Texas School Survey of Drug and Alcohol Use

Kennedale ISD

Secondary Executive Summary

Introduction

The Texas School Survey is an annual collection of self-reported tobacco, alcohol, inhalant, and
substance use data from among elementary and/or secondary students in individual districts throughout
the state of Texas. The survey, conducted by the Public Policy Research Institute (PPRI) in conjunction
with the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse (TCADA), is also administered every other
year to a representative sample of Texas students in grades 4 through 6 and grades 7 through 12.

Data from the statewide sampling, administered in the Spring of 1998, are incorporated into an over-
time database maintained by TCADA to track trends in substance use so that policymakers at the state
level have up-to-date information upon which to base decisions and plot prevention strategies. These
data also serve as an overall standard of comparison for use by those at the district level to interpret,
and act upon, local survey findings in a similar way.

The executive summary begins with a section containing a general demographic overview of those who
took the survey in the participating district. This is followed by sections dealing with the various
substances covered by the survey---tobacco, alcohol, inhalants, and illicit drugs. The summary
concludes with a section that explores selected characteristics associated with substance use in the
district and a final one dealing with where students come by what they know about drugs and alcohol
and to whom they might turn if they thought they were having a problem.

For context, each section dealing with substance use will begin with a brief, over-time glimpse of the
statewide trends in the 1990's with regard to that substance. Use data are then sandwiched in between
subsections dealing with environment and, where the data are applicable, with behavior specifically
associated with substance use.

Items that are generally recognized as contributing to the environment in which substance use is most
likely to occur include availability, peer use, and parental attitudes. Included in the behavior category
are such things as "binge drinking" (the consuming of five or more alcoholic beverages at one time),
attending class drunk or stoned, use of alcohol or illicit drugs at parties, or operating a motor vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

As for the actual, self-reported use of each substance, it is important to note the frequency of such use.
Is it experimental, a once-in-a-lifetime thing? Is it casual use, a once-in-a-while behavior? Or is it
regular use, a monthly, weekly, or---in the case of tobacco products in particular---a daily habit?
Further, use data are used to differentiate between those who smoke cigarettes from those who use a
smokeless tobacco product, those who drink beer from those who drink wine coolers, those who sniff
correction fluid from those who sniff glue, and those who smoke marijuana from those who snort
powdered cocaine.

Three final points should be noted about the data. First, due to the differences in rounding procedures,
there may be slight discrepancies between the percentages referred to in the tables and those reflected in
the executive summary and in the tables. Second, because a non-standard grade combination was
surveyed in this district, some statewide data are unavailable for comparisons throughout the summary.

Finally, some data in this report are marked with an asterisk. Data so marked are estimated to be
statistically significant at the .01 level from the comparable data for the state as a whole. This means
that in only one of a hundred samples would a difference this large have occurred when there was no
difference between the district and state data. Differences in very small districts will seldom be
statistically significant due to the small number of cases. Differences that are not marked may be
important, but should be treated with more caution than those that are statistically significant.

The percentages referred to in the executive summary that follows were taken from the tables found in
"Part I: District Survey Results."

Demographic Overview

In the Spring of 1999, the Texas School Survey was administered to students in grade 9 in the
Kennedale Independent School District (KISD). Texas School Survey protocols, formulated to ensure
that the data used in this analysis has an acceptable probability of error, called for the district to
administer the survey to all of the secondary students. The accuracy of the data requires that school
staff administering the survey followed the protocols and, because it does not appear the Kennedale
ISD surveyed all students in the aforementioned grade (based upon student population figures provided
by the district), it must be presumed that a reliable sampling method was employed by district officials
to determine which students would be surveyed.

A total of 134 students completed the questionnaire. Of that number, 4 surveys were excluded from
analysis because students did not indicate their grade or age, or because they were identified as
exaggerators (i.e., claimed to have used a non-existent drug or reported overly excessive drug use).
The final number of surveys included in the overall district analysis was 130, consisting of:

• A fairly even split of male (48 percent) and female (52 percent) students;

• An ethnic breakdown that is 76 percent white, 10 percent Mexican-American, 8 percent African-

American, 2 percent Native American, 1 percent Asian-American, and 3 percent other;

• Fifty-eight percent who say they live in a two-parent home, and 77 percent who report they have
lived in the district for three or more years; and

• Forty-six percent who say their parent(s) are college graduates, and 19 percent who indicate they

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qualify for free/reduced lunches at school.

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Tobacco

General tobacco use includes both cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products. Between 1990 and
1996, those secondary students statewide who have reported experimental use of tobacco products has
stayed relatively flat. On the other hand, the prevalence of those secondary students reporting past-
month use inched upward between 1992 and 1996. This upward trend appears to have leveled off in
1998, however.

Overall, the general use of tobacco products, and of cigarettes in particular, among Kennedale ISD 9th
grade students in 1999 appears to have been somewhat higher than that reported by their counterparts
statewide.

Environment. Over three-quarters of KISD students (85 percent) reported that cigarettes are
somewhat or very easy to get (76 percent statewide), while 29 percent said most or all of their close
friends smoke cigarettes (24 percent statewide). Two-thirds of district students (66* percent) indicated
that smokeless tobacco products are somewhat or very easy to get (49 percent statewide), and 2
percent said most or all of their close friends use smokeless tobacco (5 percent statewide).

Students were asked about parental attitudes toward the use of cigarettes by “kids your age." Seventy-
five percent of KISD students said their parents strongly or mildly disapprove of kids smoking (80
percent statewide), while 14 percent said their parents neither approve nor disapprove of such behavior
(9 percent statewide), and 7 percent said they "don't know" how their parents feel about kids their age
smoking cigarettes (8 percent statewide).

Only 28 percent of Kennedale students believe that tobacco use is "very dangerous" (38 percent
statewide).

Use. Sixty-eight percent of Kennedale students reported general tobacco use at least once during their
lifetimes (57 percent statewide). Thirty-three percent of Kennedale ISD students said they had used a
tobacco product during the past month (27 percent statewide).

Sixty-seven percent of Kennedale students reported smoking cigarettes at least one time during their
lives (56 percent statewide), while 33 percent said they had smoked cigarettes during the past month
(26 percent statewide), and 11 percent reported smoking cigarettes on a daily basis (8 percent
statewide).

Experimental use of smokeless tobacco products was reported by 16 percent of KISD students (14
percent statewide), 6 percent said they had used a smokeless tobacco product during the past month (5
percent statewide), and 3 percent reported using a smokeless tobacco product on a daily basis (1
percent statewide).

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Alcohol

Alcohol is the most widely used substance among students statewide and in the Kennedale ISD.
Experimental alcohol use among secondary students statewide steadily decreased between 1990 and
1996, while past-month use dropped between 1990 and 1992 and has remained relatively flat over
through the most recent statewide assessment.

Overall, Kennedale ISD 9th grade students appear to have been drinking alcohol in 1999 at rates
somewhat similar to those reported by their peers statewide.

Environment. Forty-six percent of district students reported most or all of their close friends drink
alcohol (40 percent statewide), and 85 percent said beer, wine, wine coolers, or liquor were somewhat
easy or very easy to obtain (77 percent statewide).

KISD students were asked where they obtained alcohol most of the time or always. Forty-five percent
of district students said they obtain alcohol "from friends" (38 percent statewide), 42 percent responded
"at parties" (44 percent statewide), and 12 percent reported they get alcohol "from the store” (12
percent statewide).

Parental attitudes can be a major factor in whether or not a student uses alcohol. When asked how their
parents feel about kids their age drinking beer, 79 percent of Kennedale students said their parents
strongly or mildly disapprove (78 percent statewide), and 10 percent said their parents neither approve
nor disapprove of such behavior (10 percent statewide). Four percent of district students said they
"don't know" how their parents feel about kids their age drinking beer (8 percent statewide).

Just over a third of KISD students (35 percent) feel that it is "very dangerous" to use alcohol (42
percent statewide).

Use. Seventy-eight percent of Kennedale students reported consuming alcohol at least once during
their lifetimes (74 percent statewide). Forty-two percent of Kennedale ISD students said they had
consumed alcohol during the past month (39 percent statewide).

The alcoholic beverages most often consumed by Kennedale students are beer (68 percent/59 percent
statewide) and wine coolers (69 percent/61 percent statewide). Forty-nine* percent of KISD students
said they drink beer on a weekly or monthly basis (35 percent statewide), and 52* percent said they
drink wine coolers weekly or monthly (34 percent statewide); rates higher than those reported by their
counterparts statewide.

Behavior Associated With Use. "Binge drinking" is the consumption of five or more beers, wine
coolers, servings of wine, or drinks with liquor at one time. Forty-three percent of Kennedale ISD
students reported "binge drinking" beer at least once during their lifetimes (37 percent statewide), while
18 percent said they usually drink five or more beers at a time on average when they drink (17 percent
statewide). One-time "binge drinking" of wine coolers was reported by 50 percent of KISD students
(41 percent statewide), while 24 percent said they usually drink five or more wine coolers at a time on

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average when they drink (17 percent statewide).

Thirteen percent of Kennedale students reported attending at least one class during the past school year
while "drunk" (12 percent statewide). Three percent of KISD students said that they had driven a car
after having "a good bit to drink" at least once during the past year (7 percent statewide), and 1 percent
said they had done so four or more times during the past year (2 percent statewide). Forty percent of
Kennedale students said alcohol was used at most or all of the parties they attended in the past school
year (39 percent statewide).

One percent of KISD students said they had gotten into trouble with their teacher because of alcohol
use at least once during the past school year (1 percent statewide), while 6 percent reported they had
gotten in trouble with the police because of their alcohol use during the past year (4 percent statewide),
and 11 percent said they had "difficulties of any kind" with friends because of one's own drinking (9
percent statewide).

Illicit Drugs

Illicit drugs are defined as controlled substances and include marijuana, cocaine (powdered form and
crack), uppers (stimulants), downers (narcotics), Rohypnol, hallucinogens, ecstasy, and heroin.

The decade began amidst a general downward trend in the use of illicit substances, including marijuana.
This downward trend bottomed out in 1992. Two years later, experimentation with illegal substances
began to trend upward, while past-month use nearly doubled for both illicit drugs in general and
marijuana in particular. This upward surge continued through 1996, but appears to have leveled off in
the 1998 statewide assessment.

Overall, the use of illicit drugs, and of marijuana in particular, among Kennedale ISD 9th grade students
in 1999 appears to have been similar to that reported by their counterparts statewide.

Environment. Students were asked how available they believed certain substances were to obtain.
Over half of KISD students (55 percent) said marijuana was somewhat or very easy to obtain (54
percent), while a quarter (26 percent) indicated that powdered cocaine was easily accessible (26 percent
statewide). Nineteen percent of district students said that downers were somewhat or very easy to come
by (22 percent statewide), 17 percent believed that uppers were easily accessible to them (22 percent
statewide), and 17 percent said they believed heroin was somewhat or very easy to obtain (16 percent
statewide).

With regard to the question of the effects of peer influence on substance use, 26 percent of KISD
students reported most or all of their close friends smoke marijuana (25 percent statewide). And when
asked about parental attitudes toward marijuana use, Kennedale students reported a disapproval rate of
84 percent (86 percent statewide). Four percent of district students said they "don't know" how their
parents feel about kids their age using marijuana (7 percent statewide), while 8 percent said their
parents neither approve nor disapprove of such behavior (4 percent statewide).

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Just over half of Kennedale students (51 percent) believe that marijuana use is "very dangerous" (56
percent statewide). As for how students view the risks associated with the use of certain other illicit
substances by students, 80 percent of district students feel that use of ecstasy is "very dangerous" (72
percent statewide), 85 percent feel that the use of crack is "very dangerous" (87 percent statewide), 86
percent believe that powdered cocaine use is "very dangerous" (84 percent statewide), and 94 percent
believe that heroin use is "very dangerous) (88 percent statewide).

Use. In the Kennedale ISD, 40 percent of students reported experimental use of an illicit drug (38
percent statewide), and 40 percent reported smoking marijuana at least one time in their lives (37
percent statewide). Past-month marijuana use was reported by 18 percent of Kennedale ISD students
(17 percent statewide).

Other illicit substances are used by a smaller number of Kennedale ISD students. Seven percent of
KISD students indicated they had used powdered cocaine (9 percent statewide), 6 percent reported
using uppers (9 percent statewide), 6 percent said they had used hallucinogens (7 percent statewide), 5
percent indicated they had used Rohypnol (7 percent statewide), 4 percent reported using ecstasy (4
percent statewide), 3 percent reported using downers (7 percent statewide), 3 percent indicated they
had used crack (3 percent statewide), 3 percent reported they had used heroin (2 percent statewide),
and 1 percent said they had used steroids (2 percent statewide) at least once during their lifetimes.

Behavior Associated with Use. Fourteen percent of KISD students reported attending at least one
class in the past year while "stoned" on marijuana (16 percent statewide). Driving under the influence
of drugs at least once during the past year was reported by 8 percent of Kennedale ISD students (7
percent statewide), and 3 percent said they had done so four or more times during the past year (2
percent statewide). Twenty-three percent of the Kennedale ISD students said that marijuana and/or
other drugs were used at most or all of the parties they attended during the school year (24 percent
statewide).

Four percent of KISD students said they had gotten into trouble with their teacher because of illicit
drug use at least once during the past school year (2 percent statewide), while 6 percent reported they
had gotten in trouble with the police because of their use of illegal drugs during the past year (4 percent
statewide), and 10 percent of district students said they had gotten into "difficulties of any kind" with
their friends during the past year because of their own drug use (7 percent statewide).

Inhalants

In general, inhalants are common, licit substances (paints, thinners, correction fluid, glue, etc.) which,
when sniffed, huffed, or inhaled, produce an intoxicating effect. Lifetime and past-month inhalant use
percentages have been adjusted to reflect reported use of both specific inhalants and inhalant use
generally. This adjustment was made because some students responded positive to specific use without
responding positive to generic use, while some students responded positive to generic use but not
specific inhalants.

Experimental inhalant use among secondary students statewide generally appears to have peaked in
1992. Over the next two years, this lifetime use dipped slightly and has stayed relatively flat through

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1996. Past-month use, however, has held steady throughout this period. However, the most recent
statewide assessment suggests that both experimental and past-month use of inhalants has increased
over the levels reported two years ago.

Overall, Kennedale ISD 9th grade students appear to have been using inhalants in 1999 at rates
somewhat similar to those reported by their counterparts statewide.

Environment. Two percent of KISD students reported most or all of their close friends use inhalants
(3 percent statewide), and 72 percent believe that inhalant use is "very dangerous" (74 percent
statewide).

Use. Twenty-nine percent of Kennedale students reported using inhalants at least once during their
lifetimes (23 percent statewide). Three percent of Kennedale ISD students said they had used inhalants
during the past month (8 percent statewide). Ten percent of KISD students said they had used two or
more different kinds of inhalant substances during their lifetimes (13 percent statewide).

The inhalant substances most frequently used by Kennedale students were those in the "other inhalants"
category (11 percent/12 percent statewide), correction fluid/whiteout (11 percent/11 percent statewide),
and paint thinner (9 percent/6 percent statewide). Seven percent of district students reported inhaling
gasoline (6 percent statewide), 6 percent said they had inhaled liquid/spray paint (11 percent statewide),
5 percent reported inhaling nitrous oxide/laughing gas (6 percent statewide), 3 percent said they had
inhaled glue (5 percent statewide), and 6 percent reported inhaling substances in the "other sprays"
category (5 percent statewide) at least one time during their lives.

Characteristics Associated With Drug Use

In the statewide survey, and with the notable exception of uppers, female students were somewhat less
likely to have used an illicit drug than were male students. In the Kennedale ISD, male students were
over three times more likely to have used uppers than were district female students. There were no
other significant differences by gender among KISD students with regard to the use of tobacco
products, alcohol, inhalants, marijuana, powdered cocaine, crack, hallucinogens, downers, steroids,
ecstasy, Rohypnol, or heroin.

Statewide, students living in two-parent homes were somewhat less likely to have used tobacco
products, alcohol, inhalants, and illicit drugs than were those students living in other family situations.
KISD students living in other family situations were over two times more likely to have used inhalants,
nearly three times more likely to have used uppers, and over three times more likely to have used
powdered cocaine or ecstasy than were those district students living in homes with two parents. There
were no other significant differences by living arrangement among Kennedale ISD students with regard
to the use of tobacco products, alcohol, marijuana, hallucinogens, downers, steroids, Rohypnol, or
heroin.

Drug and Alcohol Information

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The influence of drug education programs may be reflected in students' attitudes toward the use of
specific substances reported above. Eighty-three* percent of Kennedale ISD students said they had
gotten information about drugs and alcohol from a school source since classes began in the Fall, a rate
higher than that reported by their peers statewide (68 percent). Twenty* percent of district students
reported getting information about drugs and alcohol from a "health class," compared to the 59 percent
indicated by students statewide. Fifty-nine* percent of KISD students said "an invited school guest"
was a source for information about drugs and alcohol (40 percent statewide), while 91* percent said
"an assembly program" was a source for this information (48 percent statewide); rates higher than those
indicated by students statewide.

When asked where they would go for help with a drug or alcohol problem, the largest percentage of
Kennedale students said they would seek help from their friends, at a rate (87* percent) higher than that
indicated by students statewide (76 percent). Sixty-three percent of KISD students said they would
seek help for a substance use problem from an adult friend or relative (62 percent statewide), and 50
percent said they would turn to their parents for help with such a problem (57 percent statewide).
District students are least likely to seek help for a drug or alcohol problem from a counselor or program
in school, at a rate (19* percent) lower than that indicated by students statewide (34 percent).

Since school began in the Fall, 8 percent of Kennedale students reported seeking help for any problems
connected with alcohol or drug use from someone other than family or friends (8 percent statewide).