Electric Circuit

It is a closed path, composed of active and passive elements.

Active Element : It supplies energy to the circuit. Passive Element : It receives energy and then 1) either converts it to heat, as in a resistance (R). 2) or stores it as ) (a) Electric Field, in a Capacitor (C). (b) Magnetic Field, in an Inductor (L).

Properties and Characteristics of

Circuit Elements
There could be many viewpoints to look at a thing. Different viewpoints are needed to have complete picture. A circuit element can be looked upon from following viewpoints : 1. Circuit Viewpoint ==> expressed in terms of v and i. 2. Energy Viewpoint ==> expressed in terms of energy. 3. Geometrical Viewpoint ==> expressed in terms of physical dimensions. dimensions

The Resistance Parameter

1. Circuit Viewpoint:

vi

v R= i

It is a linear algebraic equation. The proportionality factor R is independent of current. 2. Energy Viewpoint: It has characteristic property of converting electrical energy into heat. gy

W =

t2

t1

Ri 2 t = RI 2 t

W R= 2 I t

v2 p = vi = i 2 R = R

It is Joules Law Heat is stored and then dissipated. That is Law. dissipated why power dissipating capability of resistor is important.

3. Geometrical Viewpoint : The resistance parameter is fundamentally a geometric constant.

1 L L R= R = or A A where i called coductivity (S/ ) h is ll d d ti it (S/m).

is resistivity, measured in ohm metre ( m). Inverse of resistivity is conductivity (S/m), i.e.,

1 (conductivity) = (resistivity)

RESISTORS

+ v(t ) i (t )
A resistor is a passive element characterized by an algebraic relation between the voltage across its terminals and the current through it. The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and p is measured in units of Ohm ()

From a dimensional point of view di i l i f i Ohms is a derived unit of Volt/Amp

A li linear resistor obeys OHMs Law i b

v(t ) = Ri (t )

RESISTORS

Conductance

Standard Multiples f Ohm St d d M lti l of Oh M k Mega Ohm(106 ) Kilo Ohm(103 )

If instead a function current in law can be

of e pressing voltage as expressing oltage of current one expresses terms of voltage, OHMs written

i=

1 v R

1 as Conductance R of the component and write i = Gv We define G =

The unit of conductance is Siemens

Some practical resistors

Symbol

i
+ v

Notice passive sign convention

Circuit Represent ation

+ v=0 Short

i=0

Circuit

Open Circuit

R=0 G=

R= G=0

OHMS LAW PROBLEM SOLVING TIP

v = Ri

i = Gv OHM' s Law

Given Voltage and Resistance Compute Current V

One equation and three variables. Given ANY two the third can be found

I=

12[V ]
I = 4[ A]

R = 3

Given current and resistance Find the voltage

I = 2A R = 5

+ V = 10[V ]

Notice use of Determine direction of the current passive sign using passive sign convention convention

Table 1 Keeping Units Straight

Given Current and Voltage Find Resistance

Voltage Volts Volts mV mV

Current Amps mA A mA

Resistance Ohms

+ 20[V ]
V R= I

I = 4[ A]

k
m

R = 5

GIVEN VOLTAGE AND CONDUCTANCE

REFERENCE DIRECTIONS SATISFY PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

i ( t ) = Gv ( t ) OHMS LAW
UNITS? CONDUCTANCE IN SIEMENS, VOLTAGE IN VOLTS. HENCE CURRENT IN AMPERES

i ( t ) = 8[ A]

OHMS LAW

v (t ) = Ri ( t )

UNITS?

4[V ] = (2) i ( t ) i ( t ) = 2[ A]

4V +

v (t ) = Ri (t )
OHMS LAW

THE EXAMPLE COULD BE GIVEN LIKE THIS

RESISTORS AND ELECTRIC POWER

Resistors are passive components that can only absorb energy. Combining Ohm s law and the Ohms expressions for power we can derive several useful expressions

Given P , i P v v = ,R = i i

Given v, R
v v2 i = , P = vi = R R
Given P, R

Given i, R v = Ri , P = vi = Ri 2

i=

P = vi (Power) v = Ri , or i = Gv (Ohm' s Law)

P , v = Ri = PR R

If not given, the reference direction for voltage or current can be chosen and the other is given by the passive sign convention

Problem solving tip: There are four bl l i i h f variables (P,v,i,R) and two equations. Given any two variables one can find the other two.

A MATTER OF UNITS

Working with SI units Volt, Ampere Watt, Ohm, there is never a problem. One must be careful when using b f l h i multiples or sub multiples.

EXAMPLE : R = 40 k, i = 2mA 0

The basic strategy is to express all given variables in SI units

v = (40 *103 ) * (2 *10 3 A) = 80[V ]

P = Ri 2 = ( 40 *103 ) * ( 2 *10 3 A) 2 = 160 *10 3 [W ]

DETERMINE CURRENT AND POWER ABSORBED BY RESISTOR

P =?

= 6mA
V 2 P = (12[V ])(6[mA ]) P = VI = I R = = 72[ mW ] R
2

I 0.5 103[ A] VS = IR VS = VS = = 10[V ] G 50 106 [ S ]

I2 0.5 103[ A] 2 2 P=I R= P= = 0.5 10 [W ] G 50 106 [ S ] 5[ mW ]

0.6[mA ]

I=

V 6[V ] = R 10k P = I 2R 80 103[W ] R= 2 3 4 10 A R = 5k

2 VS P= R

VS2 = (10 103 )(3.6 10 3W ) VS = 6[V ]

P = VS I 80[ mW ] W = 5[V ] VS = 4[mA]

Voltage Divider
R1 V1 = V R1 + R 2
V2 = V R2 R1 + R2

The voltage appearing across one of the series resistances is the total voltage times the ratio of its resistance to the total resistance.

Current Divider
The current through one of the two parallel resistors is the total current times the ratio of the other resistance to the sum of resistances.

Find I1 and I2 in terms of current I t I.

I1 = I R2 G1 or I1 = I G1 + G2 R1 + R2

R1 G2 I2 = I or I 2 = I R1 + R2 G1 + G2

Example
Using the voltage divider and current divider techniques, determine the techniques unknown currents through and voltages across the resistances in the circuit of the given figure.

Solution: We first combine the resistances to simplify the circuit.

R p = 4 || 6 = 2.4 ; Rnet = 2 + 2.4 = 4.4

Vs = 2 4.4 = 8.8 V

We now restore the original circuit. i i Using voltage divider, find v1 and v2.

and

2 v1 = 8.8 = 4V 2 + 2.4 2.4 v4 = 8.8 = 4 8V 4.8 2 + 2.4

Note that voltage v4 is the same as v2 and v3.

Using Ohm s law, get currents i1 and i2. Ohms

and

4.8 V i2 = = 1.2 A 4 4.8 V i3 = = 0.8 A 6