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Design Bearing
Design Bearing
For bearing design, the required design criteria includes: 1. Longitudinal and transverse movement 2. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical rotation 3. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical loads Most of the above information is typically obtained from the superstructure design software output, which is the case for this bearing design (first trial of girder design): Service I limit state dead load Service I limit state live load (including dynamic load allowance) Service I limit state total rotation about the transverse axis (see Figure 6-1) Strength limit state minimum vertical force due to permanent loads (used in Design Step 6.12)
Once the most practical bearing type has been selected, the preliminary bearing properties must be defined. The bearing properties are obtained from the Specifications, as well as from past experience. The following preliminary bearing properties were selected: Bearing Pad Configuration Pad length (bridge longitudinal direction): Pad width (bridge transverse direction): Elastomer cover thickness: Elastomer internal layer thickness: Number of steel reinforcement layers: Steel reinforcement thickness: Material Properties S14.7.6.2 & S14.7.5.2 Elastomer hardness: Elastomer shear modulus: STable 14.7.5.2-1 Elastomer creep deflection at 25 years divided by the instantaneous deflection: STable 14.7.5.2-1 Steel reinforcement yield strength:
For this design example, Method A will be used. Method A usually results in a bearing with a lower capacity than a bearing designed with Method B. However, Method B requires additional testing and quality control. Method A is described in S14.7.6, while Method B is described in S14.7.5. C14.7.5.1
OK For rectangular bearings without holes, the shape factor for the ith layer is: S14.7.5.1
OK The service average compressive stress due to live load only will also be computed at this time. It will be needed in Design Step 6.11. Again, the service limit state live load value was obtained from Opis superstructure output.
For this design example, the instantaneous compressive strain was approximated from CTable 14.7.5.3.3-1 for 50 durometer reinforced bearings using a compressive stress of 0.899 ksi and a shape factor of 9.66.
S14.7.5.3.3
The effects of creep should also be considered. For this design example, material-specific data is not available. Therefore, calculate the creep deflection value as follows: STable 14.7.5.2-1
The initial compressive deflection in any layer of a steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing at the service limit state without dynamic load allowance shall not exceed 0.07hri. S14.7.6.3.3 In order to reduce design steps, the above requirement will be checked using the deflection calculated for the service limit state including dynamic load allowance. If the compressive deflection is greater than 0.07hri, then the deflection without dynamic load allowance would need to be calculated.
OK
OK
The service rotation due to the total load about the transverse axis was taken from Opis:
S14.7.6.3.5d
Construction Tolerance For spans over approximately 100 feet, it is good engineering practice to include an additional 0.005 radians of rotation about both pad axes to account for construction tolerances. The number of interior layers is:
OK The service rotation due to the total load about the longitudinal axis is negligible compared to the service rotation about the transverse axis. Therefore, the check about the longitudinal axis will be assumed to be negligible and is not computed in this bearing design example.
The total thickness of the pad based on the preliminary dimensions is:
OK
From Design Step 6.6, the service average compressive stress due to live load only is:
STable 6.6.1.2.5-3
OK
The bearing pad must be secured against transverse horizontal movement if the factored shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit state exceeds one-fifth of the minimum vertical force due to permanent loads, Psd. S14.7.6.4 taken from Opis output The maximum factored shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit state is obtained from Design Step 7.6, adding wind on superstructure and wind on live load. The maximum shear force will occur when wind is taken at 0 degrees. The shear force due to wind on superstructure is taken from Table 7-1:
The shear force due to wind on live load is taken from Table 7-2:
The controlling shear force is either from Strength III or Strength V: Factored shear force per bearing for Strength III:
STable 3.4.1-1
STable 3.4.1-1
STable 3.4.1-1
STable 3.4.1-1
Use:
Since the maximum shear force at the strength limit state does not exceed one-fifth of the minimum vertical force due to permanent dead loads, the pad does not need to be secured against horizontal movement.
The factored shear resistance of the anchor bolts per bearing is then: S14.8.3.1 & S6.13.2.7 Assume two 5/8" diameter A 307 bolts with a minimum tensile strength of 60 ksi: S6.4.3 for threads excluded from shear plane S6.13.2.7 resistance factor for A 307 bolts in shear S6.5.4.2
(number of bolts)
OK Once the anchor bolt quantity and size are determined, the anchor bolt length must be computed. As an approximation, the bearing stress may be assumed to vary linearly from zero at the end of the embedded length to its maximum value at the top surface of the concrete. The bearing resistance of the concrete is based on S5.7.5. S14.8.3.1 & C14.8.3.1
S5.7.5
Assume:
Using the bearing stress approximation from above, the required anchor bolt area resisting the transverse horizontal load can be calculated.
A1 is the product of the anchor bolt diameter and the length the anchor bolt is embedded into the concrete pedestal/beam seat. Since we know the anchor bolt diameter, we can now solve for the required embedment length.
Individual states and agencies have their own minimum anchor bolt embedment lengths. For this design example, a minimum of 12 inches will be used. Use: