A PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT ON

PRESENTED BY:

YOGESH KUMAR

www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com

 Doordarshan Kendra is a part of Department of Information and Broadcasting (Govt. of India) . Doordarshan Setup in Rajasthan It Consists Of Following Setup Studio Centre : 1 Uplink Station : 1 Transmitters : 99
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TELIVISON STUDIO
Studio floor The studio floor is where production actually occurs. The studio floor is an open area, which contains the television cameras,' microphones, lighting equipments sets and crew.
Control room The control room there is the programmer's director, assistant director, technical director, audio engineer and video engineer works

T.V. PICTURE
A picture can be considered to contain a number of small elementary areas of light or shade which are called picture element. The scene is focused on the photo-sensitive surface of pickup device and a optical image is formed. The photo electric properties of the pickup device convert the optical image to a electric image charge depending on the light & shade of the scene. To transmit this information scanning is employed. The electron beam scans the image from left to right (line by line) and from top to bottom (frame by frame) or field by field. The scanning is done both in horizontal direction and vertical direction simultaneously.

 The horizontal scanning frequency is 15625 Hz. The vertical scanning frequency is 50 Hz. The frame is divided into two fields, odd lines are scanned first and then the even lines are interlaced. The frame is divided into 2 fields. The field rate is 50 Hz. The frame rate is 25 Hz (field rate is same as the power supply).
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Camera A TV camera consist of the following sections:

A Camera lens and optics :To form optical image on the face Plate of a pick up device. A transducer or pick up device :To convert optical image into an Electrical signal. Electronics :To process output of a transducer

LIGHTING
In a television studio it is necessary to illuminate each area of action separately besides providing an average level of brightness over the entire scene. Different types of light.. Eye light Rim light Kickkar light Limbo light

Material Used for recording . FERRO MAGNETIC MATERIALS (Fe2O3/Fe2O4) ARE USED . THESE MATERIALS HAS SPECIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MAGNETIC RETAINTIVITY. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AUDIO/VIDEO RECORDERS
Characteristic Frequencies Audio Rec. Video Rec. 20 Hz to 20 KHz 10 20Hz to 5 MHz 18 No. of octaves Timing Accuracy Not so important No Very Important Yes Rec. Medium Limitations

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 A VCR HAS TWO SPEEDS 1. Linear speed: It is the speed at which tape runs. It decides the tape length required/consumed for a particular duration. For Beta cam edit VCR it is 10.15 Cm/Sec. Tape length for 30 Min. Cassette= 10.15x30x60 Cm 2. Writing Speed: It is the speed at which signal information is written on the tape by the Head. W. Speed =3.14xDrum Diameter in m x Drum Speed in rps For Beta cam edit VCR, Drum Diameter = 74.4mm Drum speed =25 rps W. Speed =3.14x (74.4/1000) x25 =5.75 m/ Sec. Video tape Formats It defines the arrangement of magnetic information on the tape. It specifies: 1. Tape width 2. No. of tracks for Video, Audio, CTL, TC & Cue 3. Their electrical characteristic and orientation. 4. Track width.
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 A vision mixer or production switcher is one of the primary devices used to produce a television program. Production switchers are essential to all live operations. Production switcher is used to either switch or cut between two video sources, or to combine them in a variety of ways. The principal methods used to combine video are- Mixing, Wiping, & Keying. BASIC FUNCTIONS OF A SWITCHER Cut operation or switching between two sources. Mixing or dissolve. Wiping. Keying.

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 It allows having changeover from one video source to another source instantaneously. Switching between one source to another is done during vertical interval period to make the changeover invisible on the screen.

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MIXING
Mixing is an additive combination of two video sources. Two input sources are mixed in proportion in a summing amplifier as decided by the position of the control fader.

Two extreme positions give either of the source at output. Middle of the two fader gives mixed output of the two sources. The sum of two video sources is always 1 volt p-p.

A VIDEO

B VIDEO

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 WIPING
This is a non additive combination of two sources. A switching occurs during the active video at specific points on the raster to produces a pattern, between two video sources. Switching is controlled by an internal wipe pattern generator which can provide the waveform either saw tooth or parabola at H,V or both H and V rates. The very simple to very complex waveform can be generated by the wipe pattern generator.Simple patterns can be generated by logical combination of different waveforms However the production of more complex patterns is better handled by a microprocessor.

 This is also a non additive combination of two video sources. In keying operation, part of the picture (Background) is replaced by another picture (foreground) according to the limits set by a third signal called key or alpha signal which can be derived either from the picture itself being keyed (self key or internal key), or from a third video signal from camera or CG or DVE etc.(Auto select or external key) .

HARRY POTTER
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 Digital video effects are created by digitizing the video effects signal so that it can be stored, retrieved, and manipulated in digital format. These effects are generated by digital video effects device which can be a separate standalone unit or can be an integral part of production switcher. A typical digital video effects system consists of the control panel, controller electronics to generate the required control signals to define the effect, and the digital video processor which uses the control signals to control the video signal in the digital domain producing the desired effect.
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Types Of DIGITAL VIDEO EFFECTS 3D CREATIVITY IMAGING EFFECTS CURVILINEAR EFFECTS PAINTERLY AND PARTICLE EFFECTS SLABS BORDER EFFECTS LIGHTING EFFECTS SHADOWS DYNAMIC RECURSIVE EFFECTS
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Digital Earth Station

.

Modes of Distribution of TV Programmes

Terrestrial Satellite Cable All the above three modes can be either in Analog or in digital domain.

Satellite Transmission

Uplink

Downlink

Earth station

 Earth Station is a uplink center from which the signals are fed to Satellite for distribution in a specified area covered by the Satellite. The signal is up-linked from the earth station and received by many down link centers in TV broad casting. It is a very important part of satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals.

Earth Station classification

Analog Earth Station Analog / Digital Simulcast Digital Earth Station ASNG DSNG C-band or Ku-band
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Why Digital ?
More programs per channel / Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient Noise-Free Reception Ghost elimination CD quality sound & better than DVD quality picture Reduced transmission power Flexibility in service planning New services like Pay TV, VOD, Teletext, Data, Surround sound, Multimedia etc. Interactive services like e-commerce, e-banking, tele-quiz, telegames etc. Automated operation in broadcast plan Non availability of analog systems in near future Future of TV transmission DTH, DTT & Digital Cable

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REQUIREMENTS Up-converters The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band: C-band, Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter is 70 MHz (output of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA. The up-conversion may done in stages or in one stage directly. For example the 70 MHz signal is first converted into L band and then L band signal raised to desired frequency band. Normally L-band monitoring point is also provided
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REQUIREMENTS Antenna system PDAs The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is generally a paraboloid of revolution. For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are also used as feeds for reflector antennas. A small earth terminal, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one side of the focus. Large earth station antennas have a sub reflector at the Sunday, July, In the focus. 18, 2010 Cass GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYsub reflector is grain design, the

REQUIREMENTS Antenna system(PDA)

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REQUIREMENTS Antenna system DSNG Antenna case: Antenna segment case, Antenna mount case, Antenna hub case, Antenna feed horn case;1.9 meter antenna (C band) & 1.2 meter antenna ( Kuband) HPA case: 400 W TWTA ( C band) & 125 W TWTA ( Ku-band) Base band unit : Test and monitoring case Digital case : Encoder, Modulator, Up convertor(L band) HPA control and Up convertor case: Up convertor(C Sunday, July, 18, 2010 GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY band / Ku-band ),HPA controller

REQUIREMENTS Antenna system DSNG

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REQUIREMENTS

High Power Amplifier

The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal in C-band/ Ku band that is fed to the antenna. The important parameters of HPAs are: Frequency range Output power at flange Bandwidth Gain variation (1.0 db (max.) for 40 MHz (narrow band) 2.50 db for full bandwidth)

The different types of HPAs are:

KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier TWTA -Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier SSPA- Solid state Power Amplifier
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Microphone
In all microphones, sound waves (sound pressure) are translated into mechanical vibrations in a thin, flexible diaphragm. These sound vibrations are then converted by various methods into an electrical signal which varies in voltage amplitude and frequency in an analog of the original sound. For this reason, a microphone is an acoustic wave to voltage modulation transducer.

Microphone varieties
1 Capacitor or Condenser microphones 2 Electret condenser microphones 3 Dynamic microphones 4 Ribbon microphones 5 Carbon microphones 6 Piezo microphones 7 Laser microphones

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Capacitor or Condenser microphones as a condenser In a capacitor microphone, also known

microphone, the diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and the vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. Since the plates are biased with a fixed charge (Q), the voltage maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air., according to the capacitance equation: Q=C.V where Q = charge in coulombs, C = capacitance in farads and V = potential difference in volts. The capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them for a parallel-plate capacitor. Capacitor microphones can be expensive and require

Electret condenser microphones

applicatioA foil electret microphone is a relatively new type of condenser microphone invented at Bell laboratories in 1962 by Gerhard Sessler and Jim West [1], and often simply called an electret microphone. An electret is a dielectric material that has been permanently electrically charged or polarised. Electret microphones have existed since the 1920s but were considered impractical, but they have now become the most common type of all, used in many applications from high-quality recording and lavalier use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices. Though electret mics were once considered low-cost and low quality, the best ones can now rival capacitor mics in every respect apart from low noise and even have the long-term stability and ultra-flat response needed for a measuring microphone. Unlike other condenser microphones they require no polarising voltage, but normally contain an integrated preamplifier which does require power (often incorrectly called polarizing power or bias). The integral preamp usually forms part of the

Dynamic microphones
In a dynamic microphone a small movable induction coil, positioned in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, is attached to the diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates, the coil moves in the magnetic field, producing a varying current in the coil (See electromagnetic induction). The principle is exactly the same as in a loudspeaker, only reversed. Dynamic microphones are robust, relatively inexpensive, and resistant to moisture, and for this reason they are widely used on-stage by singers. They tend to have a poor low-frequency response, which is advantageous for reducing handling noise as a vocal mic, but tends to exclude them from other uses.

Ribbon microphones
In ribbon microphones a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon is suspended in a magnetic field: vibration of the ribbon in the magnetic field generates a changing current. Basic ribbon microphones detect sound in a bidirectional (also called a figure-of-eight) pattern because the ribbon, which is open to sound both front and back, responds to the pressure gradient rather than the sound pressure. Though the symmetrical front and rear pickup can be a nuisance in normal stereo recording, the high side rejection can be used to advantage by positioning a ribbon mic horizontally, for example above cymbals, so that the rear lobe picks up only sound from the ceiling. Other directional patterns are produced by enclosing one side of the ribbon in an acoustic trap or baffle, allowing sound to reach only one side. Ribbon mics can give very high quality, and were once valued for this reason, but a good low-frequency response can only be obtained if the ribbon is suspended very

Ribbon microphones

Audio Basics By R.K.Jain

Carbon microphones
A carbon microphone, formerly used in telephone handsets, is a capsule containing carbon granules pressed between two metal plates. A voltage is applied across the metal plates, causing a current to flow through the carbon. One of the plates, the diaphragm, vibrates in sympathy with incident sound waves, applying a varying pressure to the carbon. The changing pressure deforms the granules, causing the contact area between each pair of adjacent granules to change, and this causes the electrical resistance of the mass of granules to change (lose contact). Since the voltage across a conductor is proportional to its resistance, the voltage across the capsule varies

Piezo microphones
A piezo microphone uses the phenomenon of piezoelectricity the tendency of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure to convert vibrations into an electrical signal. This type of microphone is often used to mic acoustic instruments for live performance, or to record sounds in unusual environments (underwater, for instance.)

An example of this is Rochelle Salt, Potassium Sodium Tartrate, which is a piezo crystal and works both ways and is in common use as a slimline loudspeaker component.

Laser microphones
A laser microphone is an exotic application of laser technology. It consists of a laser beam that must be reflected off a glass window or any rigid surface that vibrates in sympathy with nearby sounds. The mic essentially measures the distance between itself and the surface very accurately in order to turn any resonant surface into a microphone. Laser microphones are new, very rare and expensive, and are most commonly portrayed in the movies as spying devices.

THANK YOU

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