PROTOCOLS

Presented By: K.Sindhuri

Protocol is defined as
The word protocol comes from the Greek

protocollon, meaning a leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume that describes the contents.
A protocol is an agreement between the

communicating parties on how communication is to be proceed.

Protocol Hierarchies
To reduce their design complexity.
Most of the networks are organized as a stack of

layers or levels , each one built upon the one below it.
Each layer is a kind of virtual machine, offering

certain services to the layer above it.

A Generic Network Hierarchy

General test..
Service

It is a set of primitives that a layer provides to the layer.

A set of layers and protocols is called as -

Network architecture.
Interface - It defines which services the lower

layer makes available to the upper one.

Relationship Between Layers at An Interface

Stack
The term stack refers to the actual software that

processes the protocols.

The OSI Reference Model that defines seven

protocol layers is often called a stack, as is the set of TCP/IP protocols that define communication over the internet.

The OSI Reference Model

OSI = Open Systems Interconnection, 1983

Nested Layer Protocol Headers

Layer headers are appended by each network layer to the original user data as it travels from higher to lower layers.

Data Transfer
The transfer of data

packets seems simple on the outside but a closer look will reveal the specific process of moving data from source to destination. We will look at this by starting with the OSI layer closest to the user, the Application Layer.

Application Layer

Presentation layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Physical Layer

Data Link Layer

Data Transmission in The OSI Model

Some headers may be empty

Connecting Networks
Repeater: physical layer

Bridge:
Router:

data link layer

network layer

Gateway: network layer and above.

The TCP/IP model

The TCP/IP model is a descriptive framework for

computer network protocols created in the 1970s by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense.
The TCP/IP model is formalized in the Internet

protocol suite and is sometimes called the Internet model or the DoD model.

DoD model: Four Layers

1. Network Access Layer: Delivery over physical media

in use.

2. Internet Layer: Delivery across different physical

networks that connect source and destination machines.

3. Host-to-Host Layer: Connection rendezvous, flow

control, retransmission of lost data, etc. TCP and UDP protocols are in this layer. FTP and rlogin.

4. Process Layer: User-level functions, such as SMTP,

Encapsulation of application data descending through the TCP/IP layers

Protocol Stack
Protocol Stack: This class maintains a doubly

linked list of Protocol layers. It supports dynamic addition and removal of protocol layers. Protocol stacks tend to be rigid in design and protocol layers cannot be dynamically added or removed from a protocol stack.

The following diagram attempts to show the various protocols would reside in the original OSI model:
7 6 5 Application Presentation Session e.g. HTTP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet, SSH and Scp, NFS, RTSP, Feed, Webcal e.g. XDR, ASN.1, SMB, AFP e.g. TLS, SSH, ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, RPC, NetBIOS, ASP

Transport

e.g. TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP, SPX, ATP e.g. IP, ICMP, IGMP, X.25, CLNP, ARP, RARP, BGP, OSPF, RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, IPX, DDP
e.g. Ethernet, Token ring, PPP, HDLC, Frame relay, ISDN, ATM, 802.11 WiFi, FDDI e.g. wire, radio, fiber optic

Network

Data Link

Physical

Protocol Suite
A protocol suite is a collection of communications

procedures, broken down into small data packets.

The Internet protocol suite is the set of

communications protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs.

TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

Internet protocols
The Internet protocols are the world's most

popular open-system (nonproprietary) protocol suite because they can be used to communicate across any set of interconnected networks and are equally well suited for LAN and WAN communications.

Process

Process

Process Layer

TCP

UDP

Transport Layer

ICMP, ARP

IP

Network Layer

802.3

Data-Link Layer

QUERIES.?

THANK-YOU