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Routes To Sustainability Report
Routes To Sustainability Report
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Authors (organizations) :
Abstract :
This report is an extra deliverable following on from D3.3 to draw further conclusions about possible paths to sustainability of FIRE, taking an holistic view of FIRE and Future Internet research as a whole. We consider a number of options including public funding, commercial, and mixed models, and the importance of a demand-driven, high-level federation for the FIRE facilities. The report includes a case study of the BonFIRE Cloud computing experimental facility and concludes with a comparison of the FIRE Open Calls process with Open Innovation.
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Disclaimer
THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY OTHERWISE ARISING OUT OF ANY PROPOSAL, SPECIFICATION OR SAMPLE. Any liability, including liability for infringement of any proprietary rights, relating to use of information in this document is disclaimed. No license, express or implied, by estoppels or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights are granted herein. The members of the Multidisciplinary networking of research communities in FIRE (MyFIRE) do not accept any liability for actions or omissions of MyFIRE members or third parties and disclaims any obligation to enforce the use of this document. This document is subject to change without notice.
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Revision History
The following table describes the main changes done in the document since it was created.
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V1.0 V1.1
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Table of Content
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1. Executive Summary
This additional deliverable adds to the findings of D3.3 Exploitation Strategies for Testbeds by looking more closely at paths to sustainability for FIRE Experimental Facilities. Sustainability is essential not only to maximise the value return for public funding, but also to ensure that facilities are available for long enough to enable researchers to plan and perform experiments, and to allow reliability and repeatability. Currently, potential users are deterred from using testbeds if they cannot be sure of this long-term availability. This does not mean that all facilities must be available indefinitely; termination, where appropriate, is a part of sustainability. However, the current FP7 funding model does not always provide for FIRE facilities to be available for long enough to attract sufficient user interest. Conversely, attracting many more users is clearly a potential route to longer-term sustainability and to increasing the research value of testbeds. The European Commission and the FIRE Architecture Board are well aware of the need for sustainability. Federation of the existing and perhaps new FIRE experimental facilities is seen as a key part of the route to sustainability; the large FIRE facilities projects are already federations of testbeds, but this wider federation is expected to span across FIRE, building on these existing federations. Provision is being made to fund moves towards this wider high-level federation in the current 2011-12 Information and Communication Technologies FP7 Work Programme. Federation is planned to include a joint FIRE portal and common tools providing features including brokering, user access management, a one-stop-shop, measurement, and performance analysis. In this way, taking a holistic view of FIRE as a whole, the sustainability of the FIRE features, and reliable long-term experimental platforms, is more important than maintaining the specific testbeds as they currently exist. Indeed, we suggest looking wider than FIRE, such as encouraging use of FIRE by Future Internet PPP and federation including NRENS and international networks, and programmes such as the US NSF-finded GENI1, as is already occurring in various ways. Sustainability could be on the basis of a public funding model; although the EU foresees a significant reduction in its funding, other forms of national, regional, or international funding can play a part. Alternatively, commercial models are possible. Public and commercial models are not exclusive, and we explore one model from Canada in which public funding was used to provide research facilities for SMEs. We support our conclusions for FIRE sustainability with a case study of the BonFIRE experimental facility in Cloud computing. BonFIRE provides easy-to-use tools for virtual machine management, modelling, lifecycle management, and analytics. For its users, BonFIRE provides the facility for experimental research in emerging issues in Internet-as-a-Service and Internet of Services paradigms. BonFIRE has produced thorough documentation and provides experience-based know-how and support, working with its users, thereby reducing their overall costs. BonFIRE provides heterogeneity and scale beyond that available on current research testbeds, and provides tools for experimental verifiability and reproducibility. BonFIRE developed its offering through three driving experiments which were designed to investigate research questions of real concern to the Cloud community, and through Open Calls, which provided funding to support a limited number of experiments (four in the first Open Call) designed to make user of various aspects of the BonFIRE facilities. This approach is leading to a sound offering, meeting the needs of users, and hence forming the basis for longer-term sustainability within the FIRE federated facilities. Finally, we show how the FIRE model of using Open Calls to grow the user community and to strengthen the testbeds is related to Open Innovation, in which firms draw on external ideas rather than developing new ideas internally. Although FIRE is not a commercial firm, it is going beyond the earlier forms of User Innovation to capture the value created by Open Call experiments and thereby meeting more closely the needs of its research user base.
http://www.geni.net/
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Timescale of federated FIRE facilities. ............................................................................................ 10 Figure 2: Geographically distributed testbeds and testing scenarios. .......................................................... 13 Figure 3: BonFIRE Project Timeline: How to get involved. ............................................................................ 14
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2. Introduction 2
It is clear that to provide a good service for experimenters, and to provide the best value in return for public funding, the FIRE programme must be able to sustain the availability of experimental facilities throughout the lifecycle; the FP7 ICT work programme for 2011-12 foresees implementing a demanddriven high level federation framework for all FIRE prototype facilities and beyond making the facility selfsustainable towards 2015 based on credible business models assuming a significant decrease of EU funding. [12]. Routes to FIRE sustainability have been considered by a Working Paper discussed by the FIRE Architecture Board. Report II of the FIREStation FIRE Roadmap (report I is [18, 19]) is planned to discuss sustainability alongside legal and business issues.
The authors would like to acknowledge the help of Kostas Kavoussanakis and Vegard Engen of the BonFIRE project in preparing this deliverable.
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http://canarie.ca/
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progress to large-scale deployment during 2012 and beyond; in this stage, there may be some cost recovery from commercial enterprises, depending on demand [8]. Thus, the model is of public funding for research resources, but not necessarily for these resources to always be provided free of charge.
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4.1.
It can be noted in Figure 1 that the former FIRE facilities did not cease (although there may have been funding gaps in some cases), but were in various ways largely incorporated, along with other facilities and technologies such as Grid, into the growing FIRE federation. An indication of the realistic possibilities of bringing together existing testbeds to further strengthen them and to increase sustainability is provided by the OpenLab project4, which "brings together the essential ingredients for an open, general purpose and sustainable large scale shared experimental facility, ....". OpenLab builds on the first wave FP7 ICT Call 2 FIRE projects Onelab 2 and Panlab II, both in themselves continuations of earlier projects, and, with FEDERICA, extended beyond their original EU-funded contractual end date [20]. In this way, the sustainability of projects as they become parts of new projects is illustrated. Another good example is provided by the experiment ExSec - Experimenting Scalability of Continuous Security Monitoring, running as part of the first BonFIRE Open Call. This experiment is in some ways an extension of work done in the FP6 GridTrust project, which developed a framework to perform continuous security monitoring on Grid technologies, and of the FP7 project RESERVOIR5, which adapted a portion of this framework for the policy-based access control to Cloud technologies. But indicating the ways in which FIRE facilities enable increased scale and diversity - The ExSec experiment aims to perform a much more rigorous scalability test, including different types of hypervisors and different types of Cloud environment managers, for applications requiring continuous security monitoring.
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http://www.dmtf.org/standards/ovf http://occi-wg.org/ 9 http://www.opennebula.org/start. OpenNebula is an open-source project developing the industry standard solution for building and managing virtualized enterprise data centers and cloud infrastructures 10 http://www.ibbt.be/en/develop-test/ilab-t/virtual-wall 11 http://www.hpl.hp.com/open_innovation/cloud_collaboration/projects.html
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http://www.dmtf.org/standards/ovf http://www.zabbix.com/ an enterprise-class open source distributed monitoring solution for networks and applications 14 http://www.geant.net/service/autobahn/ 15 http://www.fp7-federica.eu/ Federated E-infrastructure Dedicated to European Researchers Innovating in Computing network Architecture
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business, infrastructure, quality and coverage impact, and contractual agreements will be established between parties as necessary. In this way, access to BonFIRE is developing in three stages: 1) Driving Experiments, 2) Open Call Experiments and 3) from later in 2012, controlled Open Access.
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that gives the customer the value (e.g. CFD simulation or video rendering). Therefore, the gap between the terms the Infrastructure provider offers and what the users really want is large which results in a complex relationship between application performance and resource parameters. The complexity of this relationship is increased for applications deployed across federated clouds where even low-level resource descriptions may differ due to lack of standardisation. The research questions for the experiment include: Does the expression of IaaS parameters in terms of application-class benchmarks simplify the creation of application-level QoS that can be easily understood by users, whilst being usable for application modelling to predict application performance? How does specification of QoS in application-level terms provide efficiencies for users and providers in a service marketplace? In this way, the experiment not only addresses the specific research challenges detailed above, but also provides a concrete exemplar scenario where results from Cloud research project can exploit FIRE, and can go beyond what is possible within the current project and provide driving requirements for the FIRE facility, and addressing a very urgent business requirement. This experiment produced useful results which have led to several publications [6, 23, 26].
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5.4.4. ExSec: Experimenting Scalability of Continuous Security Monitoring building on GridTrust & RESERVOIR
The ExSec experiment aims to determine an empirically validated elasticity function for security monitoring; this is continuous security monitoring and therefore has the potential to impact negatively on system performance. ExSec is let by CETIC20, an applied research centre which specialises in the area of ICT, particularly in technology transfer with SMEs.
http://www.cloudiumsystems.com/ http://www.redzinc.net/ 18 http://www.cesga.es/ 19 http://eimrt.cesga.es/ Advanced Systems for Radiotherapy Planning Using Distributed Computation 20 http://www.cetic.be/
16 17
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From the point of view of sustainability going into BonFIRE, this experiment is an extension of work done in the FP6 GridTrust project, which developed a framework to perform continuous security monitoring on Grid technologies, and of the FP7 project RESERVOIR21, which adapted a portion of this framework for the policy-based access control to Cloud technologies. However, only small-scale security tests with a handful of virtual machines (and grid nodes) were performed during GridTrust and RESERVOIR. The ExSec experiment aims to perform a much more rigorous scalability test, including different types of hypervisors and different types of Cloud environment managers, for applications requiring continuous security monitoring in the cloud. Testing and validating at this scale and rigour requires that experiments are run on a real large-scale heterogeneous Cloud infrastructure, together with technical solutions and a strong level of support, such as is provided by BonFIRE. It is worth noting here, as example of sustainability and influential innovation, that the RESERVOIR project paved the way for a number of current European projects, including BonFIRE among others. Among successful outcomes were OpenNebula, maintaining openness and open source in Cloud computing. Indeed, BonFIRE uses and also contributes to OpenNebula. The ExSec experiment will benefit the research partner, CETIC, not only through the experimental results, but also by enabling CETIC to build its skills in cloud computing and to extend its consulting services in distributed systems security. The results of ExSec experiment will enable CETIC to help businesses in identifying the best security architecture that will fit their Cloud architectures and performance requirements. For BonFIRE, ExSec provides a way of testing and validating much-needed tools for monitoring the security properties of heterogeneous federated Cloud deployments, and in terms of infrastructural improvements, feedback through hands-on testing, and sharing of security-related know-how.
21 22
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24 25
http://www.openlivinglabs.eu http://www.smartsantander.eu/
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7. Conclusions
FIRE is developing mechanisms towards sustainability not only of its own infrastructure but, equally importantly, of the knowledge, "know-how" as human knowledge, experiences with developing Cloud and other Future Internet computing, and experimental results. These experimental results, and the experiences of running them, in turn, are increasing the European skill set in Future Internet in research centres, industry, and SMEs.
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8. References
1. Ballou, M.-C. Improving Software Quality to Drive Business Agility http://www.coverity.com/library/pdf/IDC_Improving_Software_Quality_June_2008.pdf Accessed 04/06/2012 2. BonFIRE Project. BonFIRE Cloud Quarterly - Issue 01: September 2010 http://www.bonfireproject.com/sites/default/files/bonfire-cloud-quarterly-Issue1-Sept10.pdf 3. BonFIRE Project. BonFIRE User Documentation Release 2.0 http://doc.bonfireproject.eu/R2/BonFIRE.pdf 4. BonFIRE: Infrastructure http://www.bonfire-project.eu/infrastructure Accessed 5. Supporting Innovation in an Internet of Services http://www.bonfire-project.eu/innovation Accessed 6. Bouckaert, S., Vanhie-Van Gerwen, J., Moerman, I., Phillips, S. C., Wilander, J., Ur Rehman, S., Dabbous, W. and Turletti, T. Benchmarking computers and computer networks. 2011. 7. CANARIE. DAIR: Digital Accelerator for Innovation and Research/ATIR: lAcclrateur technologique pour linnovation et la recherche http://canarie.ca/templates/news/docs/DAIR.pdf 8. DAIR Pilot Program http://canarie.ca/en/dair-program/overviewhttp://canarie.ca/en/dairprogram/overview Accessed 04/06/2012 9. Chesborough, H. W. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, USA, 2003. 10. Crowcroft, J., Demeester, P., Magen, J., Tran-Gia, P. and Wilander, J. Towards a collaboration and high-level federation structure for the FIRE Facility ("Wise Men" report). 2009. 11. European Commission Community Framework for State Aid for Research and Development and Innovation: 2006/C 323/01. 2006. 12. European Commission. Information and Communication Technologies Updated Work Programme 2011 and Work Programme 2012. 2011. 13. European Commission. Information and Communication Technologies Work Programme 2011-12. 2011. 14. European Commission Mid-Term Review of the R&D&I Framework: Commission Staff Working Paper: Brussels 10.08.2011. 2011. 15. FIRE: Future Internet Research and Experimentation. FIRE White Paper http://www.ictfireworks.eu/fileadmin/documents/FIRE_White_Paper_2009_v3.1.pdf Accessed 12 March 2011 16. 1st FIRE "Open Calls" information day http://www.ict-fire.eu/events/other-fire-events/1st-fireopen-calls-information-day.html Accessed 17. List of initiatives / actions of interest to FIRE http://www.ict-fire.eu/home/fire-relatedinitiatives.html Accessed 17/06/2012 18. FIREStation. FIRE Roadmap Report I - Part II: Deliverable D3.5 http://www.ictfire.eu/fileadmin/publications/deliverables/D3_5_FIRE_Roadmap_II_02122011_v1_0.pdf 19. FIREStation. FIRE Roadmap: Deliverable D3.4 http://www.ictfire.eu/fileadmin/publications/deliverables/D3_4-puCommon_roadmap_of_FIRE_test_facilities_%E2%80%93_First_version_v1.0.pdf 20. FIREStation. 1st FIRE Portfolio Update Concept of Experimentally-Driven Research and its Facilities. Deliverable D2.1. 2011. 21. Fleck, J. Innofusion or diffusation? : the nature of technological development in robotics. University of Edinburgh, 1988. 22. Hume, A., Al-Hazmi, Y., Belter, B., Campowsky, K., Carril, L. M., Carrozzo, G., Engen, V., Prez, D. G., Ponsat, J. J., Kbert, R., Liang, Y., Rohr, C. and Seghbroeck, G. V. BonFIRE: A Multi-cloud Test Facility for Internet of Services Experimentation. In TridentCom 2012 (Thessaloniki, Greece, 11/06/2012, 2012).
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23. Marquezan, C. C., Metzger, A., Pohl, K., Engen, V., Boniface, M., Phillips, S. C. and Zlatev, Z. Adaptive Future Internet Applications: Opportunities and Challenges for Adaptive Web Services Technology Adaptive Web Services for Modular and Reusable Software Development: Tactics and Solution., 2012. 24. Martrat, J. BonFIRE: Presentation to FIRE open calls info day, Brussels, February 9th, 2011 http://www.ict-fire.eu/fileadmin/events/2010-021OpenCall/FIRE_Open_Calls_Info_Day_9_Feb_2011_-_BonFIRE.pdf 25. Open Grid Forum Open Cloud Computing Interface - Core. GFD-P-R.183 version 1.1. 2011. 26. Phillips, S. C., Engen, V. and Papay, J. Snow White Clouds and the Seven Dwarfs. In IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, CloudCom 2011 (Athens, Greece, 29/11/2011-01/12/2011, 2011). 27. Richardson, D. Irish firms receive lucrative cloud technology contracts. 2011. 28. Seely Brown, J. Foreword Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology H. W. Chesborough Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, USA, 2003. 29. TEFIS project. Announcement of a competitive call to select new experiments for the TEFIS project http://www.tefisproject.eu/media/upload/Detailed-Call-information_TEFIS-final1.pdf 30. von Hippel, E. The Sources of Innovation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK; New York, NY, USA, 1988.