Loop Antennas

Electrically Small Loops : N circumference < (/10).

Properties of Electrically Small Loops :
(e) Another way to increase radiation resistance is to insert within its circumference or perimeter,
a ferrite core of very high permeability (). This is called as ferrite loop..
(a) The radiation pattern of these loops will have null direction perpendicular to the plane of the loop
(b) Electrically small loop antennas have small radiation resistance, thus they are poor radiators
(c) But they can be used as receiving antennas in radios and pagers.
(d) The radiation resistance can be increased by increasing its size or number of turns.
Electrically Large Loops : When the overall length of the loop is about , it is electrically large loop.
d
2
= ta
2
E and H due to Small Loop Antenna :
Path difference d sin = u
Phase difference K d sin = u =
j / 2
0
The field due to dipole 2 E e

|
=
j / 2
0
The field due to dipole 4 E e

|
= +
j / 2 j / 2
0 0
E E e E e

| | |
= +
j / 2 j / 2
0
E e e

|
(
=

( )
0
E 2 j sin / 2
|
( =

0 0
dsin
= 2 j E sin ( /2) = 2 j E sin
2
| u (
| |
(

dsin dsin
sin
2 2
| u | u (
~
(

0 0
dsin
E 2 j E j E d sin
2
| | |
| u
= = | u
0
To obtain the value of E :
|
jkr 0
0
I
E e sin (jk)
4 r

|
= u q
t
90 andsin90 1 u = =
0
0
j60 I d
E =
r
|
t

2
0
2
120 I sin A
E =
r
|
t u | |
|
\ .
0
2
E
I sin A
H =
r
|
u
t u | |
=
|
q
\ .
2
0
2
120 I sin A
E =
r
|
t u | |
|
\ .
Radiation Pattern of the Small Loop :
The Radiation Resistance of Small Loop :
2
rad
1
W = | H |
2
u
q
2 2
0
2
I sin 1 A
= (120 )
2 r
t u | | | |
t
| |
\ . \ .
2
3 2 2
0
2 2
60 I sin A
=
r
t u| |
|
\ .
2
rad rad rad
4
2
P = W ds = W (r sin d d )
0 0
t
tt
} } u u |
}
2
3 2 2
2 0
2 2
2
60 I sin A
= r sin d d
r
0 0
tt
t u| |
} } u u |
|
\ .
2
3 2 3
0
2
2
A
60 I sin d d
0 0
tt
| |
= t } } u u |
|
\ .
2
4 2
0
2
A
=160 I
| |
t
|
\ .
2
2 4 2
0 r 0
2
1 A
I R 160 I
2
| |
= t
|
\ .
2
4
r
2
A
R 320
| |
= t
|
\ .
2
r
2
A
R =31,200 ( )
| |
O
|
\ .
Directivity of a Small Loop :
max
0
rad
U
D =4
P
t
2
rad
U r W =
2
3 2 2
2 0
2 2
60 I sin A
=r
r
t u| |
|
\ .
2
3 2 2
0
2
A
60 I sin
| |
= t u
|
\ .
2
3 2
max 0
2
A
U 60 I
| |
= t
|
\ .
2
4 2
rad 0
2
A
P =160 I
| |
t
|
\ .
2
3 2
0
2
max
0
2
rad
4 2
0
2
A
60 I
U 60 3
D =4 4 4
P 160 2
A
160 I
| |
t
|
\ .
t = t = =
| |
t
|
\ .
Radiation Efficiency :
r
r L L r
R 1
K= =
R R 1 (R / R ) + +
L
3 3.5
r
MHz
R 3430
=
R
C f d
L
3 3.5
r
MHz
R 3430
=
R
C f Nd
EMF Induced in the Loop :
rms rms
2 ANcos
V = E
t u

receiver rms
2 ANcos
V =Q E
t u