TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 1

Unit 1
Title: Types of engines General objective:
To understand the structure and various types of engines.

Specific objectives:
At the end of this unit you should be able to: 1. define and classify internal combustion engine. 2. draw and label four stoke and two stoke cycle. 3. explain four stroke cycle engine. 4. explain two stroke cycle engine. 5. explain the process of four and two stroke compression ignition engine. 6. explain the process of the Wankel engine ( Rotary ), 7. explain the process of opposed-piston engine 8. explain the process of turbine gas engine.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 2

Input
This section introduces the subject matter that you are going to learn.
1.0 Introduction In this unit we are to discuss the spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI). These are internal combustion heat engine. Their function is to convert potential heat energy contained in fuel into mechanical work.

An internal combustion engine can be classified in two different ways and they are spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI). 1.1 Types of ignitions for the internal combustion engine. a. Spark Ignition (SI). An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle using a spark plug. The spark plug gives a high-voltage electrical discharge between two electrodes which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber surrounding the plug, Many forms of torch holes are used to initiate combustion from external flame.

b.

Compression Ignition (CI).

The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high compression.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 3

1.2

Four Stroke Cycle 1.2.1 Induction stroke The air-plus-fuel charge is induced into the cylinder as the piston moves from TDC to BDC. Due to the movement of the piston the pressure in the cylinder is lower than a value between the atmospheric pressure. Air flows through the induction system because of the pressure difference, and the intake valve is opened. Before air is channelled into the cylinder, the air passes through a carburetor in which the metered amount of petrol is added to the air. 1.2.2 Compression stroke. With both valves closed, the charge is compressed by the piston. At the TDC position the charge occupies the volume above the piston, which is called the clearance volume, and it fills mainly the volume of the

combustion chamber. The spark is timed to occur at a point before TDC. The combustion process occurs at almost constant volume, and there is a large increase in pressure and temperature of the charge during this process. 1.2.3 Power stroke When the gas pressure expands, the temperature also rises. This pushes the piston down the cylinder. This expansion continues and ends near BDC, but in order to assist in exhausting the gaseous products the exhaust valve opens before BDC. 1.2.4 Exhaust stroke. The piston travels from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke, and it pushes most of remaining exhaust gases out of the cylinder, and the pressure during this stroke is slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. In a normal aspirated engine, the clearance volume cannot be exhausted, and at the commencement of the next cycle this volume is full of exhaust gas at about atmospheric pressure. The valve exhaust closes after TDC.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 4

Figure 1.2.1 : Four stroke cycle

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 5

1.3 Two-Stroke SI Cycle When the piston ascends on the compression stroke, the next charge or air-fuel mixture is drawn into the crankcase through spring-loaded automatic valve. Ignition occurs before TDC, and at TDC the working stroke begins. As the piston descends through 80% of the working stroke, the exhaust port is uncovered by the piston and exhaust release will begin. The transfer port is uncovered later in the stroke due to the shape of the piston or the position of the transfer port in relation to the exhaust port. The charge in the crankcase which has been compressed by the descending piston, enters the cylinder through the transfer port. The piston can be shaped to deflect the fresh gas across the cylinder to assist the scavenging of the cylinder, this is called cross-flow scavenge. As the piston rises, the transfer port is closed slightly before the exhaust port is closed. When the exhaust port is closed compression of the charge in the cylinder begins.

Figure1.3: Two-Stroke SI Cycle

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 6

1.4

Compression Ignition Engine Process 1.4.1 Characteristics of CI Engine a. CI engine does not have carburetor and electrical ignition system, but this engine has a fuel injection component. b. Fresh air is induced into the cylinder as the piston moves from TDC to BDC. c. d. Temperature is built up during compression of air in the cylinder. Fuel in the form of mist is injected into the compressed air at a high temperature, and the fuel is burnt.

e.

Fuel must be injected using a fuel injector pump at a pressure higher than the air compression.

f.

In the CI engine, the compression ratio is 21:1 and the pressure becomes 5000 kPa at the end of compression.

1.5

Four-stroke CI engine cycle. 1. First Stroke: Intake Stroke. It is the same as the intake stroke in an SI engine, the only major difference is that there is no fuel added to the incoming air. 2. Second Stroke: Compression stroke. It is similar to as in an SI engine except that only air is compressed, the compression is of higher pressure and temperature. Next in the compression stroke fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber, where it mixes with very hot air. This causes the fuel to evaporate

and self-ignites, hence combustion starts. 3. Combustion. Combustion is fully developed by TDC and it continues at constant pressure until fuel injection is completed, at this stage, the piston has BDC.

moved towards

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 7

4.

Third Stroke: Power Stroke. The power stroke continues as combustion ends and the piston travels towards TDC.

5. 6.

Exhaust Blow down, similar to an SI engine. Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke. Similar to as an SI engine

1.6

Two-Stroke CI Engine Cycle The two-stroke cycle of a CI engine is similar to a SI engine, except for two changes. No fuel is added to the incoming air, so that compression is done on air only. Instead of a spark plug, a fuel injector is located in the cylinder. Near the end of the compression stroke, fuel is injected into the hot compressed air and combustion is initiated by self-ignition. This two-stroke CI engine also has a rotary air pump to compress air. The exhaust valve is located in the cylinder head, which is similar to an SI engine.

1.7

Opposed-piston engine This engine has parallel cylinder barrels. It may be described as an inflow opposed-piston engine since the scavenge air flows continuously from the inlet ports uncovered by one piston to the exhaust ports uncovered by the other, the two pistons moving towards each other for compression and away from each other for expansion.

However, the description is confined to the construction incorporating a single straight cylinder barrel in which the two pistons move in opposite phase towards and away from each other.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 8

Figure 1.7.1. : Opposed-piston engine

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/ 9

Figure 1.7.2 : Opposed-piston engine

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/10

1.8

Wankel engine This engine has rotor that provides three equal working spaces. An exhaust release will occur each time an apex seal overruns the leading edge of an exhaust port, that is, three times per revolution of the rotor, and this exhaust will continue until the following seal reaches the trailing edge of the port. Induction will commence earlier. in the same space about 60 of rotor movement

Thus, there are three complete four-stroke cycle per revolution of the rotor in different working spaces, but all fired by the same spark plug as maximum compression is reached.

Figure 1.8 : Wankel engine

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/11

1.9

The practical gas turbine cycle The most basic gas turbine unit is one operating on the open cycle in which rotary compressor and a turbine are mounted on a common shaft, as shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.9. Air is drawn into the compressor, C, and after that compression passes to a combustion chamber, CC. Energy is supplied in the combustion chamber by spraying fuel into the airstream, and the resulting hot gases expand through the turbine, T, to the atmosphere. In order to achieve net work output from the unit, the turbine must develop more gross work output than is required to drive the compressor and overcome mechanical losses in the drive. The compressor used is either a centrifugal or an axial flow compressor and the compression process is therefore irreversible but approximately adiabatic.

Figure1.9 : The practical gas turbine cycle

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/12

1.9.1. Power turbine The power turbine is more convenient to have two separate turbines, one of which drives the compressor while the other provides the power output. The first, or high-pressure (HP) turbine, is then known as the compressor turbine, and second, or low-pressure (LP) turbine.

Turbine, is called the power turbine. The arrangement is shown in Figure.1.9.1 The power turbine is mostly used in a jet engine. The population nozzle takes the place of the LP stage turbine.

The aircraft is powered by the reactive thrust of the jet of gases leaving the nozzle, and this high-velocity jet is obtained at the expense of the enthalpy drop from 4 to 5 at the diagram. The turbine develops just enough work to drive the compressor and overcome mechanical losses.

Fig. 1.9.1:Gas turbine unit with separate power turbine or simple jet engine.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/13

1.9.2: Turbo-prop In a turbo-prop engine the turbine drives the compressor and also the airscrew, or propeller, as shown in Figure.1.9.2. In practice there is also small jet thrust developed in a turbo-prop aircraft.

Figure 1.9.2: Turboprop engine 1.9.3: Regeneration process in the turbine gas unit. Exhaust gas flows in a turbine which contains great heat and it can be used to heat up the compressed air provided and for burning in the combustion chamber. Transfer of heat occurs in equipment called regeneration.

1.9.4 Regeneration process Exhaust gas flows in tubes whereas air flows on the outside of the tubes in the opposite direction, and it is heat up by the heat of the gas. The effectiveness of heat transfer depends on the heated area of tubes. In using regeneration to heat up air, can reduce fuel consumption and improve the cycle of heat.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/14

Figure 1.9.3 :Turbine gas unit with the regenerate unit (P.S)

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/15

Activity 1A
The activity in this section tests your understanding of the subject matter. You have to complete this section by following the instructions carefully.
1.1 Define the difference between SI engine and CI engine?.

1.2 Draw and label the diagram of the four stroke and two stroke engine. 1.3 Explain the four stroke cycle with a diagram of four piston movement over two engine revolution for each cycle.

TYPES OF ENGINES

J3182 / UNIT1/16

1.4 Explain why the two stroke cycle has two piston movement over one revolution for each cycle.

1.5 Describe the process of the four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine.

1.6 Explain the process of Wankel engine ( Rotary ).

Check your answers.