International Journal of Engineering Research and Development

ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 10 (June 2012), PP.56-64

www.ijerd.com
56
Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with
Zero Order as Defined by Datta and Biswas
Sanjib Kumar Datta
1
, Tanmay Biswas
2
, Soumen Kanti Deb
3
1
Department of Mathematics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Dist-Nadia, PIN- 741235, West Bengal, India.
2
Rajbari, Rabindrapalli, R. N. Tagore Road, P.O. Krishnagar, Dist-Nadia, PIN- 741101, West Bengal, India.
3
Bahin High School, P.O. Bahin, Dist-Uttar Dinajpur, PIN- 733157, West Bengal, India.


AbstractIn this paper we compare the maximum term of composition of two entire functions with their corresponding left
and right factors.
AMS Subject Classification (2010): 30D35, 30D30.

Keywords Entire function, maximum term, composition, growth.
I. INTRODUCTION, DEFINITIONS AND NOTATIONS
Let f be an entire function defined in the open complex plane . The maximum term ) , ( f r of

=
=
0 n
n
n
z a f on r z = is defined by ) ( max ) , (
0
n
n
n
r a f r
>
= . To start our paper we just recall the following
definitions.

Definition 1 The order
f
and lower order
f
of an entire function f is defined as follows:
r
f r M
and
r
f r M
r
f
r
f
log
) , ( log
inf lim
log
) , ( log
sup lim
] 2 [ ] 2 [


= =

where
) log(log log
] 1 [ ] [
x x
k k
= for ,... 3 , 2 , 1 = k and . log
] 0 [
x x =

If <
f
then f is of finite order. Also 0 =
f
means that f is of order zero. In this connection Liao and
Yang [2] gave the following definition.
Definition 2 [2]Let f be an entire function of order zero. Then the quantities
*
f
and
*
f
of an entire function f are
defined as:
.
log
) , ( log
inf lim
log
) , ( log
sup lim
] 2 [
] 2 [
*
] 2 [
] 2 [
*
r
f r M
and
r
f r M
r
f
r
f


= =

Datta and Biswas [1] gave an alternative definition of zero order and zero lower order of an entire function in the
following way:
Definition 3 [1] Let f be an entire function of order zero. Then the quantities
* *
f
and
* *
f
of f are defined by:
.
log
) , ( log
inf lim
log
) , ( log
sup lim
* * * *
r
f r M
and
r
f r M
r
f
r
f


= =
Since for , 0 R r < s

( ) 1 ]} 4 [ . { ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( cf f R
r R
R
f r M f r

s s

it is easy to see that
Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
57
r
f r
r
f r
r
f
r
f
log
) , ( log
inf lim ,
log
) , ( log
sup lim
] 2 [ ] 2 [

= =

r
f r
r
f r
r
f
r
f
] 2 [
] 2 [
*
] 2 [
] 2 [
*
log
) , ( log
inf lim ,
log
) , ( log
sup lim

= =

and


.
log
) , ( log
inf lim ,
log
) , ( log
sup lim
* * * *
r
f r
r
f r
r
f
r
f

= =

In this paper we investigate some aspects of the comparative growths of maximum terms of two entire functions
with their corresponding left and right factors. We do not explain the standard notations and definitions on the theory of
entire function because those are available in [5].
II. LEMMAS
In this section we present some lemmas which will be needed in the sequel.

Lemma 1 [3] Let f and g be two entire functions with . 0 ) 0 ( = g Then for all sufficiently large values of , r
). , ) 0 ( ) ,
4
(
8
1
(
4
1
) , ( f g g
r
g f r >

Lemma 2 [3] Let f and g be two entire functions. Then for every 0 > o and , 0 R r < <
). ), , ( (
1
) , ( f g R
r R
R
g f r
o

o
o

s

Lemma 3 [1] Let f and g be two entire functions such that <
f
and . 0 =
g
then . <
fog

III. THEOREMS

In this section we present the main results of the paper.

Theorem 1 Let f and g be two entire functions with < s <
* * * *
0
f f
and 0 >
g
. Then for any , 0 > A
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
lim =

f r
g f r
A
r

Proof. In view of Lemma 1 we obtain for all sufficiently large values of , r

)} ), ,
4
(
8
1
(
4
1
log{ ) , ( log f g
r
g f r >

) 1 ( )} ,
4
(
8
1
log{ ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O g
r
g f r e i
f
+ > c

) 1 ( ) ,
4
( log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O g
r
g f r e i
f
+ > c

) 2 ( . ) 1 (
4
) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O
r
g f r e i
g
f
+
|
.
|

\
|
>
c
c

Again from the definition of
* *
f
we have for arbitrary positive c and for all sufficiently large values of , r
) 3 ( . log ) ( ) , ( log
* *
r A f r
f
A
c + s

Therefore it follows from (2) and (3) for all sufficiently large values of r that

Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
58
r A
O
r
f r
g f r
f
f
A
g
log ) (
) 1 (
4
) (
) , ( log
) , ( log
* *
* *
c
c

c
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

>

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
lim ., . =

f r
g f r
e i
A
r

This completes the proof.

Remark 1 If we take 0 >
g
instead of 0 >
g
in Theorem 1 and the other conditions remain the same, then in the line
of Theorem 1 one can easily verify that

,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim =
f r
g f r
A
r


where . 0 > A

Remark 2 Also if we consider < <
* *
0
f
or < <
* *
0
f
instead of < s <
* * * *
0
f f
in Theorem 1 and the
other conditions remain the same, then in the line of Theorem 1 one can easily verify that

,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim =
f r
g f r
A
r


where . 0 > A

Theorem 2 Let f and g be two an entire functions such that < <
* *
0
f
and . 0 < s <
g g
Then
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
lim
] 2 [
=

g r
g f r
A
r

where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Proof. Since
g
is the order of g , for given c and for all sufficiently large values of r we get from the definition of
order that
) 4 ( . log ) ( ) , ( log
] 2 [
r A g r
g
A
c + s
Now we obtain from (2) and (4) for all sufficiently large values of r that


) 5 ( .
log ) (
) 1 (
4
) (
) , ( log
) , ( log
* *
] 2 [
r A
O
r
g r
g f r
g
f
A
g
c
c

c
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

>

As 0 >
g
, the theorem follows from (5) .
Remark 3 If we take < <
* *
0
f
instead of < <
* *
0
f
in Theorem 2 and the other conditions remain the same, then
in the line of Theorem 2 one can easily verify that
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
] 2 [
=
g r
g f r
A
r


where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
59
Remark 4 Also if we consider . 0 < <
g
or . 0 < <
g
instead of . 0 < s <
g g
in Theorem 2 and the
other conditions remain the same, then in the line of Theorem 2 one can easily verify that
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
] 2 [
=
g r
g f r
A
r


where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Theorem 3 Let f and g be two an entire functions such that . 0 < s <
f f
and .
* *
<
g
Then
, 0
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
] 2 [
=
f r
g f r
A
r


where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A


Proof. By Lemma 2 and Lemma 3 we get for all sufficiently large values of r that

) 1 ( ) ), , ( ( log ) , ( log
] 2 [ ] 2 [
O f g R
r R
R
g f r +

s
o


) 1 ( ) , ( log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
] 2 [
O g R
r R
R
g f r e i
f
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ s
o
c
) 1 ( ) , ( log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
] 2 [
O g R g f r e i
f
+ + s c
) 6 ( ). 1 ( log ) )( ( ) , ( log ., .
* * ] 2 [
O R g f r e i
g f
+ + + s c c
Again from the definition of
f
we have for arbitrary positive c and for all sufficiently large values of , r

r A f r
f
A
log ) ( ) , ( log
] 2 [
c >
( ) 7 . ) , ( log ., .
) ( c

>
f
A
A
r f r e i

Therefore it follows from (6) and (7) for all sufficiently large values of r that

) 8 ( .
) 1 ( log ) )( (
) , ( log
) , ( log
) (
* *
] 2 [
c
c c

+ + +
s
f
A
g f
A
r
O R
f r
g f r


As 0 >
f
, the theorem follows from (8) .

Remark 5 If we take < <
f
0 or < <
f
0 instead of < s <
f f
0 in Theorem 3 and the other
conditions remain the same, then in the line of Theorem 3 one can easily verify that
, 0
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
] 2 [
=

f r
g f r
A
r

where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Remark 6 Also if we take .
* *
<
g
instead of .
* *
<
g
in Theorem 3 and the other conditions remain the same, then in
the line of Theorem 3 one can easily verify that
, 0
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
] 2 [
=

f r
g f r
A
r

where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
60
Theorem 4 Let f and g be two an entire functions such that < s <
* * * *
0
f f
and . 0
* *
>
g
Then
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
* * * *
f
g f
A
r A f r
g f r

>

where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Proof. Suppose }. , min{ 0
* * * *
g f
c < <
Now from Lemma 1 we have for a sequence of values of r tending to infinity that

)} ), ,
4
(
8
1
(
4
1
log{ ) , ( log f g
r
g f r >

) 1 ( )} ,
4
(
8
1
log{ ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O g
r
g f r e i
f
+ > c

) 1 ( ) ,
4
( log ) (
8
1
log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O g
r
g f r e i
f f
+ + > c c

) 1 (
4
log ) )( ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O
r
g f r e i
g f
+ > c c

) 9 ( . ) 1 ( log ) )( ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O r g f r e i
g f
+ > c c

So combining (3) and (9) we get for a sequence of values of r tending to infinity that

r A
O r
f r
g f r
f
g f
A
log ) (
) 1 ( log ) )( (
) , ( log
) , ( log
* *
* * * *
c
c c

+
+
>

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim ., .
* *
* * * *
f
g f
A
r A f r
g f r
e i

>

This completes the proof.

Remark 7 Under the same conditions of Theorem 4 if
* * * *
f f
= ,then
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
A f r
g f r
g
A
r

>

Remark 8 In Theorem 4 if we take 0
* *
>
g
instead of 0
* *
>
g
and the other conditions remain the same then it can be
shown that
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
* * * *
f
g f
A
r
A f r
g f r

>

In addition if
* * * *
f f
= , then
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
A f r
g f r
g
A
r

>

Remark 9 Also if we consider < <
* *
0
f
or < <
* *
0
f
instead of < s <
* * * *
0
f f
in Theorem 4 and the
other conditions remain the same, then one can easily verify that

Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
61
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
A f r
g f r
g
A
r

>

Theorem 5 Let f and g be two an entire functions such that < s <
* * * *
0
g g
and . 0
* *
>
f
Then

,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
* * * *
g
g f
A
r A g r
g f r

>

where . 0 > A

Proof. Let us choose c in such a way that }. , min{ 0
* * * *
g f
c < <
Now from Lemma 1 we have for a sequence of values of r tending to infinity that

)} ), ,
4
(
8
1
(
4
1
log{ ) , ( log f g
r
g f r >

) 1 ( )} ,
4
(
8
1
log{ ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O g
r
g f r e i
f
+ > c

) 1 ( ) ,
4
( log ) (
8
1
log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O g
r
g f r e i
f f
+ + > c c

) 1 (
4
log ) )( ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O
r
g f r e i
g f
+ > c c

) 10 ( . ) 1 ( log ) )( ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O r g f r e i
g f
+ > c c

Also we have for all sufficiently large values of , r

) 11 ( . log ) ( ) , ( log
* *
r A g r
g
A
c + s
Therefore from (10) and (11) we get for a sequence of values of r tending to infinity that
r A
O r
g r
g f r
g
g f
A
log ) (
) 1 ( log ) )( (
) , ( log
) , ( log
* *
* * * *
c
c c

+
+
>

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim ., .
* *
* * * *
g
g f
A
r A g r
g f r
e i

>

This proves the theorem.
Remark 10 Under the same conditions of Theorem 5 if
* * * *
g g
= , then

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
A g r
g f r
f
A
r

>

Remark 11 In Theorem 5 if we take . 0
* *
>
f
instead of . 0
* *
>
f
and the other conditions remain the same then it can
be shown that
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
* * * *
g
g f
A
r
A g r
g f r

>

In addition if
* * * *
g g
= , then
Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
62
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
A g r
g f r
f
A
r

>

Remark 12 Also if we consider < <
* *
0
g
or < <
* *
0
g
instead of < s <
* * * *
0
g g
in Theorem 5 and the
other conditions remain the same, then one can easily verify that
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
A g r
g f r
f
A
r

>

Theorem 6 Let f and g be two an entire functions such that < s <
* * * *
0
f f
and . 0
* *
>
g
Then
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
* * * *
f
g f
A
r A f r
g f r

where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Proof. From the definition of
* *
f
we have for arbitrary positive c and for all sufficiently large values of , r
) 12 ( . log ) ( ) , ( log
* *
r A f r
f
A
c >
Again by Lemma 2 it follows for all sufficiently large values of r that

) 1 ( ), , ( log ) , ( log O f g R
r R
R
g f r +
|
.
|

\
|

s
o


) 1 ( ) , ( log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O g R
r R
R
g f r e i
f
+
|
.
|

\
|

+ s
o
c
) 1 ( ) , ( log ) ( ) , ( log ., .
* *
O g R g f r e i
f
+ + s c
) 13 ( ). 1 ( log ) )( ( ) , ( log ., .
* * * *
O R g f r e i
g f
+ + + s c c

Now combining (12) and (13) we get for all sufficiently large values of , r
r A
O R
f r
g f r
f
g f
A
log ) (
) 1 ( log ) )( (
) , ( log
) , ( log
* *
* * * *
c
c c

+ + +
s

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim ., .
* *
* * * *
f
g f
A
r A f r
g f r
e i

This completes the proof.
Similarly we may state the following theorem without proof for the right factor g of the composite function
g f :
Theorem 7 Let f and g be two an entire functions such that <
* *
f
and < s <
* * * *
0
g g
. Then
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
* * * *
g
g f
A
r A g r
g f r

where . ... 3 , 2 , 1 = A

Remark 13 Under the same conditions of Theorem 6 if
* * * *
f f
= , then
Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
63
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
A f r
g f r
g
A
r

Remark 14 In Theorem 6 if we take 0
* *
>
g
instead of 0
* *
>
g
and the other conditions remain the same then it can be
shown that
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
* * * *
f
g f
A
r
A f r
g f r

In addition if
* * * *
f f
= , then
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
A f r
g f r
g
A
r

Remark 15 If we take < <
* *
0
f
or < <
* *
0
f
instead of < s <
* * * *
0
f f
in Theorem 6 and the other
conditions remain the same, then one can easily verify that
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
A f r
g f r
g
A
r

Remark 16 Under the same conditions of Theorem 7 if
* * * *
g g
= , then

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
sup lim
* *
A g r
g f r
f
A
r

Remark 17 In Theorem 7 if we take <
* *
f
instead of <
* *
f
and the other conditions remain the same then it can be
shown that
,
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
* * * *
g
g f
A
r
A g r
g f r

In addition if
* * * *
g g
= , then
.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
A g r
g f r
f
A
r

Remark 18 If we take < <
* *
0
g
or < <
* *
0
g
instead of < s <
* * * *
0
g g
in Theorem 7 and the other
conditions remain the same, then one can easily verify that

.
) , ( log
) , ( log
inf lim
* *
A g r
g f r
f
A
r

Some Comparative Growth Properties of Entire Functions with Zero Order as....
64
REFERENCES
[1]. S.K. Datta and T. Biswas, On the definition of a meromorphic function of order zero, Int. Math. Forum, Vol.4,
No. 37(2009) pp.1851-1861.
[2]. L. Liao and C. C. Yang, On the growth of composite entire functions, Yokohama Math. J., Vol. 46(1999), pp. 97-
107.
[3]. A. P. Singh, On maximum term of composition of entire functions, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, Vol. 59(A), Part I
(1989), pp. 103-115.
[4]. A. P. Singh and M. S. Baloria, On maximum modulus and maximum term of composition of entire functions,
Indian J. Pure Appl. Math., Vol. 22(1991), No 12, pp. 1019-1026.
[5]. G. Valiron, Lectures on the general theory of integral functions, Chelsea Publishing Company (1949).