SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION SCHEME IN 132/33 KV SUBSTATION

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Gokula Krishna College of Engineering

MINI PROJECT PRESENTED BY

V.SAI BHARGAV (08F81A0235)

G. PRAVEEN KUMAR (08F81A0226)

K.SRIDHAR U.SATHISH V,RAMANAIAH (09F85A0204) (08F85A0237) (09F85A0202)

ABSTRACT
One hour halt in supply = 5 lakh crore losses in USA. so to avoid losses (in industrial sector, commercial sector etc,) continuity in supply should be ensured . India is lagging in supplying quality power relative to countries like Denmark, Sweden, Japan, etc, even we are at 6th position in world, in consuming power (3.4 % share) So we studied switchgear and protection (SGP) scheme in 132/33 kv Naidupeta substation which detects, clears fault as fast as possible to ensure continuity in supply.

SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

It consists of relays, circuit breakers and associated auxiliaries for controlling ,regulating, switching the electrical circuits in power system. In AP Transco mostly SF6 circuit breaker is used at HV side and VCB on LV side. 90% of all operations are by primary protection and 10% by backup protection ( in case primary protection fails).

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Here SF6 gas is used as arc quenching medium, it absorbs free electrons due to its inert, thermally stable and electronegative nature. Used at HV side due to its current carrying capability( 1.5 times than VCB),small arcing time , etc.

 Opening operation :- As stationary and moving arcing contacts separates , arc generates. The gas pressure in puffer cylinder builds up and powerful gas flow quenches the arc. Closing operation :- Here insulating rod is pushed up and all parts move in the reverse order of opening operation.

SPRING OPERATING MECHANISM Trip holding latch and trip trigger blocks the counterclockwise torque received by lever A and B. So contacts is closed position. Opening signal rotates trip holding latch clockwise ,which rotates lever B , so contact opens.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

In VCB, vacuum provides arc quenching medium To close/open the circuit breaker ,control elements are actuated electrically or mechanically. This enables , spring energy mechanism , through linkage system , to close /open the breaker. The two options for charging are 1. by electric motor (electrically) 2. by manual operation (mechanically)

MANUAL OPERATION
For charging the closing springs manually. fully insert the charging handle into the seat and rotate it clockwise. As the spring gets charged , a sound ( internal latches getting engaged ) can be heard . The force which can be normally be applied to the charging handle is 130 N. In any case , the maximum force applied must not exceed 170 N.

BY ELECTRIC MOTOR
Here spring charging device is operated by geared motor. The system has helical tension spring for closing and opening. An indication shows whether the closed spring is charged or not. The number of opening operations are counted by counter. Close or open operations are done by charging /discharging the closing or tripping springs through linkage mechanism via geared motor and other assembly.

PROTECTIVE RELAYING
Fault is first sensed by relay through CT, in turn close trip circuit of breaker(when ever more current flows) making circuit breaker open. Buchholz relay is used for T/F protections. For low faults alarm sounds, for serious faults T/F (oil immersed) is totally separated from supply. Distance relay operates when V/I ratio is less than pre determined value

AUXILLIARIES
Isolators are employed for isolating circuit (under no load) careless opening leads to arcing, flashover to ground. Instrument T/Fs provides current and voltage required to actuate relays, insulation against high voltage power circuit and protects apparatus, personnel from high voltage. For safety purposes secondary's of CTs,PTs are grounded

Instrument transformers

Primary rating 10-3000 A > 400 V

Secondary rating 0.1-5 A 110 V or 1103 V

Current T/F Potential T/F

Fuses and lightening arrestors

Fuses are used at different areas of substation ,its action depends on heating effect, Lightening arrestors are connected between line and earth such that it diverts incoming high voltage wave to earth. Power transformers are used to step up/down the voltage ,oil natural air forced type is used in Naidupeta substation.

Batteries and earthing

110 Lead-acid batteries (DC voltage) connected in series are used ,each contributes 2V. These are charged with 220V Ac. Here plate earthing is used. Earthing plate (copper or galvanized iron) is buried at a depth 3 meters with alternate layers of coke and salt. Tap is provided above earthing to keep the place wet.

conclusion
Switchgear and protection devices plays vital role in reducing hazards and ensures continuous supply, by fastly responding to faults . Day by day newer designs ,automatic and maintenance free SGP devices are developing ,thus ensuring more quicker operations for interruption free supply.