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Ngôn ngữ đại số quan hệ
Bi 4: Ngn ng i s quan h
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 2
Ni dung
1. Gii thiu
2. Biu thc i s quan h
3. Cc php ton
4. Biu thc i s quan h
5. V d
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 3
1. Gii thiu
i s quan h (SQH) c nn tng ton hc (c th
l l thuyt tp hp) m hnh ha CSDL quan h.
i tng x l l cc quan h trong c s d liu
quan h.
Chc nng:
Cho php m t cc php ton rt trch d liu t cc quan
h trong c s d liu quan h.
Cho php ti u qu trnh rt trch bng cc php ton c
sn ca l thuyt tp hp.
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 4
2. Biu thc SQH
Biu thc SQH l mt biu thc gm cc php
ton SQH.
Biu thc SQH c xem nh mt quan h
(khng c tn).
C th t tn cho quan h c to t mt biu
thc SQH.
C th i tn cc thuc tnh ca quan h c to
t mt biu thc SQH.
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 5
3. Cc php ton
3.1 Gii thiu
3.2 Php chn
3.3 Php chiu
3.4 Php gn
3.5 Cc php ton trn tp hp
3.6 Php kt
3.7 Php chia
3.8 Hm tnh ton v gom nhm
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 6
3.1 Gii thiu (1)
C nm php ton c bn:
Chn ( ) hoc ( : )
Chiu ( ) hoc ( [] )
Tch ( )
Hiu ( )
Hi ( )
o
t
R
A
1
A
2
1 2
1 8
0 0
8 4
0 3
S
B
1
B
2
B
3
0 2 8
7 8 7
8 0 4
1 0 7
2 1 5
A
1
A
2
B
1
B
2
B
3
1 2 8 0 4
1 2 1 0 7
1 8 8 0 4
1 8 1 0 7
8 4 0 2 8
8 4 8 0 4
8 4 1 0 7
8 4 2 1 5
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 24
3.6.2 Php kt bng, kt t nhin
Nu u l php so snh bng (=), php kt gi l
php kt bng (equi-join).
K hiu:
Nu iu kin ca equi-join l cc thuc tnh ging
nhau th gi l php kt t nhin (natural-join). Khi
kt qu ca php kt loi b bt 1 ct (b 1
trong 2 ct ging nhau)
K hiu: hoc
LOP HOCVIEN
Trglop Mahv=
KETQUATHI HOCVIEN
Mahv
KETQUATHI HOCVIEN*
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 25
3.6.3 Php kt ngoi (outer join)
M rng php kt trnh mt thng tin
Thc hin php kt v sau thm vo kt qu ca
php kt cc b ca quan h m khng ph hp vi
cc b trong quan h kia.
C 3 loi:
Left outer join R S
Right outer join R S
Full outer join R S
V d: In ra danh sch tt c cc hc vin v im
s ca cc mn hc m hc vin thi (nu c)
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 26
3.6.3 Php kt ngoi (2)
HOCVIEN KETQUATHI
mahv
KETQUATHI
Mahv
Mamh
Diem
HV01 CSDL 7.0
HV02 CSDL 8.5
HV01 CTRR 8.5
HV03 CTRR 9.0
HOCVIEN
Mahv
Hoten
HV01 Nguyen Van Lan
HV02 Tran Hong Son
HV03 Nguyen Le
HV04 Le Minh
Mahv Hoten Mahv Mamh Diem
HV01 Nguyen Van Lan HV01 CSDL 7.0
HV01 Nguyen Van Lan HV01 CTRR 8.5
HV02 Tran Hong Son HV02 CSDL 8.5
HV03 Nguyen Le HV03 CTRR 9.0
HV04 Le Minh Null Null Null
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 27
3.7 Php chia (Division)
c dng ly ra mt s b trong quan h R sao cho
tha vi tt c cc b trong quan h S
K hiu R S
R(Z) v S(X)
Z l tp thuc tnh ca R, X l tp thuc tnh ca S
X _ Z
Kt qu ca php chia l mt quan h T(Y)
Vi Y=Z-X
C t l mt b ca T nu vi mi b t
S
eS, tn ti b t
R
eR tha 2
iu kin
t
R
(Y) = t
t
R
(X) = t
S
(X)
X Y
T(Y) S(X) R(Z)
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 28
3.7 Php chia (2)
V d
A B
o
|
a
a
a
o a
o a
| a
a
a
C D
o
a
b
a
a
b
a
b
| b
E
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
R D E
a
S
b
1
1
R S
A B C
o a
a
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 29
3.7 Php chia (3)
V d: Cho bit m hc vin thi tt c cc mn hc
Quan h: KETQUA, MON HOC
Thuc tnh: MAHV
Mahv
HV01
HV03
KETQUATHI
Mahv
Mamh
Diem
HV01 CSDL 7.0
HV02 CSDL 8.5
HV01 CTRR 8.5
HV03 CTRR 9.0
HV01 THDC 7.0
HV02 THDC 5.0
HV03 THDC 7.5
HV03 CSDL 6.0
MONHOC
Mamh Tenmh
CSDL Co so du lieu
CTRR Cau truc roi rac
THDC Tin hoc dai cuong
KETQUA
MONHOC
KETQUAMONHOC
[ , ]
[ ]
KETQUA KETQUATHI Mahv Mamh
MONHOC MONHOC Mamh
) (
CSDL' ' Mamh ) ( ), min( ), max(
KETQUATHI
Diem agv Diem Diem =
o
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 33
Bi tp
Lc CSDL qun l bn hng gm c cc quan h sau:
KHACHHANG (MAKH, HOTEN, DCHI, SODT, NGSINH,
DOANHSO, NGDK)
NHANVIEN (MANV,HOTEN, NGVL, SODT)
SANPHAM (MASP,TENSP, DVT, NUOCSX, GIA)
HOADON (SOHD, NGHD, MAKH, MANV, TRIGIA)
CTHD (SOHD,MASP,SL)
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 34
M t cc cu truy vn sau
bng SQH
1. In ra danh sch cc sn phm (MASP,TENSP) do Trung Quc
sn xut c gi t 30.000 n 40.000
2. In ra danh sch cc khch hng (MAKH, HOTEN) mua hng
trong ngy 1/1/2007.
3. In ra danh sch cc sn phm (MASP,TENSP) do Trung Quoc
sn xut hoc cc sn phm c bn ra trong ngy 1/1/2007.
4. Tm cc s ha n mua cng lc 2 sn phm c m s BB01 v
BB02.
5. In ra danh sch cc sn phm (MASP,TENSP) do Trung Quoc
sn xut khng bn c trong nm 2006.
6. Tm s ha n mua tt c cc sn phm do Singapore sn xut
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 35
Cu 1
In ra danh sch cc sn phm (MASP,
TENSP) do Trung Quc sn xut c gi
t 30.000 n 40.000.
] , ))[ 000 . 40 000 . 30 ( ) ' ' (( : tensp masp gia TrungQuoc nuocsx SANPHAM s s . =
SANPHAM
gia TrungQuoc nuocsx tensp masp ) 000 . 40 000 . 30 ( ) ' ' ( , s s . =
o t
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 36
Cu 2
In ra danh sch cc khch hng (MAKH,
HOTEN) mua hng trong ngy 1/1/2007.
] , [ ) # 2007 / 1 / 1 # ( : hoten makh nghd HOADON KHACHHANG
MAKH
|
.
|
\
|
=
) (
) # 2007 / 1 / 1 # ( ,
KHACHHANG HOADON
MAKH
nghd hoten masp
=
o t
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 37
Cu 3
In ra danh sch cc sn phm do Trung Quoc sn
xut hoc cc sn phm c bn ra trong ngy
1/1/2007.
B A C
tensp masp nghd HOADON CTHD SANPHAM B
tensp masp TrungQuoc nuocsx SANPHAM A
SOHD MASP
=
=
] , ))[ # 2007 / 1 / 1 # ( : (
] , )[ ' ' ( :
B A C
SANPHAM CTHD HOADON B
SANPHAM A
MASP SOHD
nghd tensp masp
TrungQuoc nuocsx tensp masp
=
=
) ) ) ( ((
) (
# 2007 / 1 / 1 # ,
' ' ,
o t
o t
Hoc
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 38
Cu 4
Tm cc s ha n mua cng lc cc sn
phm c m s BB01 v BB02.
B A C
sohd BB masp CTHD B
sohd BB masp CTHD A
=
=
] )[ ' 02 ' ( :
] )[ ' 01 ' ( :
B A C
CTHD B
CTHD A
BB masp sohd
BB masp sohd
=
=
) (
) (
' 02 '
' 01 '
o t
o t
Hoc
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 39
Cu 5
In ra danh sch cc sn phm do TrungQuoc sn
xut khng bn c trong nm 2006.
) (
) (
) ) ((
) (
) 2006 ) ( ( ) ' ' ( ,
' ' ,
C A D
B C
HOADON CTHD SANPHAM B
SANPHAM A
nghd year TrungQuoc nuocsx tensp masp
SOHD MASP
TrungQuoc nuocsx tensp masp
= . =
=
o t
o t
Khoa HTTT-i hc CNTT 40
Cu 6
A B C
CTHD SANPHAM B
SANPHAM A
MASP
Singapore nuocsx sohd masp
Singapore nuocsx masp
=
=
) (
) (
' ' ,
' '
o t
o t
Tm s ha n mua tt c cc sn phm
do Singapore sn xut