NDT Specification

Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methods are employed to detect surface andlor indepth in homogeneties without imparing the usefulness of the material or froduct. To be able to rely on the results of a NDT examination, the test type and procedure must be carried out inaccordance with recommended standards. Correct and effective use of non-destructive testing will result in detecting flaws that if not found may cause considerable economic cost and even loss of homan life. In the field of NDT , the wide scop of applications on one hand and, the need to have immediate access to relevant information on the other hand, has brought about the requirement for compiling specific NDT information for partication(s) . These information are presented in a report called NDT SPECIFICATION. Since the content of a NDT specifiction document is limited to one or more particular products thus the type and extent of information provided may differ from one NDT specification to another. However every NDT specification must at least satisfy the basic reqirements for information on NDT of a specific material or product. For example : In a NDT specification for pipes, initially the material in which the pipe is made of shall be distinguished ie Metallic / Non metallic, than based on the ANSI B31.3 defenitions the fluid category must be classified. In view of the pipe material and fluid category the NDT specification document for pipes shall contain standard (ASME B31.3) information on at least the following headings. Examination Requirements Extent of required examination Examination proceccures Types of Examination Testing In a NDT specificationfor vessels, initially the vessel type (vertical horizontal) and shape (cylindrical other shopes ) shoold be decidd on. Then in accordance with API & ASME recommendations the vessel category which is based on the working pressure should be identified . It may be one of the following : Atmospheric pressure storage tank Low pressure storage tank Pressure vessels In the case of pressure vessels in addition on to parameter of pressure , materials of construction and fabrication method shal also be considered. In the NDT specification for every category of vessel at least the following items be corered. Inspection Testing

Standards of Acceptabilities Dimensional tolerances Weld Repair Reference and standards

Material Specification
Material selection is an inseporable part of every project design process. It is particularly important when there are special requirements inposted by the design specifications. In most industrios and particularly in process ones often components & equipment find thems elves in harsh environments which is not designed to be compatible with , them the consequencas of material failuros could be considerable. A material is considered rouitble for a given job is the properties of the material show that it will fonction properly for the internded period under the specified circumstances. The deciding parameters include mechanical and metallurgial properties. Althaugh other facts like cost and availability are also considered. In the material specification document the first inportant item to be considered is material service environment. Within which the folowing items should be corereal . FLUID TYPE LIAVIDS GASES OTHERS FWIO Characteristics Within each category equipment and piping componento for which a material should be specified are as follow. Pipe Material Fittings Material Pump Material Flanges Material Storoge Tanks Valves Material References & Standards Bolting Material Gasket Material

Corrosion Specification
The aim of a corrosion speciffaton is to proride in formationon corrosion aspects of a project so that with regard to the requiirements of the project any steps necessory tobe taken can be foreseen. Corrosion is defined as the deteriortion of anaterial because of reactionwith its environment. This reaction which may evantcally lead to the complete

destruction of material imposes considerable cost to industry . It is therefore crocial to insustry to identify its corrosire services and corrosion suseptible areas. Taking such steps would enable running or future industries to take measures to combot some of the deleterious offects of corrosion such as maintenance cost / flont shut downs, product contamination . production loss , apperance, safety and reliability . The corrosion specification document should at least cover the following items and provide ample information on each. Forms of Corrosion Corrosion Behaviour of Materials Material Selection Corrosion Prevention Design Pgainst Corrosion Corrosion in Welding Inspection of Testing Reference and standards

Manufacturig Equipment Calculation

In manufacturing industry work is performed on raw materials transform them in to semifinished or finished products using standard and / or non standard equipment. Therefore , depending on productis manufacturing requirements , the designer has to specify the equipment shich either can be selected or have to be designed. The manufactvring equipment calevlation documant concerns non standard equipment and for every equipment designeal one such document shall be produced. It shall contain information on major aspects of the design process. In general design begins with the recognition of a need and the conception of an idea to meet the need . It proceeds with the definition of the problem to be solved expressed in engineering terms. These have to be documented but, here ofter this document by passes many steps and shall only state the final solutions to the problem. Also , all assumptions made during design process shall be documented as it helps the evalvationprocess. Further to that this document should also provide information on component manufacturing method(s) , materials of construction , assembly procedure and all standards used during design process.

Welding Specification
Once the satisfactory design of a product , structure , or a plant has been evolved , it is certoin that during the construction among many processes the role of joining is also significant in rhw realization of the design .

Where permissible , jioning by welding is one of the most economic means of connectiong things together . Having said that it is only by having sound welds that the above aim would be reached. Defect free welds are obtained if weld preparation and operation is performed in accordance with standard recommendations. Thus , the arm of a welding specification is to provied standard (AWS, IIW, ASME, API, ASTM, ) recommendations on welding procedures. For specified case(s) . Since different standards provied imformation on different equipment therefore the usefulness of a welding specification is bounded by its limited scope. The information compiled in a welding specification document shall at least cover the pollowing headings . Aim and scop of application(s) Welding Procedure Specification Procedure Qualification Record Welders Performance Qualification Materials of Construction Materials of construction Welding Electrods Weld Preparation Procedure Preheat & Post Weld Heat Treatment Procedure Quality Control & Inspection References & standards

Surface Protection Specification

Corrosion Problems in chemical plants and in plants located in arms with wet and humid climate can be considerable and , infllicated financial lost may be substancial . It is therefore impreatire for industry to take effective measures against corrosion . The choice of method is not easy . Quite apart from the simple fact that the methods of protectionore by no means universally applicable , choise is partly governed by the actvar environmental conditions and partly economic considerations. The general problem in corrosion design and the application of protective measures demand common sense imaginative thinking , experience and synthesis of cost. This document is the surface protection specifications aimed to meet parts of the above mentioned requirements and , for this reason it should contain information and stundard recomen dations on the following items. One- Corrosive Mediums Two- Surface Protection Methods Painting

Lining Rubber Plastic Cements Gless Ceramics Coatings Conversion Metallic Cladding Three- Design against Corrosion Four- Surface Preparation Precedures Five- Procedures for Impelementation of surface protection measures Six- Its pection and quality control measues Seven- References & standards