BM2405 HOSPITAL TRAINING

Commercially available CT detectors.

PRESENTED BY, M.SABARIYA 31509121041

Stellar detector-siemens:

 Spatial resolution-Important factor to be considered in a medical image. Siemens acquires the resolution upto 0.33mm using z-sharp technology but pushing the resolution further using conventional detectors increases the SNR value. Conventional detector- electronic noise. Stellar detector-combine the electronic components with the photodiode.

Stellar detector:

Ultra fast ceramic detectorssiemens

The ceramic scintillator absorbs the Xray quanta and simultaneously converts them to visible light (photons) which is then converted to electrical signals by the optical sensor system. Short afterglow During X-ray conversion, the ceramic scintillator itself begins to glow which aid faster processing of signals. Easy handling In addition to its minimal afterglow and high absorption properties, UFC shows additional advantages: it can be processed with tools from the silicon industry and for instance cut into stamp-sized plates or other geometrical shapes to meet special detector requirements and applications.

UFC detector:
How fast is UFC? Due to its fast decay behaviour and extremely short afterglow, Siemens UFC scintillator material is optimized for use with the fastest CT scanners, with rotational speeds well under 0.4 seconds. High quality images are essential to identify smallest treatable lesions so are minimal exposure of patients and fast examination times. Advanced applications such as high-speed cardiac imaging place even higher demands on detector speed and accuracy. Siemens high-performance UFC meets all these requirements with ease, offering low-noise, efficient and fast conversion of changes in X-ray intensity for medical images.

Spectral detector-philips:
The x-ray beam used in CT scanners is polychromatic. Advances in CT detector technology can now take advantage of the polychromatic nature of the x-ray spectrum when creating CT images. Splitting the x-ray beam into its component energies, or spectrum, by advanced detection technology is the secret to Philips Spectral CT approach Patients may benefit not only from images that facilitate more confident diagnosis, but potentially from decreased x-ray radiation dose. Another important clinical and economic benefit is that spectral CT is hypothesized to increase imaging sensitivity to contrast agents, thereby enabling the detection of lower (more localized) concentrations and

absorbed dose, effective dose, and The absorbed dose is the energy absorbed per unit of mass and is measured in grays (Gy). The effective dose, expressed in sieverts (Sv), is used for dose distributions that are not homogeneous.

Radiation Doses from CT Scans

 The effective doses from diagnostic CT procedures- 1 to 10 mSv. varies from patient to patient. A particular radiation dose will depend on the size of the body part examined, the type of procedure, and the type of CT equipment and its operation.

Radiation Bio-effects
Direct interaction
Cellular macromolecules (proteins or DNA) are hit by ionizing radiation
Cell death DNA mutation

Indirect interaction
Radiation interacts with cellular water
Hydrolysis of H20 resulting in a OH- free radical Formation of unstable H2O2 .

CT dose reduction:

 Ct examination should be justified for each individual patient and all the technical aspects should be optimized to provide as low dose as possible General dose reduction strategies: Detector- the electronic noise of the detector should be reduced to improve image quality at low doses. collimator-it is allowed to move to block the unnecessary radiation. Beam shaping filters -designed to reduce the x-ray intensity in the peripheral region. Automatic exposure control-to adjust x-ray tube current using weight or size based protocols. Tube voltage-for a given patient size and clinical application an optimal tube voltage exists that yields the best image quality or the lowest radiation dose.

Maintenance of ct machine:
Ct should be placed as far as possible from electronic equipments. Power cables and wiring should be checked periodically. Recommended periodic maintenance frequency-2 times a year. Periodically check : Emergency stop: press the button to confirm the system stops. Cradle latch operation: press the button to confirm the cradle latches. Clean covers.

Testing frequency - Each day of operation

Equipment functioning: Each day during equipment warm-up, and before scanning the first patient, the operator must check for any malfunction. CT Number Accuracy of Water, Image Noise, Image Uniformity, and Artifact evaluation shall be performed daily using a common technique setting with a head sized phantom.

Frequency - Monthly Imaged Slice Thickness or Slice Sensitivity Profile. CT Number Scale Accuracy. Hard Copy Devices Test frequency - annually Spatial Resolution Low-Contrast Detectability On Installation of New Tube All daily and monthly tests must be completed before patient examinations commence. All semi-annual and annual tests must be completed within thirty days of tube replacement

References:
http://www.medical.siemens.com/webapp/ wcs/stores/servlet/Categor http://www.healthcare.philips.com/in_en/pr oducts/ct/products/spectral_ct/ yDisplay http://www.future-science group.com/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/16812453/Hisp eed-CT-Scan-Operator-Manual

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