M U Trong nhng nm cui cng ca th k 20, cc nh sinh hc c gng tm kim nhng c ch c th ca cc qu trnh sinh hc c bn nht nhm chi phi

i ton b th gii sinh vt. ng thi pht hin ra cc nhm sinh vt c tc sinnh trng nhanh. Vi to (Microalgae)l nhng sinh vt bc thp c trong s ch v chng khng ch c nhng c ch c th m cn sinh trng v pht trin cc k nhanh. Hng nm c n 200 t tn cht hu c c to thnh trn ton th gii. Trong s 170 - 180 t tn l do to to thnh. Vi to chim 1/3 sinh khi ca thc vt trn tri t. Ngy nay cng ngh sinh hc pht trin nhanh to mt cuc cch mng trong nng nghip, cng nghip thc phm, dc phm, vt liu mi v bo v mi trng. phm vi hp hn chng ta ang chng kin s pht trin nhanh ca cng nghip sn xut vi to trn th gii do nhiu u th ca c th so vi thc vt bc cao nh vng i ngn, nng sut cao, hiu s s dng nh sng cao, cng ngh sn xut khng phc tp, thch hp vi quy m sn xut cng nghip. Cho n ngy nay hng lot cc cng ngh nui trng, thu hoch ch bin sinh khi vi to. cc loi cng ngh ny ang khng ngng c hon thin h gi thnh v nng cao cht lng sinh khi. mt khc s dng vi to ang c m rng trong cc lnh vc nh dng lm thc n b dng cho ngi v thc n cho ng vt, c bit l cc ngnh nui trng thy sn, ngun phn bn sinh hc, nng lng sch, ngun cc ha cht trong cng nghip v dc phm, s l mi trng.

NI DUNG I. Lch s cng ngh sn xut vi to i tr Vo u nhng nm 1940 c bt u c nhng thc nghim nui trng i t Chlorella sau khi ngui ta thy t bo to ny c ti 50% protein trong sinh khi kh v c kh nng tng sinh khi gp nhiu ln trong ngy u nhng nm 1950 cc nh khoa hc M, cht lng cht bo v protein trong t bo Chlorella c th iu khin bng cc thay i iu kin sng 1 s filt, nui i tr to ny c xy dng ti y. Nm 1957, Tamiya v cng s cng b cc cng trnh lin quan ti nui trng Chlorella, Nht Bn l mt trong nhng quc gia hng u sn xut v kinh doanh Chlorella di dng thc n b dng ( heath - food) v tc nhn kch thch sinh trng. Vo u nm 1953, cc nh khoa hc c nghin cu kh nng dng CO2, ph thi ca vng cng nghip Rhur nui trng Chlorella, Scenedesmus. Nghin cu ny c gio s Soeder v cng s c tieps tc tin hnh trong nhiu nm sau . u nhng nm 1970, Chnh ph c ti tr 3 d n ln v nui trng Scenedesmus ti n , Pru, Thi Lan. Nm 1960 ti Tip Khc cc nh khoa hc xy dng mt m hnh nui i tr Scenedesmus trn nn b c nghing 30 v to dng chy nh bm k thut Cascade. M hnh b ny c ng dng thnh cng ti Rupite, Bungart 1 a danh c sui nc nng ni ting sn xut i tr to lc Chlorella va Scenedesmus. u nhng nm 1960, vi khun lam Spirulina ln u tin c pht hin ti h Tchad, Chu Phi v nhanh chng c cc nh khoa hc Php a vo nui i tr ti Texcoco, Mehico. Hin nay Spirulina c nui i tr nhiu ni trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. Mt s vi to khc nh Dunaliella (c ngun caroten v gliceron) Porphyridium (l ngun polisaccarit v phycoerythrin) c a vo nui trng mun hn v quy m nh hn.

C th ni rng hin nay, to c khai thc di gc l ngun thc n dinh dng cho ngi v thc n cho ng vt, ngun ha cht v dc liu ngun phn bn sinh hc v i tng sinh hc s l mi trng.

Tnh hnh nui trng i tr vi to trn th gii trong giai on 1996 1997/ Theo Yuan Kun Lee, 1997

Khu vc

To c sn xut Din tch Sn lng ng dng (ha) (tn/nm) Nht Bn Chlorella -1100 v Thuc b nhp 943 dng, thc n cho thu sn Trung Spirulina 199,6 2798 Dinh dng v Quc xut khu i Loan Chlorella v 24 1600 v 460 Xut khu Spirulina Triu Tin Chlorella v 1 s 2480 400 Cho ngi v loi to khc thu sn n Spirulina 12,2 258,5 Cho ngi v ng vt Thi Lan Spirulina 2 170 Cho ngi v ng vt Vit Nam Spirulina 0,5 8 Xut khu Innxia Chlorella -150 Xut khu Hoa K Spirulina 75 380 Cho ngi va Nitzschia -ng vt Mehico Sprulina -500 Cho ngi v ng vt CuBa Spirulina -30 Cho ngi v ng vt c Dunaliella -40 Cho ngi v ng vt Nhn qua bng trn ta c th nhn xt kt qu tnh hnh sn xut i tr vi to trn th gii nh sau: + c hngcc cng ngh sn xut, thu hoch, ch bin sinh khi vi to chn nui. Nhng chi to c xem l i tng c ch yu cho sn xut i tr l Chlorella, Spirulina, Niztchia, Haematococus, Dunaliella, Tetraselmis, Scenedesmus...

+ Spirulina c xem l cht b dng v l ngun thu Phycobiliprotein, Dunaliella l ngun - carotene t nhin rt quan trng. Trong nhiu trng hp sn xut i tr vi to i km vi mc ch s l nc thi. + Bnh din ng dng vi to cn hn hp trong khi cng ngh sn xut i tr ang phi ng u vi nhiu th thch v cn tip tc hon thin hn. II. ng dng cng ngh vi to trong cuc sng S dung vi to trong i sng con ngi v ng vt 2.1.1 S dng cho con ngi a. Th nghim c t cc sn phm t vi to Bt c mt loi protein n bo no cng phi tri qua th nghim nghim tc trn ng vt trc khi tr thnh sn phm thc n ca con ngi v ng vt. V d: Sinh khi to Spirulina c Chamorro (1980) tin hnh th nghim c t ngn hn v trng din, nghin cu nh hng n sinh sn, sinh trng, kh nng iu tit sa, t bin gy qui thai, Lng to th nghim tng dn t 10% - 30% khu phn n hng ngy, sau 13 tun th nghim vic xt nghim m hc khng cho thy s khc bit gia cc nhm th nghim v i chng. Theo di trong 80 tun lien tc, sau 2 nm theo di kh nng tit sa v sinh sn ng vt n to spirulina ngi ta khng nhn thy. Nhiu nghin cu c t cp v c t trng din i vi cc loi to khc nh Scenedesmus, Micractinium, Chlorella... cng khng tm thy bng chng no v kh nng hn ch vic s dng sinh khi trong dinh dng. b. S dng vi to trong dinh dng v dc liu Ngun protein n bo gi tr v hm lng protein trung bnh 50-60 % trong lng kh, th dn Kanembeu sng quanh h Chad Chu phi v ngi Aztec Mehico s dng to Spirulina hng th k nay. Sinh khi to kh Chrorella c ng vin v s dng nh mt loi thc n b dng, sinh khi Spirulina vi cc tn Linagreen, Spirulina Kayaky, Spirulina C, Professiol,...
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 tng dng vi to lm thc n v trao i kh h hp trong chuyn bay v tr cng kch thch cc nh nghin cu s dng vi to cho dinh dng ca ngi. Tuy vy cho n nay c t thng tin v th nghim dinh dng to trn ngi nn kh c c kt lun tng qut. 2.1.2 S dng vi to cho ng vt Do thnh phn dinh dng qu, vi to c xem l ngun thc n b dng song c gi tr cho chn nui v thu sn. Nhng vi to c ng dng trong phm vi ny nh Chrorella, Spirulina, Micratimium, Scenedesmus, Oocystis... Vit Nam dng Spirulina b sung vo thc n cho c m trng, c m hoa, c trm c, r phi vi t l 5% lm t l sng v tc tng trng ca c tng ln. Mt hng khc s dng sinh khi vi to lm ngun b sung dinh dng trin vng vo ngun nui tm nhuyn th v vi to l mt xch u tin ca chui dinh dng ca thu sn, do vic sn xut to lun l thc tc khng th thiu ca cc tri nui thu sn. V d nm 1939, Bruce v cng s phn lp v nui to n bo Isochrysis galbana v Pyramimonas grossin nui u trng hu. Sm hn na nm 1910, Allen v Nelson dng to silic lm thc n cho mt s ng vt khng xng sng, vic nui trng vi to din tch ln lm thc n cho trai, s c tim nng ng dng trong tng lai. Ti Nht Bn, vic nui to Silic skeletonema sp Chaetoceros sp lm thc n l iu kin tin quyt i vi vic nui u trng tm giai on Nauplius ti giai on Postlaivae ti Thi Lan, Malaixia, i Loan. Lm thc n ti sng cho u trng tm, bao gm vi to v Nauplius ca Artemia. Cho n nay ch thc n hu ht cc tri nui v sn xut thu sn l s phi hp thc n ti sng nh vi to v Artemia. Bn cnh nhiu loi c s dng di dng sinh khi ti v kh lm thc n cho u trng tm, c con, nhuyn th: Skeletonema costatum, Chaetocerospsis, Nanochaloropsis,
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Isocrysis, Spirulina. C th ni thc nbtaor l iu kin tin quyt cho ngh nui trng thu sn. 2.1.3. Nghin cu sinh hc v k thut nui trng vi to v to bin Vit Nam * Nghin cu cu trc v chc nng ca b my quang hp S thay i cu trc v chc nng b my quang hp ca to di cc iu kin mi trng bt li nh nhit ti hn, mui cao, kh hn. Ch chng chu v bo v ca to di cc iu kin bt li ca mi trng. Gim st in vivo trng thi sinh l ca to di cc iu kin mi trng bt li.

* Nghin cu sinh hc v k thut nui trng vi to v to bin Vit Nam

Nng cao cc c tnh di truyn ca to bng vic nui cy m t bo trong iu kin phng th nghim. p dung mt s phng php nghin cu da trn cc k thut sinh hc phn t (nh RAPD, AFLP, c trnh t cc on gen 16S, 18S, ITS-1-5,8SITS2, phng php PCR i t 1 t bo (Single Cell PCR method), Real-Time PCR, in di nng gel bin tnh, lai ADN hay lai RNA bng phng x hoc hunh quang, khng th n dng v a dng v..v.) trong vic h tr nh tn khoa hc nhanh chng v nghin cu tnh a dng di truyn ca cc loi to Vit Nam.

* Nghin cu cu trc v chc nng qun th to trong cc h sinh thi khc nhau c bit l h sinh thi nc ngt v bin

Kho st thc vt ph du v s xut hin v tn ti ca to c v to lam v thit lp mi quan h gia s n hoa ca nc v cc yu t mi trng khc nhau (pH, nhit , cng nh sng, thnh phn dinh dng, nc thi cng nghip v nc thi dn dng, thnh phn dinh dng ca mi trng bin); Nghin cu v phn tch c t to bng phng php th nghim sinh hc trn chut, th nghim lin kt vi cht nhn, ELISA, HPLC; Nghin cu thnh phn loi, xc nh v nh tn nhanh chng cc loi to c, hi cc ao h v vng bin Vit Nam da trn cc c im hnh thi v cc phng php sinh hc phn t nh c v so snh trnh t nucleotit ca mt s gen 18SrRNA, 16S rRNA, ITS1-5,8S-ITS2, 28S rRNA, 26S rRNAv phng pp Single Cell PCR

* Pht trin cc k thut trong vic x l nc thi

S dng cc cht hp th sinh hc c sn Vit Nam loi b cc kim loi nng trong nc thi cng nghip; p dng cc phng php sinh hc trong vic x l nc thi giu N v P. X l sinh hc mi trng (Bioremediation) ca bn hot tnh v nc thi nui trng thu sn; Nghin cu s dng vi to trong x l nc thi cc lng ngh truyn thng nh lng bn Ph , sn xut tinh bt sn, min, rong theo nh hng sn xut nguyn liu cho cng nghip nh cht do sinh hc bioplastic; Nghin cu s dng to bin Kappaphycus alvarezii, Gracilaria v.v trong x l nc thi nui thu sn tp trung v trong vic lm sch nc thi sau qu trnh nui trng thu sn.

*Nghin cu c s sinh l, sinh ho v cc k thut nui sinh khi mt s loi vi to (Spirulina, Chlorella, Dunalliella, Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Labyrinthula, Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium ) lm thuc, thc phm chc nng v thc n ti sng v nhn to cho nui trng thu sn.

Xy dng mt tp on ging vi to (bin v nc ngt) phn lp ti Vit Nam theo nh hng ng dng chng trong thc phm chc nng cho ngi, lm thuc cha bnh, phc v trong nui trng thu sn, khai thc cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc, phc v cho x l cc loi hnh nc thi khc nhau v trong thi gian ti c s dng cho vic lm nguyn liu sn xut nhin liu sinh hc, cht do sinh hc (thn thin vi mi trng v d phn hu) Nghin cu s dng vi to bin (quang t dng v d dng) lm thc phm chc nng cho ngi Nghin cu v a vo ng dng ti cc tri nui trng Thu sn min Bc (Hi Phng, Qung Ninh, Nam nh, Thi Bnh v.v) qui trnh cng ngh nui trng mt s loi to bin chnh nh Isochrysis, Chaetoceros, Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis, Chlorella, Chroomonas... lm thc n ti sng cho cc i tng thu hi c sn trong nui trng thu sn nh: c, tm, ngao, cua, tu hi
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* Nghin cu, khai thc v ng dng cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc t vi to v to bin Vit Nam

Nghin cu v khai thc cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc t to bin nh cht khng vim, cht chng bm, cc axit bo khng bo ho a ni i (EPA, DHA, n6DPA) Nghin cu s dng sinh khi to bin sau khi chit rt cc cht c hot tnh (nh agar, alginate, lm giy ) sn xut Ethanol v du Diessel sinh hc; nghin cu qu trnhchuyn ho sinh khi vi to bin t dng v d dng giu hydrate carbon, lipit v PUFAs lm nguyn sn xut nhin li 2.2. ng dng trong y hc v cng ngh thc phm Trong tng lai y dc v nhng s tm kim trong y dc bao gm c vic nghin cu v trong thc nghim cc to c th k ra nh vic tm kim cc thuc cha bnh ung th, d ng, to tit cht khng sinhcos th thay th cho Penixiline (Prescott, 1969). Trong tng lai s c mn cha bnh bng to (Algotherapia hay Phycotheraphia) (Gorunov v cng s 1969) bnh vin Paris khi cha bnh cc vt thng phn mm nhiu thuc kinh in ca Php u v hiu ho nhng khi iu tr bng cc loi to Lam thuc chi Oscillatoriales
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 cho kt qu rt kh quan (Lefevre, 1964). Sn phm ch t Spirulina c xem l cht b dng cho ngi gi v ngi dinh dng, to Spirulina cn c tc dng tng kh nng tit sa ph n cho con b. Mt s hot cht Spirulina (Phycobilin) c tc dng chng ung th v 1 s bnh khc. Nhiu sn phm c ch t to Spirulina dng lm m phm v cng ngh thc phm. 2.2.1. Khai thc cc hot cht - Vitamin Nhiu vitamin ha tan trong nc (B12, B6, B1, Biotin, C) c tm thy trong dch nui to lam, to lc v to silic. Nhng loi vitamin khc c pht hin di dng cc cht trao i trung gian nh -, -, - tocopherol (vitamin E) to lam; - tocopherol v vitamin K Porphyridium cruentum. Hm lng vitamin trong sinh khi to ph thuc vo kiu gen, chu trnh sinh trng, iu kin nui trng v cc thao tc di truyn. Hin ti i Loan v Nht Bn cc chng to Chlorella v Porphyridium c nui trng tp dng trong h thng kn sn xut vitamin, hm lng vitamin trong mt s loi to ang l i tng sn xut i tr. Khi so snh hm lng vitamin trong sinh khi to vi rau Spinach v gan b. Ta thy hm lng Vitamin ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn loi. Do cc chng loi vitamin cn cha c nh gi ton din v c h thng nn cha c c s nh gi loi to no cho hm lng vitamin nhiu nhtvaf iu kin no sn xut vitamin l cao nht. To xon (Spirulina) l mt loi vi to dng si xon mu xanh lc, ch c th quan st thy hnh xon si do nhiu t bo n cu to thnh di knh hin vi. To Spirulina c nghin cu t nhiu nm nay. Chng c nhng c tnh u vit v gi tr dinh dng cao. Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii coi to Spirulina l sinh vt c ch cho loi ngi. Loi to ny do tin s Clement ngi Php tnh c pht hin vo nhng nm 1960 khi n h Tchad Trung Phi. Nh khoa hc ny khng khi kinh ngc khi vng t cn ci, i km quanh nm nhng nhng th dn y rt cng trng v khe mnh. Khi Clement tm hiu v thc n ca h, b pht hin trong ma khng sn bn, h ch dng mt loi bnh mu xanh m nguyn liu chnh l th h vt ln t h. Qua phn tch, b pht hin ra loi bnh c tn Dihe ny chnh l to Spirulina. T chc Y t th gii (WHO) cng nhn to Spirulina l thc phm bo v sc khe tt nht ca loi ngi trong th k 21. C quan qun l thc phm v dc phm Hoa K (FDA) cng nhn n l mt trong nhng ngun protein tt nht.
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Hm lng protein trong Spirulina thuc vo loi cao nht trong cc thc phm hin nay, 56%-77% trng lng kh, cao hn 3 ln tht b, cao hn 2 ln trong u tng. Hm lng vitamin rt cao. C 1 kg to xon Spirulina cha 55 mg vitamin B1, 40 mg vitamin B2, 3 mg vitamin B6, 2 mg vitamin B12, 113 mg vitamin PP, 190 mg vitamin E, 4.000 mg caroten trong -Caroten khong 1700 mg (tng thm 1000% so vi c rt), 0,5mg axt folic,inosit khong 500-1.000 mg. Hm lng khong cht c th thay i theo iu kin nui trng, thng thng st l 580-646 mg/kg(tng thm 5.000% so vi rau chn vt), mangan l 23-25 mg/kg, Mg l 2.915-3.811/kg, selen l 0,4 mg/kg, canxi, kali, phtpho u khong l 1.000-3.000 mg/kg hoc cao hn (hm lng canxi tng hn sa 500%). Phn ln cht bo trong Spirulina l axt bo khng no, trong axt linoleic 13.784 mg/kg, -linoleic 11.980 mg/kg. y l iu him thy trong cc thc phm t nhin khc. Hm lng cacbon hydrat khong 16,5%, hin nay c nhng thng tin dng glucoza chit xut t to Spirulina tin hnh nhng nghin cu chng ung th * To Spirulina c cha phong ph cc axt amin cn thit nh lysin, threonin...rt quan trng cho tr, c bit l tr thiu sa m. Hm lng khong cht v cc nguyn t vi lng phong ph c th phng trnh bnh thiu mu do thiu dinh dng mt cch hiu qu, v cng l ngun b sung dinh dng rt tt cho tr li n. * Trong to Spirulina c cha nhiu loi cht chng lo ha nh -caroten, vitamin E, axt -linoleic. Nhng cht ny c kh nng loi b cc gc t do thng qua tc dng chng xi ha, lm chm s lo ha ca t bo, ng thi st, canxi c nhiu trong to va d hp th va c tc dng phng v h tr iu tr cc bnh thng gp ngi gi nh thiu mu, xp xng. Cc nh khoa hc ngi Nht nghin cu cho rng ngi trung nin v ngi gi dng to Spirulina v chu kh vn ng l b quyt trng th ca con ngi. ngha bo v sc khe ca to Spirulina l ch sau khi dng, tt c cc loi dinh dng m c th cn u c b sung cng mt lc, c li cho vic trao i cht, ng ha t chc, tng cng sc khng t t c mc ch phng chng bnh tt v thc y phc hi sc khe. Nht Bn, ngi gi khng coi to Spirulina l mt bin php bo v sc khe tm thi m l bo v sc khe lu di hn ch chi ph thuc men v vin ph.

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* Dinh dng chun, kh nng chng ung th, chng HIV/AIDS * Sn phm chng suy dinh dng rt tt cho tr em, ngi gi v mt s i tng khc nh ngi bnh sau phu thut, thiu nng dinh dng * c th dng to Spirulina h tr trong iu tr bnh vim gan, suy gan, bnh nhn b cholesterol mu cao v vim da lan ta, bnh tiu ng, lot d dy t trng v suy yu hoc vim ty, bnh c thy tinh th v suy gim th lc, bnh rng tc * Cc nh nghin cu chng minh to Spirulina lm tng sc khng vi nghch cnh v tng sc do dai trong vn ng. * Vi liu dng va phi, Spirulina lm cn bng dinh dng, tng hp cc cht ni sinh, tng hormon v iu ha sinh l, khin cho ngi n ng c mt "sc mnh" t nhin, bn vng * Khi dng Spirulina, cc hot cht ca n s iu ha hormon, lm cn bng c th, khin ngi ph n tr nn "t t" hn, c th s tr ra, biu hin r nht trn ln da. Ngoi ra to Spirulina c nhng tc dng v ang c cc nh khoa hc nghin cu nh tc dng kch thch t bo ty xng, hi phc chc nng to mu, chc nng gim m mu, gim huyt p, dng da, lm p.

Lipid

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Vi to cha nhiu cht bo v lng du tng t thnh phn du thc vt. Trong mt s iu kin nht nh, to c th cha lipit ti 85% trng lng kh. Nhng nhn chung, hm lng ca lipit trong sinh khi to dao ng t 20-40% cht kh. Gi tr dinh dng ca vi to c th b thay i rt ln cc pha pht trin v di cc iu kin nui khc nhau (Enright & CTV., 1986; Brown & CTV., 1997). Kt qu nghin cu ca Renaud, Thinh & Parry (1999) ch ra rng to pht trin n cui pha logarit thng cha 30 40% protein, 10 20 % lipid v 5 15 % carbohydrate. Khi to c nui qua pha cn bng th hm lng ny b thay i rt ln, v du nh: khi nitrat gim th hm lng carbohydrate c th tng gp 2 ln hm lng protein. Mi lin quan gia gi tr dinh dng ca to vi hm lng lipid tng cng, carbohydrat, v protein khng c th hin r (Webb & Chu,1981; Brown, 2002 ), v d 2 loi to Phaeodactylum tricornutum v Nannochloris atomus giu hm lng protein v carbohydrate nhng gi tr dinh dng ca chng li thp. Mt khc thnh phn ca cc amino acid ca cc protein tng t ging nhau gia cc loi to, tng i bn vng cc pha pht trin khc nhau v di tc ng ca cc iu kin nh sng. Hn na, hm lng cc amino acid cn thit ca vi to li gn ging u trng hu (C. gigas; Brown & CTV, 1993). iu ny cng ch ra rng protein khng phi l yu t xy dng nn s khc nhau v gi tr dinh dng ca cc loi to. Tuy nhin, lipid rt quan trng trong vic d tr nng lng cho u trng khi sng trong iu kin thiu thc n (Millar & Scott, 1967), s dng to c hm lng protein cao cho s pht trin tt nht ca vm ging (Mytilus trossolus; Kreeger & Langdon, 1993) v hu (Crassostrea gigas; Knuckey et al., 2002), to c hm lng hydratcarbon cao cho s pht trin tt nht ca hu ging v u trng ip (Whyte, Bourne & Hodgson, 1989). Th nghim dng 3 loi to Isochrysis galbana, Exuviella sp., Dunaliella teriolecta cho u trng c n thy rng t l gia hm lng lipid : protein: hydratcarbon c trong to c th lin quan trc tip ti gi tr dinh dng ca to (Pillsbury, 1983). Phn tch 40 loi to thuc 7 lp (Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Prasinophyceae) Brown & CTV. (1997) xc nh rng trong to n bo hm lng protein dao ng t 6 52 %; carbohydrate t 5 23 % v lipid t 7 23 %. Cc lp to khc nhau khng c s khc bit v hm lng protein, lipid nhng cc loi trong lp to
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Chlorophyceae v Prymnesiophyceae giu hm lng carbohydrate hn cc loi thuc cc lp to khc. Cc axit bo khng no (PUFA) c trong to, v d nh: docosahecxaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) rt cn thit i vi ng vt nui thy sn (McEvoy & Bell, 1997; Brown & CTV, 1997; Vilchis & Doktor, 2001). Hu ht cc loi to u cha loi acid bo khng no EPA mc t trung bnh ti cao (7 34 %). Lp to Bacillariophyceae (Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira, Nitzchia, Skeletonema), Prymnesiophyceae (Isochrysis, Paplova), Cryptophyceae (Rhodomonad, Criptomonad), Rhodophyceae (Rhodosorus), Eustigmatophyceae (Nannochloropsis) rt giu mt hoc c hai loi acid be khng no DHA v EPA. T 0,2 11 % DHA c trong to Prymnesiophyceae, trong khi Eustigmatophyceae li c nhiu nht AA (0 4 %). Prasinophyceae (Tetraselmis, Micromonas, Pyramimonas) cha khong 4 10 % DHA hoc EPA, ngc li Chlorophyceae (Chlorella, Nannochloris, Dunaliella) ch c khong 0 3 %, v vy chng c xem l c gi tr dinh dng thp. Vi to c coi l c gi tr dinh dng tt cho cc i tng nui nu hm lng PUFA (DHA, EPA) dao ng t 1 20 mg/ml t bo (Thinh, 1999). Hm lng trung bnh ca cc acid bo khng no c trong mt s cc loi to c th hin bng 1. Hm lng acid bo khng no (DHA + EPA) ca mt s loi to (Brown v CTV, 1989) Loi to Chaetoceros calcitrans Pavlova lutheri Thalassiosira pseudonana Chroomonas salina Chaetoceros gracilis Isochrysis sp. Skeletonema costatum Nannochloris atomus Tetraselmis suecica
16

DHA + EPA (mg/ml t bo) 17,8 10,1 7,2 3,9 3,2 2,0 0,8 0,3 0,2

Dunaliella tertiolecta

0,0

n nay, tt c cc nghin cu u xc nh rng mi loi to khc nhau th chng c gi tr dinh dng khc nhau, mt loi to c th thiu t nht l mt thnh phn dinh dng cn thit, v d I. Galbana c nhiu DHA, t EPA nhng ngc li khu to cha nhiu EPA v t DHA (Leonardos v Lucas, 2000). V vy, vic s dng hn hp cc loi to lm thc n cho ng vt thu sn s cung cp cht dinh dng tt hn cho chng. Tuy nhin, vic kt hp cc loi to lm thc n phi c hp l c v t l v thnh phn thch ng vi nhu cu dinh dng ca tng i tng nui c th th mi em li hiu qu cao, v d s dng n loi C. calcitrans cho u trng hu (Crassostrea gigas) tc sinh trng nhanh hn so vi s dng hn hp I. Galbana + C. calcitrans (Nasciomento, 1980). Vi to l ngun cung cp vitamin quan trng cho cc i tng nui thu sn. Theo thng k ca Brown (2002), hm lng acid ascorbic (vitamin C) trong vi to c s khc nhau rt ln gia cc loi (16 mg/g trng lng kh to C.muelleri; 1,1 mg/g to T. pseudonana). Cn li cc vitamin khc (thiamin B1, riboflavin B2, pyridoxine B6, cyanocobalamin B12, biotin, pyridoxine) ch khc nhau t 2 4 ln gia cc loi to. iu ny chng t rng, vic la chn mt cch cn thn cc loi vi to kt hp vi nhau s cung cp y vitamin cho chui thc n ca ng vt nui thy sn. Ngoi ra, cc khong cht v sc t trong to cng ng gp mt vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng nn gi tr dinh dng ca mt loi to (Fabregas & Herrero, 1986). Thnh phn ch yu ca sc t l chlorophyll v cc loi carotenoid chim 0,5 5 % trng lng kh. Ngoi ra cn c phycoerythin v phycocyanin nhng ch chim
17

mt lng nh khong 1 % khi lng kh. -carotene (tin vitamin A) c xem l rt quan trng trong chui thc n ca gip xc. Nghin cu ca Ronnestad, Helland & Lie (1998) pht hin ra rng sc t lutein v astaxanthin (c nhiu trong to xanh Tetraselmis spp.) c kh nng chuyn i thnh vitamin A trong chui mt xch thc n ca ng vt nui thy sn. Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no to cng c li cho ng vt thy sn. Trong trng hp vng bin b nhim bi cc c t do s n hoa ca to, ng vt thn mm v mt s loi n to s b nhim c t v l ngun gy bnh cho con ngi. Cc bnh thng gp nh: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Diarhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) v Amnesis Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) lm nhim c gn 2.000 trng hp trn ton cu hng nm (Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, 1991). S khng an ton v thc phm nh trn c tc hi khng nh i vi vic tiu th sn phm thy sn, c bit l cc loi hai mnh v v gy thit hi kinh t ng k cho cc quc gia. - Sc t: Ngoi Chlorophyll (a, b, c1 v c2), vi to cn cha cc sc t b tr nh phycobiliprotein v carotenoit. Cc carotenoit c gam mu t vng n v c bn cht izoprenoit polyene dn xut t lycopen. Cc loi carotenoit thng thng chim ti 0,1% trng lng kh vi to nhng mt s loi, -caroten chim ti 5% trng lng kh (Amphidinium carterae), hoc thm ch ti 14% (Dunaliella salina). To Haematococcus plyvialis li tch ly nhiu astaxanthin. Carotenoit c s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau. V d chng c coi l cht mu thc phm c ngun gc t nhin, l tc nhn lm tng mu sc cho tht c hi v lng trng g cng nh tng th trng v kh nng sinh sn gia sc nui nht. -caroten cn c coi l cht kch thch sinh trng ngn nga ung th v lm sng mt. Hin nay chng ta bit khong 400 loi carotenoit, nhng trong s ny ch c mt t loi c thng mi ha di dng cht mu thc phm nh -caroten, lycopene, cryptoxanthin Trong c th to, carotenoit ng vai tr nh sc t b tr quang hp v l tc nhn bo v t bo khi tc hi ca cng nh sng qu cao.

18

Phycobiliprotein l nhng cht mu t nhin c nhiu trong to trong khi to lam cha C-phycocyamin, C-phycocerythrin v allophycocyanin. a s cc loi to ny cha nhiu Phycobiliprotein nhng hm lng ca chng b ph thuc kh nhiu vo yu t ngoi cnh nh cng v cht lng nh sng, dinh dng Nit. Vic ng dng kh nng hunh quang ca cc sc t ny nh du khng th n dng trong nghin cu min dch l hng c trin vng. Mt khc phycocyanin v -caroten c bit n nh nhng yu t nng cao khng bnh ung th. Cng vi mt s carotenoit, sc t v lam hin nay ang c khai thc nh nhng cht mu thc phm c gi tr. - Carbonhydrat Vi to cha khi lng ln carbonhydrat di dng sn phm d tr (tinh bt, glycogen) hoc cc cht iu chnh thm thu (glyxerol, trehalose). Chng hn mt s loi to lam sn xut trehalose, glucose, sucrose, trong khi mt s loi to lc li cha sucore, glutamate, sorbotol v glyxerol. Mt s vi to bin khc sn xut cc loi ng mannitol, mannose. - Cht chng oxy ha C th lit k mt s cht chng oxy ha c mt trong sinh khi to nh carotenoit (sc t); tocopherol, vitamin C (vitamin); superoxydismutase, catalase v glutaion peroxydase (enzym). Cc vi to - ngun cc cht chng oxy ha c trin vng ang c khai thc l: - Dunaliella salina: sn xut -caroten, - Haematococcus pluvialis: sn xut astaxanthin, - Porphyridium cruentum: sn xut Superoxydismutase (SOD). 2.3. Ngun phn bn sinh hc Phn bn cha nit c coi l yu t hn ch trong sn xut lng thc. Ngi ta d bo nhu cu phn bn ca cc nc ang pht trin l khong gn 100 triu tn hng nm, trong 30% l phn nit. Vi vic c nh nit t khng kh, to c vai tr rt quan trng trong chu trnh bin i nit.

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To lam c nh m v tng d ph nhiu ca t. Hin nay trn th gii ang ch n c nh m sinh hc Rhizobium cng sinh c ch cng vi nhng vi khun sng t do quanh r nhng khng cng sinh nh Pneudomonas, Bacillus, Azotobacter. Mt khc ngi ta ch n to lam gn mt th k trc y ngi ta bit n s c nh m ca to ny nhung n nm 1928 Drewes mi chng minh to lam thun khit (khng c vi khun) kh nng c nh m t do. Tuyt i a s n thuc h Nostocacrae, Anabaenacrae, Seytonematacaea, Rivulaviacaea (G.M. Smith 1950) l nhng loi c t bo d hnh. Nhng thc nghim gn yca Venkataramann n ch ra nhiu to Lam khng c t bo d hnh c kh nng tng hp c nh m nh Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. b Oscillatoria c khong 250 loi c kh nng c nh m. Lng m do to Lam c nh c rt ln. Trong mt nm trn 1ha c 14,5kg (Prasal, 1949) hoc n 22kg (Piocco, 1957). i khi n 79,3kg (De et Mandal, 1956) Thm tr Califonia n 53kh/ha/1thng (Allen, 1956). Mt lng ng k, c khi n 50% m c nh c thi ra mi trng di dng ch yu l polypeptide ho tan trong nc v mt lng nh ammonia. Kh nng ca cy trng ng ho m do to thi l mi trng km hn kh nng ng ho m do s thi ra ca chnh c th to to nn. Trn cc cnh ng c to Lam pht trin, cht hu c c tch lu nhiu trong t, kh nng gi nc trong nc tng ln 40% (Singh, 1950). To lm cho mui c, phn cc tng di dng ln b mt chm hn. Nhiu tc gi (De Singh, Watanabe, Venkataraman, Dutta, ...) ch ra rng: cc cnh ng la v t nhit to Lam l yu t ch yu to nn s cn bng m v s mu m ca t ai. To nng cao hiu qu ca Azotobacter, kch thch s pht trin ca cc loi vi khun Azotobacter, Clostridium. Nh vy to kch thch h vi sinh vt

c nh m.
* To lam c nh nit: Cho n nay ngi ta bit ti 152 loi to lam (cn gi l vi khun lam) c khn nng c nh m. Cc loi ny c xp vo 4 nhm chnh sau y: - To dng si c t bo d hnh, c nh N2 trong iu kin c O2.
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- To n bo hoc tp on, c nh N2 trong iu kin c O2. - To dng si, khng c t bo d hnh, ch c nh N2 trong iu kin thiu O2. - To dng si, khng c t bo d hnh, c nh N2 trong iu kin c O2. Cc i din in hnh ca to lam n bo c nh N2 l cc chi Aphanothece, Myxosarcina, Chroococcidiopisis, Pleurocapsa. i din to lam dng si, khng c teesbaof d hnh l cc chi Oscillatoria, Pseudoanabaena, Lyngbya, Tricodesnmus... Cc chi to lam c nh nit c cu trc si km theo t bo d hnh l Anabaena, Gloeotrichia, Hapalosiohon, Mastigocladus, Nostoc, Scytonema, Stigonema, Tolypothiris, Westiella, Westillopsis. Trong s cc vi sinh vt kh N2 thnh NH4+ th Cyanobacteria ng vai tr chnh v chng c nh nit c trong trng thi sng t do v sng cng sinh. i din in hnh nht ca to lam c nh nit l cc loi dng si, cha t bo d hnh nh Anabaena v Nostoc. Cc t bo d hnh c th cho qu trnh c nh nit trong iu kin c oxy l ni cha enzyme Nitrogenase - enzyme xc tc qu trnh chuyn ha N2 thnh NH4+. C th ni rng gy nhim to lam c nh nh N2 sng t do hoc cng sinh ng vai tr rt to ln trong vic bn phn cho t, c bit l bn phn cho la. C th gim thiu lng phn bn ha hc cho la ti 15% nu dng to lam c nh m. Trong ma pht trin thch hp, to lam c th c nh c 20-30 kg nit/ha. Mt khc n cn tng hm lng mn cho t c tc dng ci to t trng. Ngoi ra chng cn tit ra cc cht kch thch sinh trng lm tng s sinh trng v nng sut cy trng. Hin nay vic gy nhim to lam trn cc cnh ng la ang c ng dng rng ri Trung Quc, Mianma, n , Philipin, Thi Lan, Indonexia, Israel, M Trung Quc dng Anabaena azotica v Nostoc sphaeroides trn 25.000ha, trong khi n s dng Aulosira, Anabaena, Nostoc, Plectonema, Scytonema, Tolypothrix trn 2.000.000 ha canh tc. Hin ti hng Cyanotech gii thiu mt li phn bn sinh hc gm 8 loi vi to c hot lc c nh N2 100kg/ha trong 1 v. Vit Nam cng c mt s cng trnh phn lp cc loi to lam t rung la. Hin bit 100 loi to lam c nh m v c nhng cng trnh nghin cu bc u v kh nng ny mm, sinh trng v nng sut thu hoch la, qu trnh ci to t trng.

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* Cc yu t nh hng ti sinh trng ca to lam c nh nit H sinh thi rung la rt ph hp vi s sinh trng v pht trin ca to lam c nh m (nh sng, nhit , nc, dinh dng) nn y mt to cao hn nhng vng trng cy khc. Thnh cng ca vic nhn to lam trn cc cnh ng la ph thuc rt nhiu yu t: - Yu t vt l: Nhit , nh sng, pH, gi, cu tng t. - Yu t sinh hc: Vi khun, nm, siu vi khun gy bnh cho to, cc loi to tit cht c ch sinh trng cc ng vt n to. - Phng php canh tc: Thu li, phn bn, khi bn nhiu phn nit v photpho thng c ch sinh trng ca to lam, thuc bo v thc vt cng nh hng rt ln n s sinh trng v pht trin ca to lam. * To lam c nh nit bo hoa du Bo du l mt loi dng x thu sinh sng cng sinh vi to lam c nh nit l Anabaena azolae. S cng sinh gia Azola- Anabaena l ngun phn bn cha nit . Tu theo vng a l m c mt loi Azola tg ng. Cc loi Azola thng gp A. filicaloides, A. rubra, A. caroliniana, A. mexicana, A. microphylla, A. pinata v A. nilotica. Tuy nhin vic s dng bo du trn rung la l khng n gin v i hi nhiu cng lao ng, thu li, thi gian gieo trng nn gi thnh s tng cao hn s dng m ur tng hp. Phn bn sinh hc cha nit thch hp vi cc nc Chu , ni c nhiu rung la nc. S dng phn bn sinh hc s gim c phn bn ho hc - tc nhn gy nhim mi trng. 2.4. To x l nc thi

2.4.1. Ngun nc thi Nc thi t hot ng ca con ngi bao gm nc thi sinh hot, nng nghip v cng nghip. Nc thi sinh hot bao gm nc thi t cc h gia nh, bnh vin, trng hc, khch sn, kho tng, sn bay, nh ht, sn vn ng, cc c s dch v khc Nc thi nng nghip bt ngun t hot ng sn xut ng, thc vt v cc sn phm c ngun
22

gc ng, thc vt. Ngun nc ny bao gm c nc ra tri t cnh ng, cc khu t canh tc khc nhau. Nc thi cng nghip c ngun gc kh a dng: t cng nghip sn xut thc phm cho ngi v thc n chn nui, cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip may mc, nhum hp, cng nghip giy, ha du, ch to my, cng nghip nh, in n. Tc nhn gy nhim nc thi rt a dng v nh hng ca chng ti mi trng cng vi mc khc nhau. 2.4.2. Cc giai on ca x l nc thi Vic loi tr cc cht gy nhim ra khi nc thi em li cht lng nc tt phc v sinh hot, sn xut v bo v mi trng l mc tiu cn t c trong x l nc thi. Mc v yu cu cht lng nc sau khi x l tu thuc vo mc ch s dng sau khi x l: dng vo thu li, dng vo sn xut nng nghip, dng vo sinh hot, dng vo bi tm t c tiu chun ra sau khi x l th cn c nhng qui trnh, thit b, din tch, thi gian Trong qu trnh x l c nhiu cng on v c s kt hp gia vi sinh vt v to. Trong , vai tr ca to (v thc vt ni chung) l s dng cc cht bn trong nc dinh dng ng thi cung cp oxy y nhanh qu trnh oxy ho trong nc. 2. 4.3. Vai tr ca to trong h xy ha H xy ha nc thi hoc h n nh l phng tin lm sch nc thi c hiu qu vi gi thnh thp nht. Dng h ny hot ng rt tt ti vng c cng nh sng cao v khng bng gi. Ngi ta thng k ti 10.000 h thng h ny dng cho x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip M. im mu cht ca h xy ha nc thi l s tham gia trc tip ca to vo qu trnh thi xy quang hp. Bn thn sinh khi to cng l mt sn phm c hm lng protein cao. Mc tiu ca vic x l nc thi trong h xy ha l loi b hoc lm gim COD, BOD, cc cht rn l lng, cc cht dinh dng cha nit, P, vi khun gy bnh v mt s cht c tim tng. C hai kiu h xy ha nc thi vi s tham gia ca to l h ty nghi (FP) v h to cao tc (HRAT)
23

* H ty nghi: L h c chiu su t 1,5 - 4m. Trong h xy ra c 2 qu trnh ln men hiu kh v k kh. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ph thuc nhiu vo hot ng ca gi hoc kh nng to dng chy nh khuy sc. Phn ng sinh ha c bn xy ra y h - vng k kh, l ln men methan v cc loi axit bay hi. * H to cao tc: L dng h nng (0,2 - 0,9m) v vic phn hy xy ra hon ton trong iu kin hiu kh. Qu trnh sinh ha chnh xy ra y l h hp v quang hp. Khi c mt O 2 ha tan, cc cht thi hu c c vi sinh vt xy ha thnh CO2, H2O, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-, To s s dng cc cht v c ca qu trnh xy ha ny tng trng v ti to O2 phc v cho hot ng ca vi khun. C th ni y l s hp tc rt c hiu qu gia to v vi sinh vt trong hot ng ca h xy ha nc thi. Cc nh khoa hc tnh ton t l vi khun/to (W/W) ti u cho hot ng ca h l t 1/3 n 1/4. V nit chim 8 - 10% thnh phn t bo to nn vic hp th nit di dng NO3-, NH4+, NO2-, t nc thi l c ch rt quan trng loi b ngun nhim ny. V pht pho ch chim 1 - 2% trng lng kh to nn khng th loi b hon ton P ch thng qua sinh trng ca to. Tuy vy, nu ta dng vi hoc sunphat nhm thu hoch to th gn nh ton b P s b kt ta v loi b khi nc thi cng vi t bo to. Trong h xy ha nc thi qu trnh nitrat ha v phn nitrat ha cng nh vic bay hi ca NH3 l c ch quan trng loi b cc hp cht nit v c - sn phm ca qu trnh xy ha ca vi sinh vt. Mc pH tng cao trong h cng l yu t quan trng gy kt ta mui pht pht canxi. Mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh trong h xy ha b tiu dit do hai nguyn nhn chnh l thi gian nc thi lu trong h tng i di v pH ca nc h tng do tng quang hp ca to. Tt c cc iu nu trn cho thy vai tr rt quan trng ca to trong h xy ha nc thi. Vai tr ny c th tm tt nh sau:

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- Thng qua quang hp, to thi xy cn thit cho qu trnh xy ha cc cht hu c bi vi khun. Hiu qu ca h thng lin quan cht ch ti s hp tc hai chiu gia to v vi sinh vt hin din trong h. - Trong qu trnh tng trng, to hp thu NO3-, NH4+, NO2-, CO2, PO43- - sn phm hnh thnh t qu trnh xy ha cc cht hu c v qu trnh nitrat ha v phn nitrat ha ca vi sinh vt. Cc cht v c trn l nhng tc nhn nhim v s c loi b bi to v mt s thc vt thy sinh khc c mt trong h. 2.4.4. Thnh phn loi ca to trong h xy ha nc thi Trn th gii c hn 15000 loi to lin quan n s nhim. Tuy nhin nhng loi quan trng trong k thutx l th tng i t (Palmer v Tarzwell, 1955) v chia thnh 4 nhm chnh l: To Lam, Nhm to c tim mao (to mt, to vng nh, to Gip), To Lc v To Silic. Mt s to quang hp c trng cho cc h s l nc thi l:
-

To Lc: Volvoccales: Chlamydomonas, Chlorogonium, Pas- Cheriella, Pandorina, Carteria.

- Chlorococcales, Chlorella, Golenkinia, Micractinium, Ankis trodesmus, Scenedesmus, Oocystis. Tetraedone. - To Mt: Euglena, Phacus - To Silic: Nitzschia; To Lam Oscillatoria, Anbaena ( Clare et al, 1961) Dng v c im ca h x l nc thi c nh hng trc tip ln hiu qu ca qu trnh v tim nng s dng sinh khi to. Chng hn cc loi to dng tp on hoc dng si (Microctinium, Oscillatoria, Spirulina) d thu hoch hn so vi Chlorella. To lam v to c roi i khi to thnh m ni trn b mt h v nu khng b r ra do gi hoc khuy sc th chng s b phn hy v to ra mi kh chu. Ti cc h thng x l nc thi bng h xy ha California, ngi ta xc nh s hin din ca cc loi to sau y: Chlamydomonas sp, Chlorella vulgaris, Golekinia radiata,Stichococcus baclaris, Navicula sp, Scenedesmus spp, Euglena spp,Ankistrodesmus falcatus.
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Theo Ergranshev v Tajiev (1986), trong h thng h x l nc thi Trung , cc loi thuc ngnh to lc (Chlorophyta) lun chim u th v mt v thnh phn loi. Sau l cc i din ca to lam (Cyanophyta), to Silic (Baccillariophyta) v to mt (Euglennophyta) Ngi ta ghi nhn mt s yu t ngoi cnh chnh nh hng ti thnh phn loi to trong h thng x l nc thi nh ti trng cc cht hu c, thi tit, khuy sc v ng vt ph du n thc vt. in hnh cho cc loi chng chu ti trng cc cht hu c cao l i din ca 8 chi to sau: Euglena, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Nitzchia, Navicula v Stigioclonium. C mt s loi in hnh hay gp trong h x l c ti trng hu c ln l Euglena viridis, Nitzchia palea, Oscillatoria limosa,scenedesmus quadricauda, Oscillatoria tenuis. Theo Azov v CS (1980) th cc chi to Scenedesmus, Micractinium, Chlorella v Euglena l thng gp nht trong h xy ha nc thi. 2. 4.5. To v vic x l kim loi nng trong nc thi: Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm nhim mi trng nc l kim loi nng (KLN) t nc thi cng nghip khng qua x l. nh hng c hi ca KLN rt ln, ngay c khi nng thp do c tnh cao v kh nng tch ly lu di trong c th sng. Nhiu ngun nc thi t cng nghip sn xut giy, acqui, sn, xng du, ch to my, m, m, thuc gia, phim nh... cha cc kim loi nng c hi nh Hg, Pd, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, As Thng thng loi b kim loi nng khi mi trng nc, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php kt ta ha hc, xy ha kh, x l in ha, k thut mng, trao i ion, bc hi Cc phng php ny i hi chi ph u t v vn hnh cao v t ra km hiu qu khi x l ngun thi c lu lng ln nhng nng kim loi nng li khng cao lm. Trong trng hp s dng cc vt liu sinh hc lm cht hp ph kim loi nng th cc ion kim loi nng s lin kt vi cc polyme sinh hc nh protein, polysacarit, axit nucleic thng qua cc nhm gn kt dng cacboxyl, photphat, sunphat,amin Hin tng hp ph sinh hc chnh l c s pht trin mt loi cng ngh mi nhm loi b hoc thu hi kim loi nng t mi trng lng. To chnh l mt trong cc vt liu

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sinh hc kiu ny. Nghin cu cho thy cc cht hp ph sinh hc khi c s dng tch kim loi nng c nhng u im chnh sau y: - C th loi b kim loi nng vi nng thp mt cch chn lc, - Hot ng hiu qu trong khong pH v nhit rng, - Do c i lc thp vi Ca2+ v Mg2+ nn h thng vn hnh tng i n nh, - u t ban u v gi vn hnh h thng thp, - Vt liu ch to cht hp ph sinh hc a dng, d kim v tng i r. Theo Wilde & Benemann (1993) mt s chng vi to qua chn lc c tim nng rt ln trong vic gim nhim KLN trong nc thi cng nghip. Vic pht trin k thut c nh t bo (Cellimmobilization) l bc t ph quan trng trong cng ngh ny. Cng cn ni thm l cho n nay trn th trng th gii xut hin hai ch phm AlgaSorb v AMT - Bioclaim dng loi b kim loi nng t nc thi. AlgaSorb rt hiu qu trong vic loi b kim loi nng vi nng thp v t b nh hng bi Ca2+ v Mg2+, trong khi AMT - Bioclaim c kh nng loi ti 99% cc kim loi Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd t dung dch. 2.5. To v ngun nng lng sch: Ngun nng lng m chng ta ang dng ch yu t cc nhin liu m khng ti sinh c nh du m, than , kh t nhin. iu chc chn l d tr ca cc ti nguyn ny l c hn nn vic tm kim cc ngun nng lng khc cn phi c xc tin. Cng cn ni thm l vic t chy nhin liu truyn thng lm tng ng k lng CO2 trong sinh quyn v gy hu qu xu n mi trng. Mt gii php hp dn thay th ngun du ha v than l s dng sinh khi to ra thng qua qu trnh quang hp. Sinh khi ny c kh nng ti to c v vic s dng chng lm ngun nhin liu khng gy ra hiu ng tng CO2 ca kh quyn. Tt c cc loi to c th nhm vo 2 nhm theo kch thc ca chng: vi to v to kch thc ln. Nhiu to bin c kch thc ln nh Laminaria, Porphyra, Ascophyllum, Chondrus, Gelidium,Glaciraria, Sargassum c s dng lm thc n hoc chit xut cc cht ha hc. sn xut methan thay th du la, ngi ta tin
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hnh n sn xut Macrocystis pyrifera - mt loi to nu c kch thc ln. Mt s vi to li c coi l ngun sn xut cc nhin liu c nng lng cao nh glyxerol, Lipit, izoprenoid, H2. 2. 5.1. Sn xut methan t sinh khi to: Nng lng mt tri c th c khai thc sn xut methan (CH4) thng qua hot ng phi hp gia to v vi khun. Trong qu trnh ny, to c sn xut i tr nh quang hp. Sau sinh khi to c s dng sn xut methan thng qua qu trnh ln men k kh. Mt s loi vi to c s dng th nghim thnh cng sn xut methan nh hn hp Scenedesmus + Chlorella spp.; Scenedesmus spp. + Chlorella spp. + Euglena spp. + Oscillatoria spp. + Synechocystis. sp, Hydroctyon reticuratum + Cladopdora glomerata + Anabaena sp.. Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men k kh sinh khi to l methan v CO2 vi t l 70:30 tng ng. 2.5.2. Sn xut cc nhin liu giu nng lng * Sn xut Ethanol v du la t Glyxerol Trong iu kin nui trng Dunaliella ti u, ngi ta c th thu c 8gr glyxerol/m2. Glyxerol cng nh mt gluxit khc (i khi chim ti 75% trng lng kh to) c th l ngun nguyn liu sn xut ru v du la. Ethanol ang c dng thay th xng du Brazil trong khi mt s vng ca M ngi ta b sung ethanol vo xng to hn hp gasohol. Qu trnh ln men glyxerol nh vi khun Bacillus c th t hiu sut ethanol: axetat l 92:8. * Sn xut Hydrocarbon a s cc loi to sn xut Hydrocarbon l vi to. Cc isoprenoit vi phn t lng thp (<16) c th dng trc tip lm nhin liu lng thng qua hot ng ca cht xc tc ph hp. Tuy nhin, loi hnh cng ngh ny mi ang giai on nghin cu v pht trin. Vi to Botryococcus baraunii l loi sn xut hydrocarbon in hnh vi hiu sut ln ti 86% trng lng kh. * Sn xut Hydrogen (H2): Sn xut hydrogen c tin hnh thng qua hai c ch: s dng enzyme nitrogenase ca to lam hoc enzyme hydrogenase c mt trong a s cc loi to. Hot tnh ca nitrogenase c pht hin trong hn 125 chng to lam, c dng c v khng c t bo d hnh.
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Nitrogenase xc tc phn ng chuyn N2 sang amn: Nitrogenaza N2 + 8 H+ + 8e 2 NH3 + H2

Trong khi enzyme hydrogenase xc tc phn ng: Hydrogenaza 2H+ + 2e H2

Vic sn xut H2 ngoi sng c thc hin nhiu loi to lc, to lam, to mt v to . Tuy vy, cc nhin liu c ngun gc t sinh khi to kh c th thay th hon ton xng du hoc kh t nhin. Nhng cho d ch di hn mc b sung ngun nhin liu t nhin th chng vn c vai tr quan trng trong vic hn ch gy nhim mi trng. III. Nhng thnh tu ng dng vi to trong lnh vc di truyn Cc nh khoa hc thc hin cc thao tc di truyn trn to v t c nhiu thnh tu ng k: 3.1. Nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca sinh khi vi to nui trng cng nghip Thng qua vic to dng gen m ha tng hp protein giu cc axit amin khng thay th hoc khai thc cc siu chng sn xut vitamin, cc sc t qu c th nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca sinh khi vi to nui trng cng nghip. Bn cnh nhiu chng vi khun siu sn axit amin v vitamin cng c to ra nh t bin. 3.2. Nng cao nng sut sn phm thng qua loi b hay thay i cc gen iu ha. V d: ngi ta thu c th t bin sn xut carotenoit m chng hoang d khng c kh nng ny; to ra dng gen kch thch tng hp astaxanthin v cantaxanthin to lc Dunaliella salina. Mc trao i cht c iu khin bi nhiu c ch iu ha hot ng mc phin m, dch m hoc chc nng enzyme. Bng k thut t bin ta c th loi b hoc thay i cc c ch ny. V d, ch cn thay i mt cht cu trc enzyme cng c
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th loi b vic c ch ca sn phm cui cng. Cng ngh gen c th nng cao nng sut sn phm bng nhiu cch khc nhau nh tng s lng gen qu c to dng, thay th cc tn hiu biu hin gen t nhin bng cc tn hiu mnh hn. 3.3. Hon thin cc c im sinh hc v cng ngh ca t bo to trong nui trng cng nghip. Cc c im sinh hc ca t bo l tc tng trng, cu trc thnh t bo, tnh chng chu nhit , pH, mn, quang oxy ha, quang c ch, chng chu ch hi, bnh Cc c im cng ngh ca chng to nui trng cng nghip l kh nng to bng, tc kt lng, khng to bt, khng dnh b phn ng Kh nng to bng v tc kt lng l hai c im quan trng lin quan ti k thut thu hoch sinh khi mt cng on c chi ph cao trong sn xut i tr vi to. 3.4. Nghin cu a dng chng, loi Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh sinh hc mt s k thut ADN cho php nh gi mc phn t sai khc gia cc c th trong qun th, gia cc chng, loi trong h sinh thi. Cc ch th phn t nh a dng chiu di phn on ct hn ch (RFLP). a dng ADN c nhn bn ngu nhin (RAPD), a dng chiu di cc phn on gen c nhn bn (AFLP), ADN vi v tinh, gen 16SrRNA v ang c s dng rng ri v c hiu qu trong vic nh gi tnh a dng sinh hc. Cc ch th phn t ny c chn lm c s cho vic lp bn gen, phn lp cc gen qu him cng nh chn v ci to ging thng qua vic chn cp lai v nh gi cy, con lai. Pht hin v khai thc tnh a dng cc phn on ADN l mt trong nhng thnh cng ng k ca sinh hc phn t. Khi ADN c ct bi cc enzyme ct hn ch thnh cc phn on khc nhau ri lai vi cc mu lai c nh du phng x th ta c th nhn bit nhng phn on lai c kch c khc nhau. y chnh l k thut RFLP - mt k thut c dng kh rng ri trong nghin cu di truyn. Tuy nhin tnh phc tp ca k thut khi thao tc i km vi vic s dng rng ri ng v phng x l hn ch ln ca phng php ny. K thut PCR ra i thc s cch mng ha nhiu k thut sinh hc phn t. Chnh trn k thut PCR, cc ch th RAPDs v AFLP ra i. Phng php RAPDs
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c u th l n gin v mt k thut, nhanh chng trong thao tc, ch cn lng nh ADN v khng s dng phng x. Phng php ny thch hp cho chn ging thc vt, nghin cu di truyn qun th v nghin cu a dng sinh hc. Cng nh RAPD, k thut AFLP da trn nguyn tc PCR nhng on mi c thit k theo trnh t ca nhng on ADN bit nn sn phm nhn c khng phi ngu nhin m mang tnh xc nh cao. C th nu v d chng t tm quan trng ca sinh hc phn t trong nghin cu tnh a dng ca to c chng hn. Tnh a dng gia cc loi to lam Cyanobacteria lin quan n hnh thi, c nh nit, kh nng iu chnh t trng, thnh phn sc t v phng thc sinh sn. y l cc ch th sng cn phn bit chng, loi. Ngi ta c th phn bit c cc chng Cyanobacteria trong mt qun th to n hoa thng qua k thut knh hin vi. Tuy nhin phng php soi knh khng cho chng ta v tim nng c t ca mt s chng. Cc loi Cyanobacteria c c im hnh thi tng i khc bit th c th phn loi chnh xc c, nhng chng ta s gp nhiu kh khn hn khi phi nhn bit ton b cc loi trong mt mu thu t hin trng. Vic nui trng trong phng th nghim s lm mt i nhiu c im phn loi qu gi nh thi quen to khun lc, xon ca si, hnh thnh khng bo kh, hnh thnh hormogonia v phn ha t bo d hnh. Thm ch sinh tng hp toxin cng b thay i ng k di tc ng ca iu kin ngoi cnh. Cch y khng lu ngi ta tin hnh ngi ta tin hnh nhng nghin cu phn loi trn c s s dng cc i phn t c trng nh cc axit bo ca mng t bo, isozyme, protein ( c bit nhng enzyme tham gia qu trnh quang hp) v plasmid phn bit cc chng, loi Cyanobacteria. Tuy nhin, cc yu t nu trn cng thay i ph thuc iu kin mi trng ging nh cc c im hnh thi. Nh vy, r rng vic phn tch genome trn c s s dng cc ch th 16S rARN oligonicleotide, RFLP, RAPDs hoc AFLD s c u th rt ln. So snh cc phng php phn loi da trn c im hnh thi th phn tch mc phn t cho php phn bit cc chng nhanh v chnh xc hn nhiu. Trong s cc phng php ny th vic s dng nhn bn ADN t ra c nhiu trin vng hn c. Hy vng trong tng lai khng xa, vic phn loi cc sinh vt ni chung v to ni ring s

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dn dn c tiu chun ha trn c s s dng nhng thnh tu mi nht ca sinh hc phn t.

KT LUN 1. Vi to c vai tr quan trng trong i sng v sn xut, nhiu loi to c ngha nui trng i tr nh: Chlorella, Spirulina, Scenedesmus, Dunaliella, Porphyridium, Haematococcus v mt s loi to nc mn khc. 2. Vi to c nhiu thnh tu ng dng trong i sng v trong lnh vc di truyn nh: - S dng vi to trong dinh dng cho ngi v ng vt - Khai thc cc hot cht t to: Vitamin, Lipit, Sc t, Carbonhydrat, Cht chng xy ha - S dng lm phn bn sinh hc - To x l nc thi - To ra ngun nng lng sch - Nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca sinh khi vi to nui trng cng nghip thng qua vic to dng gen m ha tng hp protein giu cc axit amin khng thay th hoc khai thc cc siu chng sn xut vitamin, cc sc t qu. - Nng cao nng sut sn phm thng qua loi b hay thay i cc gen iu ha. - Nghin cu a dng chng, loi

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.ng nh Kim, Hong Phc Hin (1999), Cng ngh sinh hc vi to, NXB nng

nghip, H Ni
2. 3. 4.

Phm Thnh H (2005), Nhp mn cng ngh sinh hc, NXB Gio Dc Nguyn Nh Hin (2005), Cng ngh sinh hc, tp mt, NXB Gio dc V Vn V, Nguyn Mng Hng (2005), Cng ngh sinh hc, tp hai, NXB Gio dc

5.

V Hnh (2007), To hc, NXB khoa hc k thut, H Ni

6.V Vn Tuyn(2003), a dng sinh hc to trong thu vc ni a Vit Nam, Vin

nghin cu nui trng thu sn II, NXB Nng nghip, TP H Ch Minh

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