Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Development of Sociology and Anthropology
Development of Sociology and Anthropology
Since communication began Scientific study of society started 15th in18th century (scientific Revolution) Social philosophers: Are we social by nature of not?
Behavior of the society is determined by law of nature and can be determined in the same way as astronomers, physicists, biologists, chemists and other natural scientists. Positive sociology
1798-1857
- Student and secretary of SaintSimon - Mental hygiene! - Society based on rationality and science!
AUGUSTE COMTE
- Stages of science
Metaphysical abstract
Theological fictitious
Scientific positive
AUGUSTE COMTE
SOCIAL STATICS
ORDER, STABILITY, and social organization that which holds societies group together and endure.
SOCIAL DYNAMICS
HERBERT SPENCER
1532-1903
- He applied the concept of Darwins theory of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve, over time.
HERBERT SPENCER
1532-1903
Social progress
Natural selection (adaptation)
EMILE DURKHEIM
1858-1917
- focused on the concept of social integration. - society does not operate under the rule of natural science but by distinct social facts and phenomena.
EMILE DURKHEIM
1858-1917
EMILE DURKHEIM
- SOCIAL INTEGRATION
density of social relationships - The more people are connected to one another the stronger and meaningful are the sentiments that emerge out of these relationships. - Focused less on the individual but more the characteristics of groups
EMILE DURKHEIM
- He also examined the social solidarity the tendency of people to maintain social relationships.
EMILE DURKHEIM
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
- People were knit together by their engagement in SIMILAR TASKS. They derived a sense of oneness from being so much alike.
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
- Society is held together by the interdependence fostered by the DIFFERENCES among people.
EMILE DURKHEIM
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
EMILE DURKHEIM
- People were knit together by their engagement in similar tasks. They derived a sense of oneness from being so much alike.
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
EMILE DURKHEIM
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY Society is held together by the interdependence fostered by the differences among people.
EMILE DURKHEIM
- Individuals with social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are weakly integrated into group life.
KARL MARX
- CLASS CONFLICT the believed that society is divided into those who own the means of producing wealth and those who do not.
- Together with Karl Marx, they proposed to address the class struggle by adhering to the Communist Manifesto.
Bourgeoisie
(oppressor)
Proletariat
(oppressed)
KARL MARX
- CLASS CONFLICT
have nots
haves
MAX WEBER
Belief systems affect peoples action and in turn the economic system of the society.
MAX WEBER
1864-1920
- Focused on the study of HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY: the intentions, values, beliefs, and attitudes that underlie peoples behavior.
MAX WEBER
VERSTEHEN sociological method used PLACING ONESELF IN THE SHOES OF OTHER PEOPLE and identify what they think and how they feel.
MAX WEBER
Went against Marx (conflict theory of materiality) and introduced the SUBJECTIVE MEANINGS of the sociologist in studying society.
FERDINAND TOENNIS
1855-1936
Essential
Will
Arbitrary
DELIBERATE, purposive form of volition which determines human activity with regard to the future
Essential will
Arbitrary will
Peasants
Businessmen
Artisans
Scientist
Common men
Upper class
Gemeinschaft
Commoner
Society CANNOT BE understood as a psychic entity independent of individual minds, as a kind of mysticism or conceptualism that ascribes to mere concepts.
Mutual relations may not last long while some are purified in the course of time such as the state, church, education, economic group or even social conspirators!
Responsible for the first 50 years of Anthropology in Britain Popularized comparative methodology in study (statistical correlation) Introduced the concept of ANIMISM OR BELIEF IN SPIRITUAL BEINGS in the study of anthropology
Dealt extensive researches on folkways FOLKWAYS ARE HABITS OF INDIVIDUAL AND CUSTOMS OF THE SOCIETY which arise from efforts to satisfy needs
Dealt extensive researches on economic aspect of the society labor performance and labor saving machinery.
There is in mankind a tendency towards craftsmanship as an end in itself developed by cultural heritage and community stock technical knowledge.
the relation of SOCIAL ACTIVITY WITH RITUAL or instrumental, governed by set of rules and facilitated linguistic usages Social grouping Social organization Linguistics
view society in a MACROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE rather than detailed account Made an encyclopedic survey on social forms of art, systems of truths, laws, relations war and revolution.
REJECTED sprit of age theory of society, pursuit of self interest, operation of coercive force -society is not mere automatic response from a stimuli (VS positivist theories of society)
Sociology rejects
Based on universals of social life Dynamic relation between important event and human society All embracing paradigm (includes middle ground and miniature Sociology is theories) An abstract terminology not immediately known to the world
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