Vehicle while moving affected by 3 forces and 3 moments

This vehicle forces are arised from 2 sources 1- pressure drop 2- viscous friction Pressure : it is governed by the relation between velocity & pressure which is represented by Bernoullis equation

While testing the vehicle aerodynamically we consider the vehicle is stationary and the air is moving

How is the air flow around the body and what is happening to the pressure:
If we assumed that there is no friction between the vehicle surface and the air So here is the what happen to the flow and to the pressure show in the fig 1

But after applying the friction between the air & the vehicle body we found that P1 > P2 So force will drag the body from high pressure zone to the low pressure zone this force called drag force

How pressure decrease :

Pressure decrease along the surface in the direction of the flow a-Boundary layer :

When boundary layer be at the turbulent zone the surface friction became higher than at the laminar boundary layer , so due to higher surface friction air is seem like if was attached to the surface ( velocity near to the surface became lower than flow velocity and lover than the velocity at higher layers of the boundary layer ) so the pressure at the surface increase so as we go deep on the tublent boundary layer the pressure near to the surface increase so this will lead to entrain air from the places of higher surface pressure to the places of lower surface pressure so the boundry layer thickness increase so separation easily take place . as shown in fig 3

P2 > P1

The phenomenon of separation prevent the flow from simply proceeding down the back side of the car

Pressure distribution on a vehicle:

Pressure is ive over the hood and this create drag force on the hood ( solution is exist at bicycle since BooK page 9) Near the base of the wind shield pressure is +ive so they are using this by opening a duct for cooling or providing engine with intake air . as shown in fig 5

Fig 5
-ive pressure goes on the roof & backlite , note the most likely separation is to take place at the end of backlite

Air also flow over the side of the vehicle so the flow along the sides is drawn up into the low pressure region in the rear area , combining with flow over the roof to form vortices as shown in fig 6

Fig 6

Through researches we found that drag and left force change according to the back area As Area increase , Drag Increase , Lift decrease And this shown clearly in the fig 7

Fig 7
Dirt deposits affect the aerodynamic as it increases the drag force The dirt deposits depend mainly on the backlite angle and the shallow angle The perfect backlite angle is the angle at which buffeting is minimized as shown in fig 8

Fig 8

Aerodynamic forces Drag: Drag main sources :

Cd Fore body After body 0.05 0.14 Cd% of the total Cd 12 % 33.5 %

Under body
Skin friction Protuberance Drag Cooling system

0.06
0.025 0.12 0.025

14 %
6% 28.5 % 6%

Total drag =0.42 This was the result for a car from 1970 but we get from it the percentage of Cd according to the total Cd

Shallow angle ( slope ) (o) and the slope length ( Lo) : As Lo increase the Cd decrease and we found that the best ratio between Lo to vehicle total length ( Lo/L ) is to be = 0.45 and the best shallow angle is at 15 deg as ahown in fig 9

The place of stagnation point :

It is depend on the vehicle hight as shown in fig 10

Fig 10

So according to the graph we find that the preferable Zs/Zv is to be = 0.075

Fig 11

Remark : on our shell eco marathon vehicle height is max 100cm so Zs will be max 100*0.075 so Zs = 7.5 cm from the ground of the vehicle not from the road .

Wind shield angle :

Wind shield angle is perfect at 28 deg so as angle increase the Cd also increase as shown in fig 12

Fig 12

Under body :

We can minimize the under body drag by using of a smooth under body panel Any Protuberance concider as a 2nd body and should designed carefully Wheels are a Significant source for drag due to the turbulent reciculating flow at the cavity around the vehicle . Now day it is obviously seen the wheels covered with a shield from the out side to decrease the effectiveness of the turbulent reciculating flow but that sound hard as it is too hard to cover the front wheels due to the steering, but it easy to cover the rear wheels . We found experimentally that as you decrease the distance between the ground and the underbody and decrease the volume of the cavity around the wheels that decrease the drag force .