braghLfis mtfSF tHf ntL. vdnt, xU braghil
khztfSF eh tHFnghJ mjid khWwdhsfsh bra aYkh vd
J, bra ayho mtf iynfg bragho khw bra
ntL myJ mjF izahd ntbwhU braghil totikJ mtfSF
ju ntoaJ mta. vLJfhlhf, xU isahL nH bfhLfgLsJ.
fhygmltiz:
MafSF cj neh ifnao xbthU jiyFkhd
(Lesson wise) fhyg mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. Mdh, Maf
mtut NHYnfg fhyg mltizia cUth bfhsyh. mjidna
gwyh. Mdh, fhyg mltiz ghl elJj ewW. vdnt,
nk mfhf gia ghitl tUnghJ, mtut if jiyik Mauh
xj mfgl fhyg mltiz UgJ mta. mjgo ghlfS
braghLfS eilbgWtJ mta.
Fiwjgr fw:
xbthU ghl KoY xU khzt mUfntoa / id
bfhs ntoa Fiwjgr fw wf goa bfhLfgLsJ.
khztf tiw kLnk fw ntL vgJ j bghUsy khwhf,
tiwahtJ xbthU khztU fUf ntL vgnj bghU. Mdh,
midJ khztfS midJ wfis bgw ttif brtnj xU wj

Ma jiyaha g vgJ eh mjnj.
fwiy thnthL izj:
r_f maiy bghUjko,
khztf ghlbghUis J
bfhtnjhL, mjid jkJ thifnahL, NHnyhL, iwa fnthL
bjhlgLJ wid tsf ntoaJ ekJ jiyaha flikahF. jifa
eltoif kLjh ghl KaJtij khztfSF kwtfSF
czjKo vg eh bjthf Uj ntL.
r_f ma ghl wj Kiw m~jhtJ, mJ vj nehffhf
ffgLwnjh
mj
nehfij
khztf
milaToa
tif
ffgoUjh, iwa r_furidfns yhk nghUF vgij eh
czuntL.
ekJ ghl bghU xbthU fUij (concept) khzt thnthL,
(Fghf mtdJ kdghikia nkgLJtjhf) FLgnjhL, r_fnjhL,
RWw NHnyhL izJ ff jnghJ ekF th RjjuK
mikJsJ.
vdnt, xbthU braghL khzt m bgUfF,
edlijF cjtToajhf mikj ntL.
braghLf, braghLfhf vW mikahk, bghU bghjjhf
uridfis milahs fhQ fhufshf, mitfSF fis jU
wnfhfshf miktJ mta. jid vgo brtJ vw vz xU
yUF bjahUfyh. mjfhf xU y vLJfhLf.
1. tuyh kdf rhjidfis goaLnghJ, rhjidahsfjh
tuyh id TugLwhf vgij vLJ TWtnjhL, ``tuyh
lbgw ntLbk, vbdd rhjidfis fjU?
vd nfL khzt vG kdghikia jo vGgyh.
8
2. khztf tuyhW ffSF fhynfhL tiunghJ jkJ jij

Kndw, jkJ Kndw FJ xU fhynfhL tiua khztUF
cjtyh.
3. kdf trht tiugl tiunghJ, khztj jiyKiw ga
tiugl tiua cjtyh.
4. fljfhy ff xbthwid g, khzt gYnghJ, mtUJ
khzt fWbfhl "ghl" (tha wf) vd? vd dtyh.
5. jfhy ffS fljfhy fit idLtJ vJ? vd vGj NHnyhL
izJ fjh tUfhy rKjha kj khfnshL fG vgJ
z.
brafis ll
ifnao bfhLfgLs braghLf tifF xwhf vLJ,
thd Kiw bragho nehf, njitgL bghUf, fhy ms, mj
goiyf, khzt braghil br j, Ma kL br Kiw
Kja tuf bfhLfgLsd. Ma mtiw goJghJ mjgona
mtif braghLfis lL bragL kL brayh.
ebd fUJf
kw ghlfisl r_f ma ghljh ebd fUJfis
khztf fWbfhs mf th csJ. ifnaoY vLJfhofhf
ebd fUJf mla mltiz xW bfhLfgLsJ. mtiwnghW
ghlfis fFnghnj, vbfyh thUwnjh mbfyh bghUjkhd
mwbefUJfis khzt thtna jUj f wj cahF.
ifid bghUf
r_f ma ghlij fF nghJ, khztf ifidbraf <Lgl
iwa th csJ. Vbd, Fjh Xa, ehoa, ehlf, g Kja
fiyfg mf gowd.
vdnt, vbfyh th VgLwnjh
mbfyh fk, d fk (shl M gh-Plaster of Paris) ku, fhj,
mil Kja _ybghUfisbfhL gntW totfis, cUtfis,
khfis brJ jkJ ifid wikia nkgL bfhs Ma cjtJ
mtakhF. thW gwfS bgw, e kdghikl Toa isPfis
cUth cajnjh cyf gilf wgLnth nw.....
Mwh tF
tsu kL braghLf
v
1.
ghl jiy
Foika
FLgK
rKjhaK
FA(a)/
(b)
FLg cWd bga vGJj
FA(a)
fUJ TWj ( FLg ghJfh) FA(a)
jf csit
mltiz gLJj
(cgahsh, bjhyhs)
irl ghLj (ghuah ghl)
fyJiuahl
(TL FLg, jFLg)
2.
1.
rKjhaK
g
bga vGJj ( tF gF
cs f Wtdf bgaf)
thj brj ( FHijf
Kndw
TLj
gF
tgJ g, r_f, FLg)
ehlf eoj
(ntWik
xWik)
nflj (g ts
rKjha gF)
Mnyhrid gj
(g tsF)
irl ghLj
(ghuah ghl jf csJ)
nfhsuf brW ghitl
Na
nfhf glfis uLj
FLgK
gf
v
148
148
FA(a)
150
FA(a)
FA(a)
150
148,150
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
156
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
155
FA(a)
FA(a)/ gf v
(b)
148
FA(a)
cnsh FA(a)
148
FLg gl xLj
goaLj ( j bjU
jFLg, TL FLg)
jft uLj ( j bjU cs Lf
kW FLg cWdf bjhf
bghkyhl vf FLg
jft uLj (ekF njitahd bghUf,
bt khyUJ bgWgit)
FWehlf ( FLg /r_f nkik FJ)
gl bjhF jahj ( j khtl cs
RWyh jyf)
FLg tiugl
bga vGJj
j FLgYnsh bga vGJj
goaLj ( j bjU cnsh
jFLg, TL FLg)
FA(a)
148
FA(a)
FA(a)
149
FA(a)
FA(a)
148
FA(a)
150
FA(a)
148
jft uLj (FLg gHF egf, FA(a)

mtf bjhf)
gl bjhF jahj ( gntW khy kf
glf)
148
gnrhJ ghj
FA(a
(mkhthir,bgsz VgL j g mj)
bral ( br jhUJ mkhthir FA(a
bgsz rhj gl, brfis uLj)
FA(a)
10
TLj braghLf
159
159
1.
1.
Na kh jahj Na FLg
FLgK
Na FLgngh eoJ fhLj
fhuz TWj (Snlh xU nfh
iy)
cW nehf ( u thid cW
neh FbgGJj)
FWbfGJ ( nfhf
bgaf)
bghUshjhu bral
FLg khj, tUl
bghUshjhu tUkhd bryl jahj
X mKf
jah
brygoa
jahj
(khzt bry)
iygoa xL (aha yfil
kW w filf)
jf thj ( mah br)
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
goaLj (u,gf VgL j)

cW nehf ( tot kW JUt mj)
kh jahj
FA(a
FA(a
FA(a
160
158
160
FA(a
bralKiw ( NaFLg jftf, glf)
FA(a
160
FA(a)
glbjhF jahj (nfhf glf)

thij isahL (nfhfS, JiznfhfS)
gnfW eoj ( Na FLg)
JQF br jf jahj ( nfhfS,
Jiz nfhfS)
cW neh goaLj xU thuy yh
thd njhW neu
xgil mif jah ( ml, nfhf,
ru, vff ff)
mltiz _y goaLj (f, kUJt
tf Jiw rhnjh goa)
jeg tUkhd fzL brj (jh/jij
X ML tUkhd)
br uLj (rijia cW neh F
bghUf, thF bghUf)
eof brj jeo
(rij fh , cgahs, gt, thFgt)
goaLj (FLg mltiz gaf)
FA(a
FA(a
FA(a
161
162
162-164
162-164
FA(a
164
FA(a
167
FA(a)
170
FA(a)
170
FA(a)
170
FA(a)
170
FA(a)
171
jft nrfj
(bghUshjhu zf gl, jftf)
FA(a)
171
tu, bryl kL jah brj (FLg

khj tUkhd fdij nkbfhs ntoa
tf, kUJt kW rhu flz)
FA(a)
171
thj (rKjhaF f Kakhdtf

tffns!, cgahsfns!
FA(a)
170
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
eoj
(cgahs,
tf, FA(a)
Efnth)
FG
thj
(
rKjhaF FA(a)
Kakhdtf
cgahsfns,
tffns)
11
1.
tuyhW
tuyhWF
Kgl fhy
jft nrfj (fbtLf, FA(a)

id df ghJ)
goaLj (f gaghL)
FA(a)
175
fyJiuahl ( Mkj thif)
FA(a)
174-175
177
FA(a)
174
FA(a)
174
FA(a)
176
FA(a)
177
FA(a)
181
FA(a)
177
br bjhF jahj ( bjhbghU M

rhj brf)
goaLj ( L yFf kW guhk g)
eoJ fhLj Mkj ed kj ntWghL
fsgaz ( mUfhaf brW ghitL
mif jahj)
kh jahj ( giHa a ffhy fUf
fk kh)
FA(a)
177
FA(a)
181
FA(b)
177
glf kW brf uLj

(mfth bjhlilait)
thj ( Mkj rfu
fL ojjfhd fhuz)
fsgaz
(ffhy
fUf
ilf
bgw
lfis
ghitL FbgGJj)
tiugl lfis Fj
2.
2.
J
ehff
J
ehff
bt FG thj ( ehfff V
Mwfiu njhd)
jft uLj ( efu vgJ
lL mikgJ)
fsgaz ( mUfhaf)
tiugl Ka lfis
Fj
FA(a)
181
FA(a)
182
FA(a)
FA(a)
183
189
bt
fgid fLiu vGJj ( C jiytuhf

Ujh)
goa jahj ( L fl cj bjhyhsf)
fyJiuahl ( khzt CUJ rij/ bt
brY bghUf, btUJ mtuJ CUF
tU bghUf
goa jahj ( if bjhf)
goa jahj ( J bt, FHijf/
khztUF bjj isahL bghUf)
12
tiugl Fj ( j eho Mkj

thj gF)
dho dh ( ghlgF bfhLfgLs
Ka jftf)
bral ( khzt C /ef bgaUfhd
fhuz)
xL goa jahj ( bkhfrjhnuh &
bgUFs khztf C Fs)
cq ghit ( bghJ folf)
mltiz jahj ( J rkbt L kW
khzt L)
fyJiuahl ( J bt efu mik khzt
C/ef mik)
gl tiuj (khztf fd y)
FA(a)b 174 -180

FA(a)
181
FA(a)
182
FA(a)
FA(a)
183
183
FA(a)
183
FA(a)
183
FA(a)
184
FA(a)
FA(a)
182-183
184
FA(a)
FA(a)
186
184
2.
J
ehff
bt
gil jHf kh jahj Itif yf

mltiz
jahj
(_ntjf ku, , bfho)
thj brj
( jnghJ eh
bfhlhL Hhf) kia
jUwdth
Lfijf
(Itif
yf
rhJ)
cW neh tj ( mfyf bgaf)

xgil jahj 9 a kf ghuga
cilf)
fLiu vGJj ( J bt kf rka)
FG thj ( J bt kf eif)
bra l mJ nghd efu/C
fh kD jahj ( jdJ C Rfhjhu nfL)
tiugl g ( Ka lfis Fj)
fyJiuahl ( rf fhy fl thg)
kh uLj ( VnjD _W bkhf tU
dr giff W gF)
irl ghLj ( brj ehblD ghuah ghl)
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
bga
goa jahj ( filnaG tsf,
gJghL, vL bjhif f)
mltiz jahj ( _ntjf d,
bfho, jiyefu, JiwKf)
FWehlf (ahndh mur ahnd ft)
jft nrfj ( jDila C gila kdf
ah? ah? Ml gF vd mj)
tiugl Fj ( bja ygl
_ntjf M gFia Fj)
fhbdhfh ghj
(iza jsUJ
ghl bjhlila fh glfis gwf
brJ tFgiw gagLJj)
13
FA(a)
FA(a)
186
187
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(a)
FA(b)
FA(a)
FA(a)
187
187
187
183
183
195
FA(a)
189
FA(a)
193
FA(b)
192
FA(a)
FA(a)
192
FA(a)
FA(a)
VHh tF
tsu kL braghLf
ghl
ghl jiy
v
1
FA a)/ gf
(b)
1.ehlf nrU thHyh
213
a
tuyhW
ga
bfhLfgl b
213
tl
a 2.tiugl
lfis tiugl Fj mit
muRf(2)
jnghJs khyf bgafis
goaLf
3.vGJfis KiwgL il b
213
fh
4.eh ah
213
b
5. FWbfGJ g
214
b
jfhz
muRf
jf braghL
6.kd tiuglF F vGJf
214
7.mltiz uf
215
1.tiugl
Ka
Fj
2.idthw nrhjid
efufis
3.glbjhF jfhz kdf

fiy fol Xa
4.FGthj
vf kd kung
wjJ
5.Rtbuho wj kd
6.jiyig xo ngRj
jfhz muR
b
b
gf
goa ufhuf rhjidf
205-210
j tuyhW TWj ghyff

ehlf trd vGJj fndh gFfhd
nghuhl
fhynfhL tiuj
gl bjhF tl a muRf
mltiz uj tl a muRf
fUJgl ufhuflUJ J mur
trf
gl tiuj C viy nfhL gl tiuj
a
a
207
207
b
a
b
a
206
206-211
206-211
205-206
219
220
219
220
ehlf M mikgjfhd nghuhl

fijTw ufhuf
216
223
216-223 ku t gl tiuj uhou Tl kdf
trht gl
khzt IJ jiyKiwia
sF trht gl
216
fhynfhL bAhrhy
205
205
215-221
216
tiugl tz Lj jfhz muRf
216
a
a
216
216
gl bjhF rhSa fol fiy

fsgaz Fltiu nfh
a
a
218,219
218-220
dhodh ahjtf
xgil uhou Tlf gf
b
a
218-220
219
14
FA(a)/
(b)
a
b
TLj braghLf
bja
muRf
a
tiugl
Ka
efufis Fj
gl bjhF fiy, fol fiy
fgaz nru, nrhH, ghoa
C
isahlhf fWbfh
ehj jahj
EhY MaU
miHj jahj
gl bjhF ekJ guhga

xgil
mj y tiugl s gs jhF
mik kW gl tiuj bkhuh
y eff
thj vkiy
a
1
nkgu
kh
bfhoUF
y nfhs
nkgu
gl bjhF cd ij
kh jahj MW y njhw
gl nrfj bllh
kh jahj
fly-ynjhw
gl bjhF gahWf nrfj
gl ynjhwf
b
a
a
b
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
fij Tw bAhrhy
fhynfhL fhfa
ahjtf trht gl
mltiz uj jfhz muR
237
mltiz jahj
gyt bga kW w bga
226-242 mltiz nru,nrhH,ghoa
226-242 glK, jftY th Rth
226-242 fsgaz khkyu
226-241 jft uLj
Ciu Ml ku nru, nrhH,
ghoa
226-242 dh il TW
226-242 fyJiuahl nru,nrhH fhy thf
glK, sfK nfhf jHf nfhf
jft mif C nfh
fsgaz kw
eoj xUikghL
213
tz Lj
250
nrhjid brj ka tsj
251
kh jahj
252
xgil yeLf-vkiy
tiugl Fj
fUJ tiugl
260
mif jahj fhyiy
264
gnrhjid ghiw ij
264
gl nrfj MW mj ynjhw
265
kh jahj MW goa itj-ynjhw
266
15
jiyig xo ngRj fl m ynjhw

JQF jf miy-go
3D kh jahj gahW mjyh VgL
y njhwf
JQF jf nkgu khw
Lfij
a
b
b
b
b
221
220
222-223
222-223
225-227
b
a
229-240
226
a
b
229
227
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
238
232
227
276
279
245
246
247
250-254
253
246
257
258
260-263
262-263
a
a
a
263-264
264-265
265-267
a
b
243-255
fyJiuahl
fif e - nj a e
(a)
280
ghl vGJj njrg ghlf
(a)
280
fgid fLiu
eh xU mikruhdh
glbjhF
mil ehLf
nja d
glbjhF ekJ ehL ghuga
(a)
280
(a)
280
(a)
280
a
fyJiuahl mogil cikf (a)
muayik ehlf mogil flikf
w TWf
JQF jf muayikig (a)
cUthatf
thj mogil cikf
(a)
fUJ Tw bghJ brhJ

(a)
jft uLj mngfh
(a)
284
JQF jf
goaLj
isahL
tz Lj
cyf mua ygl
ah Ulij mJ tz Lj
jft uLj khzt bjU cs
Lf jft uLj
a tiugl Fj a khyf,
a unjrfis Fj.
br bjhF jahj a FoauR
jiytf ga br bjhF
JQF jf jahj nja df
fsgaz kw
eoJ fhLj nja xUikghL
xgil jah brj muayik waf
282
285
Foika
ekJ ehL
272
a
b
272
273
a
a
a
(a)
275
274
277
282
gwf brj muayik Kfiu
a/b
283
goa mua za rig cWdf

xgil tiu FG cWdf ga jft
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
281-282
281-282
288
283-284 vLJfhL Tw kjrhgw ehLf bgaf
fyJiuahl kjfSilna cs xWik ,
eg g bryhikfhd fhuz
16
a
b
b
b
vlh tF
tsu kL braghLf
ghl
ghl jiy
v
1
tuyhW
bkhfyhaf
tUif
2.
kuhaf
jf braghL
fLiu vGJj
goa jahj
bkhfyhaf trht
fhynfhL
bkhfyha fhy
gl bjhF
cyf mraf glf kW
Ff
xgil
jh{kAh
RHyil jahj
bkhfyha fhy yaf
fyJiuahl "bkhfyha nguu
F fhuzf"
gl bjhF ghg Kj xsuf
tiu Ml kdf cUt
glfis
uo
glbjhF
jahj
ehlf
th thif tuyhW
goa jahj ka khy
mikruit l bgWs
mikrf
bgafis
mtfsJ Jiwfis goaLf.
fhynfhL kuha fhy Ka
ffis fhynfho FLf.
FA(a)/
(b)
a
b
b
gf
v
249-262
249-262
249-262
257
257
253
253-262
FWehlf
xsuf mfhuK th juK
isahL
247-262
y tiugl
a tiugl xsuf nguuR
y tiugl
a tiugl mg nguu viyfis
Fj
ICT FWjfo gwf brj
bkhfyha kdf
xgil ekJ ehil ghJfhf uhQt uf
MW g
259
252
a
a
249-262
-
275
xgil uhQt uf gF
275
fij TWj
khztfSF
fijfis TWj
275
17
FA(a)/ gf v
(b)
258-260
a
TLj braghLf
bjj
y tiugl a tiu gl kuha nguu

gFfis Fj
FWbfGJ th nguuR
271
Inuhaf
tUif
tiugl ntiy cyf tiugl Inuhgh

flij tzLj ( ygl jf
cjl)
y tiugl
Inuhgh cs ehLf
bgafis FLf.
(yjf cjl)
goaLj
a fltia fL
ojtf bgaf kW fLoj
lf
ytiugl ahF Kj Kj
flt fLojt ah vd mJ mt
fLoj tia cyf tiugl Ff.
ytiugl nghRaf, Mnyaf,
buRfhuf tfjyfis a w
g ytiugl Fj
jft uLj
cf khtl cs
nfhilf
ga
jftf
kW
Mnyaf nfhilf ga jftf
fehlf nghf
MybuR tiugl Fj
Mf ngho eilbgw lfis a tiugl
Ff.
(fehlf
xgil
nghf)
MnyafSF,
buRfhufSF
ilna cw Kiw
fyJiuahl shngh
thj uil M Kiw eik/ik
fhynfhL My buR clgoiff
fyJiuahl fehlf ngh Mnyaf
bt bgwjF fhuzf
thj ah Mnyaf nt%w
fhuzf
282
274
274
277
283
tirgLJj ahF tf
a tj Inuhaf - ehL - kfjiyikl
Inuhgh y tiugl
ahF
tf bra tj ehLfis btntW
tzf FJ fhLj
fgidahf ngRj e ehL gfg
ehlhf yhk, viyfis ehLfsh
NHgoUjh e eho bjhf,
tzf, jgbtg iy vthW UF
vd fgidahf ngRj.
278
278
274
274-279
fUJ tHFj nghf njitah?
a
b
a
283-289 ytiugl fUJgl tiuj

fehlf
nghfis
sf
ytiugl fUJgl tiuj.
287
mltiz
jahj
fehlf
nghf ff
283-289
283-289
283-289
283-289
18
y tiugl
Inuha ehLfSF
ahF ilna tf eilbgw
tjlfis cyf tiugl Fj
fgid ciuahl
rhbkh thnfhlfhkh r
ghl
ghl jiy
v
1
a
tsMjhufS
tiffS
FA(a)/
(b)
glbjhF
aif kW a
kjdh
VgLjgl
ts
Mjhuf
kh jahj
1. fhwhiy
a
2. yf cUthF j
goa r ghj o, RWyh
a
brY K ftf ntoait
(dhjh bfhLfgLsJ)
y tiugl cyf tiugl
b
vbz
cg
br
lfis Fj
glbjhF ah, bejyhJ
a
ehLf fhwhiy glf
jf braghL
tsMjhufS vGJfis
KiwgLJj
bghUshjhu
jf
bfhLfgl
eltoiffS brKiw 1
gl bjhF
IJ
tifahd
bjh
iyfSF glf uLj
thj tsj ehLf kLnk
_W, ehF kW Ijh iy
bjhf tsJsd. jfhd
fhuzfis thj
gf
v
300
xgil
1. yf cUthF j
2. fhwhiy cs lf
goaLj vbz cg br ehLfis
flf thahf
fgid fLiu D gJ MLf
bgnuh J nghdh vdthF
FA(a)/ gf v
(b)
293,
a
297-298
a
fUJ TWj , r, vbz tsfis

l
ehfSF
gagLj
vbdd
eltoiffis khztf nkbfht
tiugl ah cs mQ iyafis
Fj
thj ts Mjhuf KaJt
j tuyhW TWj yf r/ Na
Mw/ vbz tsf
goaLj cs Jf Toa tsf,
Jf ayhj tsf
ytiugl Fj
ah yf
fhzgL lf
ytiugl Fj
cy cs yf
taf gutf
IJ tifahd bjh iyfis
eoj
eoJfhLj
293
a
a
293-298
294
302-303
302-303 fsgaz
gF mU cs trha /
bjhrhiy / t / Ruf nghw VnjD xU
bjh
eilbgW
lF
khztfis
miHJ brYj
fij TWj
VnjD
xU
bjh
<LgL
kf
czfis, gfis izJ bragL
jikfis tF khztf TWj
294
294
306
19
TLj braghLf
tiugl
cyf
tiugl
tsw ehLfis Fj
bral
VnjD xU Kj iy bjh
Kjiy
isahL jf cs
g -1
bjh
/Kj brKiw
iy bjh
mltiz gLJj
tiff
cy cs ehnlhof, l
kW yFf bgaf
fyJiuahl
fhLf gafis g iza
jsUJ gwf brJ
tF fyJiuahLj
bra
l
1.Mfh
f 2. mjkh #huth
tiugl
jf
cs
brKiw g IV
Kj
iy FWbfGJ g jf
bjh iy /
cs brKiw g I
Ruf bjh mif
jahj
ekJ
khy fhzgL fkf
gl bjhF
Ruf bjh tiff glf
goaLj
khy cs
cnyhfKsit, cnyhfkwit,
vbghU fkf
jft uLj Ruf bjh
ytiugl
cyf tiugl UjhJ
fhzgL lf
300
-
312
308
309
320
a
b
a
b
gl bjhF jahj
cy cs ojsf, ed bjh Eg
trf, cg jsf
jiy rhJ ngRj (Pick and Speak)

Ruf bjh tiff
315-317 goaLj
c o cs bghUf
vbdd fk bghUfsh bragLJ
vgij goaLj
314
goaLj
cnyhfKsit, cnyhfkwit,
vbghU fkf
315-317 eoj xU eh rhu iybawh vthW
L braghLf elF vgij eoJ
fhLj
314
316
20
jft nrfj
khztf mtut khtl
myJ khtl mU thG ehnlhof FJ
mif jahJ rkj
cy ehnlho kf
ICT gwf brj
thG lf kW thG Kiwf ga
jftfis izajsUJ gwf
brJ mif jahJ rkj
bghkyhl
ehnlho thif
Foika
nja
xUikghL
r_f
bghUshjhu
uridf
fyJiuahl
1.vbghU
fkfis ghJfhj
2.vbghU ga gLjhj xU L,
bjhrhiy xU eh vthW
bragL
a
tiugl
ytiugl
khyf kW a unjrf
mt jiy efufis Fj
(y tiugljf cjl)
goaLj
a muR
mYtyf bkhf
glbjhF
a
tghL
jyf,
gghL kW ghuga
bjhlghd glf
thj
nja
xUikghil
ghF fhuf
xgil
ah
ntWik
xWik
dho-dh
nja xUikghL
bjhlghd nff
jft nrfj
c mUfhik
cs uhk /efu kf r_f,
bghUshjhu, f kW Rfhjhu
FJ jft uLj
fUJ tHFj
fsgaz
jf
bfhLfgLs braghL v.4
go kw kf bjhif bgUf
tukh? rhgkh?
a
a
b
a
c
o bfhlhL
fyJiuahl
Hhfis g tF fyJiuahLj
gl bjhF bjah cs f bgw

Myaf glfis gwf brJ
glbjhF jahJ WF vGJj
322,323 fsgaz VnjD xU tuyhW w f
tghL jyfSF miHJ brYj
324
324,325 uLj
nja xUikghL rhj fij,
ghlfis uLj
321325
-
a
a
335
thj vGjik
328
333
xgil kf bjhif bto
333
goaLj FHij bjhyhs Kiwia

xf muR nkbfhl eltoiff
321
xLj
oF thF
kif
bghUf iynawij xL ghj
21
ehlf kj ezf
eoj (VnjD xW)

1. vGjik
2. tWik
3. iyth
4. kf bjhif bgUf
xgil
khztUF bjj rhjid
bgk g
jft uLj khzt jdJ oF mU
cs gJ Lf gojt, gofhj ga
jft ulj
ghu VW eoj vGjikah xUt
vbfhS uidf.
22
6-M tF
ghlf
Foika
ghl - 1 : FLgK rKjhaK
ghl - 2 : rKjhaK g
a
ghl - 1 : , Na FLgK
bghUshjhu
ghl - 1 : bghUshjhu X mKf
tuyhW
ghl - 1 : tuyhWF Kgl fhy
ghl - 2 : J bt ehff
ghl- 3 : gil jHf
cns xbthU ghlY

jf cs tsu braghLf - FA(a) & FA(b)
TLj tsu braghLf - FA(a) &FA(b)
id git
dhjh l tiu
bjhFj njfhd kh dhjh
23
ghl
Foika
- 1. FLgK rKjhaK
I. jf braghLf
1. FLg cWd bga vGJj FA(a)

(j, c, 5, 148)
2. fUJ TWj (FLg ghJfh)FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, 148)
3. mltiz gLJj (cgahsh, bjhyhs, bjhL brnth) FA(b)
(FG, c, 10, 1 50
4. irl ghLj (ghuah ghl) FA(a)
(j, c, 5, 150)
5. fyJiuahl (TL FLg, jFLg) FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, 148-1 50)
I. TLj braghLf
bra 1: FLg ifgl xLj FA(a)
khzt FLg ifglij xo cw Kiwfis vG tUj. (j, bt,
1 thu)
bra 2: goaLj (FA)(a)
khzt bjUYs j FLgf vjid? TL FLg vjid?
vgij goaLj, jdJFLg vtifia rhjJ vd mjfhd
fhuzij vGJj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 148)
bra 3: jft uLj FA(a)
khzt C/bjU kf vbdd bjhf brwhf vgij
flJ jft nrfj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 148)
bra 4: bghkyhl
``vf FLg vw jiy bghkyhl _y FLg wig
TWj. (FG, c, 20 )
bra 5: jft uLj
khzt jkJ C/khtl cgahfhj Mdh f njitgL bghUf
vdbdd? mit vj C/khtl/khyUJ bgwgLwJ vgJ FJ
jft uLj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 149)
bra 6 : FW ehlf FA(a)
FLg vgJ eth Mjhu vgjid czJ ehlf xiw
tFgiw eoj. (FG, c, 10 , 148)
24
bra 7: glbjhF jahj FA(a)

khztf jf khtlYs RWyh jyf glfis uo
glbjhF jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)
bra 8: FLg tiugl tiuj (Family tree) FA(a)
khzt FLg kW cwdfis glJl tirgLJj myJ
gut mltizahf FLg tiuglij tiuj. (Family tree) (j, bt, 1 thu, 150)
id git
rKjha mogil myF FLg .

gy r_ff xnwhL xW rhJ, nrJ thtJ rKjha.
C, tl, khtl, khy, ehL vd rKjha tilwJ.
xUtUbfhUt cj brJ thtjh e, m tsUwJ.
FLg cWdf vif FLgJF FLg ntWgLwJ.
g Jg Ma czfis xUtUbfhUt gJ bfhL nrJ
thG kf FG r_f vdgL.
rKjha, r_f - it uLnk xnwhL xW izj TL thif
mikfshF.
FLg vgJ eth Mjhu.
ghl
- 2. rKjhaK g
I. jf braghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
bga vGJj ( tF gF cs f Wtdf bgaf FA(a)

(j, c, 5, 158)
thj brj ( FHijf Kndw TLj gF tgJ g, r_f,
FLgFA(a)
(FG, c, 10, 1 58)
ehlf eoj (ntWik xWik)FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, 1 58)
jft uLj (g ts rKjha gF) FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, 1 58)
Mnyhrid gj (g tsF)FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, 1 58)
irl ghLjFA(a)(ghuah ghl jf csJ
(j, c, 5, 155)
25
II TLj braghLf
bra 1 : goaLj FA(a)
khzt, j FLgYs cWdf bgafis goaLj. (j, c,
5 l)
bra 2 : jft uLj FA(a)
khzt j bjU cs Lf vif kW bjU cs FLg
cWdf vifia fl kh got uj. (10 Lf)
(j, bt, 1 thu)
mltiz
FLg cWdf vif
t.v
bgatf(bga)
taJ
atf (bga)
taJ
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
bra 3: fij TWj FA (a)
khztf ehj, khj j, thu jf btahd ebd fijfis
goJ tUj. mtiw tFgiw TWj. (j, c, 5 l)
bra 4 : bra l FA (a)
khztf W W FGfshfnth / jahfnth fhQ ntiyfis
brj. (j / FG, 5/10 )
1. g tshfij Rj brj
2. yfij Rj brj tFgiwia Rj brj
3. fUgyifia Rj brj
4. bgh bkhfis vGJj
5. Figfis mfWj
bra 5 : j eo FA(a)
khztf j eo _y fhiy vGjJ Kj u gLifF
brYtiu cs cs ffis eoJ fhLj. (j, c, 10 , 154)
bra 6: goaLj FA(a)
tF rf khzt egfis goaLj. (j, c, 5 , 154)
bra 7 : glbjhF jahj FA(a)
khztf gntW khy kf thif Kiw ga glfis uo
nrfJ glbjhF xid jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 155)
26
bra 8 : fyJiuahl FA(a)

g khztf Mw ntoa flikf, rKjha khztf Mw
ntoa flikf vbdd vgJ g tFgiw fyJiuahl fJj.
(FG, c, 20 , 154)
id git
rKjha midJ KndwfSF mogilahd KjL f.
FHijf tUfhy rKjha Fokf.
g xbthU braY rKjha vghfis iwnt jUtjh
mikwJ.
g rKjha isy.
g khztf xGF Kiwia filof ntL.
a
ghl - 1. , Na FLgK
I jf braghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
fsgaz fhsuf brW ghitl FA(a)

(tF, bt, 1 eh, )
glbjhF nfhf glfis uLj FA(a)
(j, bt, 5eh, )
kh jahj Na FLg FA(a)
(j, bt, 5eh, )
fUJ TWj (Snlh X nfhsy - FA (a) (j, c, 3 l)
cW nehf ( u thid cW neh FbgGJj) FA(a)
(j, bt, 5eh, )
FWbfGJ ( nfhf bgaf) FA(b)
(j, c, 20 l)
II TLj braghLf
ghl - 1. , Na FLgK
bra 1: gnrhjid brj - ybth nk Gj
njitahd cgfuzf: milbgo -1 , bkGFt- 1, W gJ 1, ugf
Toa bghUf (KfghF fzho/t fhj)
milbgoia vLJ bfhL U gFfshf J bfhSj.
bgo xU gF bkGFtia (Na) bghUJf. kW gF W g
ugf Toa t fhjij xLf myJ KfghF fzhoia
bghUJf. btr myJ xahdJ fhj myJ fzho nk GJ
27
ugJ mil kw gF Gtij ghfyh. njngh Na x

ru nkgL nk GwJ vgij khzt j.
(FG, c, 20 )
bra 2: bra l
khztf mkhthir, bgsz vthW VgLwJ vgij JbfhS
neh VJthf, jftfis uo bralkhf jahf brJ rkj.
(khztf, jfnyh, brjhfnyh, thu jfnyh jftfis uo
rkj).
(FG/j , bt, 1 thu)
bra 3: cWnehf kW goaLj FA(b)

njitahd bghUf: cyf cUil kh (Globe), bkGFt / lh
cyf cUil khia vLJ bfhf. v bkGFia mj (Fnsh)
Kghf W itf. bkGFia Na vd bfhf. btr gL lij
(cyf cUil) gf vd, btr glhj l u vd mJ bfhf. cyf
cUil btr gL gF cs ehLfis, glhj gF cs
ehLfis cW neh tU mltizia brj. (j, c, 15 ,
158)
t.v
btr gL gF ehLf(gf)
btr glhj gF ehLf (u)
bra 4: cWnehf FA(a)

njitahd bghUf: cyf cUil kh (Globe), MuR gH
khztf cyf cUil khia bfhL tot vthW mj
m mikJ (23E)csJ vgij mj
MuR / M gHfis bfhL tot JUt gF mikJs
j g, eL gF vthW mikJsJ (Geoid) vgij
JbfhSj. (j, c, 20, 158)
bra 5: kh (Models) jahj FA(a) braghofhd tKiwf:

njitahd bghUf: fk, fhj, shl M gh (Plaster of paris)
khztfl tz fk, fhj T, shl M gh bfhL
khia brJ rkf brj. (j, bt, 3 ehf, 160)
bra 6: jft uLj
khztf, Na FLg cstiw mJ, njitahd jftfis
uo, bralkhf jahJ rkj. (glfis, jftfis khztf
brjhfnyh, jfnyh uo bralij nkbfhs brJ kL
brj). (j/FG, bt, 1 thu, 160)
khztf, Na FLg cs nfhf glij uo glbjhF
jahj. (j / FG, bt, 1 thu, 161)
28
bra 8: jiyigbaho ngRj ( Pick and Speak) FA(a)

njitahd bghUf: a bgo (Box) / 1, glf/thijf vGa milf
Na FLg cs nfhf kW Jiznfhf Mat
bga/glf xoa JL oid milbgo nghl brj. khztfis
jjahf miHJ glf/bgaf vGjgl JL oid vLf brJ,
mit ga fUJfis cldoahfnth myJ XU ehfnyh jah brJ
tFgiw TWj. (j, c, 3 , 162)
bra 9: gnfW eoj FA(a)

khztf Na FLgYs nfhf, Jiznfhfshf, jhnd
gnfW eoj. (j, c, 5 , 162-164)
bra 10: JQF br jf jahj (Scrab book preparation) FA(a)

khztf Na FLgYs nfhf Jiznfhf nghwtiw
ga jftfis uo JQF br jf jahJ rkj. (j, 1 thu,
162 - 164)
bra 11: cWnehf kW goal FA(a)

khztf yh thd njhW neuij cWneh xU thufhd
neuij mJ tU mltiz goaL tFgiw TWj. (j, bt,
1 thu, 164)
t.v
eh
PhW
brth
ahH
bt
Kj ehSF ulh ehSF
khiy neu
ilna cs fhy ilbt
bra 12: xgil mif jah FA(a)

khztf mlYs ght ml, nfhf, Jiznfhf, Na,
vff, ff, theru tiw ga brfis uo xgil jah
brJ rkj. (j, bt, 165-167)
29
id git
f DDF nfhf uhf xU.

nfhf xnu iy Ugiy.
btW ffsh j, bt, brth, ahH, r Ma IJ nfhfis
kLnk ghf Ko.
j, bt Ma nfhf Na cjaF rW K Na kiwj
ygL.
bjhLthd mUnf fhiy Na cjaF K bt nfh
fhzgL. ijna obt vW miHg.
brth, ahH, r Mait Hnyh, jiyF nknyh, nknyh bj
nkUJ Hnf neh RHwJ. mjdh Na H njh
nk kiwtJ ngh njhWwJ.
fhW klyK, U Ugjh cdf thH KowJ.
thd kly Na FLgij ju Fs nfhf, theru, v
eru MaitfS csd.
bghUshjhu
ghl - 1. bghUshjhu X mKf
I. jf braghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
bral FLg khj, tUl tUkhd bryl jahjFA(a)

(j, bt, 30eh, )
jah brygoa jahj ( khzt bry)FA(a)
(j, bt, 3eh, )
iygoa xL (aha yfil kW w filf)FA(a)
(j, bt, 1 thu)
jf thj ( mah br)FA(a)
(j, bt, 1 thu)
eoj (cgahs, tf, Efnth)FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, )
FG thj (rKjhaF Kakhdtf cgahsnu, tfnu) FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, )
30
II TLj braghLf
tsu nrhjid braghLf: FA(a)
bra 1: goaLj FA(a)
t.v
kUJt
tf
(Ma _W Jiwf cnshiu goaLgo khztfl TWj) (j,

c, 10 , 170)
bra 2: jeg tUkhdij fzL brJ mif rkj FA(a)
Ma, khztf jkJ jij myJ jh XuhL tUkhdij
(#dt Kj org Koa) fzL 12 khj tUkhdij To 12M tFJ
fzL brj. (j, bt, 1 eh, 170)
bra 3: cWneh jft uo goaLj FA(a)
khztf 6 ng bfhl 5 FGfshf J C rijia cWneh
jft uo goal. goal fl uL dhf nffgl ntL.
(FG, bt, 1 eh, 170)
1) rij ilF bghUf ahit?
2) rij f thF bghUf ahit?
bra 4: eoj FA(a)
khztf MW ng bfhl FGfshf J Ut cgahsfshf
Ut tffshf Ut bghU thFgtfshf eoj. (FG, cns, 30
, 170)
bra 5: FLg mil gaghLfis goaLj FA(a)
khzt j oYs FLg milia vjbfyh gagLjyh vW
goaLj. (j, c, 15 , 171)
khztf yf brW mkahbr ga jffis goJ,
brjhf, bjhiyfh bgW brf _yK mkah br gl xo
jftfis vGJj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 171)
31
bra 7: tu bry l kL jahj FA(a)

xU khj j bgnwh tUkhdK bry mJ tu bry l
jahj. (j, bt, 1 eh, 171)
bra 8: thj FA(a)
rKjhaF f Kakhdtf cgahsfns! tffns! vw
jiy FGthj brj. (FG, bt, 20, 170)
id git
kj mogil njitf cz, cil, ciw MF.
ntshik eho KJbfYghF.
bghUfis cg brnth cgahs. bghUfis th gt
gidahs. bghUfis th gagLJgt Efnth.
cHtf, bjhyhsf, gahsf Mnah gfh eho tUkhdij
bgUFwd. ij ehL tUth vnwh.
jahf xUtUF kL ilF tUkhd jeg tUkhd vdgL.
midtU mogil njitfis bgWtJ g MF.
cg, Ef, g vgJ bghUshjhu mogilf.
thFtJ gJ eilbgW l rij.
bghUfis th gJ thg.
tuyhW
ghl - 1. tuyhWF Kgl fhy
I jf braghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
jft nrfj (fbtLf, id df ghJ)FA(a)

(j, bt, 3eh, )
goaLj (f gaghL)FA(a)
(j, c, 10, )
glf kW brf uLj (mfth bjhlilait)FA(a)
(FG, bt, 3eh, )
thj ( Mkj rfu fL ojjfhd fhuz) FA(a)
(j, c, 10, )
fsgaz (ffhy fUf ilj lfis ghitL FbgGJj) FA(a)
(tF, bt, 3eh, )
y tiugl lfis Fj FA(b)
(j, c, 10, )
II TLj braghLf
bra 1: fyJiuahLj FA (a)
jiy: `M kj V xnu gF iyahf thHhk l bgaJ thjh
vgjfhd fhuzf g fyJiuahLj (FG, c, 20, 174)
32
bra 2: brbjhF jahj FA (a)

khztf brjh bttj bjhbghU M myJ gHfhy
ehzaf, iyf nghwt jftfis uo tFiw mJ g TWj.
(FG, bt, 1 thu, 174)
bra 3: goaLj FA (a)
khztf jf o tsfgL yFf vbdd? mtiw
ghJfhf vbdd Kaf nkbfhs ntL vgJ g goa jahj.
tha w: Mkj czfhf ntilahodh ed fhy kj
yFfis neJ thwh vgij czJ ghJfhj. (j, c, 5, 176)
bra 4: eoJ fhLj FA (a)
Mkj edfhy kj tfSilna fhQ ntWghLfis Fghf
cz, cil, thGl, jft bjhl g eoJ fhLj. (FG, c, 15, 176)
bra 5: fsgaz brW mif jahj FA (a)
khztf ca mDk bgW khtlYs mUfhafJF brW
(fsgaz) ghitL mif jahJ gHfhy df wfis mj.
(FG, bt, 1eh)
bra 6: kh jahj FA (a)
khztf giHa ffhy kW a ffhy fUf khia fk
bfhL jahJ mjF tz o tFgiw fhF itj.
(j, bt, 1 thu, 176-177)
tsu kL braghLf FA(b)

bra 1: tiugl Fj FA(b)
jehL mua tiugl Mkj thj gFfis FJ
fhLj. khztf brhj khtl Mkhj thj gFf VnjD
U mlij tz Lj. (j, c, 15 , 176)
bra 2: dhodh FA(b)
khztf U FGfshf J ghl bfhLfgLs Ka fhyf,
Ka lf, Ka jftfis goJ tUj nkY tFgiw dhodh
fJj. (FG, c, 30 )
id git
ekF Kd thj kf ga jftfis MjhufSl bjhFJ fhy

tirgo TWtJ tuyhW MF.
tuyhid tuyhW fhy, tuyhWF Kija fhy vd uL tifahf
fyh.
yaf, tuyhW Ff, fbtLf br glaf XiyRtof
nghwit vGJ tkhd Mjhuf MF.
33
Mkj gagLa ffUfis bfhL ffhyij giHa ffhy,

a ffhy vd ulhf fyh.
M kj K ffis gagL beUig clhdh.
aif ghUJ jid ghJfhJ bfhs, iy, jiH, ,
kugilf, yFf njh Matiw Milahf gagLdh.
M kj fuL Kulhd ff, kuisf vYf, yFf bfhf
Kjatiw fUfshf gagLdh.
kj Kj gHa yF eh.
a ffhy Ka khw cz cg MF.
kj Kj Kj gagLa cnyhf br MF.
a ffhy fUf ilJs lf, Ubent, jhFo,
Jnfhil, U, nry.
Udh fUf brj fhy U fhy MF.
ghl : 2. J bt ehff
I. jf braghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
FG thj ( ehfff V Mwfiu njhd)FA(a)

(FG, c, 10, )
jft uLj ( efu vgJ lL mikgJ)FA(a)
(FG, bt, 3 ehf)
fsgaz ( mUfhaf)FA(a)
(tF, bt, 1 eh)
tiugl Ka lfis FjFA(b)
(j, c, 10, )
II
TLj braghLf
bra 1: bral FA(a)

bkhfrjhnuh vwh LfhL nkL vW bghU. khzt C/ef
bgaUfhd fhuzij bgnahfl nfL bjJ vG tUj.
(FG, bt, 1 thu, 181)
bra 2: xL goa FA(a)
xU KGjhis brFJ th ulhf J lJ w bgUFs
wgrfis xw xwhf vGJj. tyJ w khzt C Fs
mrfis xL brJ vGJj. j CYs Fsij vgobayh bra
ntL vd vGJj. (j/FG, c, 15 , 182)
34
bra 3: cq ghit (Local Visit) & FG thj FA(a)

khzt C cs bghJfllfis ghitL mitf ahuh vgo
guhkfggLwd vw tuij uLj. mt guhkig nkgLj
vbdd brayh vgij thJ vGJj. (FG, c/bt, 183)
bra 4: mltiz FA(a)
J bt fhzgl Lf wgrfis, khzt likl
xL brJ xU mltiz jahj. uo vj L wjJ? fhuz vd
vd TWj. (j, c, 15 , 183)
bra 5: fyJiuahl FA(a)
J bt efu mikig khzt j C/efu mikl xL brJ
mltiz jah brj. vbjj tif jdJ C/efu mikig nkgLj
ntL vgij FG fyJiuaho g brj. (FG, c, 30, 183)
bra 6: gl tiuj FA(a)
Augh efu mikUj Lf wgrfis xU Kiw goJghJ
khzt fl U fd il xU KG jh glkhf tiuJ, xbthU
miw bgaiu vG xgil brj. (j, c, 10 , 183)
bra 7: fgid fLiu vGJj FA(a)
khzt C jiytuhf Ujh C rhiyfS, bjUfS vgo UF
vd fgid brJ xU fLiu tiuj. (j, c, 30 )
bra 8: goa jahf FA(a)
xU il KGikahf fo Kof vbjj bjhyhsf gagLwhf
vd goaLj. (FG/j, c, 15 , 182-183)
bra 9: jufis ifahSj FA(a)
jf gf 185 cs gf glfis cWghj. mit ga
brfis L xU Kiw goj. gf jkF TW jftf (J bt
kf) g vGJj, (FG, c, 15, 15)
bra 10: goa jahj FA(a)
J rkbt ehff fhy HfUj ifbjhfis goaLj.
tW W tHf cs ifbjhfis milahs fhQj. it ju
35
khztUF bjj ifbjhfis goaLj.
mtW jkF ojkhd
ifbjhf ahit vd vGJj. mjfhd fhuzij jUj.

(j, c, 15, 186)
bra 11: goa jahj & fLiu tiuj FA(a)
J bt FHijf isahL bghUf bra gagl bghUf g
mtW W gagLjgL bghUf vbdd vgJ g jkF bjj
isahLf g mtW jkF oj isahLfis goaLj
nkY, isaho eikfis tj. (FG, bt, 1 thu, 186)
bra 12: cWnehf kW tj FA(a)
jf gf 185 cs glfis cWghj. mfy xbthWF
bgaLj.
tW W Mfsh magL mfyf, bgfsh
magLgit kW UtuhY magLgit vit vd goaLj (j, c /

bt, 15 )
bra 13: FGthj - FA(a)
Jbt
cWghj.
ehff
fhy
gagLjgl
Kiuf
glfis
mit vgobagobayh vjfhf gagLjgoUF vd,
jnghJ Kiuf vjfhf gagLjgLwd vd,
FG thJ
mif jah brj. (FG, c / bt, 15 186)

bra 14: xgil FA(a)
a kf ghuga cilf g mt wgrf FJ
jftfis uo xU xgil jah brj (FG, c, 15 )
bra 15:fyJiuahl FA(a)
khztf jfSF bjj fiyf g FG fyJiuaho xU goa
jah brj. mtW jkF oj fiyf kW jh ff U fiyf g
F jUj. FG, c / bt, 15 187)
bra 16:khf jahj FA(a)
J bt kf iftz fiyfis g jf goJ ghj.
fk/ikjhkh jh U bghUf khifs brJ vLJ tUj. (j,
bt, 5 ehf. 187)
36
bra 17: fLiu vGJj FA(a)

J bt kf tza bjtf kW bghUf W tzfgL
bjtf kW bghUf g, kj ezf ga khztf fUJfis
bjhFJ jUj. (FG, c, 15 , 187)
bra 18: FGthj FA(a)
J bt kf rlyfSl ijj bghUf, mjfhd fhuzf, W
rlyfSl vfgL/ijfgL bghUf mj cbghU g bgatfl
nfL vG tUj, ijj ewh? vj ewh? RW NHiy ghfhj Kiw
ntW VnjD clh vd thJ xU mif jah brj. (FG, bt, 2 ehf, 187)
bra 19: jft uLj
jkJ RW tlhu mJ nghd / kf bjhif FiwJ nghd C/efu
VnjD Ujh, mffhd fhuzfis bgatfl nfL
vG tUj.(j, bt, 5ehf, 187)
bra 20: fh kD jahj FA(a),
khzt jdJ C rF RWNH nfil KiwgLj ca
mYtyUF xU fh kD jah brj. (j, c, 15)

bra 22 ytiugl ntiy FA(b)
a wt ytiu gl grh gh 5 efis bkhfrjhnuh
rhFjhnuh, fgf kW nyhjh nghw efufis Fj.
mitf
jnghJ vj eho/khy csd vW F jUj. (j, c, 10, 182)

id git
J bt ehff a ehff bjhlf MF

Augh vw J bkh brhYF ijl efu vgJ bghU
Jbt ehff efu oghLf bkhfrjhnuh, Augh, rhFjhnuh,
fgf nyhj nghw lf fblLfgLsd.
J bt kf wj ehff Kiwia bgUFs, folf, efu
mik, MKiw, ghjhs rhfil, gaghL ma, thif Kiw
Mat _y mayh
Jbt kf vGJKiw u vGJKiw MF
37
Jbt kf bluhnfhlh (TERRACOTTA)vdgL RLk ghl

brt wik ftf
Jbt kfSF Fiuia g bjahJ.
ghl - 3. gil jHf

I.
jf braghLf
1.
2.
3.
kh jahj Itif yfFA(a)

(j, bt, 1 thu, )
thj brj ( eh bfhlhL Hhf) kia jUwdth FA(a)
(FG, c, 10, )
Lfijf ( Itif yf rhJ) FA(b)
(j, c, 1 , )
II TLj braghLf
tsu kL braghLf FA(a)
bra 1 : fyJiuahl FA(a)
rf fhy fl thg jHf wJ sd vgJ FJ
FG fyJiuahLj. (FG, c, 20 , 195)
bra 2: kh uLj FA(a)
khztf VnjD U bkhf bttU dr giffUJ W
gFfis bjhFJ bkh vGJ tot g TWj. (j, bt, 3 ehf)
bra 3: irl ghLj FA(a)
`brj ehblD nghny vw ghliy irl ghLj. nkY njr
g ghlfis ghLj. (j, c, 5 , 189)
bra 4: bga goa jahj FA(b)
filnaG tsf bgaf, gJghL f bgaf, vLbjhif
f bgaf Matiw vGJj. (j, c, 20 , 193)
bra 5: FW ehlf FA (a)
àhndh mur ahnd ft vw jiy FWehlf jahJ eoj.
(c, FG, 30 , 192)
bra 6: jft uLj FA (a)
khztf jhf tF gF (jf C) gilfhy vj nguu

UjJ vW, C w g jft uo tFgiw gj. (j, c,
3 ehf)
bra 7: ICT - fhbzh fh glfis bfhL fyJiuahl FA(a)
khztf gil jHf ga fhbzh fh glfis iza
jsUJ gwf brJ, tFgiw bjh Egij (f, LCD)
gagL mij midJ khztfS ghJ fyJiuahl. (j, c, 15 )
38

bra 1: mltiz jahj FA(b)
nru, nrhH, ghoa kdf d, bfho, JiwKf, jiyefu
Mat mltiz jahj. (j, c, 20 , 192)
bja ygl nru, nrhH, ghoa kdf M gFia
tz o kj. (j, c, 10 )
id git
gil jHf _ntjf nru, nrhH, ghoa kdf Mld.
tuyhW fhyF Kd FkKidF bjnf cs Jkh fl gF xU bgU

ygughf UjJ. Jnt Fk fl vW miHfglJ
kJiu ghoa kd jiyik ytf To j M ela wgh ef
Tl vW bga bgwJ.
Kj rf, ilrf, filrf vd _W tif rff bragld
by_ vD Fud bgauh by_ah fl vW bga bgwJ
F, Kiy, kUj, bej, ghiy vW yij IJ aif fshf rf fhy
ytf jd
tUzhuk mogil, wdhnyna ntWik ghuhL iy rf fhy iy
filbaG tsf, gh, X, fh, e, v, ngf, M Mnah Mt.
r_f ma 6M tF
dhjh ltiu
Kj gUt 2012
(June September)
mj
t.
v
ghl
Ms
Mw
wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu

dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh
1 tuyhW
2 (1) 2 (2)
2 (1) 1 (2)
1 (5)
2 (1) 2(2)
1 (5)
2 a
2 (1) 1 (2)
2 (1) 2 (2)
1 (5)
2 (1) 3 (2)
1 (5)
3 Foika
1 (1) 1 (2)
1 (1)
1 (5)
1 (1)
10
1 (1) 1 (2)
1 (1)
10
bghUshjhu
bkhj kbg
10
1 (5)
1 (1)
15
39
10
10
1 (6)
bkhj
32
28
80
F: milF ( ) kbg = 60
tuyhW
- 40%
a
- 35%
Foika - 12.5%
bghUshjhu - 12.5%
milF btna dhf
mj
j
Ms
Mw
.
F.
w ta dh
FW a dh
30%
35%
f.
fLiu dh
35%
25%
35%
30%
10%
r_f ma - Mwh tF
Kj gUtnj (bjhFj kL)
kh dhjh
fhy: 1.30
kbgf: 60
I. gy bj
10x1=10
1. bjhiy neh kLnk ygL nfh

m) j M) nud ) ahH
2. tUkhd yhjt njitia iwntWtJ.
m) cg
M) Ef
) g
3. rij bghUf mfkhf FbghJ iy
m) mfkhF
M) Fiw
) khwhJ
4. rKjha cUthj ga tuf tUtdt vJ rahdJ?
m) rKjha - FLg - jeg - r_f
M) jeg - FLg - r_f - rKjha
) FLg - rKjha - jeg - r_f
5. xU o jhjh, gho, mgh, mkh U FHijf csd, mJ xU
m) a kW j FLg M) bga kW TL FLg ) a kW
TLFLg
6. rfu fLofgl fhy
m) giHaffhy M) a ffhy ) br fhy
7. tuyhW fhyij tuyhWF Kgl fhyij f cj Mjhuf
m) ffUf M) ijf ) vGJ Mjhuf
8. c C mfthuh brbghGJ vYdh Md ifo fyh Md
mth nghw mikila xU fU iljJ vwh, mJ vfhyij
rhjjhf UF.
m) giHaffhy M) a ffhy ) br fhy
40
9. jfhy khoLfis Jbt LfUJ ntWgL fhLtJ

m) rika miw
M) #d
) Fayiw
10. Jbt kf kWth eif bfhoUjd vw TWF tYnrgJ
m) mtf t tghL M) mfsfnshL wjtiu ijj
)
jhol Toa Rzhf iy
II nfhol lij uf
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
5x1=5
ahnfhil fhy v mnkfhF

gUt
ru Naid R tUjh mJ
vd miHf goUF.
xU FLg jij khj - %, 5000 <Lwh mtuJ jeg tUkhd
Jbt kfSF bjuhj cnyhf
njitfis iwnt bfhtij
vnwh.
III. bghUJf.
16. j. bt
17. bru. V
18. r, beo
3x1=3
-
Fs nfhf
tisanfhf
lnfhf
bga nfhf
IV. vitnaD vL dhfSF ila
8x2=16
19. Na H njh nk kiwtJ V?

20. u th flUJ nfhfis jtJ vgo?
21. Na FLg vwh vd?
22. Na xU vdgLtJ V ?
23. tnfh vJ ? V?
24. tuyhiw ma cj Mjhuf 4 TWf
25. Jbt bgUFsij g goj, ckJ C Fs vbdd
khwf bra Uwh ?
26. Jbt vGJKiwia jfhy j vGJfSl xLf?
27. Tl efu vd miHfglJ vJ? V?
28. kj mogil njitf vit?
29. rhJ thj vwh vd?
30. Fk fl ntW bga vd? V mJ mthW miHfglJ ?
31. Jbt efuf mfhd fhuzf ehF vGJf.
V . vitnaD ehF dhfSF ila
4x5=20
32. ru jrH fhyK ia R tU fhyK xnw vgij %.

33. rffhy kdfS ckFojt ah? V?
34. rfu fLofhk UUjh vbdd fUF.
41
35. bghUshjhu ts - F vHJf

36. r_f, rKjha xLf.
37. l nfhfSF th nfhfSF cs ntWghLfis vGJf
VI. a tiugl fhQ lfis Ff.
6x1=6
38. 1) nyhjh 2) J 3) ry{ 4) bkhfrjhnuh 5) kakiy 6)tfhs Flh
7M tF
tuyhW
ghl - 1 : tl a muRf
ghl - 2: jfhz muRf
ghl - 3: bja muRf
a
ghl - 1
: , mj mik kW y eff
ghl - 2
: nkgu-kh bfhoUF ynfhs

nkgu
Foika
ghl - 1 : ekJ ehL
ghl - 2
: a mua mik w TWf
cns xbthU ghlY

id git
dhjh l tiu
bjhFj njfhd kh dhjh
tuyhW
ghl - 1. tl a murf uhruf
42
I. jf cs braghLf (gf: 212-214)

braghL 1: tiuglntiy FA(a)
a tiugl M{, ehsjh, fndh{ gj f, bl nfhdh Ma
lfis FJ mit jnghJ vbgauh miHfgLwJ vgij mit
cs khyf bgafis vGJj (FG, c, 10 )
braghL 2: ehlf eoj FA(a)
nrU thHyh, U na (FG, c, 10 )
braghL 3: vGJfis KiwgL ilfis fhz FA(b)
(j, c, 05 )
braghL 4: eh ah? FA(b)
(j, c, 05 )
braghL 5: FWbfGJ g FA (b)
(j, c 05 )
braghL 6: kd tiugl FA(b)
(FG, c, 10 )
braghL 7: mltiz uj FA(b)
(j, c, 10 )
II. TLj braghLf

braghL 1: ehlf FA(a)
Mia mikgjfhd nghuhl vw g aikahj bria
sF tif (FGthf) Cik ehlfkhf/ehlfkhf khztf eoJfhLj.
(FG, c, 10 , 205)
braghL 2: fij Tw FA(a)
ufhuf Fj brfis fijahf vG tF TWj (nj nghW
kw kud Fj brfis FG FGthf Tw brj. (FG, c, 10 , 205)
braghL 3: goa jah brj - FA(b)
xU jhid brFJ th ulhf koJ lJw ufhu ku
mur
bgafis
xw
xwhf
vG
xbthUt
rhjidfis
mtutUF nenu tyJw vG xgilj (nj nghW kw ku murf

rhjidfis FG J goal brayh)
(FG, c, 10 , 206)
43
braghL 4: j tuyhW TWj - FA(a)

khztfis 4 FGthf J xbthU FGit ghy ku xU mur
bgaiu njbjLf brj.
njbjLj mur L mtfis rjh
vd brfis brhth vd vGj brj. vGa jtuyhiw FG jiytnuh,

myJ FG cWd xbthUtU WW gFfshfnth tF ngr brj.
(FG, c, 30 , 206)
braghL 5: fhynfhL jah brj - FA(b)
ghyf FJ fhynfhL
jah brj. (F: ..865-998 vw fhy
ilbtF `tikaw kdf vd Fj) (j, c, 10 , 206)

fhy nfhil gagL fhQ dhfSF ilaf brj.
1. l fhy M brj ghy ah? mt vjid MLf M brjh?
2. Fiwj fhy M brj ghy ah? mt vjid MLf M
brjh?
3. ghy ku vjid MLfhy tl ahit M brjJ?
braghL 6: ehlf trd vGJj - FA(a)
fndh{ gFfhf _W murfilna nghuhl vw g cs
beia bt bfhzu xU Xuf ehlffhd ciuahl (FGthf) jahJ
tF goJ fhLj. (FG, c, 30 , 206)
braghL 7: glbjhF jahj - FA(a)
ilfhy tl a murf cUtglf mukidf, folf,
gf, nfhf Kjat glfis uo glbjhF jahj.
xbthU glij g W F vGJj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 205-210)
braghL 8: mltiz uj FA(b)
tl a muRf
tr
gF
jiyefu
Kj mur
(j, c, 30, 205-210)

44
wj
mur
fil
mur
tr
rhjid
braghL 9: fUJ gl - FA(a)

ufhufSF iu brY j M mikj mur trf g sf
xU fUJgl tiuj. (j, c, 15, 205-206)
id git:
1. uhruf Na Fy myJ ruFy t tjtf.

2. ghy kuig bjhlat nfhghy (..765-769).
3. brsfh kdf f Kakhd kd uh{ brsfh
Mth.
4. uhruf Jkjij ngh tsjd.
5. tf fhy yaf fAd vGa uh#ju, b#anjt
jnfhj, nrhknjt fjhrj rhfu Mad wghd gilf
MF.
6. nfhdh cs NanfhY, mkiy flgLs thuh
nfhY uhru fhy folfiyF wj vLJfhLf.
ghl - 2. jfhz muRf

I. jf cs braghLf (gf: 223 - 224)
bra 1: tiugl ntiy FA(b)
a tiugl Ka efufis Fj (j, c, 5 )
bra 2: idthw nrhjid FA(b)
( j, c, 5 )
bra 3: gl bjhF FA(a)
jfhz kdf fhyij nrj, fol fiy,
Xa bjhlghd
glfis uo gl bjhF xiw brj. (j, c, 5 )
bra 4: FG thj FA(a)
vf kd kung wjJ (FG, c 10 )
bra 5: Rtbuho jah brj FA(a)
jfhz f wj kd vW khzt fUJgtiu th Rtbuho
xiw jah brj. (FG, c, 10 )
bra 6: jiyig xo ngRj FA(a)
kd/jf/jf Ma/mfhy fol Kja jiyig g y
jftfis Tw brj. (FG, c, 5 )
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: gl tiuj FA (a)
khztf jf C myJ khtl viyfis fhL gl tiuJ
vG tUj (FG, bt, 1 eh)
bra 2: ku t gl tiuj FA (a)
khzt j jij, jij jij (mjhtJ jhjh) thW tirgL 3
myJ 5 jiyKiwf bgafis bjhFJ goaLj.
(j, bt, 1 eh)
45
bra 3 : fhy nfhL tiuj FA(a)

bAhrhs tr kdf fhy Ka ffis sF fhynfhL
tiuj (j, c, 10 lf, g. 215)
bra 4: tiugl tz l FA(a)
a y tiugl jfhzij 6 Kj 8M whL tiu M
brj muRfis btntW tzfis o milahs fhQj. (j, c,
10 , g. 216)
bra 5 : glbjhFjahj FA(a)
rhSa kdf fll fiyia sF glfis jff kW
izajsUJ bgW glbjhFjahj (j, bt, 2 ehf, 218-19)
bra 6: fsgaz FA(a)
VnjD xU Filtiu nfhYF (khkyu) miHJ brW
ghlYs Filtiu nfhYl xLj, jft uLj, bjhFj. (FG,
bt, 2 ehf, 217-18)
bra 7: dho dh FA(b)
el Kofgl ghl gF dho dh el kbg tHFj.
(tF, c, 15 , 218-220)
bra 8: xgil FA(a)
uhou Tlf gf g kwjffUJ jftfis uo
xgil brj. (j, bt, 2 ehf, 219)
bra 9: fij Tw FA(a)
bAhrhsf ga fij xiw vG tF Tw (FG, c, 5 , 220)
bra 10: fhy nfhL tiuj FA(a)
fhfaf fhya kdf fhy nfhL tiuj (FG, c, 10 e, 220)
bra 11: trht gl tiuj FA(a)
ahjt kdf g trht gl tiuj (j, c, 10 , 222)
bra 12: mltizgLJj FA (b)

t.v
tr
rhSa
gF
jiyefu
Kj mur
gFahdJ
`jfhz
wj mur
fil mur
(j, c, 15, 218 -222)

id git:
1. ah
bjF
myJ
`jrzgj
miHfgLwJ.
2. thjh rhSaf jiyefukh saJ.
3. euktk ulh nf J gilbaLJ, nfia bfhwh.
46
vd
4. fhy nkiy rhSa kuig bjhla mur ulh ijygh Mth.

5. bt iH rhSaf jiyefukhF.
6. InAhny, ànfh fllfiy bjho vd wfgLwJ.
7. v~glh Fif nfhiyfo Kojtf uhouTlf.
8. njt nfhil ahjtfsh flglJ.
ghl - 3. bja muR

I. jf cs braghLf (gf: 241)
bra 1: y tiugl ntiy FA(b)
a tiugl Ka efufis Fj (j, c, 10 )
bra 2: glbjhF FA(a)
bja nguuRf fiy kW folfiy (j, c, 1 thu)
bra 3: fgaz FA(a)
gyt / nrhH / ghoa bjhlghd lf (tF, bt, 1 eh)
bra 4: isahL FA(b)
kdfsJ bgaiu mtfsJ w bganuhL izj (FG, c 5 )
bra 5: ehj jahj FA(a)
gyt / nrhH / ghoa vw jiy (FG, bt, 2 ehf)
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: mltiz jahj FA (b)
khztf, gyt fhy kdf bga kW mtf w bgaf
goa jahJ tFgiw TWj. (j eg, c, 10 , 225-227)
bra 2: mltiz jahj FA (b)
nru, nrhH, ghoaf jiyefu, JiwKf, d, wj mur bga
mltizahf jahJ tF tHFj. (j , c, 10 )
bra 3: glK jftY FA (a)
th Rth glij W mil xo, mtiu ga jftfis uo
W F vGJj. (j ,bt, 2 ehf, 226)
bra 4: dh-il Twj FA (a)
fLkhd nfhf, Filtiu nfhf mikJs lf bgaiu
Tw brJ kbg tHFj.
(j, c, 10 , 238)
47
bra 5: fyJiuahl FA (a)

nrhHfhy Flnthiy KiwnahL jfhy
fyJiuahl fJj. (FG, c, 10 , 231)
csh
njjiy
xL
bra 6: glK sfK - FngL jahj FA (a)

jeho cs Ka nfhf glfis uo, mnfhf ahuh
vnghJ flglJ vgJ ga F jahj. (FG, bt, 3 ehf)
bra 7: jft uLj - mif jahj FA (a)
khztf mtf C cs nfhf vj tifia rhjJ vd,
mit ahuh, vnghJ flglJ vgJ g jft uLj.
(j, bt, 3 ehf, 226)
bra 8: fsgaz FA (a)
gyt fhy fiy, fll fiy wfis ma khkyuF
fsgaz brW mif jahj. (tF, bt, 1 eh)
bra 9: jft uLj FA (a)
khztfl mtf C myJ khtl gila kdf (nru,
nrhH, ghoa, gyt) ahUila MF cgl gFbad nfL jft
uLgo TWj. (j, btna, 1 eh)
id git :
1. Kjyh
euktk,
khky
vd
thjh
bfhlh
vd
miHfglh. t Kjyh knfutk kf Mth.

2. khkyu cs xiwf ujf kW fh ifyhrehj nfh
gyt fhy fll fiyF wj vLJfhLf MF.
3. uh#uh#nrhH ..1010 M ML jrh utu nfhiy
fodh. tUF KKo nrhH, b#abfhlh vw w bgafS
cL.
4. fif bfhl nrhHu uhn#u nrhHdh cUthfglJ.
5. iwa fehlf irF nrhH fhyjh lglJ.
6. uhkhaz,
gUUKiwf,
ehyhu
augj
Kjad
nrhHfhyjh bjhFfglJ.
7. Uthrf khfthrfuh awglJ.
8. ghoaf Filtiunfhfis cUthFt w bgUjd.
48
a
ghl - 1. mj mik kW y eff

bra 1: xgil FA (a)
yh{ bAuh bfhyhl fUia ga jftfis uo mJ vthW bgU
bto bfhifia nrhjidl gagLwJ vgij tJ vG rkj.
(FG, c, 1 thu, 245)
bra 2: kh jahj FA(a)
csikig kh brJ 3 mLFfis sFj. (FG, 247)
njitgL bghUf: tz gl t (Red), y (Blue) , gir (Green).
js , fk nghJkhd ms
br Kiw:
Kj iy: gf 247- bfhLJsgo, csik 3 mLFfis
bfhLsJ. Kj js fk vLJ t tzis fyJ
nghJkhd ms nrJ W cUil brJ bfhs.
ulh iy: J fkQl gG w tzis fyJ, J C
jilahf brJ Kj iy brj cUilia vLJ jil itJ
cUilahfr bra.
_wh iy: J fkQl gir, gG, t w tzis fyJ
jilahf brJ, ulh iy brj cUilia eL itJ
cUilahf brj.
xUeh fJ mij tFgiwF bfhL tJ cUilahf csJ
vW mij ulhf bto 3 w cs mLFfshd XL, ftr kW
fUtij sFj.
bra 3: tiuglntiy FA (a)
cy VjhtJ gJ s gsjhFfis mJ cyf tiugl
Fj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 251)
bra 4: kh jahj
nkhuh gl tiuj (j, c, 10, 251)
bra 5: thj FA (a)
vkiy cth VgL eik ikfis thj.
(j, bt, 1 thu, 252)
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: jLf eftij tiffis mj FA(a)
jLf viyfis cyf tiugl tiuJ, eh thG njhMnua jLF kL tz Lj. (j, c, 10 , 245)
bra 2: nrhjid brj FA (a)
kakiy tUlF 5.. msF caJ bfhnl brtij nrhjid
_y mj.
njitgL bghUf: kumil (Card Board) 30 br. x 15 br. 1, WW ff
kW gir. jhtuf
49
br Kiw: kumil (Card Board) nk gF girjl mjnk WW

ff, W jhtuf nghwtiw gu y njhw ngh cUth, gftho
U iffsh ne v ir mGj bfhLF nghJ mil eLgF
caJ tis ngh fhzgL. nj nghW jLf efthY
mGjjhY a ynjhwf myJ jnghJs y njhwf khwf
VgLwd. JnghW kakiy caJ bfhnl tUwJ vgij tj.
(FG, c, 2 ehf, 246)
bra 3: y eLf kW vkiy bto FA(a)
y eLf vthW VgLwJ, vkiy tiff, gutf t
eik ikf Matiw glJl mif jahJ xgilj. (j, bt, 4
ehf, 250 - 254)
bra 4: tiugl ntiy FA(a)
cy vkiyf VgL VnjD IJ lfis cyf tiugl Fj.
(j, c, 10, 253)
bra 5: fUJ tiugl FA(a)
af rfis sf, jFj fUJ gl tiuJ bjhFj. (FG,
c, 10, 246)
id git:
1. ghah vw nuf brhYF vyh yK ( All Earth ) vW bghU.
2. g jLjh f bga jL J 1/5 gF nkguig cslf
ToajhF.
3. csik ga nfhghil Kj cUthat Ir l Mth.
4. nkgu nknyhL ( Crust) vd miHfgLwJ.
5. naho kiyahf ef VgLtjh ko kiyf cUthwJ. c.
kakiy.
6. y eLf vgJ nknyho Obud fG mirj myJ eLFj
MF.
7. y mkh (nkhuh) vw fUia bfhL yeLf
mtiyf g bragLwJ.
8. y eLfij kL bra l msnfh gagLjgLwJ. j myF
0 Kj 9 tiu MF.
9. Ath Ys nkhdnyhth cynyna fbga bragL vkiy MF.
10. wj vkiy FWF vLJfhL, jeho fbgw Utzhkiy
FW kW Muunjr gdfh FW.
ghl - 2. nkgu - kh bfhoUF
ynfhs nkgu
I.
jf cs braghLf (gf: 271)
bra 1: glbjhF FA(a)

cd ij ga glbjhF xW jah brj.
(j, bt, 2 ehf, 260)
50

MWf, kiyghijf cUthF
jah brj. (j, btna, 3 ehf, 264)
ynjhwf
kh
xiw
bra 3: gl tiuJ sFj FA (a)

bllhf
tiffis
sF
glfis
jf
izajsUJ uo F vGJj. (j, bt, 2 ehf, 264)
myJ

fl mdh cUthF y njhwf kh xiw jah
brj. (j, btna, 5 ehf, 265)
bra 5: glbjhF jahj FA (a)
gahWf cUthF ynjhwf bjhlila glbjhF xW jah
brJ, mit ga W F jUj. (j, bt, 2 ehf, 266)
bra 6: gl tiuj FA (a)
fhQ ynjhwfSfhd glfis uLj.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ahlf
Fiu Fs V
Xf
fhsh ghiw (j, bt, 2 eh, 262 - 267)
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: mif jahj FA (a)
khztf, brjhnyh bjhiyfhnyh thiy mifia xU thuF
cWneh, mif jahJ xgilj.
(j, bt, 1 thu, 257)
bra 2: cWnehf FA(a):

Lf VgL rf, U bghUf Ul nrjyh VgL khw kW
Rzh vthW cjwJ vgij cWneh, mit aa khwkh, nta
khwkh vd vG tUj.
bra 3: gnrhjid FA(a)

khztf, fzho oia jkhf btggL, obud Fj Us
ghu (vrifl) nghLj. btgK, FU ghiwia ijwd vw
cikia czj. (FG, c, 10 , 257)
bra 4: gl uLj
M mdh VgL ynjhwfSfhd glfis uo gl sf ju
brj. (j, c, 1 thu, 260-263)
51

goa itj iy VgL ynjhwfis khf brJ fho, sf
jUj. (j/FG, btna, 1 thu, 262 - 263)
bra 6: jiyigbaho ngRj

njitahd bghUf: glf (ynjhw glf) mla milf (myJ)
brhf vGa fhj RUf, xU milbgo
tHF Kiw: khztfl, fl mj brayh VgL ynjhwglfis
milf xonah myJ ynjhwf bgafis fhj RU vGnah
mil bgo nghl brhYj, mUJ VjhtJ xU mil (myJ) fhj
RUis vLJ bfhL 2 myJ 3 eh fJ vLfgl jiyig g ngRj.
(j, c, 3 , 263-264)
bra 7: JQF jf jahj (Scrab Book Preparation) FA (a)

fl miy goaitj iy VgL ynjhwfis flJ mjF
Vwh ngh jftfis, glfis uo JQF jfkhf xgilj brj myJ
gl tiuj. (j, c, 1 thu, 264-265)
bra 8: 3D kh jahj FA (a)

gahW mj iy VgL ynjhwf khfis (Models) brJ
xgilj.
bra 9: jiyigbaho ngRj

xbthU khztU gah flj kW goa itjyh cUthF ynjhw
ga jftfis uo ngRj. (j, c, 15 , 265-267)
bra 10: JQF jf FA(a)

nkguig ghF fhuf vit vd goaL, mtwh cUthfgL
ynjhw glfis mijg XU tf uo vG xgilj. (j, bt, 1 thu)
bra 11 : Lfij FA (b)

1. flfiuia RY mJ, fl goa itgt.
2. flfiu btw nk, bjhlahf mfgl xGFs ynjhwkhf
cst.
3. miyfsh mfgL brFjhd ghiw fliy neh mikUgt.
4. bjhlahd miyf _y cUthFgt.
5. efU gghiwahf Ugt.
6. JUt unjrf guj ms gJfshf cst.
7. gbjLjdh ehfh nghw mik Ugt.
8. gahdh mJ, MHgLjgL cUthwt.
F ilf
1. miyf
2. tisFlh
3. Xf
4. Fif
5. gahWf
6. flgahW
7. r
8. U-tot gsjhF
bra 12: JQFjf

fhdh njhW ynjhwf ga brf kW glfis uo
JQFjf jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)
52
bra 13: goaLj FA(b)
nkguig
ghF
fhufis,
ynjhwfis goaLj. (j, c, 15 )
mitfsh
njhW
bra 13: isahL (Cross words-fun with fuzzle) FA (b)

(j, c, 5 )
tHF Kiw: fl mltizia jFj brhfis bfhL uf.
A. lUJ ty:
1. ghiwJffshf s VgL njhw (3)
2. nrifah ghgil jhJ (4)
3. iw ru tot kzFW (4)
B tyUJ l:
4. U Fiff xW nrtJ (6)
5. gah Jf, nrW fyitah njhWtJ (5)
6. caukhd Mwfiu go (3)
C UJ nk:
7. kiy gF VgL ij (1)
8. c gofkhjiy thW miHg (6)
D nkUJ :
9. l ghiwf vdgLtJ (5)
1
4
2
3
9
5
8
id git:
1. ghiwf cilj myJ ijtilj vgij ghiw ij vnwh.
2. my kiH cyf mrakhd jh{kAh cs ryit ffis ghwJ.
vdnt a muR jh{kAhiy Rs njh bjhrhiyfis jil
brJsJ. bjhrhiyfsh my kiH VgLwJ.
3. MW, fliy milnghJ KfJthu gF to tliy goa
itwJ. J bllh vW miHfgLwJ.
4. fif M s 2510 .. J ah nja Mwhf mfgLsJ.
5. cy l flfiu mbkfhYs ah flfiu. ulhtJ bga
flfiu bridYs bkdh flfiu.
53
6. kiyaothugF
gJff
Ftjh
cUthF
gahWf
kiyaothugahWf MF.
7. ghiytd NH fhdh mfgL, l kiybjhlnghy fhzgL
kiynjhwnk ahlh MF.
8. fhsh nghw njhwkF ghiwf lghiwf vd miHfL.
9. iw ru tot kz FWf gfh vd miHfgLwJ.
10. ghiytdF
mUfhikYs
gFf
goUF
Ea
kzJff nyha MF.
Foika
ghl - 1. ekJ ehL

fif e - nja e (FG, c, 20 )
bra 2: ghl vGJj FA(a)
ehLgW ga ghl vGJj. (j, c, 10 )
bra 3: fgid fLiu FA(a)
eh X mikruhdh (j, c, 5 )
bra 4: glbjhF ekJ mil ehLf nja df FA(a)
(j, bt, 1 thu)
bra 5: glbjhF FA(a)
ekJ ehL ghuga (j, bt, 1 thu)
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: tz Lj FA(b)
cyf mua ygl ah Ulij mJ tz Lj.
(j, c, 5 lf, 272)
khzt jdJ bjU cs 10 FLgfis ga jftfis
fzbfL _y uo tu brhYj. (j / FG, bt, 1 thu) goaUJ
khzt mJ bfhlit g bjhFJ vGJj.
t.v
bjU
bga/fj v
thL
v
FLg jiyt
FLg jiy
taJ
bjh
1
2
3
bra 3: a tiugl Fj FA(b)

a mua tiugl a khyf, a unjrfis Fj.
(j, c, 10 , 272)
bra 4: br bjhF jahj FA(a)
ah FoaurhdJ Kj W tiu M brj FoauR jiytfis
ga FfSl Toa br bjhF / JQF jf jahj. (j, bt, 2
ehf, 273)
54
bra 5: JQF jf jahj - FA(a)

a eho izyh nja df ga JQFjf xwid
jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 275)
bra 6: fsgaz - FA(a)
mU cs kwF fsgazkhf mif xgilj. (tF , bt,
1 eh, 274)
bra 7: eoj Kiw - FA(a)
khztf W W FGfshf J, nja xUikghil tsF jkhf
gntW khyf fyhrhu, gghoid eoJ fhLj.
(FG, c, 20 , 277)
id git:
1. bt M ah MwhtJ lij bgWsJ.
2. kf bjhif mogil ah dhF mLjhf ulhtJ
lYsJ.
3. ah tlnf kakiy, Hnf tfhsFlh, bjnf a bgUfl,
nknf mufl Matwh NHgLsJ.
4. ah y viy s 15,200 ..
5. 1950 M ML #dt 26 M nj ah FoauR ehlhdJ. a FoauR 28
khyfis 7 a unjrfis cilaJ.
6. FoauR jiytnu a eho jiyt Mth.
7. a ehlhSkw nyhrgh, uh{argh vw U mitfis bfhlJ.
8. ah cs midJ kwfSF jiyikahdJ crkw.
ah 21 cakwf csd.
9. ehLgiz ghl MF ms 52 dho.
10. 1896 bfhfjh eilbgw a nja fhu kheho ehLg
Kj Kiwahf ghlglJ.
11. ekJ nja yF ; njagwit k; nja ky jhkiu, nja ku
Myku.
12. `rankt#anj vgj bghU thikna btY J ekJ nja
d FfgLsJ.
ghl - 2. a muayik w TWf

ekJ mwhl th `mogil cikf kWfgLtij mtiw bgW
tKiwfis g khztf FGfshf J fyJiuahLj. (mogil
cikf kWfgL nghJ kw bryyh vw fUJ Mauh
khztfSF tWjgl ntL). (FG, c, 5 , 284)
bra 2: ehlf eoj FA(a)
mogil flikfis ikakhf bfhL ehlf jahj.
eoJ fhLj. (FG, c, FGF 5)
55
tFgiw
bra 3: JQFjf jahj FA(a)

ah muayik rlij cUtha jiytf glfis xo
mjdUnf mtfsJ gfig ga Fid vGj brj. (j, bt, 3
ehf g: 282)
bra 4: thj FA(a)
khztf uL FGfshf J gokw Ky midJ FokfS
jkFa mogil cikfis mDgwd vW X m, mDgfiy
vW knwh m thj brj. (FG, c, 20, 285)
bra 6: fUJfis TWj FA(a))
bghJ brhJfis ghJfhf khztf nkbfhS eltoiff

myJ tKiwfis nkfhQ gl vGJj. (j, c, 10, 288)
bra 7: jft uLj - FA(a)
a rl tiu FG jiytuhd lhl mngfh ga jftfis yf,
brjhf, bjhiyfh _y uo vGJj. (j, bt, 3 ehf 283)
II. TLj bra ghLf

bra 1: xgil jah brj- FA(a)
a muayik rl waf ga xgil
bt, 3 eh 282)
jah brj (j,
bra 2: dhf jah brj FA(a)

a mua mik Kfiuia izajsUJ gwf brJ,
goJghJ 5 dhf jah brj. (j, bt, 3 ehf g: 283)
bra 3: goa jahj FA(b)
a mua za rig jiytf kW cWdf bga goaiy jf,
izajs MatUJ uLj. (j, bt, 3 eh 281 - 282)
56
bra 4:
xgil FA(a)
tiu FG cWdf ga jftfis uo xgilj (j, bt, 3

ehf, 281 -282)
bra 5:
f Tw
FA(a)
iwa fhyfl kj ahghubghUshf khwgLwh. mtdJ ciH

RulgLwJ vw TWF khzt ghj /nfl/mDgj fit TWj. (j, c,
khztUF 3 l, 284)
bra 6:
cjhuz TWj FA(b)
khztUF bjj kjrhgw ehLf bgafis TWj. (j, c, 5 )

bra 7:
fyJiuahl FA(a)
kjfSilna cs xWikfis goaLj. (FG , c 10 )

bra 8:
fyJiuahl FA(a)
khzt jtabjhj g bryhj njhHf bga goaiy jahj;

mjfhd fhuzij mj; fF ah bghW bgnwhuh? FHijah kwtuh? vd
fyJiuahl brj. (FG, c, 10 )
id git:
1.
e a ehL 1947 M ML MfL 15 M eh Ljiy bgwJ.
2. 1950 M ML rdt 26 M eh a muayik rl eilKiwF

bfhLtuglJ.
3. lhl. mngf a mua mik rl Mth.
4. a mu nja FnfhfS xW kjrhik MF.
5. ghuhSkw muRKiwia bghW muR myJ fhbd muR vW miHg.
6. a muayik rl rh, kj, dghd, gonjh, brhJilik Ma
ntWgho 18 taJ ua midtU njj thff cW bragLsJ.
7. ekJ mogil flikfS xW nja bfho kW nja dfSF k
mj.
8. ekJ mogil flikfS f KakhdJ 6 Kj 14 taJ tiu cs midJ
FHijfS f bgWtjfhd thig VgL jUj.
57
r_f ma 7M tF
dhjh totik (Blue Print)
mj
t.
v
ghl
Ms
Mw
wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu

dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh
1 tuyhW
6 (1) 1 (2)
2 a
3 (1)
3 Foika
1 (1) 1 (2)
1 (1) 2* (2)
1 (5)
3 (2)
1 (5)
5 (1) 1* (2)
1 (2) 1* (5)
6 (1)
22
1 (1)
15
1 (1)
2 (2)
1*
6
bkhj
kbgf
10
10
bkhj
dhf
vif
10
2+3*
2 (5)
6*
1* Choice
10
23
60
48
3+1* 2+2* 6+6*
F: milF ( ) kbg
wta dh (Objective tpye Question)
FW dh (Short Question)
thd dh (Detailed Question)
*bj dhf (Choice Questions)
r_f ma - VHh tF
Kj gUt (bjhFj kL)
kh dhjh (SA)
fhy: 1.30 k
kbgf: 60
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

1.
7x1=7
whLfSF ilgl fhynk ilfhy vdgLwJ.

(m) 8-18 M) 1-8 ) 18-ffhy
2. Ugh MyakhdJ nfhiy ngh flgLsJ.
(m)ifyhrehj M)uftu )bAhrhnytu)
3. Kjyh euktk glbga
MF.
(m) thjh bfhlh M) b#abfhlh ) flhubfhlh)
4. ghah
bga jLfshf cilfgLsJ.
(m) 7 M) 6 ) 10
58
bkhj
5. flfiuf vjDl bjhlilait?

(m) MWf M) gahWf )miyf
6. nja ghl tnj khjuij aat
(m) g ru rl M) uueh jhT )#tAyh neU
7. cy ah gugs __________ bga ehL.
(m) ulhtJ
(M) IjhtJ
() VHhtJ)
II. nfhol lij uf
7x1=7
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
ehsjh gfiyfHfij Jjt _____________

Kfhy nkiy rhSaf f wj mur ___________
Uthrfij aat __________
vkiy vgJ xU __________ MF
ghiwf
cilfgLtJ
kW
ijfgLtJkhd
____________ vd miHfgLwJ.
13. a eho jiyt __________ Mth.
14. ah crkw mikJs l ___________.
III. bghUJf.
15.
16.
17.
18.
bkfj
mua za rig
k krhnuh
Mlh
brafshdJ
4x1= 4
-
Ughit
nuf vGjhs
Kjfhy nkiy rhSa
9 org 1946
Mfh
VI. FWa ila (VnjD vL dhfSF kL)
8x2= 16
19. ah Mbrj uhruf VnjD ehF tifd bgafis

FLf.
20. jfhzij tl ahUJ vit wd?
21. nrhHf thff FJ vGJf.
22. gytf thff FJ vGJf.
23. yeLffis ghF rfis TWf.
24. thiy ij FJ W F vGJf.
25. l kzLf vwh vd?
26. vkiyf tiff ahit?
27. ah miklij vGJf.
28. ekJ ehLg TW brf ahit?
29. ah xU kjrhik ehL vd V TWnwh?
30. ekJ nja ky TW br ahJ?
59
V. thd ila (VnjD ehF dhfSF kL)

4x5= 20
31. uhruf gntW Jiwf Ma gfid t.
32. nrhHf thf mikid sFf.
33. ghiw ij tiffis T VnjD xwid cjhuzJl sFf.
34. nyhrgh g vGJf.
35. mLFfis T VnjD xiw sFf.
36. iwahik wig TWf?
VI. tiugl Ff.
37. (a) a tiugl fhQ lfis Ff.
bl, m{, ehsjh, khkyu, jrh, m#jh
6x1= 6
(myJ)
(b) cyf tiugl fltiw tz Ff.
(i) g beU tisa gF
(ii) bfah vkiy
(iii) ghu f
(iv) ahkh
8M tF
tuyhW
ghl - 1 : bkhfyhaf tUif
ghl - 2: kuhaf
ghl - 3: Inuha tUif
ghl - 4: My buR Mf ngho (fehhf
nghf)
a
ghl - 1
: ts MjhufS mj tsfS
ghl - 2
: ts MjhufS bghUshjhu eltoiffS
ghl - 3
: Kj iy bjhf tiff
ghl - 4
: Kj iy bjh I Ruf bjh
60
Foika
ghl - 1 : nja xUikghL
ghl - 2
: r_f bghUshjhu uridf
cns xbthU ghlY

id git
dhjh ltiu
bjhFj njfhd kh dhjh
tuyhW
ghl - 1 . bkhfyhaf tUif
I. ghljf bfhLfgLs braghLf
bra 1: fLiu vGJj FA(a)
jh{kAh cyf mraf xwhf fUjgLtjfhd fhuzfis
MuhJ Ugf ms fLiu xW vGJj (j, c, 20 l, g 257)
Kfyha nguuR ailjjF fhuzf vw jiy W FG
fyJiuahl brj (FG, c, 10 , 262)
bra 3: JQFjf FA(a)
cyf mraf glfS brfS. (j, bt, 3 eh, 258-260)
bra 4: JQFjf jahj FA(a)
Kfyha nguuR g br uo gl xo FngL jahj (j /FG ,
bt, 5 eh, 247-262)
bra 5: gl bjhF jahj FA(a)
ghg Kj xsuftiu blia Ml kdf cUt glfis
tirahf xo gl bjhF xiw uo jah brj. (j, bt, 5 ehf)
myJ
bra 6: trht mltiz jahj FA(b)
Kfyha murf trht goa jahJ FG gj (j, c, 30 ,
247-262)
61
bra 7: fhynfhL tiuj FA(a)

Kfyha kd vtnuD xUtiu njbjLJ mtuJ fhy eilbgw Ka
ffSF fhynfhL xW jah brj (j, c, 30 , 247-262)
bra 8: RHyil jahj FA(a)
Kfyha fhy yaK gilghsfS vw jiy RHyil
jahj. (j, c, 30 , 253-255)
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: isahL FA(b)
fhQ Ffis goJ mjfhd brhfis fLoJ bfhLfgl
fl tlLj. (j, c, 30 , 265-273)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
bkhfyha kd ( nja mur)

bh cUtha fll
mguh uJ bragl t
mghr vGa Eh
uhkhaz kW kfhghuij ghuf bkh bkh bgajt
#Ah tHF Kiw
jh{kAhiy foa
h#Ah foa kN
ghg JU bkh vGa Eh
mg njhWj bjf kj
mg mukid mikJs l.
A]kh njhfofgl l
mg mitia myfj ir Ph
bA
ah
nlh
#]
kh
yh
nr
bg
ndh
jh
bg
gh
jh
uh
gh
nrh
gh
dh
zh
yh
nj
eh
kh
62
bra 2: FWjfL jah brj FA(a)

Kfyha nguuR ga br izajsUJ gwf brJ FWjfL
jah brj (j /FG , bt, 5 ehf, 247-262)
bra 3: FW ehlf eoj FA(a)
xsuf mfhuK th juK vw jiy FW ehlf
jahJ tF eoj. (FG, c, 15 )
bra 4: y tiugl tiuj FA(b)
a tiugl mg nguu viyfis Fj. mJ jnghija
ytugo vbjj ehLf kW khyfis cslajhf UwJ vd F
vGJj. (j, c, 10 , 252)
a tiugl xsuf nguu viyfis Fj. mJ jnghija
ytugo vbjj ehLf kW khyfis cslajhf UwJ vd F
vGJj. (j, c, 10 , 259)
a tiugl mg nguu viyia xU tzY, xsuf
nguu viyia ntW tzY FJ U nguuRfis xl. (j, c,
10 , 254 & 259)
id git:
1. ..1526 M ML Vu 21 M eh tuyhW ff ghg ngh
uhnyhoF, ghgUF ilna eilbgwJ.
2. `ghg idf vw Eh JU bkh ghguh vGjglJ.
3. A]kh vw brhYF mZlkhd vW bghU. t ghg kfdhth.
4. #yhY KfkJ mg ..1542 M ML etg 23M eh
mkunfhil wjh.
jkJ 14 M ta nguuruhf ..1556
gjnawh. t ahit Mbrj jiywj kd.
5. `m mg kW `mg ehkh vw Ehf mghryh vGjglit.
6. yh kjrhik myJ kj rjikia mogilahf bfhl
kj . mg ij cUthdh.
7. ilfhy ahit M brj Kjbg mu #Ah. t kd
#Ah kid Mth.
8. jh{kAh Ah#Ahdh flglJ. J aKdh efiu Muh
csJ. Ah#Ah kid Kjh idthf foa jh{kAh Rkh 20
yr bry 22 MLfhy fod ciHgh flglJ.
9. xsuf Kfyha tr fil nguur Mth.
10. t K myhjtf J b#ah tia tjh.
63
ghl - 2. kuhaf
ghljf bfhLfgLs braghLf
bra 1: goaLj FA(b)
kuha mitUj mikrf bgaf kW mtfsJ Jiwf g
goaLj. (j, c, 15 )
bra 2: xgil FA(a)
ekJ ehil vflUJ ghJfhj (jkJ C / khtlij nrj)
uhQt uf gfig g , khztf jkF bjjij Ugf ms
fLiuahf vGJj ( j, bt, 1 thu)
bra 3: fij TWj FA(a)
khztf jkJ W ta mtfsJ bgnwh myJ bgatfl nflj
u fijfis rf khztfSF TWj.
(j, c, 3 , 265 )
.
khztf,
th thif tuyh
eilbgw VnjD xU W
gFid eoJ fhl (FG , c , 5 , 265-268)

bra 5: ytiugl ntiy
FA(b)
a tiugl kuha nguu viyfis Fj. mJ jnghija

ytugo vbjj khyfis cslajhf UwJ vd F vGJj. (j,
c, 10, 271)
bra 6: fhynfhL tiuj FA (b)
kuha th thif tuyh
Ka ffis fhynfhL tiuJ
m Fj. (j, c, 10 , 265-272)
64
bra 7: FWbfGJ ngho FA (b)

Ma fhQ FWbfGJfis khztfl bfhLJ ug brj.
br
iy
th
#h
jh
yh
gh
uh
fh
th
wh
gh
bfh
I. lUJ ty
1. xsufgh th thW miHfglh
2. th thf
3. ..1761
II. tyUJ l
1. .. 1665
2. th nguuR
3. ujk mikr
III. nkUJ
1. thia mlf xsufdh mDggl jfhz MSe
2. th jhah bga
IV. UJ nk
1. kuhaf mUj ngh Kiw
id git:
1. kAhuhZou
kiygFf
thj
kf
kuhaf
vd
miHfgld.
2. bfhyh nghKiw vgJ Kiwrhuh nghKiw MF.
3. th `kiy v vW `jfhd Wneh vW miHfglh.
4. 1674 M ML th rug vw glij No bfhlh, th
nguuR Rauh{a vd miHfglJ.
5. Zth vw brhYF ujk mikr vW bghU. mZlujh vgJ
th k rigF bga.
6. ehh nfhDh itu kW kyhrdij ghufF bfhL
brwh.
65
ghl - 3. Inuha tUif

I. jf braghLf
bra 1: ytiugl ntiy FA(b)
cyf tiugl Inuhah flij tzL fhLj. (j, c, 5 )
Inuhgh fl cs ehLf bgafis ytiugl jf (atlas)
cj bfhL vGJj (j, c, 10)
bra 3: goaLj FA(b)
a flt fLoghsf bgafis fLoj lfis
goaLj (j, c, 10)
ahF Kj Kj flt fLojt ah vd mJ mt
fLoj tia cyf tiugl Fj (j, c, 10)
nghRaf, Mnyaf kW buRfhuf tfjyfis
a w t ytiugl FJfhLj. (j, c, 10 )
bra 6: xgil FA(a)
ah Mnyaf nfhilf ga brfis uLj myJ
mtut khtl cs nfhilf ga jftfis uLj. (FG, bt, 1
thu)
II. TLj braghLf

Inuha ehLfSF ahF ilna tf vj _W Ka
tjlf _y eilbgwJ vd vGJj. m_W tjlfis cyf
tiugl FJ fhLj. fhlho neh vj tjl csJ
vgij FJ fhLj (j, c, 10 )
bra 2: fgid ciuahl
FA(a)fnfhil kd rhbkhid, thnfhlfhkh Kj Kj
rjnghJ vd fUF vgij fgid brJ FG X ciuahl
fJj. (FG, c, 10 , 274-275)
bra 3: tirgLJj FA(b)
ahF tf a tj Inuhafis fhytir Kiw vG
mtf a jiyiklfis goaLj (j, c, 10 , 274-277)
v.fh.
ehL
kf
- jiyikl
nghRf
- nghRa
- nfhth
66
bra 4: ytiugl ntiy

Inuhgh fl mua ytiugl ahF tf bra tj
ehLfis btntW tzf FJfhLj. mt mikl
fl
tfF vgo cjaJ vd sFj. (j, c, 10 )
bra 5: fgidahf ngRj FA(a)
e ehL gfg ehlhf myhk, viyfis ehLfsh NHgoUjh e
eho bjhf, tf, jgbtg iy vthW UF vd fgidahf
ngRj. (j, c, 5 )
id git:
1. nghRa khY thnfhlfhkh edif Kidia flJ KjKj
nfhnfhL flfiuia tjiljh.
2. nghRaf il, lhk, ggh, yif, rhbr, g, A] nghw
gFfis ifgd.
3. ..1640 M ML j #h{ nfhil flglJ.
4. ghonr buRfhuf jiyiklkhf mikUUjJ.
5. .. 1742M ML ons ghonr ftduhf gjnawh.
ghl -4. My buR Mf ngho (fehlf nghf)

I. jf braghLf
bra 1: ytiugl ntiy FA (b)
fehlf nghf fj gFfis a tiugl khztf Fj.
mit jnghija ytugo vbjj khtlf csd vd vGJj. (j, c,
10)
bra 2: xgil
MnyafSF buRfhufSF ilna ya gifik cz
FJ xgil jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)
bra 3: fyJiuahl
ah sh ngh fj Kiw kW isf g fyJiuahl. (FG,
c, 10, 285)
bra 4: gokw
uil M Kiw eik, ik g gokw el mif rkj.
(FG, c, 10 , 287-288)
bra 5: fyJiuahl
Mnya btfhd fhuzf g fyJiuahl brJ mif
rkj. (FG, c, 10 , 287-288)
67
bra 6: fhynfhL tiuj. FA(a)

My -uR clgoiff FJ fhynfhL tiuj. (j, c, 10 ,
281 - 284)
bra 7: thj FA(a)
Mnya Mf ah vgo iy bgwJ vgJ FJ thj
brj (FG, c, 10 , 284-287)
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: fUJ Tw FA (a)
ngh njitah? vw jiyig khztfl bfhLJ fUJfis Tw
brj. xbthUtU j fUJfis g bra thgj (tF, c, 10 ,
284-287)
bra 2: fUJgl tiuj FA(a)
fehlf nghfis sf fUJgl tiuj.
(FG, c, 10 , 284-287)
bra 3: mltiz jahj FA (a)
fehlf nghf ff FJ fl mltizia uj
ngh
MLf
fhuzf
clgoiff
Ka
isf
id git:
1. .. 1740 Kj 1763 tiu Mnya, buRfhuf ilna
3
nghf eilbgwd. it fehlf eilbgwjh fehlf nghf vW
miHfgld.
2. Kj fehlf myh ng clgoifgo 1748 KotiljJ.
3. ..1748 ulhtJ fehlf ngh bjhlaJ.
4. uhg is Mfho u vd bgUiknahL miHfglh.
5. uh{ c-bjhyh 146 Mnya ngh ufis nghiffshf iwoj
f ffjh Uliw vd miHfgLwJ.
6. iAj m 1722M ML xU rhjhuz ViH FLg wjh. j fod
ciHgh ikN muruhdh. t xU wj th.
7. ..1765 tfhs ftduhf uhg is bghWngwh.
8. ìs vw ia cUth fbg Caf kW mtf
jitfSF cjdh.
68
9. ..1772 M ML tfhs My Ha Wtd neuo

M bfhLtuglJ.
a
ghl - 1. ts MjhufS mj tsfS
I. jf braghLf
bra 1: goa rghj FA(a)
jf gf.299 cs dhbjhFfhd ilfis Fj
(j , c, 10 lf, g. 239)
cyf tiugl viz cg br lfis Fj. (j, c, 10
, 239)
aif kW braif ts Mjhufis tifgL glbjhF jahj
(FG, bt,1 thu, g. 299)
bra 4: kh jahj FA(a)
fhwhiy kh jahj (FG, bt,1 thu, g. 298)
II.
TLj braghLf
bra 1: xgil FA(a)

yf cUthF Kiw ga tufis uo xgil jahj (j ,
bt,1 thu, g. )
bra 2: xgil FA(a)
ah fhwhiyf cs lf ga brf kW glfis uo
xgil brj (j , bt,1 thu, g. )
bra 3: goaLj FA(a)
vbz cg br ehLfis flf thahf goaLj (j,
bt,1 thu, g. )
bra 4: fgid fLiu FA(a)
gJ MLf bgnuh J nghdh vdthF vgJ g fgid
fLiu tiuj. (j , bt,1 thu, g. )
bra 5: fUJ TWj FA(a)
, r, vbz tsfis l ehfSF gagLj vbdd
eltoiffis khztf nkbfht vd fyJiuaho mif jahj (FG,
c, 10 l, g. 323)
69
bra 6: ytiugl tiuj FA(b)

ah cs mQ iyafis tiugl Fj.
khyfis goaLj (j , c,10 l, g. )
mit cs
bra 7: thj FA(a)

ts Mjhufis ghJfhjY, RWwikia ghJfhjY.
(FG, c, 10 l, g. )
bra 8: j tuyhW TWj FA(a)
yf, r, Na Mw, viz tsf
(FG, c, 10 ,g. 323)
bra 9: goaLj F A(b)
cs Jf Toa tsf, Jf ayhj tsf Matiw
goaLj ( j, c 5 lf, g. )
bra 10: ytiugl Fj F A(b)
ah yf fhzgL lfis ygljf
a ytiugl Fj
cjl flJ,
bra 11. ytiugl Fj FA (b)

cy cs yf taf gutfis, cyf tiugl Fj.
(j, c, 5 lf, g. 292 )
id git:
1. Jf ayhj ts Mjhuf twToa
ts Mjhuf vd
miHfgLwJ.
2. cnyhf fkf, cnyhfkw fkf kW vbghU fkf
vW eh gagLJ tsf tifgLjgLsd.
3. jeho cs bent gG yf mfkhf bto
vLfgLwJ.
4. vbz gof ygFfY, fl gFfY fhzgLwd.
ah fbga `Kig iA vD vbz ta flgF
mikJsJ.
5. dh cs aho M FWnf cs KgsjhF miz
cy fbga r iya mikJsJ.
6. cy mf ms Na Mwiy cgbr ehL b#k MF.
7. cy fbga fhwhiy Wtd jeho fahFk khtl
Muthbkh vDl csJ.
70
ghl - 2. ts MjhufS bghUshjhu eltoiffS

I. jf braghLf
bra 1: vGJfis KiwgLJj FA(b)
jf cs brKiw gia khztf vGJj. (j , c, 10 , 304 )
bra 2: thj FA(a)
cy
_W, ehF kW Ijh iy bghUshjhu eltoiff
tsw tlhuf kL mf fhzgLwd V? (FG, c, 10 , 304)
braghL 3: ytiugl Fj F A(a)
cyf mua tiugl tsw ehLfis Fj. (j , c,10 )
bra 4: glbjhF jahj F A(a)
IJ tifahd bjhfSF glf uo glbjhF jahJ, mit
xnwhblhW vthW bjhl bfhLsd vd tj. (j , bt, 1 thu, 3)
bra 5: xgil jahj F A(a)
khztf VnjD xU Kjiy bjh rhj brfis uo xgil
mifahf jah brj. (FG, /j , bt,1 thu, 304 )
II.
TLj braghLf

IJ tifahd bjh iyfis eoJfhl (FG, c,10 , g.300-301 )
(khztfis 5 FGfshf J xbthU FGF 1 bjhtifia bfhLJ
eoJ fhl brj)
bra 2: fsgaz brW mif jahj FA(a)
gF mU cs trha/bjhrhiy/t/Ruf nghw VnjD xU
bjh eilbgW lF fsgaz nkbfhL mF eilbgW ffis
cWneh mif jahJ xgilj. (j , bt, 2 ehf)
bra 3: fij TWj FA(a)
VnjD xU bjh <LgL kf czfis,
izJ brhygL fijia tF tHFj. (j, c 5 )
gfis
id git:
1. bjhf mogil IJ iyfshf bjhf fgLsd.
2. cz nrfj, ntilahLj, fheil nkj- it Kjiy bjh
tf t fGJgil gahf Mth.
3. bjhEg gahsf t gahsf btt fGJgil
gahsf Mthh.
4. fJiw,
Jiw,
kUJt,
bghGJnghF,
thf
t
gnthfis btis fGJgil gahsf vd miHnwh.
71
5. muR kW jah Jiwf

khF
w bfhltf jf
fGJgil gahsf vdgLwd.
6. ulh iy bjhfsha bjhrhiyf cg g <Lglnth
(v.fh. rfiu bjhrhiy) yfGJ gil gahsf Mt.
7. btis fGJgil kW jffGJgil gahsf bgUghY
efuf fhzgLwd.
ghl - 3. Kj iy bjhf tiff

I. jf braghLf
bra 1: isghL FA(b)
jf gf 310 bfhLfgLs brhbwhliu gojJ
JbfhL mltiz cs vGJfUJ ca brhfis fLoJ
tlL fhl . (j, c, 5 , 311 )
ku btL bjh mad fhLf bga bjhyhf fUjgliy
V? (FG, c, 15 , 311)
bra 3: mltiz gLJj F A(b)
tFgiw braghL. jf gf 310 bfhLfgLs mltiz
goaLj. (j, c, 10, 310)
ehnlhof
thGl
yFf
bra 4: ytiugl Fj FA (b)

cyf tiugl
lhfng, tlfl, bgU, #gh nghw lfis
khztf Fj. (j, c 10 , 311)
bra 5: bral FA (a)
Mfh f
mjkh #huth
II.
TLj braghLf
bra 1: br uLj FA (a)

khztf mtut khtl myJ khtl mU thG ehnlhof
FJ mif jahJ xgilj. (j, bt, 1 thu)
72
bra 2: gwf brj (ICT) FA (a)

cy ehnlho kf thG lf kW thG Kiwf ga brfis
izajsUJ gwf brJ mif jahJ xgilj. (j, bt, 1
thu)
bra 3: bghkyhl F A(a)
khztf mtutUF oj ehnlho kf nghW eoJ fhLj (j,
c, 5 , 311)
bra 4: glbjhF jahj F A(a)
cy cs ojsf, ed bjh Eg trf, cg
jsf nghw tuf mogil brfis uo khztf xgilj.
(j , bt,1 thu, g. )
id git:
1. aifia rhJ bragL bjhf Kjik bjhf vdgL.
2. ntilahLj,
oj, fheil nkj Mait Kjiy
bjhf vd tifgLjgLsd.
3. cy fbga cehL o V nlhnyrh MF.
4. uhg ehnlhof ah uh#jh khy fhzgLwhf.
5. oj ju KJ Fj, fy kW flehfis
ntilahLj nghw bjhfS flf eilbgW bjhf MF.
6. uZah, fdlh, mbkfh nghw ehLf fhLf mfkhf
fhzgLwd.
ghl - 4. Kj iy bjh - I
Ruf bjh
II. jf braghLf
bra 1: FWbfGJ FA(b)
(j, c 10 lf, g. 319 )
bra 2: jft fsa FA(a)
khztf ekJ khy fhzgL fkf goaiy jahj (j ,
bt,1 thu, 319 )
khztf Ruf bjh tiff glfis uo gl bjhF brj.
(j, bt,1 thu, g. 319)
73
braghL 4: fyJiuahl F A(a)

vbghUf, fkf tiw vgo
fyJiuahl nkbfhs (FG, c, 10 , 319 )
ghJfhfyh
vw
jiy

cyf tiugl UjhJ cs lfis Fj.
(j , c, 10 , 319 )
bra 6: thj FA(b)
vbghU gagLjhj xU L , bjhrhiy xU eh vthW bragL
(FG, c, 10 )
III. TLj braghLf

bra 1: jiyigbaho ngRj FA(a)
cy fhzgL Ruf bjh tiffis flJ glfis uo
milf xo a bgo nghLj. khztfis xbthUtuhf miHJ xU
milia vLf brh m tU jiyig myJ glij ga brfis
XU ehf uo tubrhYj tFgiw xbthU khztid ngr
brhYj. (j , c, 5 , 319 )
bra 2: goaLj FA(b)
fltiw cnyhfKsit ,cnyhfkwit, vbghU vit vd d
fL khztf goaLj (U, jfu, jf, mYa, Rzh, njha,
yf, fjf, ikfh, aif th, bgnuha, Mbglh) (j , c, 10 ,
312-313 )
t.
v.
cnyhfKsit
cnyhfkwit
vbghU fkf
bra 3: goaLj F A(a)

j o cs bghUf vitbait fk bghUfsh bragLsd
vd khzt goaLj (j, c, 10)
id git:
1. Fth vdgL btobaLj Kiw Rzhf nghw fol
bghUfis nkguUJ vLF KiwahF.
2. (Rigs) vdgL xUtif nkil vbz zWf UJ
JisJ, vbz vLf gagLjgLwJ.
74
3. nkdil, nAkil, liu, nkhid Mait U jhJ

tiffshF.
4. br gotf bknfh, rhah, kW njhndah Ma
ehLf mfkhf fhzgLwJ.
5. ghi[ mY jhJ MF. J nu, #ikfh, Mnuah Ma
ehLf fhzgLwJ.
6. jf xU iyaj cnyhf. fhu vD brh jf
Jhajikia ma gagLjgLwJ.
7. fjf yjo RufKiw _y btobaLfgLwJ. J bt kr
w ilwJ.
8. ikfh fU wKila fk. J ah, ehhnt, nu nghw
ehLf ilwJ.
9. Mbglh wj bt RuffUJ bto vLfgLwJ. J
v ofhJ.
Foika
ghl - 1. nja xUikghL
bra 1: mif jahjFA(a)
ah ntWik xWik cs ehL vgij MuhJ mif jah
brj. (j, bt, 2 ehf, 323)
a tiugl khyfis a unjrfis Fj (j, c,
10 l).
bra 3: goaLjFA(b)
a mu mYtyf bkhfis goaLj (j , bt, 1 eh, 323)
bra 4: dhodh elJj FA(b)
nja xUikghL bjhlghd dhodh elJj (tF, c,10 , 322- 323)
bra 5: thj brj FA(a)
nja xUikghil ghF fhu FJ thj brj (FG, c, 10
, 322- 323)
bra 6: glbjhF FA(a)
a tghLjyf, gghL kW ghuga bjhlghd glf (j ,

bt, 3ehf, 15 )
75
II.
TLj braghLf
bra 1: FW ehlf FA(a)

kj neaij tsF fUij tWJ ehlfij khztf eoJ
fhl (FG, c, FGF 5 )
khztf jf C / o eilbgW Hhf g fyJiuahl
brj. mit vthW r_f cwit tswd vd goaLj. (FG, c, 10)
bra 3: glbjhF jahj
bjah cs fbgw Myaf glfis uo glbjhF
jahj. (j, bt, 3 ehf)
bra 4: fsgaz brW mif jahj FA(a)
VnjD xU tuyhW w f nfhYF brW mj tuyhW FJ
br uo mif jahj. (j, bt, 1 thu)
bra 5: fij nrfj FA(a)
nja xUikghL rhj fijfis uLj. (j/FG, bt, 3 ehf, 320-321)
bra 6: ghlf uLj FA(a)
nja
xUikghil
tsF
ghlfis
(kh,
ghlf,
ehLwghlf, jughlf) uo ghLj (j / FG, bt, 3 ehf)
bra 7: FW ehlf FA(a)
kj ezf fUij tWJ xU ehlfij khztf eoJ fhl
(FG, c, FGF 5 )
id git:
1. gy df mUfhafkhf ah njhwkwJ. ah Rkh
845 bkhf ngrgLwd.
2. 22 bkhf a muayik rl mffgLsJ.
3. ntjf, uhkhaz, kfhghuj, gftij, a, Fuh kW UFw
nghwit afilna f bgWsd.
4. ght, uhket, UZzb#a, Jfhi# kWk kfurfuh
5. u#h, jbt, <l, j kh kfh b#a Ma Hhf
ah wghf bfhlhlgLwd.
6. fg, gU, gL Matwh Md cilfis kf cLJwd. cz,
cilf ntWgl nghY a kf cWahd gghL iy
wghf thwd.
7. kJiu dh mk nfh, jir uftu Mya, Utzhkiy
mUzhrnytu Mya. rhnjh nguhya nghwit folfiyF
wj vLJfhLfshF.
76
8. fehlf ir, Jjh ir, guj, Fo, fj, k, Xo nghw

fiyf f wj iy nghwgL tUwd.
9. etg 19 nja xUikghL d.
10. a iwahik, rkarhik, rkjk nghwit nja xUikghil
tswd.
ghl - 2. r_f bghUshjhu uridf

bra 1: br uLj FA(a)
khzt j mUfhik cs uhkF brW kf r_f bghUshjhu
f kW Rfhjhu FJ dhgoa jah brJ, br uo, tFgiw
thj. (FG, bt & c, 1 thu)
bra 2: fUJ tHFj FA(a)
FHij bjhyhs uridia xf khzt TW Mnyhridf (FG,
c, 10)
bra 3: br uLj FA(a)
brjh, thu, khj jf tU enjh ga brfis uLj
(FG, bt & c, 1 thu)
bra 4: nefhz brj FA(a)
fll ntiy eilbgW lF brW mF g M/bg
Mnahfl ne fhz brj. (v.fh)
i) mtf ntiy?
ii) d Tahf vts bfhLwhf?
iii) TahdJ d / thu/ khj tHfgLwjh?
iv) MfSF bgfSF r rkkhf T tHfgLwjh?
fsg _y uoa brfis bfhL Ca Vw wf g tFgiw
fyJiuahLj. (FG, bt & c, 1 thu)
bra 5: gokw FA(a)
kf bjhif bgUf eho bghUshjhu tsF tukh? rhgkh?
gokw elJj, (FG, c, 10 )
II. TLj braghLf

bra 1: goaLj FA(a)
vGjikfhd fhuzfis goaLj. (j, c, 5 , 327)
77
bra 2: FG thj. FA(a)

vGjikah VgL uridfis thj. mjdh ehoF,
oF VgL nfLfis d fhQj (FG, c, 10 , 327 )
bra 3: xgil FA(a)

kfbjhif bto mjfhd fhuzf kW is g xgil
jahj. (j, c, 1 thu, 333)
bra 4: goaLj FA(a)
FHij bjhyhs Kiwia xf jHf muR vLJtU eltoiffis
goaLj. (j, c, 10 , 333)
FHij bjhyhs Kiwia xf jHf muR vLJtU eltoifah
kztfsJ C Vgl khwf VnjD uL flJ ciuahLj (FG,
c, 10 lf, 333)
khzt tF bjU 10 FLgfis njbjLJ jftfis uo
xLj. (j, bt, 1 thu, 327)
t.v/f
j v
1.
2.
3.
4.
FLg
cWd
bga
FLg jiyt
bga
f jF
bjh
tUth
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
goaUJ khzt mJbfhl br g vGJj.

bra 7: xgil FA(a)
khztUF bjj rhjid bgk xUtiu g fLiu vGJj (j,
bt, 2 ehf, 329)
bra 8: brf uLj FA(a)
brjhf tU bgbfhLik ga brfis bjhFJ jifa
ff eilbgwhk Uf vd brayh vd fUJ gj.
(j, bt & c, 1 thu, 329)
78
bra 9: xL goa jahj FA(a)

khzt j
o
_W khjfSfhd kif bghUf
iygoaiy j bgnwhlUJ bgW iy Vw wfid xLj . (j,
bt, 3 khj, 331)
t.v
1
2
3
4
5
6
bghUf
Kj
khj
iygoa
ulh _wh
khj
khj
iy khWghL
rika vbz
Jtu gU
m
sfh
rfiu
bra 10: ghu VW eoj FA(a)

vGjikah
xUt
mil
Jgf
vGjyhjt ngh eoJfhLj. (j, c, 3 l, 332)
FJ
sf
id git:
1. 1948-49M ML gfiyfHf khaFG jhbkh _y f fgJ vw
fUij tWaJ.
2. 1968 M ML ehL KGtJ xnu khahd f Kiw ( 10+2+3)
mKfgL csJ.
3. midtUF f ( SSA) vw l jeho fwghf bragL
tUwJ.
4. brlg 8 M nj cyf vGj dkhf mfgLsJ.
5. bjhrhiyf g 14taF cgltf FHij bjhyhsf
Mthf.
6. 1978 M Mil bgf Mlhf Ia ehL rig mUjJ.
7. 1929 M ML rhujh rl awgL FHij Ukz jil braglJ.
8. bjho FHijl (1992) bg FHijfis R bfhiy UJ
ghJfhwJ.
9. a murhf nja uhkw ntiyth ldgo.
10. NREP 1980 mf gr ntiy th kfSF ilf ttFjJ
murhf bghJ nahf Kiw ( PDS) _y kfSF njitahd bghUf
ahakhd iy ilf eltoif vLJ tUwJ.
79
r_f ma 8M tF
dhjh ltiu
Kj gUt
mj (19)
Ms
mw
FW fLiu wta
dh dh dh
FW fLiu
dh dh
t.
v
ghl
tuyhW
4 (1)
1 (2)
3 (1)
1 (2)
1(5)
2 (1)
1 (2)
1(5)
25
5 (1)
1 (2)
1 (1)
1 (2)
1(5)
3(1)
1 (2)
1(5)
25
Foika
2 (1)
1 (2)
1(5)
1(1)
10
11 (1)
3(2)
4(1)
2 (2)
3(5)
6 (1)
2 (2)
2(5)
60
bkhj
wta FW fLiu wta FW fLiu wta

dh dh dh dh dh dh dh
F:
.
w ta dh
F. FWa dh
f.
fLiu dh
21x1=21
7x2=14
5x5=25
bkhj kbg = 60
F:
mil FpLF bfhLfglit dhf kbgf.

mil FpLF btna UgJ dhf vif.
tF - 8
kh dhjh (SA)
r_f ma
bkhj kbg: 60
fhy ms: 1.30 k
gy bj
1. bh Kndho vd miHfgLgt
m. mg
M. ckh . h#fh
8x1=8
2. My Ha fbg bjhlfgl ML
m. ..1600 M. ..1644. ..1664
3. uj clgoif, ahUF thF ilna VglJ?
m. uh#h b#a
M. mrfh
. brlfh
4. nja f bfhif vj ML mKfgLjglJ?
m. 1968
M. 1986
. 1996
80
bkhj
5. ekJ khy bto vLfgL yf

m. gG yf M. Muir . uhig
6. bjhrhiyf tsaila cj nrit
m. nkj
M. nghFtuJ
. ntilahLj
7. cz bgUks fhzgL l
m. flL M. flr
. bgUfl F
8. tl k gofnshL fhzgL fk
m. jf M. U . yf
II. nfhol lfis uf
8x1=8
9. ulh ghg ngh mguh njhfofglt .
10. kuhaf ngh Kiwia gdhf
11. nghRaf nfhthit RjhlUJ ifgdhf
12. a r_f mik .mogilahf bfhlJ
13. nja xUikghL d .
14. nua xU ..fk MF
15. _wh iy bjh <LgLs gahsf
miHfgLwd.
16. kj neilahf aifia rhJ bragL bjhf ..................
miHfgLwJ.
IV. bghUJf
17. ehh
18. eWkz f
19. bghnfh
20. JfToa ts
21. jf fGJ gil gahs
vd
5x1=5
-
mjru
Na Mw
nka f
ghuf
Ha f
g
IV. XU thijf ila

(VnjD 7 nffSF kL)
22. bh ehza Uj g F vGJf?
23. kiy v vwiHfglt ah?
24. My Ha fbg vthW gghia bgwJ?
25. nja UHhf VnjD ulid TWf?
26. fhwhiy g vGJf?
27. c ehL oj vwh vd?
28. Kjik bjhf VnjD U bgafis TWf?
29. vGjik vwh vd?
30. jf ayhj tsf ulid FLf?
7x2 =14
V. thd ila
(VnjD 3 dhF kL)
31. ahUila fhy Kfyhaf bghfhy vd miHfgLwJ?
32. fkf gafis TWf?
81
vd
3x5=15
33. ah My Ha fbg tsia t?

34. kf bjhif bgUffhd fhuzfis goaLf?
35. kjf bghUshjhu eltoiff tiffis sFf?
VI. a tiugl fl lfis Ff
36.
10x1=10
a) 1. nfhth 2. ntYh 3. kNgod 4. br 5. nfhbfhlh

b) cyf tiugl fl lfis Fl
1. l(br) 2. u kiy 3. Kig (vbz zWf)
4. gh#yr 5. uh kiy bjhl
braghLfis lLj - kh braghLf

khztf br tsu braghLfis [FA(a)] Ma kL brJ
kbgf tHFtjF VJthf fhQ sf Ffis (descriptive
indicators) kd bfhL kbgf tHFj ntL.
1. gnf
2. jh bjhlfhw
3. <LghL
4.
5.
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
bra tif
fhy
njitahd
bghUf
- Participation
- Initiative I
- nvolvement
- Regularity
- Creative effort
: 1 xL got jahj
: 6.
: Foika.
: FLgK rKjhaK.
: jFLg, TL FLg.
: y jFLg, TL FLg vgj bghUj
U tiff iw Fiwfis xLj
jkJ FLg vj tifia nrjJ vd mj
jhjh, gho J cs giw tsj
: FG braghL kW tFgiw braghL
: 5 Kj 10 l
: jhf kW vGJnfh
bragLJ Kiw:
xbthU FGF 5 8 khztf csthW j
FG cnsh FLg jFLgkh myJ TL FLgkh vd TWj.
FG jFLgUJ tUgtf, jFLg iwia brhy,
TL FLgUJ tUgtf TL FLg iwfis brhy.
nj nghW mtut FLg tif Fiwfis Tw.
vj tif FLg iwf mf vd Muhj.
fyJiuahl Twgl fUJfis goaLj.
82
kL brj:
FG khztgf
2 ghlbghU fUJ bj. 3. khzt
gw ntoa ebd . 4. wiu kF g. 5. goal j
fw is:
bgnahfis, bgnwhiu kf, ghJfhf ntL vd czj.
FLg xU nfh vd rhUjny w vd czj
tHFj: xL goaiy xgilj
Fiw eltoif: Kfiu TsJ nghW
btgL tha wf:
fhuz fhaJl j, Ra z, jft bjhl w, FGnthL
izJ nghj Kjad (TWfis Ma cWneh, mj mogilY
fhQ TWfSF Vg kL brayh)
bra
: 2 cWnehf
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
: 7.
: Foika.
: ekJ ehL.
: ah mil ehLf
: cUil (Globe) a Jizfl kW mUYs
ehLf g cWneh mj.
: FG braghL kW tFgiw braghL
: FGF 3 Kj 5 l
: cyf cUil, jhf kW vGJnfh
bra tif
fhy
njit
bragLJ Kiw:
khztfis trngh FGfshf j
xbthU FGF xU cyf cUilia bfhLj
(ayiyna nj ghl cs FG braghLfis FGF
xwhf bfhLj)
flf bgafis vGj brj
a eho viyfis vGj brj
ahF ehF irfY cs ehLf bgafis goal
brj
tW rh mik cs ehLf bgafis monfhol brj
ah Ul w g vGj brj
tHFj: mif xgilj
83
fw is:
ah Ul w g czj
Ma fl cs bga ehLf ah ulhtJ l csJ vd
mj
njr J gW ghrK bfhs
btgL wf:
cWnehF w, ytiuglij J sF w, xL brJ
KobtLF w.
kL brj:
1. ehLf bgafis bjJbfhSj.
2. a Jiz fl vj fl mikJsJ? vW mUj.
3. mj viyf kW bgafis mUj.
4. j wid gagL ntW flfis g m Uj.
5. cUilia ifahS w
bra
: 3 br bjhF (JQF jf)
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
: 6.
: tuyhW.
: Jbt ehff.
: J rkbt ehff w
: yJ rkbt ehff ga brfis mJ bfhSj.
ymfhy thif KiwnahL jfhy thifKiwia xl.
y ekJ ehff f bjhik thjJ vd czj.
bra tif
: j braghL kW bt braghL
fhy
: 1 -2 thu
njit
: giHa ehjf, gila a tuyhW f, iza
(Internet), jhf kW vGJnfh
bragLJ Kiw:
bragho nehf FJ K m brj
khztf g kW mUYs yfij gagLj mDk bgw
g myJ mUYs izajs ikafSl bjhl VgLJj.
bgnwhl bragho nehf FJ mtf khztfSF vgo
tfhlyh vd vLJ Tw.
khztf vjifa brfis ul ntL (bgUFs, efu mik, bjU
mik, L mik, cilf, mfyf, Kiuf) vd Tw
uoa glf kW brfis vgo xl, vGj ntLbkd tfhl.
vj ehSF bjhFig xgilf ntLbkd mWJj.
84
fw is:
eilKiwYs ehff th vijbayh khw ntL vd mj
jkJ C bghJFsij khRglhjthW ghJfhf mj.
jh thG o cs Fiwfis flJ rbra t fhQj.
o mUYs rhfilia gaDilajhf khw J fhz
.Fiw eltoif: Kfiu TsJ nghW
tHFj: JQF jfij xgilj
btgL tha wf:
U bghUfis xLj, wj TWfis nghw, wyhjij vgo
rbrtJ vd J fhz. bjhlila jftfis uLj, mtiw
tir gLJj, uidfSF a fhz.
kL brj
1. brf ms (vif)
2. brf ghlbjhl
3. tirgLJj.
1. ghljf ju ntW jffUJ bjhFUjh mjf tu
FLj.
2. brfis (glfnshL) bjthf bjhFj.
bra
: 4. mif jahj.
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
: 6.
: Foika.
: rKjhaK g.
: khztf rKjha flikf
:1. khzt jdJ kW j FLgjh egfis mj.
2. rf egf egfis mj.
3. jh kF bgnah Ut egfis mj.
4. xL brj.
: jeg braghL kW btbraghL.
: 2 ehf.
: jhf vGJnfh.
bratif
fhy
njit
bragLJ Kiw:
1. khztfis j FLgYs cWdf eFzfis goal
brj.
2. tF cs rf khztf egfis vGj brj.
85
3. khztl jdJ mil Lf tF VnjD 2 bgnahf

egfis, mtf MW flikfis uLj.
4. uoa brfis bjhFJ vG xgilj.
5. jh tsJbfhs ntoa egf FJ vGJj.
fw isf :nehf TWfis milj.
Fiw eltoif : Kfiu TaJnghW
tHFj : mifia xgilj
btgL wf : jidjhnd czj, xL brj, iw Fiwfis mJ
rbrtJ vgo vd j.
kL br Kiw:
1. khzt jkJ egfis czJ bfhl j.
2. rf khztf egfis Jbfhl j.
3. mt kF bgnahfl khztiu ftj gf
4. xL brj j.
5. jh tsJbfhs ntoa egf.
bra
: 5 fyJiuahl
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
:7
: tuyhW
: bja muRf
: nrhHfhy MKiw
:1. nrhHfhy MKiw (thf ) g mj.
2. jfhy jHf MKiwnahL (thf fnshL) xl.
3. nrhHfhy bjhL jfhytiu bjhlU thf fis
mJ nghWj.
4. nrhHfhy njj Kiwl jfhy njj Kiwia xl.
bratif
: FG kW tFgiw braghL.
fhy
: jft ul 1 thu, fyJiuahl 10 l, tF tHf 5
l.
njit
: Kdnu ulgl, nrhHfhy MKiw kW njj Kiw
ga jftf, mij rhj JQFf, jff
vGJtjF jhf kW vGJnfh.
bragLJ Kiw:
1. khztfis W FGfshf j.
2. midJ FGfSF xnu jiyig bfhLgijl xbthU FGF,
mnj ghl cs btntW jiyfis tHFj. (r_f bghUshjhu iy,
folfiy gf, Xaf, ir)
3. xbthU jiyY ul ntoa fUJfis khzt thtna
tutiHj.
86
4. jiyig xoa tufis (MKiw) khztf ul fhy mtfhr

bfhLj.
5. tF khzf FG FGthf mkJ fyJiuahl brj.
6. FGjiyt Ka fUJfis FbgLj.
fw isf :nehf TWfis milj.
tHFj :FGjiyt Ka fUJfis thtna tHF. mfUJf
mla jhis Mal xgilj.
btgL wf : jdif, Ia j, dh nfl, fUJ gkhw,
kwt fUij kj, jkJ jtwhd fUij UbfhSj.
kL br Kiw:
1. kwt fUij cWnfl
2. jiyig xoa fUJfis TWj
3. jh TW fU bj (vLJ fhLfSl TWj)
4. mif bghUsik
5. tF tHa j
bra
: 6. dho dh.
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
: 7.
: tuyhW
: bja muRf.
: gytfhy fiyf.
:1. gyt fhy fiyf kW fol fiyf g mj.
2. mtW W eilna ubgWs fiyf g
mj
3. mit cs lfis g mj.
4. jfhy fiyf gytfhy fiyf jhf g czj.
5. a fiyf bjhikia czj.
: KG kW tFgiw braghL.
: 20 lf.
: jh, vGJnfh, fUgyif, Rzfo Kjad
bratif
fhy
njit
bragLJ Kiw:
1. khztfis A, B, C, D vd trngh FGfshf j.
2. dho dh ga fis (tKiwfis) sFj.
3. dhfis bjthf TWj.
4. khztfSF aiyba dhit U TWj.
87
5. rahd ilia fUgyif ilajt vGJj.

6. kbgiz ca FGF tHFj.
7. dho-dh Koit khzt tht tutiHj.
fw isf : nehf TWfis milj.
tHFj :gojij thtahf vGJtahf id Tj,
bjhlgLJj, bjthf vGJj kW ngRj, KGikahd g mj.
btgL wf : jdif, Ia j, dh nfl, fUJ gkhw,
kwt fUij kj, jkJ jtwhd fUij Ubfhs.
kL br Kiw:
1. mf rahd gfis tHa FG.
2. rahd gfis tHf, vLj Ka.
3. ng bj.
4. giy rahf vGJj.
5. bghUjkhd w fUJfSl bjhlgLJj.
bra
: 7. ghunkW eoj.
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
: 7.
: tuyhW
: bja muRf.
: Kjyh uh#uh# nrhH.
:1. eoj t ghlbghUis (uh# uh# rhjidf) fw
kW fj.
2. ghl bghU TW ebdia czj. (ehofhf
ciHjh tuyh jlgfyh.
bratif
fhy
: FGF 5-8 lf.
njit : kd l, uh#uh# vW vGjgl brhmil, mil- th.
bragLJ Kiw:
1. khztfis FGfshf j.
2. xbthU FGF btntW murf, (uh#uh#, uhn#u,
FnyhJf nghW) bgafis tHFj
3. khztf ghunfw ciuahl vGj cjj.
4. myJ a fijia cUthf cjj.
5. fUF Vg khztfns eoj.
6. xU khztnu KG ghlbghUSF eojiyl kwtfS gF bgWj.
tHFj : kw khzt K eoj, ciuahl vGa jhfis xgilj.
88
btgL wf : bragL w (performing skill), ghlnghUSnfw clyir,

Kfghtid, ghLj, jhsnfwthW eldkhLj.
kL br Kiw:
1. Fu ts, Kfghtid, cl mirf.
2. ghunjhL x nghj.
3. ghlbghUis fw kW bt bfhzj.
4. ciuahl vGJj / eofhd bghUfis uLj / brj / y
cUthFj / NHiy gagL bfhs.
5. kwtfSl nrJ brj, bghW czj, ftdJl brj.
bra
: 8. gnrhjid brj.
tF
ghl
jiy
: 6.
: a.
: RHW R tU .
ghl bghU
: Na jRH.
nehf
:1. u gf njhW j g mj.

2.jhnd xU braiy brJ cikia j
bratif
fhy
njit
3. RHyhlh vd fG vd J vGJj.
: FGF 5 lf.
: gJ, bkGFt, jh, vGJnfh Kjad.
bragLJ Kiw:
2. FGF xU gJ kW bkGFt bfhLj.
3. gij nkir J itJ mjdUnf xU bkGFtia VWj.
4. x gL gF gf vd kWgf u vd mj.
5. njnghW gF gyhf cUilia gagLJj.
tHFj : tF tht tHFj nkY mif xgilj.
btgL wf : bragL w, nrhjj, CJ fj.
kL br Kiw:
1. brKiw g <LghL.
2. rahd braghL
89
3. s brhY j / vGJ j.
4. brKiw gF njitahd cgfuzfis jah brj / bfhzj.
5. gilghw jid ( RHyiy vwh vd fG).
bra
: 9. ehlf eoj (FWehlf).
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
: 7.
: tuyhW.
: tla muRf uhr uf.
: fndh{ gFfhf _W murfilna nghuhl.
: 1. ghlbghU bj.
2. ghlbghU TW tha ghlij czj.
3. ciuahl vGJj kW ngRj.
4. fUij eoj _y btbfhzj.
bratif
fhy
: 15 lf.
njit
: kd l, kd bga vGa milf, mil f.
bragLJ Kiw:
1. It bfhl FGfshf j.
2. xbthU FGF btntW jiy bfhLj (mnj
ghl).
3. jiyig goJ ghf brj.
4. khztf ghj/nfl ehlffis id Tw brj.
5. cil, bghU, fhF KaJt bfhLf njitiy.
6. _W kdf mKf - gif cz nghLj,
JUa ahit ifgw vd ghlbghUis y
fhfshf j.
7. ciuahl vG tu brJ, Ma mij r ghj.
8. X neu eoJ ghJ, kWeh eoJ fhl brj.
tHFj : ehlf eoj kW ciuahl vGa jhf.
btgL wf : Jik idj, ghu VW eoj FGdnuhL izJ
nghj, fUJF bratot jUj.
kL br Kiw:
1. Kfghtid, clyir, ngR bjh.
2. ghlbghU bj.
3. ehlf czJ be mj.
4. FG cWdfnshL, nrJ gahW g.
5. ciuahl vGJj/ngRj/d x vGj, trd vLJ bfhLj.
90
bra
: 10. kh jahj.
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
: 6.
: tuyhW.
: tuyhWF Kgl fhy.
: ffhy fUf.
:
1. giHa ffhy fUfSF, a ffhy fUfSF
ilna cs ntWghLfis mj.
2. kj ehff ts bjhlf iyia czj.
3. jfhy fUfis ffhy fUfSl xL ghj.
bratif
fhy
: xU thu.
njit
: ff, fk, fhj, milf, kuisf nghwit.
bragLJ Kiw:
1. It bfhl FGfshf j.
2. giHa ffhy fUf gf g dj.
3. a ffhy fUf gf g dj.
4. Utif
fUfSF
ilnas
ntWghLfis
khztf j.
5. Utif fUf glfis khztf cW ghj
(jf, izajs tUJ glij uLj)
6. Utif fUfis bra njitahd bghUf g
FG thj.
7. _ybghUfis uLj.
8. kh fUfis brj.
9. jfhy fUfis ffhy fUfSl xL TWj
tHFj : fUfis tF fhgLJj kW tht tHFj
btgL wf : cWnehf, Cjj, cUtf brj, _ybghUfis
njbjLj, Cjij brato btbfhzj, gilghw Kjad.
kL br Kiw:
1. khf vif kW khf tot. 2. sf mj j
3. ghlbghUSl izj. 4. fwiy thFj. (jfhy fUfSl
xLngRj) 5. fUfis fh gLJ ghF.
91
bra
: 11. Fl jiy ngRj.
tF
ghl
jiy
: 8.
: a.
: ts MjhufS mj tiffS.
ghl bghU
nehf
: f ayh ts Mjhuf.
:
1. Jf ayh ts g mj.
2. mtiw goaLj.
3. mtiw vgo gagLJtJ vd j.
4. fis njLj.
5. tUfhy
rjdUfhf
ts
Mjhufis
ghJfhgJ
FJ cW brj.
bratif
fhy
: FGF 5 l.
njit
: jhf kW vGJnfh.
bragLJ Kiw:
2. Jf ayhj ts Mjhufis goal brj.
3. FGF xU W jiy bfhLJ tu uo tubrj
4. vGa fUJfis FG thj, Uj brj
KG tF ngRj.
tHFj : ngRj kW fUJf mla jhis xgilj.
btgL wf : jdif, dh vGj, Ia j, fUJ gkhw,
kwt fUij kj, jkJ jtwhd fUij U bfhSj, fUJfis
tirgLJj, tHFj
kL br Kiw:
1. jiynfw fUJf.
2. fUJf bjhl kW ts.
3. jfhy ffis bjhlgLJj.
92
4. FG gahWj.
5. jhnkbfhs nghF eltoif g FLj.
bra
: 12. gokw.
tF
ghl
jiy
ghl bghU
nehf
: 8.
: Foika.
: r_f bghUshjhu uidf.
: kf bjhif bgUf.
:
1. kjts bghU j.
2. kf bjhifF bghUshjhu tsF cs bjhlig
j.
3. kf bjhifial kj tsnk Ka vd czj.
4. khzt j Mw / wid nkgLj Ka brj.
bratif
fhy
: 20 lf.
njit
: jhf kW vGJnfh.
bragLJ Kiw:
1. gokw jiyig mKf brj.
2. kfbjhif bgUf bghUshjhu rhg MtJ vgo
vd tu MtJ vgo vd XU vLJfhLfSl
sFj.
3. kjts vwh mtl ijJ lF Mw, w,
r vd sFj.
4. khztfis U FGfshf J mtf U
jiyig mj.
5. jahF neu xJFj.
6. gokw eLtuhf ghl Manuh myJ khztnuh UJ
bragLj, gokw fis sFj.
7. khztf jf fUJfis tW vjud
fUJfis kWJ thLj kW TWj.
tHFj : tht thLj, jf fUJf mla jhfis xgilj,
gokw thlhnjh gokw ga mifia vG xgilj.
Fiw eltoif : Kfiu TaJ nghW
btgL wf : RUf brh sfitj, cW nfl, fhuz fha
bjhl, rhWfis Kitj, nfnghi jgh <j Kjad.
kL br Kiw:
1. khzt gnf.
2. khzt gf.
93
3. Ia ngRj.
4. ghlbghU bj.
5. jh nkbfhs nghF eltoif cW.
bra
: 13. ICT / f tfw
tF
: 7.
ghl
: a
ghljiy
: kh bfhoUF ynfhs nkgu
ghlbghU
: nkguig ghF fhufS ynjhwfS.
nehf
: nkguig ghF fhufsh VgL ynjhw

glfis brfis gwf brJ mtiw
FWjfo g brJ gl effshf (Photo) vLJ bjhFj
bratif
: j kW bt braghL.
fhy
: xU thu.
njit
: f ika mKf, jh, bg kW vGJnfh.
bragLJ
Kiw
: f ikaF brW tiyjs ghljiynfg

njLjs njo mtiw gwf brj.
www.ask.com./www.vickypedia.com./www.britanica.com./
www.google.com-etc.
nkfl tiyjsf / njLjyf ygu
njhwfis vLJfhlhf V shaped valley; GlacierCircque;Desert feature,
mushroom rock, etc., Matiw
f il brJ jftfis uLj.
fw is
: nehf TWfis milj
tHF Kiw
: jftfSl Toa glf.
Fiw
eltoif
: Kfiu TaJnghW.
btgL
wf
: fia aFj, tiyjs njLj,

brfis uLj, tirgL bjhFj.
kLj
khzt <LghL
ghl bghU bj
gl kW nrf cikjik
tirgLJj
bjhFj
94
glfis
bra
14. trht (kut) tiugl
tF
ghl
tuyhW
jiy
jfhz muRf
ghlbghU
njtia Ml ahjtf
nehf
ahjt kdf kut tiugl tiuj
kdfSilahd cwKiwia mj
mtf M brj fhy msfis xl
khzt j jiyKiw ga tiugl tiuj
j _jhija g mj
bratif
jah kW bt braghL
fhy
1 eh
njit
jhf, bg, mgh
braKiw
ku bgaiu jiyghf vGJj
bfhLfgl kut tj kdf bgafis
goiyf
FJ bfhSj
mtf
kdf
bgafis
fhytir
mLFj
mtfSilnaahd cwKiwia mJ bfhSj
kdf
rnfhju,
rnfhjf
bgafis
FJ bfhSj
jhjh
kf
ngu cwKiwia brFJ
nfho Fj (nkUJ Hhf Fj).
rnfhju rnfhjf cw Kiwia
gLif
nfho Fj
gLif nfho rnfhju rnfhju rnfhjf

bgafis vGJ nghJ _jt bgaiu lJw
Xu bjhl tirahf tyJ w neh efj
tf bgf bga tUkhdh mbgaiu ntW

w ikah vGJj
95
vLJfhlhf
njtia Ml ahjtf kut tiugl
Ijh ykh (..1175-1190)
b#ughyh (..1191-1210)
fdh (..1210-1247)
UZzh (..1247-1260)
kfhnjth (..1200
1271)
uhkrunjth (..1271-1309)
F
fdh kW UZzh tfSilna cs cw jhjh
UZzh kfh njth _j rnfhuj
F kdfSl wj bgf bga bfhLfglhjjh ntW w ik

gagliy
ngu cwthF
j tiuglij itJ khztfis fl dhfSF ilaf

brayh. mtfisna dhf nff brayh.
vfh.
1. nkfl ku Kj mur ah? kW W mur ah?
2. mf MLf M brj kd ah?
3. f FWa fhynk M brj kd ah?
4. ykhF fdhFilna cs cw ahJ?
nkfl tiuglij khahf bfhL khztf jiyKiw tiuglij
tiua brayh.
fw is
nehf TWfis milj
tHF Kiw
tiugl, dhf kW ilf mla jhf
Fiw eltoif
Kfiu TaJ nghW
btgL wf
fUJF Vw tiugl tiuj, tiuglij sFj

(interpretation) gilghw, cwKiw mj, jufis
nrfj mtiw tirgLJj
kL Kiw
tufis ul vLJ bfhl Ka

cwKiwia Jbfhl j
96
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
:
:
bratif
fhy
njit
:
:
:
braKiw
goiyf
fw is
tHF Kiw
:
:
Fiw eltoif
:
:
:
mgh kf cwF brFJ nfhL tiuj

rnfhju cwKiwF gLif nfhL tiuj
tiugl bfhL mikfgl dhf mjfhd
ilf
15. y tiugl ntiy

7
tuyhW
bkhfyhaf tUif
mg kW xsuf nguuR xL
mg nguu viyfis ygl Fj
xsuf nguu viyfis ygl Fj
U nguuRf gugsit xl
nguuRFgl jnghija ehLf kW khyf
bgafis mj
jah kW tFgiw braghL
20 l
a wt yglf, bg, mgh, tz
bgf,nguu viyfis fhL yglf
a ygl mg nguu viyfis
rhjhuz bg bfhL tiuj
ntW tz bgyh K tiuj viyf nk
nfhL tiuj
njnghW Kj rhjhuz bgyh xsuf
nguu viyia rahf tiuJ mj nk ntW
tz Lj
U nguuRf gugs vJ bgaJ vd fj.
ygl jf cj bfhL mg kW
xsuf nguuRF cgl jnghija ehLf kW
khyf bgafis vGJj
nehf TWfis milj
btntW tzf viyf Ffgl ygl
nguuRFgl jnghija ehLf kW khyf
bga goa
nkTjthW bra ayhjtf OHP (xF)
jh ah wt ygl tiuJ nguuRf
viyfis Ffyh.
X xF jh U nguuRf viyfis tiua
ayhjtf jj jh nguuRf viyfis
tiuJ xwnk xiw
bghU ghJ
nguuRf guig xL brayh.
97
btgL wf
kL Kiw
mnjnghW viyf Ffgl xF jhis

a mua ygl J itJ mnguuRF
cgoUF jnghija ehL kW khyfis
goalyh.
ygl viyfis Fj, UntW nguuRfSF
btntW tz Lj, xL brj, sFj
1. khzt <LghL
2. viyfis Xus rahf Fj
3. tz gaghL
4. xL brj j
5. nguuRfSF cgoUF jnghija ehLf kW
khyf goa
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
:
:
bratif
fhy
njit
braKiw
goiyf
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
16. gl tiuj
6
tuyhW
Jbt ehff
Jbt Lf w TWf
Jbt Lf w TWf FJ mj.
mtiw jfhy Lf mikl xl
Utif Lf w TWfis csl jdJ
tUfhy o tiugl tiuj
jah kW tFgiw braghL
20 l
jhf,msnfh, bg, mgh, vGJnfh
khztf jahfnth myJ FGthfnth Jbt
Lf w TWf FJ goj kW
FbgLj
jfhy Lf w FJ FbgLj
khztf mtfsJ fd il tiuj
xbthU miwF bga itj
ftiw
gogiw
cwF miw
Fayiw
nrgiw
cztiw
bt miw
rikayiw
98
fw is
tHF Kiw
Fiw eltoif
:
:
:
nehf TWfis milj

o c njhw mla tiugl
Kfiu TaJ nghW
btgL wf
kL Kiw
ftd ijik, fUJ- f-if xUfik, fUij

btgLj,
w
TWfis
nghWj,
VW
bfhSj, gWj Kjad,
khzt fhoa Mt
bjhl Ka
ghlbghU bj
gl Xus fUnjhL xJ nghj
Xa bghUfis L gagLJtjnfg
ghJfhj
bra
: 17. fij TWj
tF
:7
ghl
: tuyhW
jiy
: tl a muRf / uhr uf
ghlbghU
: ufhuf
nehf
: ufhuf ga jftfis uj
w VFkhW brhj eil fijahf TWj
bratif
fhy
: 5 lf
njit
:jh kW vGJnfh
braKiw
goiyf
fw is
FGfshf khztfis j
FGF xU kd (m) ku bgaiu bfhLj (m)
njbjLj
fUJfis gof tirgLj brhj eil
fijahf khw cjj
FG goj kW Uj brj
tF tHFj
xU Tiw
jtakh w VF msF
fijahf tHFj
mTW TW mwbeia fLoj, mjgo
thH Kaj
tHF Kiw
: tF tht tHFj kW fij vGa jhis

Mal xgilj
Fiw eltoif
: Kfiu Tsij nghW

99
btgL wf
kL Kiw
: Jik idj, gilghw, fUJfis tirgLJj,

RUf jahj, jkJ vzij btgLJj, fij
mwbeia fL czj.
bghU bj
fUJf xUfik
ca xl (Fu, Vwjhl) ngRj
bghUjkhd bkghLf / cl mirf
nfnghiu jgh <F jik
fij mwbe
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
bratif
fhy
njit
brKiw goiyf
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
18. ghl.
6.
tuyhW.
Jbt ehff.
Jbt kf w.
ghlbghUis ikahf fwwy.
j / FG kW tFgiw braghL.
ghl jah bra uL eh, ghLtjF IJ lf.
ghl vGa jh.
ghlYfhd gFia njbjLj.
Ma jhkhfnth myJ w Ma myJ
khzt Jizl ghl vGJj.
khztf gho gHFj.
tFgiw Manuh myJ ewhf ghL
khztnuh Kj gho fhLj.
khztf ghl bghUis cthFj.
khztf ghl Ma cjj.
khztf meaJl ghLj.
v.fh:
u ghid foUjh - mt,
Kiu gy bfhoUjh.
ru goF ekbfyh,
u vGJ Lbrwh.
br jfK foUjh - mt,
gf y bfhoUjh.
r fK foUjh - mt,
g fnt bfhoUjh.
100
ifbjh gy fUjh - mt,

fiyf y bgUjh.
Mil mfy mUjh - Mdh,
Fiu U flhiy.
:
fw is
tHF Kiw
Fiw eltoif
btgL wf
:
:
:
kL br Kiw
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
:
:
:
:
ghlbghU
nehf
bratif
fhy
njit
brKiw goiyf
:
:
:
:
Kiwf
Jbt kf wig mj.

ghliy irlD klD ghLj.
ghl bghU j.
tF meaJlD irlD ghliy ghLj.
Kfiu csJ nghW.
id TWj, ghlbghUnshL bjhl gLJj,
bghU czUj, mea brj
MtJl ghLj.
bghU czJ ghLj.
rnjhkhf ghLj.
irF Vw tif jhsJl xJ ghLj.
mea brj.
19.isahL.
7.
a.
nkgu khbfhoUF y nfhs
nkgu.
gahWfsh njhW ynjhwf r, uL, U tot gsjhF.
ghl bghUis kl fw.
fwij tYo bfhs.
j / tF kW cbraghL.
3-5 lf.
ghlbghUis cthFj.
ghlbghUis isahLl izj.
isahofhd fis tiuaiw brj.
isahil W FG isaho ghj.
njitnago rbrj.
tF eilKiwgLJj.
Ma r vW brhYnghJ kzhtf
ehfh cfhUtJngh brJfhl.
uL vwh U iffis jiyFnk ca
T to brJ fhl.
101
fw is
tHF Kiw
Fiw eltoif
btgL wf
:
:
:
:
kL br Kiw
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
:
:
:
:
:
:
bratif
fhy
:
:
njit
brKiw goiyf
U tot gsjhF vW brhYnghJ U

Kfufis xW nrJ U iff
KgFia bfhL U tot brJfhl.
jtwhf brnthU, bkJthf brnthU btnaw
ntL. filtiu iyUgt btbgwt
Mth.
F:
Ma
ynjhwf
bgafis
tirahf brhyhk kh kh brhyyh.
ntfij To FiwJ brhyyh. xnu bgaiu
uL myJ _W Kiw brhyyh.
y njhw bgaiu mtfhd braiy
mfkh bfhsyh.
nehf TWfis milj.
isahLj kW fis vG xgilj.
Kfiu TaJnghW.
id
TWj,
ghlbghUis
isahnlhL
bjhlgLJj, bghU czj.
isaho <LghL.
ghlbghUis brafnshL bjhl gLJj.
neik.
kwt J MSik brYjhik.
jtiw UbfhS kd a.
20. YghL.
7.
tuyhW.
bja muRf.
ghoaf Fifnfhf.
ghoaf Fif nfhf cs lfis
mj.
mlfis ygl RofhLj.
mlfis id itJbfhs.
a nfhf gzhktsia J
nghWj.
FG kW tFgiw braghL.
jah 2 ehf, tHFtjF FGF 5 - 10
lf.
brtjnfw tis jiks F,
fW / f, ryiff, Rnfhf, ghid,
brhyilf, fUJ glf.
khztfis FGfshf j.
FGF xU fUJ bfhLj / njbjLf
brhYj (Fltiu nfh).
102
ciuahlYl Toa ghl vGJj, Ma cjj.

ghliy ciuahliy g brj.
x vG ghid jhsL ghLj.
ghLnghJ brh milf fUJ glfis
y fhLj.
v.fh:
jjdnjh vW brhna Mkh
ghl Mkh ghl
tjUth fiykfns mU
jjUth fiykfns.
fiykfS kiykfS ehny tJ Ml
eybjhU YghL ehfghl tnjhkah (jjdnjh).
mz : j, j ehil Ml ghoaiu g ckF bjnkh ?
j -1
mnz. ghfhu ghoa bj. mj g fhu ghoa bj. Mdh

j Moga ghoa eh ghjnj y mnz,
mz : mtf Mogrf nylh. murUf,

j -2
: murUfsh mtfsg vd brhy bghf ?
mz : iwF mtfSila Fltiu nfhfis g ghlnghnwh

j -1
: f ...f ghlnghf .. mngh eh Xlnghnw,
mz : nl..nl bfhr nfLL XLlh.

j -2
: r, Fltiu nfhYdh vd mnz?
mz : mJth kiyia FilJ nfh mikgJ.

j -2
: mJ vbfF UF?
Ukiyu UguFw,
Mkhfnd Mkhfnz.
Midkiy fKFkiy,
brhYfnz brhYfnz.
V FwFo Fif nfh,
Mkhfnz Mkhfnz.
TWjah ghoaiug,
nghJfnz nghJfnz.
mz : Vlh ghil Wnl !

j
: vdF lJ, Wnl.

103
mz : vd rJ?
j
: ghoaf Fif nfhf, Ukiyu, UguFw, Midkiy,

fGFkiy, FwFo j lf UFJD rJ.
mz
: rah brhd.
j
: mnz... j vgo kdRy tRwJ !
mz : buhg Simple. glijgh UguFwJ ahidJ fGF xW mkJ

Ukiyu Fif nfh brwJ mgoD fhgL kdRy
tRnfh.
j
: buhg buhg e mnz !

e
fw is
tHF Kiw
Fiw eltoif
btgL wf
kL br Kiw
: nehf TWfis milj.

: tF ffhLj.
ciuahlYl Toa ghliy vG xgilj.
: Kfiu.
: ciuahl vGJj, ciuahl brj, ghl vGJj,
ghofhLj, gilghw, fhgLJj, kd
WJj, dh vGj.
: ciuahl kW ghl vGj vLJ bfhl Ka.
Yghofhd bghU nrfj.
ciuahl fJj / ghLj.
ghl bghU bj.
y mikj (gl tiuj kW brh mil
vGJj, rahd neu mtiw ca fhLj.
104
21. fh foj vGJj.
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
:
:
:
:
ghlbghU
nehf
: FHijf cikf.
: FHij bjhyhsf ga z bgw, mij
xf jdh awij brj.
: j kW tFgiw braghL.
: juf ul 1 thu; foj vGj 15 lf.
: khzt tl mU cs Lf, filf
kW bjhfhiyf 14 taJFgl Wtf
ntiyF
mkjgoUjh
tufis
nrfj.
mJFJ fht iyaF fh foj vG,
Mal xgilj.
nehf
TWfis milj.
:
: fh fojij tF goJfho, Mal
rkj.
: Kfiw csthW.
nehf,
juf
uLj
jufis
: cW
nfhitahFj, foj vGJj, r_f z
bgw.
: juf ul vLJ bfhl Ka.
juf vif kW cik jik.
jufis tirgLJj.
fUJ
bj
(Twtjij
RUfkhf
bjthf TWj)
khztuJ brh kW bra fhzgL r_f
mfiw.
: 22. gl bjhF jahj.
: 6.
: a.
: Na FLgK.
: NaD mj nfhfS.
: 1. Na vL nfhf bga mj.
2. mt tiria mj.
3. mikl wig j.
: jah braghL kW bt braghL.
bratif
fhy
brKiw goiyf
fw is
tHF Kiw
Fiw eltoif
btgL wf
kL br Kiw
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
bratif
8.
Foika.
r_f bghUshjhu uidf
105
fhy
njit
bragLJ Kiw
: 1 thu.
: nfhf glf, jhf, gir, fjnfh.
: bragho nehf FJ K m brj.
khztf vjifa glfis ul ntL vd
TWj.
v.L: nfhf jjglf.
vj Mjhufis (Source) ehlyh vd TWj
fw is
tHF Kiw
Fiw eltoif
btgL wf
:
:
:
kL br Kiw
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
:
:
:
:
:
(glfil,
jff,
brjhf,
iza
Kjad).
glfis vgo tirgLJj vd TWj.
mtiw vj xl ntL vd TWj.
vjija tufis khztf vGj ntL,
mitfis vF vgo vGj ntL vd TWj.
vj njF glbjhF xgilfgl ntL
vd TWj.
w g khzt nkbfhs ntoa
eltoiffis g vGj brj.
nfhf bgaf kW mt tir mik
mj.
mikl w g j.
, fhW tiw khRgLjhJ Uf khzt
nkbfhs ntoa eltoiff FJ j.
glbjhFig xgilj
Kfiu TsJ nghW
ghlf kW mitfSfhd jftf uLj,
tirgLJj, mikl g bjthf
j,jh nkbfhs ntoa eltoiff FJ
z bgw.
glfis tufis ul khzt vLJ
bfhl Ka.
nfhf bgafis bjthf vGJj.
mtiw tirgLJj.
rahd tu jUj.
glfis
xLtnyh,
nfhfis
tir
gLJtnyh Jik.
23. nefhz.
6.
tuyhW.
Jbt ehff.
Jbt Lf wgrf.
106
nehf
bratif
fhy
njit
braKiw goiyf
kh dhgoa
fw is
tHF Kiw
btgL wf
kL br Kiw
: xU wj il mikf cjgtfis g mj.

jfhy fiyPfnshL gHfhy fiyPfis xl.
: FG kW bt braghL.
: 3 ehf.
: nefhzYfhd dhgoa, jh, vGJnfh.
: khztf cjl Ma dhgoa jah
brj.
mjid kw Mafl bfhLJ rghj.
khztfl, nefhz nehfij vthW
mjid nkbfhs ntL vd TWj.
khzt bgW giy vgo g brtJ vd
TWj.
nghJkhd fhy mtfhr jUj.
jufis vgo ifahtJ vd TWj.
mif KGtot FJ tj.
: jhf fj brtjF cja bjhyhs,
gidahsf aht vd mJ bfhsyhnkh?
#d brtjF cja bjhyhs kW
wgidahsf aht vd Twyhkh?
Rt tz RtjF cja bjhyhsfis
gidahfis TWfns.
: nehf TWf mil.
: mif xgilj.
: dhf jahj, kahijl ngRj, cW
ftj, giy g brj, Twgl giy
sh brj, fUJfis bjhFj, KoF tUj.
: khzt vLJ bfhl Ka.
mtfhoa Mt.
tuf ms kW jik.
nehf mil.
mif totik.
bra
: 24. MlYl ghl
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
: VHh tF
: tuyhW
: bja muRf
: Kjyh uhnru
: yKjyh uhnru rhjidfis g mj
ymrhjidfS jdF ojkhdij njbjLj,
mjfhd fhuzij Tw.
y jnghJ jh rhf ntoait vit vd j.
: FG kW tFgiw braghL
bra tif
107
fhy
njit
: jahF 2 ehf, tHFtjF (FGF) 5-10 lf

: giHa eh jf, gila a tuyhW f, iza
(Internet), jhf kW vGJnfh
brKiw goiyf:
khztfis FGfshf j
FGF xU kd ghuij bfhLj/njbjLf brj.
ghlbghUSnfg ghl vGJj, ehLw ghlir mghliy ghoghj.
ghl bghUSnfg eoJ gHFj.
tF eoJ fhLj.
nH vLJfhLfhf X ghl bfhLfgLsJ
uhnru nrhH (tajhdt nghy) ntll khzt mahrd
mkUf, mtuJ ngu xUt mtK Mogho mtuJ rhjidfis nff,
kdU Mo gho jkJ rhjidfis sFtJ ngh ghl mikJsJ.
ngu :jir nfh fo
nfhnyhL Fsf bto v
uhr uhr bgbwLj
uhnru nrhHh cf
rhjidia brhyyhnkh j
nguDF mHfh. . . . .
jhjh :kd nkny kdiu btW
khynjhL khy nrJ
wurh jiriana
nguurh kh eh
nllh rhjid
bry nguho v
KJ nguho
ngu :mts jhdh jhjh ?
jhjh :brhnw nfLnfh,
yifF gil mD
<H kdid njhfoJ
kghyid uo nl
tfij nl-Tlnt
bfhL tnj fif iu
bry nguho v
KJ nguho
ngu :mgoah.... jhjh
mw vd brf
jhjh :knyah J gilbaLJ
flhu bfhnl ehnd
108
b#akid uo nl
rhSa nl mj
ffid bt fnl
bry nguho v
KJ nguho
ngu :eyJ jhjh eyJ
D Ujh vLJ brhYf
jhjh :brhnw ..... D brhnw!

jiyefiu kh miknj
fif bfhl nrhHJnf
nrhH ff Via btond ehnd m
bfho itnj fif iu
bry nguho v
KJ nguho
ngu :jhjh, ehk il L bta tJ
buhg neukhR, gho eik njLthf,
thf ehk Xo nghlyh . . . . .
(UtU ghobfhnl xLj . . . . .)
fw is: nehf TWfis milj
tHF Kiw: tF MoghLj, ghl vGa jhis xgilj
btgL wf:
ghL vGJj, ghil fw, ghofhLj, ngRj, fUij btgLJj,
bkghLf, bghUSnfwthW MLj, gilghw.
kL brj:
1. ghl vGj myJ ff vLJ bfhl Ka
2. ghLtjF vLJ bfhl Ka
3. bghUSnfwthW MLj
4. ghlbghU bj
5. Kf ghtid kW iriff
bra
: 25. fhynfhLtiuj
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
: 7
: tuyhW
: tl a muRf uhruf
: ghyf
: y tuyhW ffis fhyKiwgo tir gLJj
109
bra tif
fhy
njit
y mtiw fhy nfho FJ fhl

y fhynfho tufSFnfg dhf mikj
y dhfhd giy vGJj
y jkJ ts (Kndw) ga fhynfhL tiuj
: jah kW tFgiw braghL
: 15 lf
: jh, msnfh, bg, mgh, vGJnfh, tuyhW
ghljf
brKiw goiyf: Fl ghl gF cs Ka ffis milahs fhz brj.

ffis fhy tirgo mLFj
tiuanghF fhynfhoF jiyig njbjLj (v.fh. "ghyf ..
760-1038"
msnfh cjah, bgiy bfhL brFjhf 3-4 br.. mfyF
U iznfhLf tiuj
ff bjhlf MoF (..760) W MoF (..1038) ilgl
tUlfis fzLj (278)
10 MLfSF 1br.. cau njitba, ilgl MLfSF njitahd
cau/sij (28 br..) fzl
jh cau nghJkhdjhf csjh vdghj. iyna mslij
khWj (1 br..=20 MLf)
njitahd ms (1 br..=10 MLf v 28 br.. , 1 br..=20 MLf v
14 br..) cau iznfhLfis FWfhf izj
jnghJ brFjhd xU brtf ilF
m nH bfhLfgLsJ nghW lJw, mslgo tUlfis
vGJj
tyJw Ka ffis, MnlhL Fj
750
760
765- nfhghy,
ghy kuig
bjhlFj
769 - jUkghy maiz VWj
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
815 - njtghy muruhFj.
855 - njtghy kuz.
110
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
tikaw kdf.
998 kghy kduhj.
1038 kghy kuz

tHF Kiw: fhynfhL tiuagl jh myJ gntL
btgL wf: ghlbghUis cuj, mtiw fhyKiwgo mLFj,
jiy bfhLj, fzLj, dh vGj, g jUj,
jdJ ts g U ghj, jkJ yF g khj.
kL brj:
1. Ka ff nj
2. ff tir
3. ms l
4. fhynfho nghJkhd cau
5. rahf ffis Fj
6. jkJ ts ga fnzhl
bra
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
bra tif
fhy
:
:
:
:
:
:
26. bghkyhl
7
tuyhW
mnua, JUa gilbgL
jiu ngh
yjiu vw l eilbgw ngh g mj
yKfkJ nfh bt bgwjfhd fhuzfis Mj
yU njhW nghdjfhd fhuzfis Mj
yf khzt fWbfhl kil (Moral Value)
btgLJj
: FG kW tFgiw braghL
: jah 3 ehf, tHFtjF (FGF) 5 lf
111
njit
: mil tiuJ btlgl bghikf/ ug bghikf,

ifiw/fhYiwia gagL Kfngh tiuJ tz
oa bghikf.
brKiw goiyf: nki#ia tFgiw fUgyifF mUnf nghLj
fUgyifia ghJ UF nki# gfij nghitah _Lj
fUgyif cs RtUF nki#F ilna eoF khztf mkj
fUJ nfwthw (ghufSF VwthW bghikfis nj brj)
fijnfwthW ciuahl vGJj (g bgWj)
bghikfis F xonah/EiHnjh, nki#F nk, oj
vj fjhghu ngRwnjh, mnghJ mj bghik kL mirj
fhjhghufSnfwthW btntW Fu ngRj
vLJfhL: KfkJ nfh X tnghfD ciuahLtij nfSf
tnghf : f ahU?, cf ngU vd?, vUJ thf?
KfkJ nfh : v ngU KfkJ. eh nfhUJ thnu
tnghf : f nfhghsiaUJ thfsh? iy nfh nkoUJ
thfsh?
KfkJ nfh : eh gsnyUJ tuy, nkLy UJ tuy. kiygFahd
nfhnyUJ thnu.
tnghf : cf ngU vd brhf?
KfkJ nfh : vjid Kiw brhwJ? vngU KfkJ. Mdh vd KfkJ
nfhD TLthf
tnghf : gJ. X, Kj jiu nghUy vf Ul njhJnghd
nfhjh fsh?
KfkJ nfh :1191-y eh njhJnghdJ cikjh. Mdh 1192-y vd
eljJ bjkh?
tnghf : bjahnj
KfkJ nfh : mgo cfhU eh brhnw.
tnghf : cfhu khnl.
KfkJ nfh : V?
tnghf : vdF KlFthjy, elFwthj mjh elJnl Unf.
f brhYf.
KfkJ nfh : 1191-y jiu vw l njhJnghdJ
nfhF
Unl.
Mdh xU btnahljh nghnd.
v gil
tikia Tond. rka ghJ fhUnj. 1192-y L
mnj jiu vw lJy..
tnghf : jiu vw lJy vd eljJ ?
KfkJ nfh : bghW bghW brhnw. L Unahl nkhnd. U,
mtdJ TLgil J MSbfhU iry Xodhf.
tnghf : Lof mgojhnd?
KfkJ nfh : btonl Ua.
112
tnghf : vgo?
KfkJ nfh : Kjy fhwh gwJ Uia onr, iwyilnr
wFjh bfhnw.
tnghf : V j bfhybt ?
KfkJ nfh : mw Ufhjh vd? a gFa v njrnjhl
nrwJdh jl ntW t bjay.
tnghf : mw vd brf?
KfkJ nfh : eh btw a gFF F Ibgif MSduhf
aJL eh nfh Und.
tnghf : mghlh vdF elFw thjK KlFw thjK kh kh tUnghy
UF . g Klnw. ehisF cf fijia bjhluyh,
eh HUnjdh.
e
tHF Kiw: tF brJfhLj, ciuahl vGjgl jhis xgilj
btgL wf: fgid brj, ciuahl vGJj, bghik brj, tz
Rj, ngRj, fUij btgLJj, bghikia ifahSj, Fu Vwjh
kL brj:
1. bghikfis ifahSj
2. jFj ciuahlf
3. tuyhW fit <LghnlhL tj
4. ghl fUJl bjhlgLJj
5. tuyhW fUJ jh fWbfhl thif be
bra
: 27. fsgaz
tF
ghl
jiy
ghlbghU
nehf
: 7
: Foika
: ekJ ehL
: Jiw
: ykw braghL FJ mj
yxUt vnghJ, vjfhf kwij ehl ntL vd mj
bra tif
: tF KGtJ nrJ br braghL kW bt braghL
fhy
: miu eh
njit
: l tiu, cz, j, KjYj bgo, jh, vGJnfh
brKiw goiyf:
fsgaz nkbfhS l kW nehfij khztfSF mj
bgnwhf mDk foj bgWj
ca ca mYtyUF Kiwgo mJ mDk bgWj
113
ghf ntoa lF ca mfhl (g) mDk bgWj

ghf ntoa l vij ftf ntL, vgo F vGj ntL vd
khztfSF TWj.
JizF ntW Mafis miHJ brYj
khztfilna ntiyia gjj (ngUJ tr FG, j FG,
rhghLFG JnghW)
khztfis tirahf mikahf miHJ bry
fsg, khztUF vG Iafis j
fsg KojJ mif Uf ntoa tuf FJ sFj
tHF Kiw: mif xgilj
btgL wf: cWnehFj, FbgGJj, Ia vGj, Ia j,
fUJfis bjhFj mif rkj.
kL brj:
1. bfhLfgl tfhLjgo fLiu tot mikj
2. fUJ bj kW nehf mil
3. fl/nfl/ctha Jakhd tuf
4. bghUjkhd rhWf/nknfhf
5. nghJkhd Kjik kW ulh iy juf
114
edlij kW kzj w
Mwh tF
t.
w
ghl / ghl jiy
v
1.
ehL kW khy
msyhd
----dfSF
kj
2.
a
muayik
----rlfis
kgj
3.
rKjhaK g
RWwNHiy
ngQj
4.
glik
rKjhaK g
Foika
g
braghL
-----
-----
-----
-----
bra l (FG braghL)

g
khztf g tFiw kW, g tshfij ik
filof ntoait brj
(gf 154 - 5 g)
ntWik xWik irl ghLj
fhQj (gf 155)
ghljf cs ghuah ghl
rKjhaK
fij TWj
ebd
fijfis
thu
j
kW
brjhf UJ goj, tFgiw
TWj
br uLj
j FLg gHF egf ah ah?
mtfSl vthW ewit nkgLJtJ.
goif nghJ ah obfyh brth?
vthW kia gJ bfhth Kja
brfis uLj.
FLgK rKjhaK
115
t.
w
v
5.
wiyF
Ka brj
6.
cfl
g fhl
ghl / ghl jiy
braghL
bghUshjhu
bghUshjhu X mKf
mwhl th eh
gagLJ
bghUf
fd
(gf 170 4M g)
M kj thif
(gf 176)
tu bry l jahj
FLg tUth fd nkbfhSjYl,
kUJt bry, rhu flz bry
FiwgjF nkbfhS Ka .
goaLj
tuyhW
tuyhWF Kgl fhy
o tsF yFfis vthbwyh

ghJfhJ guhkf ntL vgj _y
cfl g fhLj.
fyJiuahl
7.
g kW bghJ Foika
cilikfis
g
ghJfhj
8.
ghJfh kW
rhiy fis
filoj
M
kj
czfhf,
fhL
yFflUJ
jid
ghJfhJ
bfhtjfhf
vthbwyh
nghuhlkhd
thif thjh vgJ g fyJiuahLj.
rKjhaK
g tshfij ikgLJj.
g
khztf tFgiw fUgyifia Jilj
filof ntoait
(gf 154 - 5 g)
-----
-----
116
-----
edlij kW kzj w
VHh tF
t.
v.
1.
2.
ghl
ehL kW khy msyhd Foika

dfSF kgj
a
muayik Foika
rlfis kj
a / myF
ekJ ehL
braghL
JQF jf jahj
e eho nja df ga JQFj
jahj
eoJ fhLj
gntW khyf fyhrhu gghoid sF
tif FW ehlf eoj
a mua fyJiuahl
mik
ekJ
mwhl
th
mogil
cikf
w TWf kWfgLtij mtiw bgW tKiwfis
g FG fyJiuahLj.
thj
mogil cikf gyid bgWgt, bgwhjt
FJ thj.
xgil jah brj
a muayik rl w af ga
xgil jah brj.
goa jahj
a mua za rig jiytf
cWdf bga goa jahj.
117
kW
t.
v.
3.
ghl
RW NHiy ngQj
4.
cfl g
-----
5.
g
bghJcilikfis
ghJfhj
6.
gilik
Foika
7.
w iyF Ka brj
Foika
8.
ghJfh
kW
rhiy
fis filoj
kW tuyhW
-----
a / myF
mj mif jahj:
mik kW brjh kW bjhiyfh bttU
y eff
thiy mifia xUthuF cW neh mij
g mif jahj.
-----
-----
tl
a glK sfK FngL jahj
muRf
jeho cs Ka nfhf glfis uo
uhruf mnfhf ahuh vnghJ flglJ vgJ ga
F jahj.
a mua f Tw:
mik
iwa fhyfl kj ahghu bghUshf
w TWf khwgLwh. mtDila ciH RulgLwJ
vw TWF khzt ghj nfl fit
tFgiw TWj.
fyJiuahl
a mua fyJiuahl
mik
g
bryhj
j
tabjhj
njhHfl
w TWf fyJiuaho mjfhd fhuzij mJ tFgiw
fyJiuahLj.
-----
118
braghL
-----
edlij kW kzj w
vlh tF
t.
v.
1.
2.
ghl
ehL kW khy
msyhd
dfSF
kgj
a
muayik
rlfis kj
Foika
1. nja xUikghL
3.
RWNHiy
ngQj
4.
khWgl
r_fd
gghLfis
ghuhLj
5.
gilik
a / myF
nja
dfis gl bjhF
ghJfhj
nja kW khy dfis uo gl bjhF
jahj
Foika
FHij
bjhyhs goaLj thj, xgil, eoj
2.r_f bghUshjhu Kiw,
vGjik, r_f bghUshjhuh uridf FJ muR
uridf
bgf iy, tWik nkbfhLs eltoiff.
x,
ntiyyh
lhl,
kf
bjhif
a
ts
Mjhuf thj
ts
MjhufS ghJfh
ts Mjhufis gagLJj kW RW NHiy
mj tiffS
ghJfhj.
Foika
ah gy df ehlf
1.nja xUikghL
mUfhaf
kj ezf
fyJiuahl
o bfhlhlgL Hhfis g tF
fyJiuahLj
nja xUikghL
gHf
tHffS fijf TWj
ghugaK
gl bjhF
ah gghL, ghuga bjhlghd glfis
uLj.
119
braghL
t.
v.
6.
7.
8.
ghl
w
iyF Foika
Ka brj
nja xUikghL
tuyhW
bkhfyhaf
tUif(mg)
cfl g a
fhl
2.ts MjhufSbghUshjhu
eltoiffS
Foika
1.r_f bghUshjhu
uridf
a / myF
rka ( yh)
nja muR
fijf TWj
kf czf, gf izJ bragL
jikfis fijahf TWj
gntW bjh <LgL ehlf eoj

Itifahd bjhf g ehlfkhf eoj
kf cz
fsgaz
t, bjhrhiyf, RuffSFF fsgaz
brYj.
FHij
bjhyhs fUJ tHFj
bgf
iy FHij bjhyhs uridf
ntiyyh
lhl, tWik
g
kW tuyhW
xgil
bghJilikfis bkhfyhaf tUif bkhfyha
fhy bkhfyha fhy murf gHfhy id
ghJfhj
dfis ghJfhj
yaf
kuhaf
Mnyaf
nfhilf
a
ts
MjhufS aif tsf
mj tiffS
120
braghL
thj
Jf ayhj aif tsij ghJfhj
tF - 6
Kj gUt - ghlbghU g mltiz
r_f ma
ghl v
ghl jiy
thu
ghl myJ
ghlntis
Foika
1
FLgK rKjhaK
10
rKjhaK g
10
15
05
a
1
Na FLgK
bghUshjhu
bghUshjhu X mKf
tuyhW
tuyhWF Kgl fhy
10
Jbt ehff
10
gil jHf
10
14
70
bkhj
121
tF - 7
r_f ma
ghl
ghl
thu
ghl
myJ
ghlntis
tuyhW
1
tl a muRf
10
jfhz muRf
10
bja muRf
15
10
15
, mj mik kWk y eff
nkgu
khbfhoUF
ynfhs nkgu
Foika
ekJ ehL
05
a mua mik w TWf
05
14
70
bkhj
122
tF - 8
r_f ma
t. v
ghl jiy
thu
ghl
myJ
ghlntis
tuyhW
1
bkhfyhaf tUif
10
kuhaf
Inuhaf tUif
My buR Mf
a
1
ts MjhufS mj tiffS
10
ts MjhufS bghUshjhu eltoiffS
Kj iy bjh tiff
Ruf bjh
Foika
1
nja xUikghL
r_f bghUshjhu uridf
15
72
bkhj
123
124

CCE UP Social Science

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCE UP Social Science

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

bjhl kW KGikahd kL

STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING, CHENNAI-6

KJiy iuahs, Kjt(bgh),

khy fa Muh g Wtd,

r_f ma Ma ifnaL mKf

tsu kL braghLf mltiz

ghlbghU g mltiz (Syllabus)

r_f ma MaifnaL -mKf

ghl izbraghLf ga tuf, MaUfhd bghJ ifnao

jkF F ilna cs cwit J, F jkh vj

khztfis xnu FGthfbfhL tF KGikfhd braghLfis brJ

tsu kL (M) [FA (b)]-fhd ju msf flthW mikj ntL

eif HF tif Ma eltoif mikJl TlhJ vg

xW, jkJ khztfsh FGthfjh bra aY vwh, Ma

midJ khztfS midJ wfis bgw ttif brtnj xU wj

2. khztf tuyhW ffSF fhynfhL tiunghJ jkJ jij

jft uLj (FLg gHF egf, FA(a)

goaLj (u,gf VgL j)

bralKiw ( NaFLg jftf, glf)

glbjhF jahj (nfhf glf)

tu, bryl kL jah brj (FLg

thj (rKjhaF f Kakhdtf

jft nrfj (fbtLf, FA(a)

fyJiuahl ( Mkj thif)

br bjhF jahj ( bjhbghU M

glf kW brf uLj

fgid fLiu vGJj ( C jiytuhf

tiugl Fj ( j eho Mkj

FA(a)b 174 -180

gil jHf kh jahj Itif yf

cW neh tj ( mfyf bgaf)

6.kd tiuglF F vGJf

3.glbjhF jfhz kdf

goa ufhuf rhjidf

j tuyhW TWj ghyff

ehlf M mikgjfhd nghuhl

tiugl tz Lj jfhz muRf

gl bjhF rhSa fol fiy

gl bjhF ekJ guhga

jiyig xo ngRj fl m ynjhw

ghl vGJj njrg ghlf

fUJ Tw bghJ brhJ

gwf brj muayik Kfiu

goa mua za rig cWdf

y tiugl a tiu gl kuha nguu

tiugl ntiy cyf tiugl Inuhgh

fUJ tHFj nghf njitah?

283-289 ytiugl fUJgl tiuj

fUJ TWj , r, vbz tsfis

jiy rhJ ngRj (Pick and Speak)

gl bjhF bjah cs f bgw

xgil kf bjhif bto

goaLj FHij bjhyhs Kiwia

eoj (VnjD xW)

cns xbthU ghlY

1. FLg cWd bga vGJj FA(a)

bra 7: glbjhF jahj FA(a)

rKjha mogil myF FLg .

bga vGJj ( tF gF cs f Wtdf bgaf FA(a)

bra 8 : fyJiuahl FA(a)

fsgaz fhsuf brW ghitl FA(a)

ugJ mil kw gF Gtij ghfyh. njngh Na x

bra 3: cWnehf kW goaLj FA(b)

btr glhj gF ehLf (u)