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Cells Continued!!!: Structures and Functions
Cells Continued!!!: Structures and Functions
Continued!!!
Structures and Functions
Basic Parts of the Cell
• Plasma membrane – barrier
between in and outside of cell
4. Genetic material
6. Ribosomes
Organelles!
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleu
s
The Nucleus
• Most obvious structure (5μm)
• Most eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus
• Function:
• Houses and protects genetic
information
• Controls most functions of cell
4. Structure:
• Nuclear envelope – double membrane
layer contains genetic contents; porous
– materials enter and exit
• Nucleoplasm – jelly like fluid filling
1.Processes:
• Cell Division
Normal state - DNA exists as
chromatin: long, thin
structures
During division - DNA
condenses to form
chromosomes
• Transcription – DNA converted to
RNA in the nucleus
Chromatin
Cell
Division
Chromosome
Mitochond
ria
Mitochondria
• Size: 1-10 μm long
• Function:
• Transfer energy from organic
molecules to adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) – powers most
cellular reactions
3. Structure: inner & outer
membrane
• Outer – separates mitochondria
from cytosol
• Inner – many folds (cristae) that
capture and store energy
1. Processes:
• Cellular respiration – formation of
ATP by extracting energy from
food sources
Ribosome
s
Ribosomes
• small, spherical (< 25 nanometers)
• Function:
• Build proteins
• Free ribosomes – make proteins
used in cytosol (Ex: enzyme)
• Bound ribosomes – make proteins
used in membranes, packaging,
and elsewhere in body
3. Structure:
• Manufactured partly in nucleolus,
completed in cytoplasm
Endoplas
mic
Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
• System of cisternae - membranous
tubes & sacs
• Function – move molecules from one
part of cell to another
• Structure
– Rough ER – covered with ribosomes;
makes certain proteins and
phospholipids
• Secretory proteins – secreted in vesicles
(Ex: digestive enzymes)
• Membrane proteins – inserted in
membranes
Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
• System of cisternae stacked up
• Function:
a. Manufactures, stores, sorts, ships
b. Modify contents of nearby vesicles, give
“address label,” transport to other parts
of cell
3. Structure:
– Distinct polarity – membranes on
opposite ends have different thickness &
molecular composition
– Two poles:
• Receiving – near ER
•
Vesicles
• Small, spherical shaped sacs
• Function:
a. Migrate to and merge with cell
membrane
b. Release contents outside of cell
3. Structure:
a. Single membrane
b. Different types (lysosomes,
peroxisomes)
Lysosomes
• Structure – bud from Golgi,
contain digestive enzymes
• Function – Break down
macromolecules (proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids)
• Processes:
– Autophagy – Digestion of worn-out
organelles
– Autolysis – Digestion of damaged or
extra cells
Vesicles
Peroxisomes
1. NOT produced in Golgi, contain
different enzymes
3. Types:
– Food – stores nutrients
– Contractile – contract, dispose of
excess water
Vacuoles
Centriole
Centrioles
1. Animal cells ONLY!
2. Organize cell structure during
division
3. 2 short cylinders of microtubules
Part of cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
• Provides shape and support
• 3 structural elements
– Microtubules – hollow tubes made of
maintain cell shape, hold organelles in
place