Laplace transform - examples

Example 1. Find Laplace transform of f(t) = 3, when

t 0
Solution:
L(f(t)) = L(3) =
_

0
e
st
3dt =
_

0
3
s
e
st
= lim
T
_
T
0
3
s
e
st
= lim
T
_
3
s
e
sT
+
3
s
e
0
_
=
3
s
Example 2. Find Laplace transform of f(t) = e
at
, when
t 0, a is constant.
Solution:
L(e
at
) =
_

0
e
st
e
at
dt =
1
a s
_

0
e
(sa)t
sa>0
=
L(e
at
) =
1
s a
.
Example 3. Find Laplace transform of f(t) = cos(t),
when t 0
Solution:
1
L(cos t) = I =
_

0
e
st
cos tdt
=
_

0
e
st
s
cos t +
_

0
e
st
s
sin tdt
=
1
s

_

0
e
st
s
2
sin t
_

0
e
st
s
2
cos tdt
I =
1
s


2
s
2
I
I(1 +

2
s
2
) =
1
s
I =
1/s
1 +
2
/s
2
=
s
s
2
+
2
Example 4. Find Laplace transform of
f(t) =
_
k, if 1 t 4
0, elsewhere
Solution:
L(f(t)) =
_

0
e
st
f(t)dt =
_
4
1
e
st
kdt+
_

4
e
st
0dt+
_
1
0
e
st
0dt
=
_
4
1
ke
st
s
=
k
s
(e
s
e
4s
)
Example 5. Calculate Laplace transform of function
f(t) = cosh at =
e
at
+ e
at
2
Solution:
2
L(cosh at) =
1
2
L(e
at
) +
1
2
L(e
at
)
=
1
2
_

0
e
st
e
at
dt +
1
2
_

0
e
st
e
at
dt
=
1
2
_

0
e
(as)t
dt +
1
2
_

0
e
(a+s)t
dt
=
1
2(a s)
_

0
(a s)e
(as)t
dt

1
2(a + s)
_

0
(a s)e
(a+s)t
dt
=
1
2(a s)
_

0
e
(as)t

1
2(a + s)
_

0
e
(a+s)t
s>a0
=
1
2(a s)
(0 1)
1
2(a + s)
(0 1)
=
1
2
_
1
s a
+
1
s + a
_
=
1
2
_
s + a + s a
(s a)(s + a)
_
=
1
2

2s
s
2
a
2
=
s
s
2
a
2
.
So when s > a 0, we have
L(cosh at) =
s
s
2
a
2
.
Example 6. Solution:
Laplace transform is of form
F(s) =
1
(s a)(s b)
, a = b
3
What is the original function? In other words calculate
inverse Laplace transform, L
1
(F).
1
(s a)(s b)
=
1
a b
1
s a

1
a b
1
s b
,
so
f(t) = L
1
(F) = L
1
_
1
a b
_
1
s a

1
s b
__
=
1
a b
_
L
1
_
1
s a
_
L
1
_
1
s b
__
=
1
a b
_
e
at
e
bt
_
.
L
1
(F) is a linear transform, because L(f) is linear.
Example 7. Calculate inverse Laplace transform when
a)F(S) =
5s
s
2
25
b)F(s) =
2
s
4

3
s
6
Solution:
a)
F(s) =
5s
s
2
25
= 5
s
s
2
5
2
f(t) = L
1
(5
s
s
2
5
2
)
= 5L
1
(
s
s
2
5
2
) = 5 cosh 5t
b)
F(s) =
2
s
4

3
s
6
f(t) = L
1
(
2
s
4

3
s
6
)
4
(Note that L(t
n
) =
n!
s
n+1
)
f(t) =
2
3!
L
1
(
3!
s
4
) 3L
1
(
5!
s
6
) =
1
3
t
3

3
5!
t
5
Example 8. Calculate Laplace transform for
a) f(t) = t
2
e
3t
b)f(t) = 5e
2t
sinh 2t c)f(t) = t
5
e
3t
Solution:
a)
(Note L(t
2
) =
2!
s
3
= F(s) see table of transforms)
L(f(t)) = L(e
3t
t
2
) = F(s + 3) =
2!
(s + 3)
3
b)
(Note L(sinh 2t) =
2
s
2
2
2
= F(s) see table of trans-
forms))
L[5e
2t
sinh 2t] = 5L[e
2t
sinh 2t] = 5F(s2) = 5
2
(s 2)
2
4
c)
(Note that L(t
n
) =
n!
s
n+1
)
L[t
5
e
3t
] =
5!
(s 3)
6
Example 9. Calculate inverse Laplace transform for
a)
1
(s+1)
2
b)
3
s
2
+6s+18
5
Solution:
a)
Note that L
1
(1/s
2
) = t, let F(s) = 1/s
2
and f(t) = t
F(s + 1) =
1
(s + 1)
2
L
1
[F(s + 1)] = e
t
t
b)
3
s
2
+ 6s + 18
=
3
s
2
+ 6s + 9 + 9
=
3
(s + 3)
2
+ 9
Now note that L
1
(
3
s
2
+3
2
) = sin 3t, let F(s) =
3
s
2
+9
and
f(t) = sin 3t
F(s + 3) =
3
(s + 3)
2
+ 9
L
1
[F(s + 3)] = e
3t
sin 3t
Example 10. Does the Laplace transform exist for a)
cosh t b)t
n
c) e
t
2
?
Solution:
a) cosh t < e
t
, where now M = 1 and k = 1 exists
b) t
n
< n!e
t
, where M = n! and k = 1 exists
c)e
t
2
> Me
kt
for all t > t
0
, where t
0
is a suciently large
number, depending on M and k does not exists.
Example 11. Let f(t) = 2t
2
. Calculate L(f(t)) using
equations for derivates and the knowledge of L(1).
Solution:
6
Because f(0) = 0, f

(0) = 0, f

(t) = 4 and L(4) =

4L(1) = 4/s, we get
L(f

) = s[sL(f)f(0)]f

(0) = s
2
L(f)
4
s
= s
2
L(f)
= L(2t
2
) = 4/s
3
Example 12. Calculate L(f) when f(t) = cos
2
t.
Solution:
f(t) = cos
2
t; f(0) = 1; f

(t) = 2 cos t(sin t) =

2 sin t cos t = sin 2t
L(sin 2t) =
2
s
2
+ 4
L(f

) = sL(f) f(0)
2
s
2
+ 4
= sL(f) 1
L(f) =
1
s

2
s(s
2
+ 4)
=
s
2
+ 2
s(s
2
+ 4)
Example 13. Calculate L(f) when f(t) = 2t cos 3t.
(using the derivative)
Solution:
f(t) = 2t cos 3t, f(0) = 0, f

(t) = 2 cos t+2t3(sin 3t),

f

(0) = 2
f

(t) = 6(sin 3t) + 6(sin 3t) + 18t(cos 3t)

7
= 12 sin 3t 18t cos 3t = 12 sin 3t 9f(t)
L(f

) = 12L(sin 3t) 9L(f) = (s[sL(f) f(0)]

f

(0) = s
2
L(f) 2)

12
3
s
2
+ 3
2
+ 2 = (s
2
+ 9)L(f)
L(f) =
36
(s
2
+ 9)
2
+
2
s
2
+ 9
=
2s
2
18
(s
2
+ 9)
2
Example 14. Solve initial value problem
y

y = t, y(0) = 1, y

(0) = 1.
1. step. Using second derivative and table we get sub-
sidiary equation
s
2
Y sy(0) y

(0) Y =
1
s
2
which is equal to
(s
2
1)Y = s + 1 +
1
s
2
.
2. step. Transfer function is
Q =
1
s
2
1
,
8
so we get
Y = (s + 1)Q +
1
s
2
Q =
s + 1
s
2
1
+
1
s
2
(s
2
1)
=
1
s 1
+
_
1
s
2
1

1
s
2
_
.
3. step. Y s transform we get using tables
y(t) = L
1
(Y ) = L
1
_
1
s 1
_
+ L
1
_
1
s
2
1
_
L
1
_
1
s
2
_
= e
t
+ sinh t t.
Example 15. Solve initial value problem
9y

6y

+ y = 0 y(0) = 3, y

(0) = 1
1. step. Using second derivative and table we get sub-
sidiary equation
9(s
2
Y (s) sy(0) y

(0)) 6(s(Y (s) y(0)) +Y (s) = 0

9(s
2
Y (s) 3s 1) 6(s(Y (s) 3) + Y (s) = 0
(9s
2
6s + 1)Y (s) = 27s 9
(s
2
2/3s + 1/9)Y (s) = 3s 1
(s 1/3)
2
Y (s) = 3s 1
2. step. Transfer function is
Q =
1
(s 1/3)
2
,
9
so we get
Y (s) =
3s
(s 1/3)
2

1
(s 1/3)
2
= 3
s 1/3
(s 1/3)
2
=
3
s 1/3
3. step. Y s transform we get using tables
y(t) = 3e
1/3t
Example 16. The LRC circuit consists of a resistor R,
a capacitor C and an inductor L connected in series to-
gether with a voltage source e(t). Prior to closing the
switch at time t = 0, both the charge on the capacitor
and the resulting current in the circuit are zero. Deter-
mine the charge q(t) on the capacitor and the resulting
current i(t) in the circuit at time t given that R = 160
ohms, L = 1 henry, C = 10
4
farad and e(t) = 20 V.
We are assuming that q(0) = q

(0) = 0.
Solution:
- Kirchhos second law gives: Ri +L
di
dt
+
1
C
_
idt =
U(t) or by using charge (i =
dq
dt
) instead of current we
have
L
d
2
q
dt
2
+ R
dq
dt
+
1
C
q = e(t)
q

+ 160q

+ 10
4
q = 20
Our subsidiary equation is now:
10
L(q) = Q(s)
s
2
Q(s) + 160sQ(s) + 10
4
Q(s) =
20
s
(s
2
+ 160s + 10
4
)Q(s) =
20
s
Q(s) =
20
s(s
2
+ 160s + 10
4
)
=
A
s
+
Bs + C
(s
2
+ 160s + 10
4
)
=
As
2
+ 160As + 10
4
A + Bs
2
+ Cs
s(s
2
+ 160s + 10
4
)
_

_
s
2
: A + B = 0
s
1
: 160A + C = 0
s
0
: 10
4
A = 20
A =
1
500
, B =
1
500
, C =
160
500
Q(s) =
1
500
s

1
500
_
s + 160
s
2
+ 160s + 10
4
_
(Notice that divider can be written: s
2
+160s +10
4
=
s
2
+ 160s + 6400 + 3600 = (s + 80)
2
+ 60
2
)
=
1
500
s

1
500
_
s + 80
(s + 80)
2
+ 60
2
+
4
3
60
(s + 80)
2
+ 60
2
_
11
Taking the inverse transform gives
q(t) = L
1
[Q(s)] =
1
500

1
500
_
e
80t
cos 60t +
4
3
e
80t
sin 60t
_
by derivating this we get for the current:
i(t) =
dq
dt
=
1
3
e
80t
sin 60t
Example 17. The mass-spring-damper system is sub-
jected to an externally applied periodic for F(t) = 4 sin 2t
at time t = 0. Determine the resulting displacement y(t)
of the mass at time t, given that y(0) = y

(0) = 0, and
spring constant k = 25, damping coecient B = 6 and
mass m = 1.
Solution
Dierential equation for the system is:
My

(t) + By

(t) + ky(t) = F(t)

Now we have:
y

+ 6y

+ 25y = 4 sin 2t
Subsidiary equation is
s
2
Y + 6sY + 25Y = 4
2
s
2
+ 4
12
(s
2
+6s+25)Y =
8
s
2
+ 4
, Y =
8
(s
2
+ 4)(s
2
+ 6s + 25)
=
As + B
s
2
+ 4
+
Cs + D
s
2
+ 6s + 25
8 = As
3
+ 6As
2
+ 25As + Bs
2
+ 6Bs + 25B +
Cs
3
+ 4Cs + Ds
2
+ 4D
_

_
s
3
: A + C = 0
s
2
: 6A + B + D = 0
s
1
: 25A + 6B + 4C = 0
s
0
: 25B + 4D = 8
D =
40
195
, C =
16
195
, B =
56
195
, A =
16
195
s
2
+ 6s + 25 = s
2
+ 6s + 9 + 16 = (s + 3)
2
+ 4
2
Y (s) =
4
195
_
4
s
s
2
+ 4
+ 7
2
s
2
+ 4
_
+
2
195
_
8(s + 3)
(s + 3)
2
+ 4
2

4
(s + 3)
2
+ 4
2
_
y(t) = L
1
(Y (s)) =
4
195
(4 cos 2t + 7 sin 2t) +
2
195
e
3t
(8 cos 4t sin 4t)
Example 18. Compute f(t), when
L(f) =
1
s(s
2
+
2
)
.
From table we get that
L
1
_
1
s
2
+
2
_
=
1

sin t.
13
According to theorem we get
f(t) = L
1
_
1
s
_
1
s
2
+
2
__
=
1

_
t
0
sin d =
1

2
(1cos t).
Example 19. Compute f(t), when
L(f) =
1
s
2
(s
2
+
2
)
.
Applying theorem integration of f(t) to previous exam-
ples 18 solution we get
f(t) = L
1
_
1
s
2
_
1
s
2
+
2
__
=
1

2
_
t
0
(1 cos )d
=
1

2
_
t
sin t

_
.
Example 20. Solve initial value problem
y

+ 0.2y = 0.01t, y(0) = 0.25

Solution:
Subsidiary equation:
sY (s) + 0.25 + 0.2Y (s) =
0.01
s
2
(s + 0.2)Y =
0.01
s
2
0.25
For transfer function we get 1/(s + 0.2)
14
Y =
0.01
s
2
(s + 0.2)

0.25
s + 0.2
From tables we get that: L
1
_
1
sa
_
= e
at
. From inte-
gration theorem:
L
1
_
1
s(s a)
_
=
_
t
0
e
a
d =
_
t
0
1
a
e
a
=
1
a
(e
at
1)
L
1
_
1
s
2
(s a)
_
=
_
t
0
1
a
(e
a
1)d
=
_
t
0
1
a
2
e
a

1
a
_
t
0
=
1
a
2
(e
at
1)
t
a
Now a = 0.2
L
1
(Y ) = 0.01
_
1
0.04
(e
0.2t
1) +
t
0.2
_
0.25e
0.2t
Example 21. Using the Laplace transform, nd the
current i(t) in the LC-circuit, assuming L = 2 henry,
C = 0.5 farad, zero initial current and charge on the ca-
pacitor, and v(t) = 10 ohms. Equation for the circuit
is
Li

(t) +
1
C
_
t
0
i()d = v(t)
15
Solution:
L[i(t)] = I(s)
For subsidiary equation we get:
LsI(s) +
1
C
I(s)
s
=
10
s

_
LCs
2
+ 1
Cs
_
I(s) =
10
s
I(s) =
10Cs
s(LCs
2
+ 1)
=
10C
LC(s
2
+
1
LC
)
=
10
L(s
2
+
1
LC
)
L[
1
(s
2
+
1
LC
)
] =
1
1

LC
sin
t

LC
i(t) = L
1
(I(s)) =
10
L

LC sin
t

LC
with L = 2 and C = 0.5 we get i(t) = 5 sin t.
Example 22. Iron balls mass is m = 2. It is anchored
in elastic springs bottom while upper end is xed to wall.
Spring constant is k = 10. Let y(t) be balls displacement
form the equilibrium at time t. Dene balls free oscil-
larion starting from place y(0) = 2 and initial speed is
16
y

(0) = 4. We assume that damping is proportional to

speed while damping constant is c = 4.
Initial value problem for movement is equations
y

+ 2y

+ 5y = 0, y(0) = 2, y

(0) = 4
solution y(t).
Remembering transforms for rst and second deriva-
tive we get subsidiary equation
s
2
Y 2s + 4 + 2(sY 2) + 5Y = 0,
Which solution is
Y (s) =
2s
(s + 1)
2
+ 2
2
= 2
s + 1
(s + 1)
2
+ 2
2

2
(s + 1)
2
+ 2
2
.
Because
L
1
_
s
s
2
+ 2
2
_
= cos 2t, L
1
_
2
s
2
+ 2
2
_
= sin 2t,
We get the solution
y(t) = L
1
(Y ) = e
t
(2 cos 2t sin 2t).
Example 23 (nonhomogenic dierential equation). Solve
the initial value problem
y

2y

+ y = e
t
+ t, y(0) = 1, y

(0) = 0.
Remembering transforms for derivatives and from the ini-
17
tial values we get subsidiary equation
(s
2
Y s) 2(sY 1) + Y =
1
s 1
+
1
s
2
=(s
2
2s + 1)Y = (s 1)
2
Y = s 2 +
1
s 1
+
1
s
2
=Y =
s 2
(s 1)
2
+
1
(s 1)
3
+
1
s
2
(s 1)
2
.
Applying S-shift. First term is
s 2
(s 1)
2
=
s 1
(s 1)
2

1
(s 1)
2
=
1
s 1

1
(s 1)
2
,
Which inverse transform is e
t
te
t
. From tables and using
s-shift we get inverse transform for second term t
2
e
t
/2.
Third term we get by using partial fractions
1
s
2
(s 1)
2
=
A
(s 1)
2
+
B
s 1
+
C
s
2
+
D
s
s
2
(s1)
2
=
1 = As
2
+ Bs
2
(s 1) + C(s 1)
2
+ D(s 1)
2
s.
And
s = 0 = C = 1; s = 1 = A = 1. s
3
terms sum = 0 =
D + B = 0, so we get D = B s terms sum = 0 =
2C + D = 0 = D = 2, B = D = 2.

1
s
2
(s 1)
2
=
1
(s 1)
2
+
2
s 1
+
1
s
2
+
2
s
,
which inverse transform is te
t
2e
t
+ t + 2. Collecting
all the inverse transforms together we get
y(t) = L
1
(Y ) = e
t
te
t
+
1
2
t
2
e
t
+(t2)e
t
+t+2 = e
t
+
1
2
t
2
e
t
+t+2.
18
Example 24. Calculate inverse transform for function
F(s) =
e
3s
s
3
Because L
1
(1/s
3
) = t
2
/2 we get using t-shift that
L
1
_
e
3s
s
3
_
=
1
2
(t3)
2
u(t3) =
_
0, when t < 3
1
2
(t 3)
2
, when t > 3.
Example 25. Find Laplace transform for function
f(t) =
_

_
2, when 0 < t <
0, when < t < 2
sin t, when t > 2
1. step. We nd f(t) using unit step functions. When
0 < t < , we get 2 = 2u(t). when t > , we need f(t)s
value 0, so we reduce step function by 2u(t ). Then
we have 2u(t) 2u(t ) = 0, when t > . When we
get to 2, we need sin t, so we add u(t 2) sin t. When
we combine these we get
f(t) = 2u(t) 2u(t ) + u(t 2) sin t.
2. step. According to sines periodicity last term is
u(t 2) sin(t 2), so using unit step function and
T-shift and tables we get
L(f) =
2
s

2e
s
s
+
e
2s
s
2
+ 1
.
19
Example 26. Find the current i(t) in the circuit if a
single square wave with voltage v
0
is applied. The circuit
is assumed to be quiescent before the square wave is ap-
plied and the equation for the circuit is:
Ri(t) +
q(t)
C
= Ri(t) +
1
C
_
t
0
i()d = v(t)
v(t) with two unit step functions:
v(t) = v
0
(u(t a) u(t b))
Subsidiary equations:
RI(s) +
I(s)
sC
=
v
0
s
_
e
as
e
bs
_
by solving this algebraically for I(s) we get
I(s) = F(s)
_
e
as
e
bs
_
where F(s) =
v
0
/R
s+1/RC
L
1
(F) =
v
0
R
e
t/(RC)
20
i(t) = L
1
(I) = L
1
_
e
as
F(s)
_
L
1
_
e
bs
F(s)
_
=
v
0
R
_
e
(ta)
RC
u(t a) e
(tb)
RC
u(t b)
_
that is i = 0 if t < a and
i(t) =
_
K
1
e
t/RC
, if a < t < b
(K
1
K
2
)e
t/RC
, if t > b
where K
1
=
v
0
R
e
a/RC
and K
2
=
v
0
R
e
b/RC
Example 27. Calculate the Laplace transform of u(t
1)(t
2
+ 2t)
Solution:
Here f(t) = t
2
+ 2t, so f(t + 1) = t
2
+ 4t + 3
L
_
u(t 1)(t
2
+ 2t)
_
= e
s
L(t
2
+4t+3) = e
s
_
2
s
3
+
4
s
2
+
3
s
_
Example 28. Find L
_
u(t

2
) sin t
_
Solution:
L
_
u(t

2
) sin t
_
= e
/2
L(sin(t + /2))
21
= e
/2
L(cos(t)) = e
/2
s
s
2
+ 1
Example 29. Using the Laplace transform, nd the cur-
rent i(t) in the LC-circuit, assuming L = 1 henry, C = 1
farad, zero initial current and charge on the capacitor,
and v(t) = 1 if 0 < t < a and v(t) = 0 if otherwise.
Equation for the circuit is
Li

(t) +
1
C
_
t
0
i()d = v(t)
Solution:
Now v(t) = 1 u(t a) and L(v(t)) =
1
s

e
as
s
.
Our subsidiary equation is now:
sI(s) +
I(s)
s
=
1
s

e
as
s
(s
2
+ 1)I(s) = 1 e
as
I(s) =
1
s
2
+ 1

e
as
s
2
+ 1
L
1
[
1
s
2
+ 1
] = sin t, L
1
[e
as
1
s
2
+ 1
] = sin(ta)u(t
a)
i(t) = sin tsin(ta)u(ta) =
_
sin t t < a
sin t sin(t a) t > a
22
Example 30. Response of a damped vibrating system
to a single square wave and to a unit impulse.
Determine the response of the damped mass-spring sys-
tem governed by
y

+ 3y

+ 2y = r(t), y(0) = 0. y

(0) = 0
a) where r(t) is the square wave r(t) = u(t1)u(t2)
b) where r(t) is a unit impulse r(t) = (t 1)
Solution:
a)
Subsidiary equation:
s
2
Y (s) + 3sY (s) + 2Y (s) =
1
s
_
e
s
e
2s
_
(s
2
+ 3s + 2)Y (s) =
1
s
_
e
s
e
2s
_
Y (s) = F(s)
_
e
s
e
2s
_
where F(s) =
1
s(s+1)(s+2)
F(s) =
1/2
s

1
s + 1
+
1/2
s + 2
f(t) = L
1
(F) =
1
2
e
t
+
1
2
e
2t
Therefore we have
y(t) = L
1
(F(s)e
s
F(s)e
2s
= f(t1)u(t1)f(t2)u(t2)
23
y(t) =
_
_
_
0, if 0 t 1
1
2
e
(t1)
+
1
2
e
2(t1)
, if 1 < t < 2
e
(t1)
+ e
(t2)
+
1
2
e
2(t1)

1
2
e
2(t2)
, if t > 2
b)
r(t) = (t 1)
Subsidiary equation:
s
2
Y (s) + 3sY (s) + 2Y (s) = e
s
Y (s) = F(s)e
s
where F(s) =
1
(s+1)(s+2)
=
1
s+1

1
s+2
Taking the inverse of F we get:
f(t) = L
1
(F) = e
t
e
2t
Hence
y(t) = L
1
(e
s
F(s)) = f(t 1)u(t 1)
y(t) =
_
0, if 0 t 1
e
(t1)
e
2(t1)
, if t > 1
24
Example 31. Derive following equations which are given
with original functions
Transform:
1
(s
2
+
2
)
2
, original function:
1
2
3
(sin tt cos t)
(1)
Transform:
s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
, original function:
t
2
sin t
(2)
Transform:
s
2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
, original function:
1
2
(sin t+t cos t)
(3)
Solution:
L[sin t] =

s
2
+
2
= F(s)
L[t sin t] = F

(s) =
12s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
=
2s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
L[cos t] =
s
s
2
+
2
= F(s)
L[t cos t] = F

(s) =
s
2
+
2
2s
2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
=
s
2

2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
1)
25
L
_
1
2
3
(sin t t cos t)
_
=
1
2
3
_

s
2
+
2

s
2

2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
_
=
1
2
2
_
1
s
2
+
2

s
2

2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
_
=
1
2
2
_
s
2
+
2
s
2
+
2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
_
=
1
(s
2
+
2
)
2
2)
L
_
t
2
sin t
_
=
1
2
2s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
=
s
(s
2
+
2
)
2
3)
L
_
1
2
(sin t + t cos t)
_
=
1
2
(

s
2
+
2
+
s
2

2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
)
=
1
2
(
s
2
+
2
+ s
2

2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
) =
s
2
(s
2
+
2
)
2
Example 32. The mass-spring-damper system is sub-
jected to an externally applied periodic force F(t) =
4 sin t at time t = 0. Determine the resulting displace-
ment y(t) of the mass at time t, given that y(0) = y

(0) =
26
0, and = 5, spring constant k = 25, mass m = 1 and
damping coecient B = 0. Dierential equation for the
system is
my

+ By

+ ky = F(t)
solution:
Subsidiary equation for the system is
s
2
Y (s)+25Y (s) = 4
5
s
2
+ 25
(s
2
+25)Y (s) =
20
s
2
+ 25
Y (s) =
20
(s
2
+ 25)
2
Remembering that L
1
_
1
(s
2
+
2
)
2
_
=
1
2
3
(sin betat
t cos t)
from previous example we get:
y(t) = 20L
1
1
(s
2
+ 25)
2
=
20
2 5
3
(sin t 5t cos 5t) =
2
25
(sin t 5t cos 5t)
Now notice that
Because of the term t cos 5t, the response y(t) is un-
bounded as t !
This arises because in this case the applied force
F(t) = 4 sin 5t is in resonance with the system,
that is the vibrating mass, whose frequency is
5
2
Hz
is equal to that of applied force.
27
Resonance is of practical importance since, for exam-
ple, it can lead to a large and strong structures col-
lapsing under what appears to be a relatively small
force.
Example 33. Find inverse transform for function
ln
_
1 +

2
s
2
_
By taking the derivative we get

d
ds
ln
_
1 +

2
s
2
_
=
2
2
s(s
2
+
2
)
=
2
s
2
s
s
2
+
2
.
This is our current F(s), and original function is F(s)
integral from s to . From table we get
f(t) = L
1
(F) = L
1
_
2
s
2
s
s
2
+
2
_
= 2 2 cos t.
This function satises the conditions which is needed that
(??) exists. We can write
L
1
_
ln
_
1 +

2
s
2
__
= L
1
__

s
F( s)d s
_
=
f(t)
t
.
as an inverse transform we get
L
1
_
ln
_
1 +

2
s
2
__
=
2
t
(1 cos t).
Example 34. Laquerres dierential equation is
ty

+ (1 t)y

+ ny = 0 (4)
28
We determine a solution of (4) with n = 0, 1, 2, .... We
get
_
2sY s
2
dY
ds
+ y(0)
_
+sY y(0)
_
Y s
dY
ds
_
+nY = 0
Simplication gives
(s s
2
)
dY
ds
+ (n + 1 s)Y = 0
Separating variables, using partial fractions, integrat-
ing and taking exponentials, we get
dY
Y
=
n + 1 s
s s
2
ds =
_
n
s 1

n + 1
s
_
ds and Y =
(s 1)
n
s
n+1
(5)
We write I
n
= L
1
(Y ) and show that
l
0
= 1 l
n
(t) =
e
t
n!
d
n
dt
n
(t
n
e
t
) (6)
These are polynomials because the exponential terms
cancel if we perform the indicated dierentiations. They
are called Laquerre polynomials and are usually denoted
by L
n
Example 35. What is the original function of the trans-
form function H(s) =
1
(s
2
+1)
2
? H(s) can be written as
H(s) =
1
(s
2
+ 1)
2
=
1
s
2
+ 1

1
s
2
+ 1
, where L
1
_
1
s
2
+ 1
_
= sin t.
29
According to convolution theorem it follows
h(t) = L
1
(H) = sin t sin t =
_
t
0
sin sin(t )d
=
1
2
_
t
0
cos td +
1
2
_
t
0
cos(2 t)d =
1
2
t cos t +
1
2
sin t.
(7)
Example 36. Dene functions t and 1 convolution. These
functions can be achieved e.g. from transforms
L
1
_
1
s
2
_
= t and L
1
_
1
s
_
= 1.
According to convolution theorem transforms
1
s
3
=
1
s
2

1
s
Inverse transform is
t 1 =
_
t
0
1d =
t
2
2
.
Example 37 (Response of a oscillation system to a sin-
gle square wave ). Let us take a look at the model
y

+2y = r(t), r(t) =

_
1, when 0 < t < 1
0 otherwise
, y(0) = y

(0) = 0.
We solve this by using convolution so that we can see how
it works for inputs which are eecting the system.
Q(s) =
1
s
2
+ 2
= q(t) =
sin

2t

2
.
30
Dierential equations right sides r(t)s sentence is r(t) =
1, when 0 < t < 1, but r(t) = 0, when t > 1. Now when
applying convolution to DE, we integrate from zero to t,
when t < 1, but from zero to one, if t > 1. So when
t < 1, we get
y(t) =
1

2
_
t
0
sin

2(t)d =
1
2
_
t
0
cos

2(t) =
1
2
(1cos

2t),
and when t > 1, we get
y(t) =
1

2
_
1
0
sin

2(t)d =
1
2
[cos

2(t1)cos

2t].
Example 38 (Response of a damped system to a single
square wave). Reconsider the model
y

+3y

+2y = r(t), r(t) =

_
1, when 1 < t < 2
0 otherwise
,
when y(0) = y

(0) = 0 and solve it using the convolution

technique.
Solution:
Subsidiary equation is
s
2
Y + 3sY + 2Y =
1
s
_
e
s
e
2s
_
Now solving this in form Y (s) = QR we get that
31
Q(s) =
1
s
2
+ 3s + 2
=
1
s + 1

1
s + 2
and
R(s) =
1
s
_
e
s
e
2s
_
Because Q(s) =
1
s
2
+3s+2
=
1
s+1

1
s+2
we get that
q(t) = e
t
e
2t
Hence the integral y(t) =
_
t
0
q(t )r()d is (except
for the limits)
_
_
e
(t)
e
2(t)
_
d = e
(t)
1
2
e
2(t)
Now r(t) = 1 if 1 < t < 2. Hence if t < 1, the integral
is 0. If 1 < t < 2, we have to integrate from 1 to t.
e
0
e
(t1)

1
2
_
e
0
e
2(t1)
_
=
1
2
e
(t1)
+
1
2
e
2(t1)
If t > 2, we have to integrate from 1 to 2 only and this
gives
e
(t2)
e
(t1)

1
2
_
e
2(t2)
e
2(t1)
_
Example 39. Solve integral equation
y(t) = t +
_
t
0
y() sin(t )d.
32
1. step. Equation with convolution: We see that equation
is of form
y = t + y sin t.
2. step. Applying convolution theorem: We write Y =
L(y). According to convolution theorem we have
Y (s) =
1
s
2
+ Y (s)
1
s
2
+ 1
,
From which we can get the solution to Y (s):
Y (s) =
s
2
+ 1
s
4
=
1
s
2
+
1
s
4
.
3. step. We form inverse transform and get the solution
y(t) = t +
1
6
t
3
.
Example 40. Sometimes the convolution theorem can
be used to solve quite general initial value problems. As
illustration, consider the problem
y

2y

8y = f(t), quady(0) = 1, y

(0) = 0
Solution:
Subsidiary equation:
s
2
Y s 2(sY 1) 8Y = F(s)
33
(s
2
2s 8)Y = F(s) + s 2
Y =
F(s)
s
2
2s 8
+
s 2
s
2
2s 8
s
2
2s 8 = (s 4)(s + 2)
=
1
6
F(s)
s 4

1
6
F(s)
s + 2
+
1
3
1
s 4
+
2
3
1
s + 2
Taking the inverse Laplace transform now gives us
y(t) =
1
6
f(t) e
4t

1
6
f(t) e
2t
+
1
3
e
4t
+
2
3
e
2t
Thus we can write a solution which holds for any con-
tinuous f(t).
Example 41 (Case unrepeated factors). Solve the ini-
tial value problem
y

+ y

6y = 1 y(0) = 0, y

(0) = 1
Solution:
Subsidiary equation:
s
2
Y (s) s0 1 + sY (s) 0 6Y (s) =
1
s
34
(s
2
+ s 6)Y (s) = 1 +
1
s
=
s + 1
s
Now s
2
+s 6 = (s 2)(s +3) hence the solution for
Y (s) is
Y (s) =
s + 1
s(s 2)(s + 3)
=
A
1
s
+
A
2
s 2
+
A
3
s + 3
Next we determine A
1
, A
2
and A
3
s + 1 = (s 2)(s + 3)A
1
+ s(s + 3)A
2
+ s(s 2)A
3
taking s = 0, s = 2, s = 3 we obtain
_

_
1 = 6A
1
3 = 10A
2
2 = 15A
3
A
1
=
1
6
, A
2
=
3
10
and A
3
=
2
15
.
Taking the inverse we get
y(t) = L(Y (s)) =
1
6
+
3
10
e
2t

2
15
e
3t
Example 42. Using the Laplace transform solve the
dierential equation
y

+ y

6y = e
3t
with initial conditions y(0) = y

(0) = 0.
35
Solution: the subsidiary equation is
s
2
Y + sY 6Y =
1
s + 3
solving Y:
Y =
1
(s + 3)
2
(s 2)
Next we do partial fractions
1
(s + 3)
2
(s 2)
=
A
s + 3
+
B
(s + 3)
2
+
C
s 2
1 = A(s + 3)(s 2) + B(s 2) + C(s + 3)
2
s = 3 gives B = 1/5 and s = 2 gives C = 1/25.
Putting in s = 1 we nd
1 = 4A +
1
5
+
16
25
and so A = 1/25. Putting all this together says that
y =
1
25
e
3t

t
5
e
3t
+
1
25
e
2t
Example 43 (Case repeated factors). Solve the initial
value problem
y

3y

+ 2y = 4t, y(0) = 1, y

(0) = 1
Solution:
36
Subsidiary equation:
s
2
Y s + 1 3(sY 1) + 2Y =
4
s
2
(s
2
3s + 2)Y =
4
s
2
+ s 4 =
4 + s
3
4s
2
s
2
(s
2
3s + 2) = (s 2)(s 1), solving Y :
Y =
s
3
4s + 4
s
2
(s 2)(s 1)
=
A
2
s
2
+
A
1
s
+
B
s 2
+
C
s 1
Next we determine A
1
, A
2
, B and C
s
3
4s
2
+4 = A
2
(s2)(s1)+A
1
s(s2)(s1)+Bs
2
(s1)+Cs
2
(s2)
taking s = 1, s = 2, s = 0 we obtain
_

_
1 4 + 4 = 0 + 0 + 0 C
8 16 + 4 = 0 + 0 + 4B + 0
4 = 2A
2
So we get A
2
= 2, B = 1 and C = 1 but we do not
get A
1
!
For that we need to dierentiate and then take s = 0.
This gives
37
3s
2
8s = A
2
(2s3)+A
1
(s2)(s1)+ further terms containing s
For s = 0 we get 0 = 3A
2
+ 2A
1
A
1
=
3A
2
2
= 3.
Note for the triple root we would continue the same
way and compute the second derivative also.
Example 44 (Case unrepeated complex factors, Damped
forced vibrations). Solve the initial value problem
y

+2y

+2y = r(t), r(t) =

_
10 sin 2t, if 0 < t <
0 otherwise
,
Solution:
Subsidiary equation:
(s
2
Y s + 5) + 2(sY 1) + 2Y = 10
2
s
2
+ 4
(1 e
s
)
(s
2
+ 2s + 2)Y = 10
2
s
2
+ 4
(1 e
s
) + s 3
Y =
20
(s
2
+ 4)(s
2
+ 2s + 2)

20e
s
(s
2
+ 4)(s
2
+ 2s + 2)
+
s 3
(s
2
+ 2s + 2)
For the last fraction Table and 1. shifting theorem
gives
38
L
1
_
s + 1 4
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
_
= e
t
(cos t 4 sin t)
In rst fraction we have unrepeated complex factors.
20
(s
2
+ 4)(s
2
+ 2s + 2)
=
As + B
s
2
+ 4
+
Ms + N
s
2
+ 2s + 2
20 = (As + B)(s
2
+ 2s + 2) + (Ms + N)(s
2
+ 4)
taking s = 0 we get 20 = 2B + 4N;
1st derivative + s = 0 gives: 0 = 2A + 2B + 4M
2nd derivative + s = 0 gives: 0 = 2A + B + N
3rd derivative + s = 0 gives: 0 = A + M
M = A, A = B, N = 3A, A = 2,
B = 2, M = 2, N = 6.

2s 2
s
2
+ 4
+
2(s + 1) + 6 2
(s + 1)
2
+ 1
Taking the inverse transform (with Table and shifting
theorem)
2 cos 2t sin 2t + e
t
(2 cos t + 4 sin t)
The sum of the rst and last fractions transform is the
solution when 0 < t <
39
y(t) = 3e
3t
cos t 2 cos 2t sin 2t
Next we get the solution when dierential equation is
inuenced by external force r(t) (comes from the second
fraction). Next we switch it on and see a solution for
that.
In second fraction taken with the minus sign we have
factor e
s
. From previous result and second shifting
theorem we get
+2 cos(2t2)+sin(2t2)e
(t)
(2 cos(t ) + 4 sin(t ))
The sum of this and previous result is the solution for
t >
y(t) = e
t
((3 + 2e

) cos t + 4e

sin t)
Example 45 (Case unrepeated complex factors, LC
circuit). Using the Laplace transform, nd the current
i(t) in following LC-circuit assuming L = 1 henry, C = 1
farad, zero initial current and charge on the capacitor and
v(t) = t if 0 < t < 1 and v(t) = 1 if t > 1
Li

+
1
C
_
t
0
i()d = v(t)
Solution:
40
i

+
1
C
_
t
0
i()d = v(t)
v(t) = t(u(t) u(t 1)) + u(t 1)
L(tu(t)) = e
0s
1
s
2
L(tu(t 1)) = e
s
L(t + 1) = e
s
(
1
s
2
+
1
s
)
L(u(t 1)) =
e
s
s
Subsidiary equation:
si +
i
s
=
1
s
2
e
s
(
1
s
2
+
1
s
) +
e
s
s
=
1 e
s
s
2
Multiplying with s we get:
(s
2
+ 1)i =
1 e
s
s
i =
1 e
s
s(s
2
+ 1)
=
1
s(s
2
+ 1)

e
s
s(s
2
+ 1)
1
s(s
2
+ 1)
=
A
s
+
Bs + C
s
2
+ 1
41
_

_
s
2
: A + B = 0
s
1
: C = 0
s
0
: A = 1
i =
1
s

s
s
2
+ 1
e
s
_
1
s

s
s
2
+ 1
_
Taking the inverse transform:
i(t) = 1 cos t (1 cos(t 1)) u(t 1)
i(t) =
_
1 cos t 0 < t1
cos(t 1) cos t t > 1
Example 46. Using the Laplace transform solve the
dierential equation
y

+ 6y

+ 13y = 0
with initial conditions y(0) = 0 and y

(0) = 1.
Solution: So, taking the Laplace transform of the
equation we get,
s
2
Y 1 + 6sY + 13Y = 0
and, hence,
Y =
1
s
2
+ 6s + 13
.
42
Now, using minus b plus or minus the square root of b
squared minus four a c all over two a, we get
s
2
+ 6s + 13 = 0
if
s =
6

36 52
2
= 3 2i
which means
s
2
+ 6s + 13 = (s + 3 2i)(s + 3 + 2i)
Next, we do the partial fraction expansion,
1
s
2
+ 6s + 13
=
A
s + 3 2i
+
B
s + 3 + 2i
and multiplying across we get
1 = A(s + 3 + 2i) + B(s + 3 2i)
therefore we choose s = 3 + 2i to get
A =
1
4i
=
i
4
and s = 3 2i to get
B =
1
4i
=
i
4
and so
Y =
i
4
1
s + 3 2i
+
i
4
1
s + 3 + 2i
.
43
If we take the inverse transform
y(t) =
i
4
e
(32i)t
+
i
4
e
(3+2i)t
=
i
4
e
3t
(e
2it
e
2it
)
=
1
2
e
3t
sin 2t
Example 47. In an undamped mass-spring system, res-
onance occurs if the frequency of the driving force equals
the natural frequency of the system. Then the model is
y

+
2
0
y = K sin
0
t
Solve this dierential equation with initial values y(0) =
y

(0) = 0 and K = 1 and

0
= 1.
Solution:
Subsidiary equation:
s
2
Y + Y =
1
s
2
+ 1
(s
2
+ 1)Y =
1
s
2
+ 1
Y =
1
s
2
+ 1
1
s
2
+ 1
= F(s)G(s)
From tables:
L
1
_
1
s
2
+ 1
_
= sin t
44
Now
Y (s) = H(s) = F(s)G(s)
and
y(t) = h(t) = (fg)(t) =
_
t
0
f()g(t)d =
_
t
0
sin() sin(t)d
(sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y)
=
_
t
0
sin() sin(t) cos()d
_
t
0
sin() cos(t) sin()d
(sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x)
=
sin t
2
_
t
0
sin(2)d cos t
_
t
0
sin
2
()d
(sin
2
x = 1/2(1 cos 2x))
=
sin t
4
_
t
0
cos(2)
cos t
2
__
t
0
d
_
t
0
cos(2)d
_
=
sin t cos 2t
4
+
sin t
4

t cos t
2
+
cos t sin 2t
4
(sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y)
=
sin(t + 2t)
4
+
sin t
4

t cos t
2
=
sin(t)
4

sin t
4

t cos t
2
=
sin t
2

t cos t
2
45
Example 48. Mixing problem involving two tanks
Tank T
1
contains initially 100 gal of pure water. Tank
T
2
contains initially 100 gal of water in which 150 lb of
salt are dissolved. The inow into T
1
is 2 gal/min from
T
2
and 6 gal/min containing 6 lb of salt from the outside.
The inow into T
2
is 8 gal/min from T
1
. The outow
from T
2
is 2 +6 = 8 gal/min. The mixtures are kept uni-
form by stirring. Find the salt contents y
1
(t) and y
2
(t)
in T
1
and T
2
respectively.
Solution:
The model is obtained in the form of two equations:
Time rate of change = Inow/min - Outow/min
y

1
=
2
100
y
2

8
100
y
1
+ 6
y

2
=
8
100
y
1

8
100
y
2
y
1
(0) = 0, y
2
(0) = 150
Subsidiary equations for the system is
sY
1
0 = 0.02Y
2
0.08Y
1
+
6
s
sY
2
150 = 0.08Y
1
0.08Y
2
46
Collecting Y
1
and Y
2
terms:
(s + 0.08)Y
1
0.02Y
2
=
6
s
0.08Y
1
+ (s + 0.08)Y
2
= 150
Computing the determinant:
=

(s + 0.08) 0.02
0.08 (s + 0.08)

= s
2
+
16
100
s+
64
100
2

16
100
2
= s
2
+
16
100
s +
48
100
2
= (s +
12
100
)(s +
4
100
)
Solution for Y
1
(s) is:
Y
1
=
1

6
s
0.02
150 (s + 0.08)

=
1

_
6s +
48
100
s
+ 3
_
=
9s + 0.48
s(s + 0.12)(s + 0.04)
=
100
s

62.5
s + 0.12

37.5
s + 0.04
and solution for Y
2
(s) is:
Y
2
=
1

(s + 0.08)
6
s
0.08 150

=
1

(150(s + 0.08) +
0.48
s
)
=
s
2
+ 12s + 0.48
s(s + 0.12)(s + 0.04)
=
100
s
+
125
s + 0.12

75
s + 0.04
47
Solving this for Y
1
and Y
2
we get
Y
1
=
9s+0.48
s(s+0.12)(s+0.04)
=
100
s

62.5
s+0.12

37.5
s+0.04
Y
2
=
150s
2
+12s+0.48
s(s+0.12)(s+0.04)
=
100
s
+
125
s+0.12

75
s+0.04
and solution is obtained by taking the inverse trans-
form:
y
1
(t) = 100 62.5e
0.12t
37.5e
0.04t
y
2
(t) = 100 + 125e
0.12t
75e
0.04t
Example 49. Using laplace transform method, nd the
currents i
1
(t) and i
2
(t) in electrical network which is gov-
erned by following dierential equation system
L
1
i

1
+ R
1
(i
1
i
2
) + R
2
i
1
= v(t)
L
2
i

2
+ R
1
(i
2
i
1
) = 0
where L
1
= 0.8 H, L
2
= 1 H , R
1
= 1 ohms, R
2
= 1.4
ohms, v(t) = 100 volts if 0 < t < 0.5 and 0 thereafter
and i
1
(0) = 0, i
2
(0) = 0.
Solution:
0.8i

1
+ i
1
i
2
+ 1.4i
1
= 100(1 u(t 1/2))
i

2
+ i
2
i
1
= 0
48
i

1
+ 3i
1
1.25i
2
= 125(1 u(t 1/2))
i

2
+ i
2
i
1
= 0
Subsidiary equation:
si
1
+ 3i
1
1.25i
2
= 125
_
1
s

e
s/2
s
_
si
2
+ i
2
i
1
= 0
Determinant:
=

(s + 3)
5
4
1 (s + 1)

= s
2
+4s+
7
4
= (s+1/2)(s+7/2)
i
1
=
1

125
_
1
s

e
s/2
s
_

5
4
0 (s + 1)

=
1

(125
_
1
s

e
s/2
s
_
(s+1))
=
125(s + 1)
s(s + 1/2)(s + 7/2)
e
s/2
125(s + 1)
s(s + 1/2)(s + 7/2)
Similarly
i
2
=
1

s + 3 125
_
1
s

e
s/2
s
_
1 0

=
125
s(s + 1/2)(s + 7/2)
e
s/2
125
s(s + 1/2)(s + 7/2)
49
Now using partial fractions:
125(s + 1)
s(s + 1/2)(s + 7/2)
=
A
1
s
+
B
1
s + 1/2
+
C
1
s + 7/2
_

_
s
2
: A
1
+ B
1
+ C
1
= 0
s
1
: 4A
1
+
7
2
B
1
+
C
1
2
= 125
s
0
:
7
4
A
1
= 125
A
1
=
500
7
, B
1
=
125
3
, C
1
=
625
21
125
s(s + 1/2)(s + 7/2)
=
A
2
s
+
B
2
s + 1/2
+
C
2
s + 7/2
_

_
s
2
: A
2
+ B
2
+ C
2
= 0
s
1
: 4A
1
+
7
2
B
1
+
C
1
2
= 0
s
0
:
7
4
A
1
= 125
A
2
=
500
7
, B
2
=
250
3
, C
2
=
250
21
Solution for 0 < t <
1
2
i
1
(t) = L
1
_
500
7s

125
3(s + 1/2)

625
21(s + 7/2)
_
i
1
(t) =
500
7

125
3
e

1
2
s

625
21
e

7
2
t
50
i
2
(t) = L
1
_
500
7s

250
3(s + 1/2)
+
250
21(s + 7/2)
_
i
2
(t) =
500
7

250
3
e

1
2
s
+
250
21
e

7
2
t
From the second shifting theorem we get for t >
1
2
i
1
(t) =
125
3
(1 e
1/4
)e
t/2

625
21
(1 e
7/4
)e
7/2t
i
2
(t) =
250
3
(1 e
1/4
)e
t/2
+
250
21
(1 e
7/4
)e
7/2t
Example 50. Secondary circuit with mutual induction:
A voltage e(t) is applied to the primary circuit at time
t = 0, and mutual induction M drives the current i
2
in
the secondary circuit. If prior to closing the switch, the
currents in both circuits are zero, determine the induced
current i
2
in the secondary circuit at time t when R
1
= 4
ohms, R
2
= 10 ohms, L
1
= 2 H, L
2
= 8 H, M = 2 H,
and e(t) = 28 sin 2t V. System of dierential equations
for this network is
R
1
i
1
+ L
1
d
dt
i
1
+ M
d
dt
i
2
= e(t)
R
2
i
2
+ L
2
d
dt
i
2
+ M
d
dt
i
1
= 0
Solution:
51
Substituting the given values:
2i

1
+ 4i
1
+ 2i

2
= 28 sin 2t
2i

1
+ 8i

2
+ 10i
2
= 0
Now i
1
(0) = i
2
(0) = 0. Taking the Laplace tranform
gives
2sI
1
+ 4I
1
+ 2sI
2
= 28
2
s
2
+4
2sI
1
+ 8sI
2
+ 10I
2
= 0
(s + 2)I
1
+ sI
2
=
28
s
2
+4
2sI
1
+ (4s + 5)I
2
= 0
= |
s + 2 s
s 4s + 5
| = (s+2)(4s+5)s
2
= 3s
2
+13s+10
I
2
(s) =
1

|
s + 2
28
s
2
+4
s 0
| =
1

(s
28
s
2
+ 4
)
= 28
s
(s
2
+ 4)(3s
2
+ 13s + 10)
=
28/3s
(s
2
+ 4)(s +
10
3
)(s + 1)
=
As + B
s
2
+ 4
+
C
s +
10
3
+
D
s + 1

28
3
s = (As + B)(s +
10
3
)(s + 1) + C(s
2
+ 4)(s + 1 +
D((s
2
+ 4)(s +
10
3
)))
52
_

_
s
3
: A + C + D = 0
s
2
:
13
3
A + B + C +
10
3
D = 0
s
1
:
10
3
A +
13
3
B + 4C + 4D =
28
3
s
0
:
10
3
B + 4C +
40
3
D = 0
A =
7
85
, B = 26
7
85
, C =
15
17
, D =
4
5
I
2
(s) =
7
85
s 26
s
2
+ 4

15
17
1
s +
10
3
+
4/5
s + 1
i
2
(t) =
4
5
e
t

15
17
e
10t/3
+
7
85
cos 2t
91
85
sin 2t
Notice that as t , i
2
(t) =
7
85
cos 2t
91
85
sin 2t
approches the sinusoidal response.
Example 51. a) Find the Laplace transform of the saw
tooth function
f(t) =
_
t < 0 t < 1
0 t 1
b) Find the Laplace transform of the periodic saw tooth
function with period one given by
f(t) = t 0 t < 1
f(t + 1) = f(t)
53
Solution:
a)
L =
_

0
f(t)e
st
=
_
1
0
te
st
=
_
1
0

t
s
e
st
+
_
1
0
1
s
e
st
dt
=
t
s
e
s
+ 0 +
_
1
0
1
s
2
e
st
=
1
s
2

1
s
e
s

1
s
2
e
s
b) We know the Laplace transform of the periodic func-
tion is
L(f) =
1
1 e
as
_
a
0
f(t)e
st
dt
and this integral is identical to the one we just did in part
a. So the answer for the periodic saw tooth is
L(f) =
1
1 e
as
_
1
s
2

1
s
e
s

1
s
2
e
s
_
54