LHC

Large Hadron Collider

By K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

Introduction :
All ordinary matter in todays Universe is made up of atoms. Each atom contains a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Protons and neutrons are in turn made of quarks which are bound together by other particles called gluons. This incredibly strong bond means that isolated quarks have never been found.
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

 Collisions in the LHC will generate temperatures more than 100,000 times hotter than the heart of the Sun. Physicists hope that under these conditions, the protons and neutrons will "melt", freeing the quarks from their bonds with the gluons. This should create a state of matter called quark-gluon plasma, which probably existed just after the Big Bang when the Universe was still extremely hot. The ALICE collaboration plans to study the quark-gluon plasma as it expands and cools, observing how it progressively gives rise to the particles that constitute the matter of our Universe today.
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

LHC (Large Hadron Collider)

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) from 1998 to 2008. The LHC lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference, as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland It was built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

Block View

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

Aerial View

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

Basic working process of LHC

4 basic working stages in LHC
Stage-1
Hydrogen atoms are made to enter source chamber at controlled rate Electrons are then removed, and protons are made to accelerate by applying electric field By the end of leaving stage-1 these protons travel by 1/3rd the speed of light

Stage-2 (Booster Ring)

4 booster rings booster ring is 157mts circumference to maximize the intensity of the beam, these packets are divided into 4 beams, one for each booster ring and accelerated to accelerate the packets magnetic field and electric field are applied at right angles by the end of this stage these protons travel at 91.6% speed of light at this speed bunching of protons take place
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

Stage-3 (Proton Synchrotron Ring)

It has 628mts circumference This ring accelerates protons up to 99.9% speed of light At this speed the applied energy to proton is converted into mass instead of velocity, so protons get 25 times heavier

Stage-4 (Super Proton Synchrotron Ring)

It has 7km circumference In this stage proton energy is made to increase These high energy proton are made to enter into main ring in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions

Stage-5 (LHC)
It is 27 km circumference This ring is of two tunnels which intersect at 4 points In each tunnel protons will revolve in counter clockwise directions At crossings of tunnel collision of hadrons take place This crossing points are placed with giant detectors which track and analise the collisions In this stage protons rotate at 11,000 times per second For every second 300 collisions happen which produces enormous heat and energy
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

The LHC Detectors

The six areas along the circumference of the LHC that will gather data and conduct experiments are simply known as detectors.Some of them will search for the same kind of information, though not in the same way. There are four major detector sites and two smaller ones. Four main detectors in LHC are 1. ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus) 2. ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) 3. CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) 4. LHCb ( LHC Beauty)
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus)

Aim is to search for dark matter The Atlas detector is about 45m (148ft) long, more than 25m (82ft) tall, and weighs about 7,000 tonnes. More than 1,700 scientists from 159 institutes in 37 countries work on the experiment. Atlas will look for extra dimensions of space, microscopic black holes, and evidence for dark matter. The experiment is designed to take advantage of the unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena that involve highly massive particles which were not observable using earlier lower-energy accelerators
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

ATLAS Drawing

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)

Aim is to study moments after bigbang ALICE is optimized to study heavy ion collisions A collaboration of more than 1000 scientists from 105 physics institutes in 30 countries works on the ALICE experiment The Alice detector is used to study this quark-gluon plasma as it expands and cools. The ALICE Experiment is going in search of answers t fundamental questions, using the extraordinary tools provided by the LHC 1. What happens to matter when it is heated to 100,000 times the temperature at the centre of the Sun ? 2.Why do protons and neutrons weigh 100 times more than the quarks they are made of ? 3.Can the quarks inside the protons and neutrons be freed ?
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

ALICE L3 Magnet

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid)

Aim is to search for god particle It will explore the fundamental nature of matter and the basic forces that shape our Universe. Approximately 3,600 people, representing 183 scientific institutes and 38 countries, form the CMS collaboration who built and now operate the detector.. The CMS detector is a 5 storey-high digital camera recording hundreds of images per second of debris from LHC particle collisions The CMS detector is built around a huge solenoid magnet. This takes the form of a cylindrical coil of superconducting cable that generates a magnetic field of 4 teslas, about 100 000 times that of the Earth
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

CMS Drawing

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

LHCb ( LHC Beauty)

Aim is to search for anti-matter Equal amounts of matter and its opposite counterpart anti-matter were created in the Big Bang. the LHCb will investigate the slight differences between matter and antimatter by studying a type of particle called the "beauty quark". LHCb is an experiment set up to explore what happened after the Big Bang that allowed matter to survive and build the Universe we inhabit today
K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

LHCb Drawing

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118

Thank you

K.Kushal Venkat Ram 1040910118