eGovernanceinNepal:Prospectsand ChallengesinImplementation

DeepakBahadurDhami
CorvinusUniversityofBudapest Hungary
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Contents
Introduction ScopeofeGovernance ObjectiveoftheThesiswork LiteratureReview ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis FindingoftheResearchwork ResearchAchievementsandRecommendation ConclusionandFurtherworks
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Introduction
InformationAge:ICTtechnologyisthemajordriver eGovernance referstotheuseofICTandecommerceto

provide access to government information, communicating withinthegovernmentorganization,deliveryofpublicservices totheircitizensandbusinesspartners.

StrategicObjectives:

ServicetothePublic EfficientGovernment

ICT plays the key role to Create, Access, Circulate, Process, Analyze and Uses the Information. It helps to transform
traditional government by making it accessible, transparent, effectiveandaccountable.

IntroductionContinue..
Governmentmoreaccountablebymakingitsoperationsmore

transparentthatwillreducecorruption.
ICTbasedonlineserviceisthemostdemocraticandunbiasedsystem.It

offersequalopportunitytoallraces,gendersandethnicgroups.
EGovernmentbreaksthebarrierofgeographicaldiversityandmakesthe

governmentserviceshandytoallcitizensatvillageswhoareevennot connectedbyroadsandopensupmanyopportunities,providedInternet connectivityisavailableeitherthroughwirelesscommunication, fiber opticcables,dialups,VSATsorwhateverothermedium.

IntroductionContinue..
eGovernanceMasterPlan(eGMP)byHLCIT2006

Improvethequalityofpeopleslifewithoutanydiscrimination, transcendingregionalandracialdifferences,andrealizesocioeconomic developmentbybuildingatransparentgovernmentandprovidingvalue addedqualityservicesthroughICT

ICT and eGovernance in Nepal: Hope for overcome Poverty and

improveeconomicdevelopment

MajorProblem: Implementation
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IntroductionContinue..
Nepalisalandlockedandunderdevelopedcountry withabout29.3millionpeople. ItliesbetweenIndiaandChina. NepalischaracterizedbyDiverseanddifficultterrain includinghighestmountainMountEverest PoorLiteracyRateandTechnologicalCulture PooraccessofGovernmentservicesbythePeopleof remoteandruralareaofNepal

WhereisNepal?

Capital:Kathmandu Language:Nepali Government:Republic(May28,2008) Population:29.3million(approx) Area:1,47,181squarekm LiteracyRate:57%(approx) GDPPercapita:$470(2009)

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ScopeofeGovernance
Citizensarebenefitedfromtheinformation ImproveTransparency,Accountabilityandreduce Corruption Ruralpovertyalleviationandimprovedservice deliverytothecommunity. EnhancedproductivityandEconomicdevelopment Moreeffectiveruleoflawwithastrongerlegal systemandlawenforcement
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ObjectiveoftheStudy
ToknowthecurrentstatusofegovernanceinNepal. Findingthesocial,economicalandpoliticalaspectofe Governanceimplementationratherthantechnological. TofindoutthefactorsthatinfluenceeGovernance implementation. ListouttheChallengesonitsimplementation. Readinessofgovernmenttoitsimplementation. Comparativestudyofthegovernmentoffice with/withoutimplementation. Tofindoutwhethertheavailableresourceisutilizedor not.
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LiteratureReview
Definitions: Egovernment is the use of information and communications technologies(ICT)totransformthetraditionalgovernmentbymaking itaccessible,transparent,effectiveandaccountable. WorldBank,2007 EGovernment referstotheusebygovernmentagenciesofinformation technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing)thathavetheabilitytotransformrelations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies can serveavarietyofdifferentends:betterdeliveryofgovernment services tocitizens,improvedinteractionswithbusinessandindustry,citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth,and/orcostreductions.
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LiteratureReviewcontinue
Anegovernmentisacomplexsociotechnicalsystem inwhichheterogeneousstakeholdersareinteractively entangled to fulfill their best interests. Rich and diverse researches have examined and analyzed multiple issues in implementing the egovernment amongdevelopedcountries(Nouretal.,2007). Sharing and delivering services to citizens and businesses for the purpose of reducing corruption, strengtheningaccountability,reducingtimeandcost, andincreasingtransparency.Bhatnagar(2002)
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LiteratureReviewcontinue

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LiteratureReviewcontinue
The Onion Ring Model Source: Heeks(2005)

The Onion Ring Model Source: Heeks(2005)

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LiteratureReviewcontinue

CategoriesofeGovernance
Category Government to Citizen Government to Government Government to Business Government to Employee Abbreviation G2C G2G G2B G2E

Table:eGovernanceCategories

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LiteratureReviewcontinue

WhyeGovernanceforDevelopment?
Threebasicchangepotentialsforgoodgovernancefordevelopment:

Automation Informatisation Transformation

fivemainbenefitstogovernancefordevelopment:

Efficiencygains: Governancethatischeaper Governancethatdoesmore Governancethatisquicker Effectivenessgains: Governancethatworksbetter: Governancethatisinnovative

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LiteratureReviewcontinue
ICTandeGovernmentinHungary

In2005,GSMpenetrationwas86%. UNereadinessindexofHungaryis0.6494(30)in2008and0.6315in2010(27).

ComputerInfrastructure

Centraladministration:0.93computer/employee(practicallycomplete) Localadministration:0.89computer/employee

NetworkInfrastructure
Central:500institutesongovernmentbackbone,LAN:98%,Internetaccess: 97% Local:Internetaccess:88%,LAN:36%

HomePages

Central:>90% Local:<40%
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LiteratureReviewcontinue
DevelopmentofeGovernanceinHungary

InitialPhase:Early1990s,Modernizationofofficeequipmentand exchangingtypewritersforPCs

DevelopmentPhase: In2000,newinstitution,theOfficeoftheGovernmentCommissionerfor InformationandCommunicationTechnology(Informatikai Kormnybiztossg IKB),wasestablishedinthePrimeMinistersOffice. WithinIKBaseparateorganizationalunit,theDivisionofElectronic Government,wasestablishedtocoordinatethedevelopmentof governmentinformationsystems Bythattime,severalministriesandinstitutionshaddevelopedtheirown networksconnectingtheirownareasofresponsibility. egovernmentdevelopmentwasfinancedbythePHARE1 programme, becauseofthesubstantialtransittradethathadtobecontrolledaccording toEUstandards.

LiteratureReviewcontinue
DevelopmentofeGovernanceinHungary
ImplementationPhase: Inmid2003,ElectronicGovernmentCentre(Elektronikuskormnyzat kzpont EKK)wasestablished.SincethenEKKhasbeenresponsiblefor thecoordinationofegovernmentdevelopmentatthecentrallevel. InNovember2004,anewversionoftheGovernmentalPortal, www.magyarorszag.hu,waslaunched,andtheElectronicGovernment Backbone(ElektronikusKormnyzatiGerinchlzat EKG), SinceApril2005,atransactionalgateway,theClientGate(gyflkapu),has alloweduserstosecurelyidentifythemselvesonlineandgainaccessto transactionalegovernmentservices. InJuly2005,theActontheFreedomofInformationbyElectronicMeans was adopted;itsgoalistheestablishmentofthelegalenvironmentrequiredto createatransparentdigitalstate.

LiteratureReviewcontinue
NeweGovernanceServicesunderimplementation inHungary:
Institution Eservicesunderimplementation
Hungarian National Public Health and Medical Epidemic reports 24.000 /year will be sent electronically. Officer Service (NTSZ) Laboratory test results (30.000 / year) will be sent electronically. Employment and Social Affairs Office (FSZH), Declaration of staff number cutbacks over 12 employees at the same time. Central Office for Administrative and Electronic Electronic handling of applications for new ID cards. Public Services (KEKKH) Electronic registration in ownership changing of cars. Applications for ethical certificate necessary for certain jobs. Electronic ethical certificate Central Statistical Office Ministry of Foreign Affairs Electronic declaration of statistical data (mandatory for businesses)

Electronic data transfer from the Hungarian Embassies to the Ministry, when new Passport should be issued for Hungarian citizens living abroad. Hungarian Office for Mining and Geology Electronic handling of mining permissions (MBFH)

LiteratureReviewcontinue
NeweGovernanceServicesunderimplementation inHungary:
Institution
Hungarian Patent Office (MSzH) Ministry of Economy and Transport (NFGM)

Eservicesunderimplementation
Electronic forms for patent related queries Electronic handling of building permits Electronic data collection Electronic handling of complaints Electronic handling of applications for public care attendance Electronic handling of all cases in the competency of the Authority.

National Consumer Protection Office (NFH) National Health Insurance Company (OEP) Educational Authority (OH)

Central Administration of National Pension Electronic access to personal pension data Insurance (ONYF)

ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
ResearchCategories:
1. Quantitative Analysis: systematic empirical investigation of quantitativepropertiesandphenomenaandtheirrelationships.E.g.Survey 2. Qualitative Analysis: aim to gather an indepth understanding of humanbehaviorandthereasonsthatgovernsuchbehavior. Thequalitative
method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.E.g.Interviews,reviewofrecordsandobservations

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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
DataCollectionTechniques: 1.PrimaryDataCollection:
DataSources:
1.

MinistryofFinance2.MinistryofLandandreform3.Ministryof Scienceandtechnology4.MinistryofGeneraladministration 4setsofquestionnaireforsurvey:Type1,2,3and4

Questionnaire: SampleSize:

MinistryStaff:50 Citizens:100
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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
DataCollectionTechniques: 1.SecondaryDataCollection:
DataSources:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

AnnualReportsofgovernmentagenciesandNGOs Websites Articles NationalandInternationalpapers Reviewingexpertsviewsandinterviews

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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
QualitativeDataAnalysis: Analysis of Structured Questionnaire interview and research papersof
ViceChairman,HLCIT EGovernanceExpert CoordinatorofeGovernanceimplementation ComputerEngineer,HLCIT FormerMemberSecretary,HLCIT

NumberofStructuredQuestions:12

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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
AnalysisofMinistriesEmployeeSurvey:
Questions Option a Option b Option c Option d

IT training courses Professional training (61%) IT infrastructure capabilities Operating system and application software in use Networked computers (90%) Windows xp (60%)

Hardware and How to use networking courses pc (9%) (30%) Stand alone computers (10%) Linux (25%) Ubuantu (5%) Others (10%)

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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
BudgetAllocationinICTfordifferentMinistries:
HRDBudget:VeryLow Result:
Verypoortechnicalhumanresources Poorlyutilizedhardwareresources Andpropermaintenanceand Supportintheministry.

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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
AnalysisofCitizenSurvey:
Questions Option a Option b Option c Option d Option e

Satisfaction administrative services Ways to administrative services Administrative services to computerized

on Normal or below Good or very (91%) good (9%) get Visit government Query through Uses internet Postal offices (47%) telephone lines (18%) services (27%) (8%) National ID Customers be services (44%) service (20%) Fax (0%)

Tax service Real Estate License (16%) (10%) service (10%)

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ResearchMethodologyandDataAnalysis
Analysis of Citizen Survey:
Steps to improve Administrative Services Goal of the e-Governance Project

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CurrentStatusofICTandeGovernance Development
BriefHistory 1972:Introductionofcomputerforcensus(IBM1401) 1974:EstablishmentofElectronicDataProcessingCenter 1982:FirstPrivateOverseasInvestmentinsoftwaredevelopmentbyestablishing companyforexport,DataSystemsInternational(p)LTD 1985:DistributionofPersonalComputers 1990:Liberalizationonimportsofequipment 1992:EstablishmentofComputerAssociationofNepal 1996:EstablishmentoftheMinistryofScience&Technology 2000:AnnouncementofthefirstITpolicy,ITPolicy2000 2001:EstablishmentofNationalInformationTechnologyCenter(NITC) 2003:EstablishmentofHighLevelCommissionforInformationTechnology (HLCIT) 2007:EnactmentofElectronicsTransactionAct

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KeyInstitutionsandOrganizationsdealingwithICT inNepal
MinistryofScienceandTechnology(MoST) HighLevelCommissionforInformationTechnology(HLCIT) NepalInformationTechnologyCenter(NITC) NepalTelecommunicationAuthority(NTA) InternetServiceProviders'AssociationofNepal(ISPAN) NepalTelecom(NT),UnitedTelecomLimited(UTL),SpiceNepalPvt.

Ltd.(SNPL) NGOsandOrganizations: ENetworkingResearchandDevelopment(ENRD) ComputerAssociationofNepal(CAN)

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DevelopmentofICTInfrastructureand Networks
ProgressinConnectivityacrossthecountryispositive. InrecentyearsNepalhasremarkablyimprovedtheICTand

Telecommunicationfacilities.

TelecommunicationandinternetBackbone:

EastWest(900km)Opticalfibernetworkisalmostcompletedandwill beconnectedtoIndiaviaseveralconnectingpoints. fiberopticproject(115kilometreArnikoHighway)linkingKathmanduto Khasa,whichbordersChinaonthenorth,issettocompletetheproject.

Atpresentthereisaprojecttoconnect,viaverysmallapertureterminals

(VSATs),1,000VillageDevelopmentCommittees(VDCs)outofNepals3,915 VDCsinmountainousregionswhereothermodesoftelecommunicationsare notconsideredtobefeasible.

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DevelopmentofICTInfrastructureandNetworks
continue

TheinstallationofsmallWirelessNetworksinruraland remoteareasareincreasingusingWirelessFidelity (WiFi)technology. Bytheendof2009,Thenumberoffixedlineshasreached to818526 andmorethan6million(6286942)mobile telephonelinesweredistributedbythesamedate. CurrentlyMorethan30 ISPsandTotalInternational internetbandwidthusedisintheratioof1:2.25with 52 Mbpsand 116Mbpsforuplinkanddownlink
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DevelopmentofICTInfrastructureandNetworks
continue

ServicePenetration:
Services FixedLines Mobile Others(LimitedMobility) Internet(Subscriberonly) Penetration(%) 2.97 22.86 0.87 2.55

Note: Projected total population for 2009 is 275, 04,280. Although the progress of telecommunication facilities in Nepal is good enough but still the rate of use of internet is very low.
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DevelopmentofICTInfrastructureandNetworks
continue

EReadinessIndex:
Country Maldives Sri Lanka India Pakistan Bhutan Bangladesh Nepal Afghanistan Region World 2010 Index 0.4392 0.3995 0.3567 0.2755 0.2598 0.3028 0.2568 0.2098 0.3248 0.4406 2008 Index
0.4491 0.4244 0.3814 0.3160 0.3074 0.2936 0.2725 0.2048

2010 Ranking 92 111 119 134 146 152 153 168

2008 Ranking 95 101 113 131 134 142 150 167

0.3395 0.4514

Nepal 150th position out of 192 Countries in 2008 Nepal 153rd position in 2010

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DevelopmentofICTEducation
Universities:Four(TribhuwanUniversity,Kathmandu University,PokharaUniversity,and PurbanchalUniversity) AffiliatedICTColleges:55 (Approx) ICTtrainingInstitutes:Many TheyprovideHighereducationandITtraininginNepal. AccordingtoCANstatistics,some4,000 ICTgraduatesare producedeveryyear.Only22.49%oftheITgraduatesare engagedinrealICTactivities. Productionispositivebuthigherpercentageofthemare migratedforbetteropportunities.
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GovernmentInitiatives,Opportunitiesand Achievements
WiththesupportofKoreaITIndustryPromotionAgency (KIPA), prepared an eGovernment Master Plan (EGMP) inNovember2006. In order to establish the foundation for the investment phase of the Master Plan, the Asian Development Bank (ADB)providedaprojectpreparatorytechnicalassistance (PPTA)totheGovernmentofNepal. With the financial and technical support of Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), the establishment of Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC)hascompleted.
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GovernmentInitiatives,Opportunitiesand Achievementscontinue
About500 Telecentersarealreadyestablished. The NGO sector is also active in using ICT for development. eNetworking Research and Development (ENRD), another NGO, conducts basic computer education and hardware training in the rural areas. It establishes wireless networks in rural village supported with applications like telemedicine and education. It is now working on connecting more rural areas withWiFi. FinancialPlantoImplementeGovernance: ADBGrant:$25 million KoreanGovernment:$30 millionasLoan NepalGovernment:$9 million
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FindingsfromtheResearchWork
Factors identified that influence the challenges of implementation of e-Governance in Nepal:
1.Technical Factor:
i.* Internet Infrastructure and Bandwidth ii.* Privacy and Security Concerns iii.* Digital Divide iv.* E-readiness v.* Supply of Electricity i)* Insufficient Education and Low ICT Literacy ii)* Citizens Expectations prior to e-Governance i)* Employee Resistance to Change ii)* Corruption i)* Regulations and Legislation ii)* Lack of Governments will and stand due to Political Instability iii)* Governments priority iv)* Frequent Changing of Ministries and high level officials 38

2. Education and Citizens Concerns:

3. Cultural Factors 4. Political Factors

FindingsfromtheResearchWork
Factors identified that influence the challenges of implementation of e-Governance in Nepal:

5. Institutional Factors

i)* Limited Information Sharing and Transparency ii)* Public Sector Weaknesses iii)* Lack of training and awareness programs

6. Human Resource Factor

i)* Lack of e-Governance Awareness ii)* Inadequate skilled human resource Capacity

7. Financial Factor

i) ii)

* Funding Issues * Sustainability

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StrategiesandRecommendations
The successful introduction of eGovernance depends largelyonthefirstapplications,whichshouldberelatively cheap, easy to implement, easy to use, secured and also shouldinvolvearelativelyimportantnumberofusers. The first version shouldn't be necessary a complete two wayinteractiveapplication,butextendablelater. For example: etaxation in Hungary, which in five years reachedan83%levelconcerningthetaxdeclarations. Thatmeans,theapplicationwasverymuchuserfriendly and easy to implement. Similarly, It is secure enough to declaretax.
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StrategiesandRecommendationscontinue
1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Governmentshouldchangetheirfocusofattention EvaluateEgovernmentMasterPlananddevelop newVision/Strategies/Leadershipfore governance AdvancingICTinfrastructure GovernmentProcessReengineering CreateandRetainadequateskilledIThuman resource IncreasingtrainingtoimproveITliteracyto governmentofficials
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StrategiesandRecommendationscontinue
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

OrganizepublicawarenessprogramsonICT Developamechanismtoquickmonitorandtrack theprogressoftheproject EnsureReliability,PrivacyandSecurity PrioritizetheissuesofEnterpriseArchitectureand Interoperability Implementinggovernmentwebportalsand MonitorthefunctionsofTelecenter Assistancefromdonorcommunitybyraising awareness DevelopsustainablemodelsforeGovernance
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Conclusion
PopularityofICTisincreasingbutstillImplementationisBigProblem

inNepallikeotherUnderdevelopedcountry. The basic foundations like Human Resource, ICT Infrastructure, Literacy, awareness, Commitment, Funds must be improved for the implementationofeGovernance. RuralconnectivityandICTuseintheruralareasshouldbeexpanded through use of such technologies as WiFi, WiMAX, and Voice Over InternetProtocol(VoIP). FirstidentifytheSizeandScopeandthenimplementbasedupon the Priority. Alwaysthinkaboutthepublicexpectationsandtheirparticipationto successtheeGovernanceinNepal. Conduct further cycle of research where more attention is paid to technicalaspectofeGovernanceimplementation.
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References
Heeks,R.MosteGovernmentforDevelopmentProjectsFail:Howcanrisksbereduced?

iGovernmentworkingpaperseries,paperNo.14,2003. DanishDada,AfailureofeGovernmentindevelopingcountries:ALiteraturereview,The ElectronicJournalofInformationSystemsinDevelopingCountries, Vol.26,2006 MISReportNepalTelecomAuthorityVol.32,2010. AHandbookforCitizencentriceGovernmentVersion2.1December2007,October2008 RoadmapforEgovernmentintheDevelopingWorldbyPacificcouncilonInternational policy,October2008 NationalITWorkforceSurvey2005,ComputerAssociationofNepal (CAN). UnitedNationeGovernmentSurvey2010 www.egovernance.wordpress.com/2006/10/11/niitsingaporejoint handsforeGoveranance, September2008 KIPA,GovernmentofNepal,eGovernmentMasterPlanConsultingReport,2006. AsianDevelopmentBank.AideMemoireofICTDevelopmentProject, FactFindingMission (2007) TheeGovernmenthandbookfordevelopingcountriesAprojectofInfoDevandthecentrefor democracyandtechnology,November2008

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ThankYou!!!

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