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7 Hydrograph
7 Hydrograph
HYDROGRAPH
Hydrograph is a graph showing variations of discharge with time, at a particular point of a stream. It shows the time distribution of total run-off at the point of measurement.
How to Separate Direct Runoff and Groundwater Runoff? 1.Extend the recession of the flow existing prior to the storm to a point under the peak (or crest) of the hydrograph (line AB). 2.Select a point C on the recession limb of the hydrograph N days after the peak. Join point B and C. A rough selection of N (in days) is given by N = 0.84 A0..2 (A = Drainage Area in sq. km.) N = A10.2 (A1 = Drainage Area in sq. miles) ABC Groundwater Divide Line Area ABCDA Volume of Direct Runoff At any time instant t, ab Ground water storage or base flow bd Surface runoff + Influent stream
Valley Storage
Water which is temporarily stored within the channel of the basin is called Channel storage or valley storage. Pre-requisite for Valley storage: Increase in Rate of overland flow => Rate of channel flow => Depth of flow Equilibrium Condition will occur only when a sufficient amount of rain has occurred to supply this valley storage.