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Emerging Wireless Standards2
Emerging Wireless Standards2
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards ( 6) Summary and Trends Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Principles of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multiple Input Multiple Output Communications Systems
Intersymbol Interference
Occurs when symbol period (Ts) is less than channel delay spread, ISI introduces an error floor to BER
Limits maximum throughput
BER Floor for various modulations
1 0 -1
C o h e re n t D e te c tio n + BPSK QPSK O Q P S K M o d u la tio n x MSK
Ir r e d u c ib le B E R
1 0 -2
x x
x x + + + + x
Solutions:
Equalization (high complexity) Longer symbol periods (generally means lower data rate)
QPSK limit
1 0 -3
1 0 -4 1 0 -2
1 0 -1 d e la y s p re a d s ym b o l p e rio d
1 00
J. C.-I. Chuang, "The Effects of Time Delay Spread on Portable Radio Communications Channels with Digital Modulation," IEEE JSAC, June 1987
Long history
KINEPLEX ANDEFT KATHRYN
J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
Hf
B/L
Effects
High receiver complexity
separate receiver chain per carrier
Bc
OFDM
Much simpler to create multicarrier transmission using iFFT
Information carried in magnitude and phase of each bin Then can be recovered by using FFT at receiver
Ideal inverse Fourier transform of multicarrier would be infinite duration sine waves
Cut at Symbol duration Ts Rectangular windowing causes sinc spectrum in frequency domain with zeros at 1/Ts Orthogonal subcarriers
M g itu e an d
T 0
F qec re u n y
Delay Spread
Delay Spread
If we space OFDM symbols by gaps at least as long as the delay spread, then there will be no intersymbol interference However, there will still be interference within the symbol (intrasymbol)
y h* x
y x h
Is multiplication in the frequency domain
Y XkH k k
Implication: If we can make the system behave like a circular convolution, equalization is trivial
complex multiplication per FFT bin at the receiver
Cyclic Prefix
Adding a cyclic prefix at transmitter leads to circular convolution Note that misaligned timing still results in a circular convolution, just time shifted
Makes for phase shifts in FFT bins Correct that in a moment
J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
Permits low complexity equalization for same data rates Single carrier tap# approximately bandwidth delay product
MAC
Penalty becomes negligible as L becomes large (but there are tradeoffs! more later) Power penalty generally more important in practice where systems are interference limited Penalty can be avoided with zero prefix
Nothing transmitted in guard band (zero prefix) Receiver adds tail back to beginning of symbol Used in WiMedia
Frequency Errors
Primary sources of frequency errors
Doppler shift Clock mismatches Phase noise
Effects
Reduction in amplitude (missampling sinc) Intercarrier interference
O. Edfors, M. Sandell, J. van de Beek D. Landstrm, F. Sjberg, An Introduction to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Sep 98, Available online: http://epubl.luth.se/avslutade/0347-0881/96-16/esb96rc.pdf
Techniques
Data aided Non data aided Cyclic prefix
O. Edfors, M. Sandell, J. van de Beek D. Landstrm, F. Sjberg, An Introduction to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Sep 98, Available online: http://epubl.luth.se/avslutade/0347 -0881/96-16/esb96rc.pdf
Channel Estimation
Channel assumed static for duration of symbol, though frequency/phase varying over bandwidth Solution, embed pilot symbols at regular intervals in the symbol
Used closest pilot Interpolate
Hf
Sum of large number of (somewhat) independent subcarriers leads to signal distribution that is somewhat Gaussian Implications
10
0 -1
P B,out 1d
1dB
Fu nd am en tal
1 1
M S D
long tails for amplitude distribution PAPR CDF for Varying # Subcarriers Possibly large ratios of peak-topower ratios
10
B R D
log(CDF)
10
-2
(a)
(a )N=16 (b) N=32 (c) N=64 (d) N=128 (e) N=256 (f) N=1024
10
-3
(b) (c)
10
-4
(d) (e)
10
-5
(f)
10
-6
8 PAPR[dB]
10
12
14
16
Solution Techniques
Spectral Effects of Windowing and Clipping
Clipping
Eliminate signals above a certain level or ratio
Peak windowing
Filter peaks
Peak Cancellation
Subtract signals from high peaks Need to be similar bandwidth to limit out-of-band interfernce
Symbol Scrambling
Adaptive Modulation
Different subcarriers experience different flat fades Means different SINR Adapting modulation scheme of each subcarrier to its SINR allows the system to approach Shannon capacity
J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
Hf
B/L
B/L
Bc B
OFDMA
Multiple user access with OFDM Lots of flexibility possible when splitting up OFDM symbols and frames
Assign different subcarriers to different users Assign different time slots to different users Vary modulation and coding Vary powers More options available with antenna arrays
J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
Allocation algorithms
Maximum Sum Rate Proportional fairness Proportional rates constraints
OFDM Summary
OFDM overcomes even severe intersymbol interference through the use of the IFFT and a cyclic prefix. Limiting factor is frequency offset
Correctable via simple algorithm when preambles used
Two key details of OFDM implementation are synchronization and management of the peak-toaverage ratio. OFDMA provides a lot of flexibility to a systems resource allocation
Permits exploitation of multi-user diversity
The use of multiple antennas provide two forms of diversity: Diversity gain
Exploit multiple independent channels created by multipath diversity Works with uncorrelated antennas
10 5 0 -5
Array gain
Coherently combine energy from antennas Works even with perfectly correlated antennas as received SNR increases linearly with the number of receive antennas
-10 0
200
800
1000
Adding additional transceiver chains is expensive (SWAP and cost), but can provide tremendous (though competing) gains
Increase the system reliability (decrease the bit or packet error rate) Increase the achievable data rate and hence system capacity Increase the coverage area Decrease the required transmit power
Receive Diversity
Oldest and simplest diversity technique Receiver leverages independence of fades on antennas
Selection Combining (SC)
Choose antenna with maximum SINR Lowest complexity Selection Diversity
Antenna
...
Comparator Preset Threshold Short-Term Average
Receiver
EGC
SC
Antennas
TX Encoder
h2
RX Decoder
Assumes flat constant channel over two symbol periods (may not be true for high mobility) Requires channel knowledge at receiver No change in rate required
1. S. M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol 16 pp.14511458, Oct 1998
Note number of h terms maximized when Nt = Nr for a fixed number of antennas Also full-diversity, orthogonal STBCs exist only for certain combinations of Nt and Nr.
Can also use space-time trellis codes for added 1-2 dB, but those have exponential complexity order
[a1 a2 a3 a4]
a1 a2
g22 g32
a3
a4
g42
QPSK mapping
Output to ANT2
Beamforming Systems
Narrowband adaptive array or linear combiner
x1(t) x2(t) w1
. . .
w2
120
y(t)
150 180 210 240
90 1.5 60 1 0.5 30 0
interferer
xM(t)
wM
The weight vector is adjusted to improve the reception of some desired signal
Angle of arrival
MUSIC, ESPRIT No physical interpretation, but useful in multipath environment Minimize some cost function
Eigenbeamforming
Useful for interference rejection, multipath fading mitigation, and increased antenna gain
Adaptive Beamforming
Narrowband beamforming is equivalent to spatial filtering
By choosing appropriate sensor coefficients, it is possible to steer the beam in the desired direction By varying the sensor coefficients (spatial filter taps) adaptively, the interference is reduced
Common algorithms
Maximum Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (MSINR) Minimum Mean Squared Error Least Mean Squares Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) Recursive Least Squares Similar to linear precoding, but may account for interferers
Performance Comparison
MRT refers to maximum ratio transmission
the choice of antenna weights that maximize received SNR
3 dB
Modified from: J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
Spatial Multiplexing
In rich scattering environments, independent data signals transmitted from different antennas can be uniquely decoded to yield an increase in channel capacity
x1 Source Modulation & Coding h11
. . .
. . .
xM
xN
Zero-forcing
Evaluates pseudo-inverse of H Can dramatically increase noise power
MMSE
Minimizes distortion Like Zero-forcing at high SNR, but without the instability at low SNR For large SNR, capacity grows linearly with rank of H, approximately min{Nt, Nr} information capacity, error probability detection MSE received SNR
BLAST
Layers & codes transmissions across antennas Effectively linear receiver with successive interference cancellation Receiver iterates through transmission streams using MMSE or ZF Works better in lab than real-world due to high SNR requirement
Approximations guided by
Correlation/Coupling Effects
Spacing between antennas influence correlation and coupling Multipath components can act like interference for beamforming which reduces antenna gain
4x4, SNR = 20 dB, 30 AS Beamforming BER
http://www.ngwnet.ac.uk/files/wspres/mimo2.thompson.pdf
Adaptive beamforming Focus the antennas gain in the direction of the desired signal
Achieved by manipulating the weights associated with each element
Antenna elements have to be separated by /2 to attain a certain phase difference in the signals
Signals are correlated
MIMO Summary
Spatial diversity offers incredible improvements in reliability, comparable to increasing the transmit power by a factor of 10100. These diversity gains can be attained with multiple receive antennas, multiple transmit antennas, or a combination of both. Beamforming techniques are an alternative to directly increase the desired signal energy while suppressing, or nulling, interfering signals. In contrast to diversity and beamforming, spatial multiplexing allows multiple data streams to be simultaneously transmitted using sophisticated signal processing. Since multiple-antenna techniques require channel knowledge, the MIMO-OFDM channel can be estimated, and this channel knowledge can be relayed to the transmitter for even larger gains. It is possible to switch between diversity and multiplexing modes to find a desirable reliability-throughput operating point; multiuser MIMO strategies can be harnessed to transmit to multiple users simultaneously over parallel spatial channels.
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards ( 6) Summary and Trends Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Cellular Overview
Two primary competing approaches to 3G
3GPP Family
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMA-TDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE, LTE Advanced
3GPP Declared IP
Promotional www.gsmworld.com Standards www.3gpp.org 3GPP2 Family CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB Promotional http://www.cdg.org Standards www.3gpp2.org One vision
Voice + high speed data + mobility
3GPP2 Declared IP
New Entrant
Mobile WiMAX and WiMAX II (802.16m) Standard http://wirelessman.org/ Promotional http://www.wimaxforum.org Lower cost IP
350 companies own essential IP http://www.eetimes.eu/design/197007324
Source: 3G Cellular Standards and Patents, David J. Goodman and Robert A. Meyers
http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm
3GPP (GSM/WCDMA) has most of the market (77% in 2005, 83% in 2006, 86.6% in 2008)
Most of that lead is in GSM
3GPP Technologies
Generic Access Network (UMA)
Supports handoffs between GSM networks and 802.11 or Bluetooth networks Enables easier handoffs between different 3GPP networks
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), MIMO (Release 6) Hybrid ARQ All IP core network
(Release 4) Originally ATM
Uplink: SC-FDMA (more later) DL 100 Mbps in 20 MHz (5 bps/Hz) UL 50 Mbps in 20 MHZ (2.5 bps/Hz) Reduced transition time between states (such as between idle and active states) Variable bandwidth allocations: 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink At least 200 users/cell Load sharing/policy across radio access technologies Support for antenna arrays
Beamforming, MIMO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA (UL)
Applies frequency domain equalization to single-carrier system Like spread-OFDM Transmits serially (single-carrier) Better PAPR (single carrier) Less sensitivity to carrier offset Similar complexity for just equalization
But extra steps to effect SC-FDMA
Other Features
Interference Mitigation Extensions
TD-SCDMA
Time Division Synchronous CDMA
Synchronized uplink channels aided by joint detection Chinas 3G technology
3 P GP
L RT D C D 4 R L RT D C D 5 R L RT D C D ( 6 R) L RT D C D ( 7 R) M- D A CC M TD D L ET D T D OD A FM TD D
S- D A CF M /O D AT D FM D
C S CA
T - CM DS D A S g III ta e 6 7 R /R T - CM DS D A S g I ta e 42 0 /0 R 03 3 T - CM DS D A S g II ta e 5 R
NFe u n y r qec B n sC ll ad e
T - OD A DS F M
Part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Planning Partnership Project) Multiple chip rates
LCR: 1.28 Mcps, 1.6 MHz BW HCR: 3.84 Mcps, 5 MHz BW
Mlti- ar r u c r ie
C r e t s tu ur n ta s
S ot T r E o tio h r em v lu n
20 05 20 07
L n T r E o tio o g em v lu n
TDD link
Does not use paired frequency bands
Optimum for symmetric and asymmetric data services
Partially motivated by avoiding paying Qualcomm royalties B. Li, D. Xie, S.Cheng, J. Chen, P. Zhang,
W.Zhu, B. Li; Recent advances on TDSCDMA in China, IEEE Comm. Mag, vol 43, pp 30-37, Jan 2005
However, China has made it a point of national pride to have the network running for the 2008 Olympics
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1150687033.html Is already being tested in 10 cities (includes the Olympic cities) but nationwide licenses may not even be issued by the Olympics
http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.a sp?pp_cat=1&art_id=54099&sid=15557306&c on_type=1
Then 2005
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2 004-06/23/content_341749.htm
Then 2006
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/ 0286/0286-9623636.html
Then 2007
http://www.theage.com.au/news/Technolog y/China-Mobile-to-launch-3G-mobileservicesend2007/2007/02/12/1171128898337.html
China wont allow 3G or WiMAX until TD-SCDMA takes off Developed a bad reputation
http://homepage.mac.com/dwbmbeijing/ibl og/SiHu/C520534961/E20060302210839/i ndex.html Unnamed China Mobile engineer you GIVE me a TD-SCDMA network, and I wouldn't take it."
EVDO Rev A
Wide deployment
Verizon, Sprint, Kindle best known
Features
Higher modulation uplink Multi-user packets (time-slots) Lower Latency Couple new data rates downlink (changed code rate)
2G / 3G
1x EVDO
CDMA EVolution Data Only
Designed to support only data applications
VOIP
Promotional
http://www.evdoinfo.com
Key technologies
OFDMA, MIMO, beamforming Flexible spectrum allocation
Enhanced QoS Support for multiple access technologies
Reduced latency
Dead on Arrival
Commercialization Roadmap
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20 though WiMAX Forum once said otherwise Numerous ongoing deployments and working systems, particularly for WiBRO PHY
Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO Convolutional turbo codes Optional block turbo codes, LDPC
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Security
AES for traffic and control data EAP Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) 3-way handshake on handoffs
WiBRO
Defines a set of options for Mobile WiMAX for Korean deployment
WiMAX Spectrum
WiMAX Spectrum Alliances Regulatory Database
AT4 Wireless Launched November 2006 http://www.wimaxforum.org/join/spectrum_d emo/
http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads/supercomm_2005/ WF_Day_in_a_Life_with_WiMAX_Final.pdf
http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/documents/wimax_networks_worldwide_11x17.pdf
Clearwire/Sprint
Clearwire Coverage Fixed WiMAX based wireline replacement service to home + portability within coverage area 2 Mbps data + voice
http://www.clearwire.com/
Investors
$3.2 Billion from Google (500 M), Comcast (1.05B), Time-Warner (550M), Bright House (100M), Trilogy Equity (10M) Sprint owns 51% Clearwire owns 27% Investors own 22%
Sprint
Mobile WiMAX Rapid deployment to major cities
10,000 sites in preparation 1750 base stations delivered in 2007, 20,000 antennas
Nationwide focus
120-140 million coverage by 2010
Commercial agreements
Intel will put WiMAX in chipsets
Had been planning on that
Incorporated into numerous devices (cameras and televisions) Open Network (support Android)
Federal government connectivity via WiMAX
http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2007/06/05/sprint-planswimax-for-gov%e2%80%99t-services/
Google services to be carried (and search provider) Support Android Sprint, Comcast, TimeWarner, and Bright House will be wholesale Sprint contributes its 2.5 GHz holdings
WiBro
Korean version of 802.16e
Vendors: WiBRO is compatible with 802.16e, but theres more to Mobile WiMAX than just 802.16e compatibility and many choices in WiBRO are different from what is mandatory in 802.16e
From (http://www.nortel.com/solutions/wimax/collateral/wimax_wibro_white_paper.pdf)
HARQ
80.16e = Chase combine HARQ WiBRO = Incremental redundancy HARQ
Nomadic Relay
Temporary fixed installation Extra capacity for special events (military SDR conferences)
Mobile Relay
Placed on mobile platform to support users on the platform Useful for public transport (buses, trains)
IEEE 802.20
Fill performance gap between high data-rate, low mobility 802 standards and high mobility cellular networks From QTDD/QFDD Proposal OFDMA data channel CDMA control channel Bandwidths
5 MHz 20 MHz
802.20 Shenanigans Allegations of process abuse brought to a screeching halt when standard suspended in September Project Launched 2004 Looked to be dead in the water
Flarion leading proposal Qualcomm leading vote holder
MIMO
Single, multiple code word Pseudo- Eigen beamforming
Turbo coding Time-frequency hopping Supposed to support inter Radio Access Technology handoffs Similar to UMB
UMB is effectively an upgrade to MBFDD version IEEE C802.20-07/14 Likely same fate (contributions way down)
4G (IMT-Advanced)
Common techniques
OFDMA, MIMO, small cell sizes optimized for low speed, but support for high speed, IP backbone
http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment01.pdf
802.16m
Requirements TGm System Requirements Document
http://wirelessman.org/tgm/docs/8021 6m-07_002r4.pdf http://wirelessman.org/tgm/docs/8021 6m-07_003.pdf Minimum Peak Rate
Downlink 6.5 bps/Hz Uplink 2.8 bps/Hz
Internetworking with:
802.11 3GPP, 3GPP2
Coverage optimized for 5 km, functional to 30-100 km Optimized for low mobility (<15kph), maintain connection up to 350 kph Optimized for contiguous spectrum but support discontiguous Reuse/share bandwidth with legacy systems Direct migration from 802.16e
IEEE C802.16m-07/002r1
Cellular Summary
Lots of decisions appear motivated by politics and IP costs UMB, 802.20 likely dead for different though related reasons Likely competing standards are LTE and WiMAX
Very similar technologies though General trend of adopting successful technologies
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards ( 6) Summary and Trends Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Wireless LANs
802.11
Past dates are standards approval dates. Future dates from 802.11 working group timelines Letters are working group (WG) designations. Letters assigned alphabetically as groups created. No WG/ WG document 802.11c MAC Bridging work incorporated into 802.1d 802.11l typologically unsound 802.11m doc maintenance 802.11o typologically unsound 802.11q too close to 802.1q 802.11x generic 802.11 standard 802.11t (test) will produce 802.11.2
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
WiFi Alliance
Industrial consortium that promotes 802.11
www.wi-fi.org
Certifies interoperability between vendors products Certifies consistency with standards Fills in the gap when 802.11 standards process is too slow (draft n) WiFi success owes significant debt to WiFi Alliance Line between 802.11 standards community and WiFi Alliance has gotten very blurry Certifications
802.11a/b/g/n WiFi 802.11e Wireless Multimedia Draft 2.0 n
Wi-Fi Alliance, Introducing Wi-Fi Protected Setup, January 3, 2007
802.11 overhead
Significant overhead involved in 802.11
RTS/CTS/ACK SIFS TCP, IP, MAC framing Real throughput is rarely come close to PHY raw rate
http://www.cs.tut.fi/kurssit/TLT-6556/Slides/Lecture4.pdf wireless.ictp.trieste.it/school_2002/lectures/ermanno/System_Performance.ppt
802.11n overview
Adds MIMO to WLAN OFDM Operate in either UNII or ISM bands Status:
In Ballot But held up by IP battles
http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/2007 0924-dark-australian-patent-cloud-loomsover-802-11n-spec.html CSIRO (http://www.csiro.au/) holds some key IP, hadnt signed letter of assurance, has history of WiFi lawsuits and sought injunctions
Got bought off
Optional enhancements
Transmit beamforming with negligible overhead at the client Advanced channel coding techniques (RS) Space Time Block Coding (Alamouti and others) 1/2 guard interval (i.e., 400ns instead of 800 ns) 7/8 rate coding
http://www.enhancedwirelessconsortium.org/home/EWC_PHY_spec_V127.pdf
Bi-directional data flow Link adaptation with explicit feedback and control of channel sounding packets Protection mechanisms
For seamless interoperability and coexistence with legacy devices
Channel management
Including management of 20/40MHz operating modes Channel estimation and feedback
Broadcom, 802.11n: Next-Generation Wireless LAN Technology, White Paper, April 06
802.11n Certification
Wi-Fi Alliance
Certifying to Draft 2.0 while draft is approved Certify to Ratified Standard when available 22 August 2007 Almost 70 products certified for compliance with Draft 2.0 of the 802.11n
http://www.wifiplanet.com/news/article .php/3578886
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 802.11n draft 2.0: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi Networks
802.11p Operation
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p Aka (WAVE) Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment
D. Jiang, V. Taliwal, A. Meier, W. Holfelder, R. Herrtwich, Design of 5.9 ghz dsrc-based vehicular safety communication, IEEE Wireless Comm, Oct 06, pp. 36-43
802.11p Applications
Emergency warning system for vehicles Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Cooperative Forward Collision Warning Intersection collision avoidance Approaching emergency vehicle warning (Blue Waves) Vehicle safety inspection Transit or emergency vehicle signal priority Electronic parking payments Commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections In-vehicle signing Rollover warning Probe data collection Highway-rail intersection warning
C L IS N O L IO IM IN N M ET F OT RN
I - e ic nVh le Dp y ad is la s n An n ia n n u c tio s
C L IS N O L IO IM IN N M ET LF ET
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
u to1 0 p 0 m 3 8f ( 2 t)
802.11r overview
Fast BSS Roaming/Transition within IEEE WLAN networks
Preserve security with handovers <50ms
Fast BSS Roaming is possible only within a certain area called the mobility domain (MD), inter-MD cases are not covered
Mobility Domain (MD): Set of BSS grouped together with the same 48bit MD Identifier FT functionality seeks to provide handover performance for RT services
Key Issues
Resource Reservations Security
Released 2008
802.11s
Modify 802.11 MAC to create dynamic self-configuring network of access points (AP) called and Extended Service Set (ESS) Mesh Automatic topology learning, dynamic path selection Single administrator for 802.11i (authentication) Support up to 32 AP Support higher layer connections Allow alternate path selection metrics Extend network merely by introducing access point and configuring SSID
1. http://standards.ieee.org/board/nes/projects/802-11s.pdf
IP or Ethernet
802.11s
Key Technologies
Topology Formation Internetworking Routing Security
http://ieee802.org/802_tutorials/nov06/802.11s_Tutorial_r5.pdf
J. Hauser, D. Shyy, M. Green, MCTSSA 802.11s Military Usage Case
WLAN Summary
Significant overhead in baseline 802.11n slow to finalize standard
WiFi Alliance certifying to Draft 2.0
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards ( 6) Summary and Trends Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Proprietary / Industry
Zigbee (on 802.15.4)
Zigbee Pro
May 2008 May 2003 March 2007 Sep 2006 Jan 2009 Mar 2009 Jan 2009?
802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006 MBOA technologies became WiMedia High speed DS-UWB basically dead after Freescale pulled out
MC P N MC P N MC P N
P3 N
MC P N
M e s h
P2 N
802.15.5
Mesh networking
P1 N
ZigBee
Standard http://www.zigbee.org/en/spec_download/download_request.asp
A pplication A PI Security
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption
Custom er
the software Network, Security & Application layers Brand management the hardware Physical & Media Access Control layers 868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz Band specific modulations 20-250 kbps CSMA-CA channel access Support for ad-hoc networks Network Scalability Fragmentation Frequency Agility Automated Device Address Management Group Addressing Centralized Data Collection Wireless Commissioning
ZigBee A lliance
IEEE 802.15.4
N etw ork
Star / M esh / Cluster-Tree
PHY
MAC PH Y
868M H z / 915M H z / 2.4G H z Silicon Stack A pp
IEEE 802.15.4
MAC
Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/
Meshnetics Open-MAC
WiMedia
Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems
PHY
Multiband OFDM QPSK 53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates Range of 10 m indoor Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels) Mandatory support for band group 1
MAC
Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc From Fig 28: AES 128 Support for Dynamic Channel Selection Ranging via propagation delay measurements Bluetooth-like information discovery
WiMedia Implementations
Primarily marketed as cable replacement Wireless USB out in Dec 2006
Hub-spoke model Mandatory support for band group 1 Mandatory rates of 53.3, 106.7, 200 Mbps Initial Belkin device didnt live up to the hype
Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s Reportedly not to WiMedia spec http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/ showArticle.jhtml?articleID=1966021 48 Now certified
http://www.wimedia.org/imwp/idms/pop ups/pop_download.asp?contentID=119 61
From: http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES200 6.ppt
Status
Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006 Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability second quarter 2007 Trial chips probably available late 2007
Z-Wave
Originally Zensys proprietary
http://www.zen-sys.com/
Z-Wave Alliance
http://www.z-wave.com/modules/AboutZWave/?id=21&chk=4ed024468cb3d7f9095aa54227ea1 97a
Kleer
http://www.kleer.com Proprietary low power RF for audio / video
En-Ocean
http://www.enocean.com/en/ Best known as energy scavengers Runs a proprietary wireless mesh protocol
Touch & Get: transfer by touching devices together Some registration security
Insteon
Mixes power line comm with RF comm Industry Alliance (15 manufacturers)
http://www.insteon.net/allianceabout.html Wireless Valley is a member
WPAN Summary
Greater reliance on industry standards than other classes of waveforms
Seems to work more smoothly Bluetooth, WiMedia, Z-wave
Bifurcation into low power devices (e.g., Zigbee, Wibree) and high-throughput devices Impulse UWB as a WPAN appears dead Heavy emphasis on mesh networks Possible trend to mix protocols at different mesh levels Possible later push by WiMAX (ClearWire / XOhm) into market
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Cognitive Radio
An approach to wireless engineering wherein the radio, radio network, or wireless system is endowed with the capacities to:
acquire, classify, and organize information (aware) retain information (aware) apply logic and analysis to information (reason) make and implement choices (agency) about operational aspects of the radio, network, or wireless system in a manner consistent with a purposeful goal (intelligent).
Cognitive Radio Definitions and Nomenclature, Working Document SDRF-06-R-0009-V0.08
802.22
Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)
First explicit cognitive radio standard Aimed at bringing broadband access in rural and remote areas Takes advantage of better propagation characteristics at VHF and low-UHF Takes advantage of unused TV channels that exist in these sparsely populated areas Still defining inter-cell coexistence Status (IEEE 802.22-06/0251r0) Resolving lots of comments Still developing
802.22.1
Enhanced interference protection
802.22.2
Best practices for deployment
Features of 802.22
Data Rates 5 Mbps 70 Mbps Point-to-multipoint TDD/FDD DFS, TPC Adaptive Modulation
QPSK, 16, 64-QAM, Spread QPSK 802.16 MAC plus the following
Multiple channel support Coexistence
Incumbents BS synchronization Dynamic resource sharing
OFDMA on uplink and downlink Use multiple contiguous TV channels when available Fractional channels (adapting around microphones) Space Time Block Codes Beam Forming
No feedback for TDD (assumes channel reciprocity)
Security based on 802.16e security Collaborative sensing Techniques in 802.22 will be extended to other standards and to other bands around the world
802.16-like ranging
Concept:
Allow unlicensed secondary users into unoccupied TV bands via DSA WiFi on Steroids http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9901747-7.html Only thing really defined is proposed methods for avoidance
Lots of objections from TV broadcasters and wireless microphone manufacturers / users Initial problems
Microsoft device broken DTV recovered signals Microsoft prototype didnt detect
http://crtwireless.com/blog/2007/08/02/fcc-report-on-tv-band-prototype-measurementsreleased/
802.11y
Ports 802.11a to 3.65 GHz 3.7 GHz (US Only)
FCC opened up band in July 2005 Ready 2008
802.16h
IEEE 1900
IEEE 1900 (aka Standards Coordinating Committee 41 Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks)
http://www.scc41.org/ 1900.1 Terminology and Concepts 1900.2 - Recommended Practice for Interference and Coexistence Analysis
Approved http://crtwireless.com/blog/2008/04/02/19002-approved/
1900.3 Conformance Evaluation for SDR modules 1900.4 Architectural Building Blocks
network resource managers device resource managers the information to be exchanged between the building blocks
CBMANET
WNaN WNaN MIMO (MNM) COTS MEMS (MTO) CBMANET CBMANET xG
Leveraged programs
Control Based MANET low Network overhead protocols Microsystems Technology Office RFMEMS, Hermit, ASP MAC xG opportunistic use of spectrum Mobile Network MIMO - MIMO Physical Wideband Network Waveform Connectionless Networks rapid link acquisition Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN) network layer protocols Legend
Other programs
WNaN program
DoD may emerge into commercial market in the near future Rolling out incrementally
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards ( 6) Summary and Trends Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Interoperability Standards
802.21, UMA/GAN 802.11u Industry Standards
http://www.ieee802.org/802_tutorials/july06/802 21-IEEE-Tutorial.ppt
V. Gupta, IEEE 802.21 MEDIA INDEPENDENT HANDOVER, IEEE 802.21 session #15 July 17, 2006
UMA allows to access the mobile voice and data services of the cellular network over a Wireless LAN Subscribers are enabled to roam and handover between cellular networks and wireless networks Mobile devices access the Core Network through Unlicensed Mobile Access Network (UMAN). UMAN has 3 major entities
Unlicensed wireless network IP access network UMA Network controller (UNC)
UNC authorizes and authenticates the Mobile devices for accessing the Core Network
http://www.umatoday.com
Products
http://www.umatoday.com/mobileHandsets.php http://www.umatoday.com
VCC
http://www.kineto.com/products/downloads/kineto_wp_UMA_VCC_2007.pdf
Mobile IGNITE
Bottom line
http://www.spectralink.com/products/image s/NL-01.gif
Interoperability Summary
Proliferation of standards + lack of silver bullet standard means that optimal access technology will vary Supporting growth in use of VoIP will make networks less dependent on particular access technologies Biggest issues are:
Getting industries to agree (Herding cats) Managing security across heterogeneous networks Harmonizing handoff routines
Rapid growth ?
-92 -93 -94 -95 -96 -97 -98 -99 -00 -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 -06 -07 -08 e e e e
Source: Nokia 13.6.2005 Technology used to terminate the call
802.21 is the standard that ties together the vertical handoff standards Heavy focus on WiFi + Cellular
Presentation Overview
Theory (32) OFDM and Antenna Array Theory Emerging Standards (24) Cellular and WiMAX (16) WLAN (10) WPAN (11) Cognitive Standards ( 7) Interoperability Standards ( 6) Summary and Trends Break & Poster Session 2:45-3:30
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/mobile_in ternet-big.jpg
Convergence of Approaches
WiMAX becoming more like cellular, cellular becoming more like WiMAX Cellular like waveforms converging to mix of OFDMA + MIMO optimized for low speeds with small cell sizes
Recognition of this convergence is leading to WiMAX being treated like a cellular technology
Sprints XOhm network (now ClearWire!) WiMAX classified as 3G
Take-Always (2/2)
Some spectral harmonization
5 GHz for WiMAX
Increasing # of technologies
Legacy systems not quickly fading and large # of new ones
802.15
www.bluetooth.com https://www.bluetooth.org/ www.wimedia.org http://www.zigbee.org/en/ http://www.uwbforum.org/ www.wibree.org http://www.multibandofdm.org/ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/
3GPP2 Family
www.cdg.org www.3gpp2.org
802.20
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/
802.21
http://www.ieee802.org/21/ www.umatechnology.org
802.16
www.wimaxforum.org http://wimaxxed.com http://wimax.com http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/
802.22
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/22/
E2R