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Surfactants +type
Surfactants +type
Surfactants +type
INTRODUCTION
Cleaning/Detergency
How does cleaning take place ?
Real Soil Composition
Surfactant
: Definition
Substance which reduces surface/interfacial tension between two phases Compounds having tendency to gather around the interface between two different materials by altering the properties of interface remarkably Serves as good mediator to settle dispute which are not friends between two phases
Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water by adsorbing at the liquid-gas interface. They also reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water by adsorbing at the liquid-liquid interface.
Water: surface tension = 72 dynes/cm Water + 1.0% Surfactant: Surface tension = 20 40 dynes/cm Significantly alter interfacial free energy (work needed to create or expand interface/unit area). Surface free energy of interface minimized by reducing interfacial area.
TYPES
INTRODUCTION
Anionic (-ve) Cationic (+ve) Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) Zwitterionic + (Charge depends on pH) N Nonionic (No charge) Cetylpyridinium bromide Br
O O O O OCH2CH2N(CH3)3+ P OO
O S - + O Na O
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
OH
Anionic Surfactants
Carboxylates
Soaps
LABS
FAS
Sulfosuccinate Diester
Sulfosuccinate
Monoester
Uses
: Anionic Surfactants
Cleansing Formulation Shampoo Hand wash Bath gels Tooth Paste Soaps & Detergents
Cationic Surfactants
Cationic Surfactants
Amphoteric Surfactants
Cocobetaine (CB)
CH3 N+ CH2COO-
CH3
Cocoamidopropylbetaine ( CAPB) CH3 CONH(CH2)3 N+ CH3 CH2COO-
Nonionic Surfactants
Nonionic Surfactants
Cloud Point
HLB Value
Significance
HLB Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Solubilizer
HLB = 20 ( 1 SV / AV )
Where S V = Sap value of ester of polyhydric alcohol AV = Acid value of fatty acid used
HLB = 7 + m * Hh + n * Hl
where m - number of hydrophilic groups in the molecule Hh - Value of the hydrophilic groups n - Number of lipophilic groups in the molecule Hl - Value of the lipophilic groups
Ex : Calculation of HLB of SLES Formula of SLES : CH3(CH2)11O (CH2CH2O)2SO3Na HLB = 7 + (1 x 1.3 + 2 x 0.33 + 38.7)+(12 x - 0.475) = 42
Nonionic Surfactants
Properties
ALCOHOL SULFATES
History: Commercial usage began in the mid 1940s. Made by the reaction of a fatty alcohol (C8-C18) with sulfur trioxide. The alcohol sulfuric acid is neutralized with sodium or ammonium hydroxide, or an amine.
MAJOR APPLICATIONS
Shampoos Body Wash Liquid Hand Soap Bath Products Facial Cleansers Syndet Bars
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
2.0
SLES 0 0 25 50 75 100
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
APPLICATIONS OF LAS
Primary surfactant used in household and industrial products: liquid dish wash, car wash, laundry, etc. Rarely used in personal care. Stable in acidic products.
Sulfates Hydrolyze More Readily Than Sulfonates Due to the Weaker R-O-S Bond
Sulfonate: Sulfate:
Sodium 3-hydroxy-alkanesulfonate
PROPERTIES
Excellent foamer. Difficult to thicken. Stable in acid. Used in both personal care and house hold cleansers. More mild than LAS.
APPLICATIONS
Liquid dish wash. Acid cleaners. Car wash. Liquid hand soap. Sulfate free cleansers.
SULFOSUCCINATES
Monoesters are primarily used in personal care cleansers. Diester (sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) is the most cost effective wetting agent available.
TWO TYPES
MONOESTER
(GOOD FOAMER, MILD)
DIESTER
(POOR FOAMER, LOW SOLUBILITY)
MONOALKANOL AMIDES
FATTY ALCOHOL
Mild to skin. Foams better. Water white color.
PROPERTIES
Will hydrolyze in acid or alkaline conditions. Should be formulated in a pH range of 5.0-7.0. Are mild to skin and eyes. The most cost/effective mild surfactants available.
4.0
3.0
2.0
4.7
4.0
1.5 0.9 0.9
0/100
1.0
SLES/DSLSS*
*SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulfate DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
450
200
420
350
100
SLES/DSLSS*
*SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulfate DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES
AMPHOTERICS
PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICS FOR PERSONAL CLEANSING Stable over a wide pH range. Mild to skin and eye.
30
20 10 0
SLES AMPHO/BETAINE DISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATE
100 0
75 25
50 50
25 75
0 100
BETAINES
TWO TYPES 1. Alkyl 2. Alkylamido
BETAINES
MODEL FORMULA
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Amphoteric or Betaine Water pH=7.0 Wt.% 8.0 2.0 90.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
DISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATE
2.0
50
COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE
ACTIVES: pH:
15.0% 7.0
40 30 20 10 0 1.0
DISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATE
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
ACTIVES: pH:
15.0% 7.0
40 30
20
10 0
COCAMIDOPROPYL BETAINE DISODIUM COCOAMPHODIACETATE
100 0
75 25
50 50
PERCENT
25 75
0 100
GENERAL DIFFERENCES
Betaines Mild to Skin Amphoterics
Mild to Eyes
Foam Boosting
Viscosity Building
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
Definition: The cation is the lipophilic portion of the molecule. Types: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Amine Salts
CATIONICS
Amine Salt:
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
Quaternary:
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
BIOCIDES
The most commonly used for household and industrial applications: Lauryl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride
BIOCIDAL QUATS
1. 2. 3. MODE OF ACTION Reduce surface tension at interface. Attracted to negatively charged surfaces, including microorganisms. Denature protein of bacterial or fungi cells. Affect the metabolic reactions of the cell. Vital substances leak out. Causes death.
4. 5. 6.
FABRIC SOFTENERS
Most widely used
Alkyamidopropyl Morpholine
60
40 58 20 4
Isostearamidopropyl Morpholine Lactate Distearyldimethylammonium Chloride Stearalkonium Chloride
75
40
Cetrimonium Chloride
NONIONICS
Alkanol Amides.
Amine Oxides. Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol or Alcohols.
REACTION
(DEA Amide)
ALKANOL AMIDES
Most cost/effective thickener and foam stablizer available. History: Commercially available in the mid 1940s. Diethanolamides are being phased out of formulas due to reported cancer link. They are being replaced by: Betaines, Amine Oxides, Monoethanolamides and Monoisopropanolamides.
AMINE OXIDES
Prepared by the oxidation of a fatty tertiary amine with hydrogen peroxide. They are weakly cationic on the acid side. The alkyl amine oxides are stable in the presence of sodium hypochlorite and are excellent surfactants for bleach cleaners. Not widely used in personal care.
REACTION
(Amine Oxide)
Hydrogen Peroxide
Water
MANUFACTURED BY:
Ethoxylation of a natural derived straight chain fatty alcohol. Ethoxylation of synthetic branched chain alcohol. Ethoxylation of nonyl phenol.
REACTION
(Ethoxylated Alcohol)
Fatty Alcohol
Ethylene Oxide
Ethoxylated Alcohol
OTHER INDUSTRIES
Paints and Coatings. Agrochemicals. Electroplating. Textiles. Pulp and Paper. Oil Field. Metal Working.
THATS IT IN A NUTSHELL