MODAL VERBS Nguyn tc chung 1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

Examples:

He can speak Chinese. She should be here by 9:00. 2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. Examples:

He should not be late. They might not come to the party. 3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses. Examples: He will can go with us. Not Correct She musted study very hard. Not Correct Bng tng hp Note Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho mt ngha tng ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense).

Modal Can

Example They can control their own budgets. We cant fix it. Can I smoke here? Can you help me? You cant smoke here

Uses Ability / Possibility Inability / Impossibility Asking for permission

E.g: Listen! I think I Request can hear the sound Prohibition (negative of the sea. form) Asking for permission. Formal hn can

Could Could I borrow your dictionary? Xem thm bn

di Could you say it again more slowly? Request We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. May May I have another cup of coffee? Xem thm bn China may become a major di economic power. Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. They might give us a 10% discount. Asking for permission Future possibility chc chn/kh nng xy ra km CAN Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past

Present possibility chc chn/kh nng xy ra km MAY

Future possibility

Must

We must say good-bye now. They mustnt disrupt the work more than necessary.

Necessity / Obligation Prohibition Saying whats right or correct Offer Suggestion

Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Shall Shall I help you with your luggage? (More common Shall we say 2.30 then?

in the Shall I do that or will you? Asking what to do UK than the US) If you work hard, you shall have a promise holiday on Saturday. He shall suffer for this; he shall pay Threat you what he owes you. determination

Ngi quyt nh

These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. Should We should sort out this problem at once. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year. Will I cant see any taxis so Ill walk. I'll do that for you if you like. Ill get back to you first thing on Monday. Saying whats right or correct Recommending action Uncertain prediction Instant decisions Offer Promise

khng l ngi hnh ng

Profits will increase next year Certain prediction . All right; I will pay you at the rate you willingness ask Determination. George will go out without his overcoat. Would Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? Request Would you mind waiting a moment? Request "Would three o`clock suit you?" "Thatd be fine." Would you like to play golf this Friday? Invitation "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" "Id like tea please." Preferences Making arrangements Asking for permission

Ngi quyt nh l ngi thc hin hnh ng

COULD COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is. I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow. 5. COULD - WAS/WERE ABLE TO

a) Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO. He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match. The door was locked, and I couldnt open it. b) Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD. I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.

MAY/MIGHT 1. Dng trong cu cm thn MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc. May all your dreams come true! Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive). 2. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng). I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction. He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction. 3. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession). He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor...) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard...) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard...) 4. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CAN/COULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT. She was studying so that she might read English books. 5. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant reproach). You might listen when I am talking to you. (Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni) You might try to be a little more helpful. (Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht) 6 Trong trng hp cn thit ngi ta dng be allowed to, permit... ty theo ngha cn din t thay cho MAY v MIGHT. I shall be allowed to go to the party.

MUST MUST bao hm mt kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni. Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha "khng cn thit" ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT). Must I do it now? - No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough. 5. CANNOT (CANT) c dng lm ph nh ca MUST khi MUST din t ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. If he said that, he must be mistaken. If he said that, he cant be telling the truth. 6. MUST v HAVE TO

a) HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c. We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train. b) HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST khi MUST mang ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. Ngi ta phi din t bng nhng cch khc. He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad) c) MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances) You must do what I tell you. Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc)

WOULD c th l: Mt tr ng t. WOULD gip hnh thnh mt Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin. He said he would send it to me, but he didnt. If she were here, she would help us. He would have been very happy if he had known about it. Khi dng nh mt ng t khuyt thiu, WOULD din t mt thi quen trong qu kh.

Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay cho used to. Every day he would get up at six o'clock and light the fire.

ng t khuyt thiu OUGHT TO OUGHT TO l mt ng t khuyt thiu ch c th Hin ti (simple present). N c ngha l "nn", gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th bng should. They ought to (should) pay the money. He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself.

1. OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability). If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now. 2. OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday... Our team ought to win the match tomorrow. 3. OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh. You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing.

ng t khuyt thiu DARE DARE c ngha l "dm, c gan" c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny. Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu) You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu) He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng) She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng) Thnh ng I daresay c ngha l "c th, c l" ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht. He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later.

ng t khuyt thiu NEED C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l "cn phi", tng t nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must. Need he work so hard? You neednt go yet, need you? C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh. You neednt see him, but I must. I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.

MODAL VERB USED TO ng t khuyt thiu USED TO USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn. You used to live in London, usednt you? He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now. Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never. You never used to make that mistake. USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na. People used to think that the earth was flat. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh ng y. He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu) He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu) Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc 1. 2. 3. USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g.

He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.

Note: khi ch s d on v kh nng xy ra ca s vic. Trong cch dng ny phn ra lm 2 loi: a. Loi 1: d on hin ti, tng lai Cn phn bit vi nng lc V d: I can swim ( nng lc ca ti l ti bit bi => cch dng 1) I can come ( kh nng l ti c th n => cch dng 3) He must wear uniform at school ( ch s bt buc => cch dng 1 ) He must be very hungry ( anh ta t hn l i lm) Cch dng ny ch trng n mc kh nng xy ra theo th t gim dn nh sau: Must - can - could - may - might b. Loi 2: cng thc dng trong qu kh. Modal verb + have + p.p He must be hungry now ( by gi anh ta t hn i bng) He must have been hungry after school yesterday ( hm qua sau gi hc anh ta t hn i bng). Doug must have returned the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table, but now it's gone. Doug chc hn tr ci bng video m chng ti mn trn ng i lm ri. ( trc y ) thy nm trn bn m by gi mt tiu. Cc mc chc chn cng theo th t gim dn nh trn: Must have p.p Can have p.p Could have p.p

May have p.p Might have p.p Lu l hnh thc ph nh khng dng must not m dngcan/ could not m thi qu kh trong cch dng ny cn c thm mt cng thc m trong cc bi tp hay p dng, l : Should + have + p.p Cng thc ny din t hnh ng ng l nn lm qu kh nhng thc t khng lm. You should have met him yesterday. Now he has gone away. Bn ng l nn gp anh ta ngy hm qua. Gi y anh ta i mt ri. Could + have + p.p :

Cng thc ny din t hnh ng c th lm c qu kh nhng thc t khng lm. Needn't + have + p.p Cng thc ny din t hnh ng ng l khng cn lm qu kh nhng thc t lm.

Ref: http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalintro.html http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbmodal.htm#Can http://tienganhcaptoc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=183&It emid=27 http://englishtime.us/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=8184