Goal of the Cardiovascular System: deliver blood to all parts of the body

Does so by using different types of tubing, attached to a pulsatile pump Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venuoles Veins Distribution system broken up into areas called vascular beds Skin Digestive (splanchnic) Muscle

Structure of vasculature changes in response to different needs

Why does blood flow through this closed circuit?

Blood flows down a pressure gradient The absolute value of the pressure is not important to flow, but the difference in pressure (DP or gradient) is important to determining flow.

What happens to pressure if we decrease the volume of a fluid filled compartment (i.e. ventricles during systole)?

P directly proportional to F
The resulting pressure is called the driving pressure in the vascular system

How does the flow differ in these two vessels?

Vascular system possesses different mechanisms for promoting continuous flow of blood to the capillaries: Elastic recoil smooth m. regulation of diameter sphincters
Muscular arteries

valves

Substances causing contraction in vascular smooth muscle

Chemical NE (a ) Endothelin Serotonin

Physiologic role
Baroreceptor reflex Paracrine Platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction

Source
Sympathetic neurons Vascular endothelium Neurons, digestive tract, platelets

Type
Neural Local Local, neural

Substance P
Vasopressin

Pain, increased capillary permeability

Increase blood pressure during hemorrhage

Neurons, digestive tract

Posterior pituitary Plasma hormone endothelium

Local, neural
Hormonal Hormonal local

Angiotensin II Increase blood pressure Prostacyclin

Minimize blood loss from damaged vessels before coagulation

Substances that mediate vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Chemical
Nitric oxide Atrial natriuretic peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Physiologic role
Paracrine mediator Reduce blood pressure Digestive secretion, relax smooth muscle

Source
Endothelium Atrial myocardium, brain Neurons

Type
Local Hormonal Neural, hormonal

Histamine
Epinephrine (b2)

Increase blood flow

Enhance local blood flow to skeletal muscle, heart, liver

Mast cells
Adrenal medulla

Local, systemic
Hormonal

Acetylcholine (muscarinic)
Bradykinin Adenosine

Erection of clitoris, penis

Increase blood flow via nitric oxide Enhance blood flow to match metabolism

Parasympathetic neurons
Multiple tissues Hypoxic cells

neural
Local local

Even though there are many mechanisms for altering the radius of the vascular system, pressure still drops as blood moves further away from the heart. Why?

Resistance = tendency of the vascular system to oppose flow;

Flow =

Influenced by: length of the tube (L), radius of the tube (r), and viscosity of the blood (h)
Poiseuilles Law R = Lh/r
4

In a normal human, length of the system is fixed, so blood viscosity and radius of the blood vessels have the largest effects on resistance

All four tubes have the same driving pressure. Which tube has the greatest flow? The least flow? Why?

Even with a decrease in overall pressure, the pressure in the vessels is not constant. The pressure in the vessels mirrors the pressures generated in the heart systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic = ventricles contracting Diastolic = ventricles filling

Why does the diastolic pressure rise between the left ventricle and the arteries?

Normal blood pressure = 120/80

High blood pressure = 140/90

What could be happening to increase both the diastolic and systolic blood pressure?

Blood Pressure
Reflects the driving pressures produced by the ventricles Because arterial pressure is pulsatile, a single value is used to represent the overall driving pressure. This is called the mean arterial pressure.

MAP = diastolic P + 1/3(systolic P-diastolic P)

Why does diastolic pressure account for a greater proportion of the overall value?

MAP = Q x Rarterioles
Explain how these two equations are equivalent

SVR = systemic vascular resistance CO = cardiac output

SV = stroke volume

What factors influence blood pressure?

Blood volume Vascular resistance Autoregulation Autonomic influences

Regulation of Blood Pressure

Main coordinating center is in the medulla oblongata of the brain; medullary cardiovascular control center
Reflex control of blood pressure Baroreceptor reflex