1 Background reading, explain the following: 1. Aliasing?

According to sampling theorem Fs>2Fmax where Fs is the sampling frequency and Fmax is the maximum signal frequency.If this is not satisfied aliasing occurs .Low frequency will overlap with high frequency so that we cannot distinguish between signals.If sampling frequency is less it is not possible to reconstruct the signal. 2. Impulse input, unit step input, etc..? Impulse input is a signal whose value is zero everywhere except at origin where its value is one. Its area is one.

Unit step input is defined as u(n)={ 1 n0

0 n<0 }

3. Even and odd signals? Even signal or symmetric signal x(n) can be defined as x(-n)=x(n)

Odd signal or assymetric signal x(n) can be defined as x(-n)= -x(n) For odd signal always x(0)=0.

4. Linear convolution, circular convolution? Linear convolution of two signals x(n) and h(n) can be defined ( ) ( ) ( ) Length of convolution signal is as (2n-1) . Circular convolution

5. Causal versus non-causal systems? A system is causal if the output at any time depends on present and past inputs. It does not depend on future values. y(n)=f( x(n),x(n-1),x(n-2)) A system is non causal if the output at any time depends on future inputs. It does not depend on future values. Non causal system is not physically realisable. y(n)=f( x(n),x(n+1),x(n+2))

A system is bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stable if every bounded input produces a bounded output. Bounded means, it should have a finite value. 7. Auto-correlation, cross-correlation? For lab 3. Correlation is done to find the similarity between two signals. Let x(n) and y(n) be two real valued sequence which has final energy. Cross correlation of x(n) and y(n) is defined as ( ) ( ) l=0, 1, 2 ( ) ( ) Rxy = Where l is the time shift. Similarly we can write ( ) ( ) l=0,1,2 ( ) ( ) Rxy = Rxy = - Ryx If x(n)=y(n) we have autocorrelation, defined as ( ) ( ) l=0, 1, 2 ( ) ( ) l=0, 1, 2

8. Review z-transform for lab 3. Z-Transform of a discreat time signal is defined as ( ) ( ) Z is complex variable. It transforms discreat time domain signal to a complex plane. X(z)=Z{x(n)} This exist only for those values of z for which series converges. Region of Convergence (ROC) is the set of all values of z for which the x(z) attains a finite value.

2 Implement 1. Generate two sinusoids with frequencies F0 = 1/8 Hz and F1=-7/8. Sample both at Fs = 1Hz. Generate stem plots for each, with a different colour for each. Plot the original continuous signals over the

sampled one, again each colour coded. What do you observe? Determine the sampling rate at which you can avoid a problem here? Repeat the procedure at this new sampling frequency. What do you observe?
clc; clear all; close all; t=0:.01:8; t1=0:1:8; f0=1/8; xa0= 2*sin(2*pi*f0*t); x0=2*sin(2*pi*f0*t1); f1=-7/8; xa1= 2*sin(2*pi*f1*t); x1=2*sin(2*pi*f1*t1); stem(t1,x0,'red','--'); hold on; plot(t,xa0,'black'); stem(t1,x1,'green'); hold on; plot(t,xa1,'blue');

clc; clear all; close all; t=0:.01:8; t1=0:2/7:8; f0=1/8;

xa0= 2*sin(2*pi*f0*t); x0=2*sin(2*pi*f0*t1); f1=-7/8; xa1= 2*sin(2*pi*f1*t); x1=2*sin(2*pi*f1*t1); stem(t1,x0,'red','--'); hold on; plot(t,xa0,'black'); stem(t1,x1,'green'); hold on; plot(t,xa1,'blue');

2. Plot signal x (n) = [1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4], where x(0) = 0; Plot x (-n) and x (-n + 2). Obtain linear convolution with system h (n) = [1 2 1 -1], h (0) = 2; Show the output.
clc; clear all; close all; n= -3:1:7; x=[1,1,1,0,1,2,3,4,0,0,0]; equal subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,x); h=[1,2,1,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; n2=-1:1:9;

%appended zero to make length

subplot(2,2,2); stem(n2,h); for i=1:11 y(i)=0; for j= 1:i; y(i)= y(i)+x(j)*h(i+1-j); end end subplot(2,2,3); stem(y);

3. Show stable and unstable conditions for the linear time invariant system h(n) = a^n*u(n).
clc; clear all; close all; n=0:1:100; y=heaviside(n); subplot(5,1,1); stem(y); a1=0.5; a2=2;

a3=-0.2; a4=-1.5; h1=(a1.^n).*y; subplot(5,1,2); stem(h1); h2=(a2.^n).*y; subplot(5,1,3); stem(h2); h3=(a3.^n).*y; subplot(5,1,4); stem(h2); h4=(a4.^n).*y; subplot(5,1,5); stem(h2);

3 Results and discussion 1. Discuss sampling problem in implement 1. Can you give a theoretical explanation for the particular frequencies that come up? Would you be able to give a F2 for which this same sampling problem would occur at Fs?

2. How would the result in implement 2 change if we were to change the origin point of, (a) x (n) (b) h (n) Shifting the origin do not change the convoluted values. But the origin of the convoluted sequence change. If x(n) or h(n) is shifted left the output is also shifted left.

3. How would the stability condition change if we were dealing with the system h (n) = ( a^n n 0 b^n n < 0 show the results as a plot.